Unit 4 Words（单元自测·基础卷）英语沪教版选择性必修第三册

Unit 4 Words单元自测·基础卷 （考试时间：90分钟 试卷满分：115分） 注意事项： 1．本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2．回答第Ⅰ卷时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。写在本试卷上无效。 3．回答第Ⅱ卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。 4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary （每题1分；共20分） Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Art of Persuasion Persuasion is the art of influencing others’ thoughts, feelings and actions. It’s about convincing people to see things from your perspective, adopt your ideas or take specific actions. When you’re negotiating a business deal or simply trying to get your point across, persuasion 1 (play) a crucial role. Employers place a great value on employees with persuasion skills 2 they can impact several aspects of job performance. Besides, teamwork and leadership rely heavily on the power of persuasion to get things done. Without persuasion skills, employees may not be as convinced of the importance of an organization’s vision and long-term mission. Effective use of persuasion skills will help get your coworkers about your ideas, 3 (motivate) them to achieve a common goal. In order to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace, you need to understand how to handle conflicts and reach agreements. Good communication is the first step in effective persuasion, but logic and reasoning are just as important. Before you can get somebody to agree with your goal, 4 they should pursue it is what you should help them understand. Using visual aids 5 can back up your ideas can help illustrate your ideas better. Successful persuasion skills 6 (base) on your ability to have positive interactions and maintain meaningful relationships with people. In order to maintain those relationships, you 7 be able to work in their best interests as well. Your coworkers are 8 (likely) to agree with you when they succeed alongside. The more they achieve and the greater progress they make, the more they trust your judgement and strength. We persuade and get 9 (persuade) every day. A vast majority of people favour cooperation and teamwork over traditional organizational structures; 10 likes to be told what to do or to be pushed around. Therefore, organizations and leaders should adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．finances    B．continued    C． decline    D．addressing    E. pressured F. unneedy    G. giving    H. charges    I. reminder    J. skipping    K. cause How to Check Out a Charity Before You Donate You hear the words “childhood disease” or “natural disaster,” and it can be hard to say no to donation requests for help. But your instinct to be generous should always be tempered with a healthy dose of doubt. The recent crackdown launched by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on four cancer charities is a good 11 to make sure your donations are put to good use. So, how can you make sure that the money you give doesn’t end up lining the pockets of the 12 ? Follow these tips. Hang up on telemarketers. The cancer charities charged with fraud (欺诈) by the FTC used telemarketing calls to raise donations. If you get a call from a group asking for money, you might feel 13 to make a donation on the spot. But the FTC cautions that you shouldn’t rush to say yes but 14 any requests to give over the phone. Telemarketing companies often keep a significant portion of the funds they raise. You’re better off 15 the middleman and contacting a charity directly to make a donation. Don’t wait for charities to come to you. To avoid feeling the pressure to give to an organization that reaches out to you, figure out what 16 is important to you. Then find charities that are 17 it. You can browse charities that have been evaluated by Charity Navigator by category to identify groups you want to support. Having a(n) 18 plan will make it easier to avoid making impulse donations. Research before you give. The FTC 19 against the four cancer charities show that just because an organization claims to do good doesn’t mean it actually does. That’s why it’s important to find out as much as you can about how an organization will use your donation before you give. You can start with third-party evaluations and ratings at sites such as Charity Navigator and Chariy Watch, which examine charities’ 20 governance and effectiveness. II. Reading Comprehension (21 – 35题，每题1分；36 – 50题，每题2分；共45分) Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Taylor works full-time in the cleaning department while co-parenting his 10-year-old son. Ada, a cancer survivor, was enduring the miserable treatment. Mohammad was kicked out of prep school, then 21 for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates. Emanuel was 22 a three-year sentence for armed robbery. These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college. 23 , they are enrolled at the Honors Living-Learning Community of Rutgers University-Newark, an institution where they and others with similarly 24 life stories are pushing the boundaries of what defines an honors college by emphasizing courage in overcoming life’s difficulties, rather than 25 . Across the United States, the continuous drive for reputation has generated the 26 in the number of honors colleges. Nearly 900 schools, almost all being public universities and community colleges belong to the National Collegiate Honors Council. Among them, it is usually a brilliant idea for an institution to 27 applicants whose top-of-the-class high-school records and SAT scores would assure a renowned private university. The bait (诱饵) is the honors college, which promises the intimate feel of a small college within a(n) 28 state school. The students in these honors colleges, mostly white and middle-class, receive concierge treatment (礼宾待遇) with considerable scholarships, separate housing, special seminars, faculty mentors, research opportunities and first crack at courses in high demand. However, things are 29 at the Honors Living-Learning Community, which mainly enrolls black and Latino students–nearly twice as many as the total of black and Latino undergraduates in the rest of Rutgers-Newark’s programs. Their high-school grades and SAT scores are lower than the campus average. While academic skill 30 in determining who gets selected, the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance, their drive to learn and their passion for social justice. Every 31 of the honors program comes straight from the book on how to engage undergraduates 32 , and minority students in particular. The students receive scholarships that cover their living expenses well as tuition. Without this 33 , most couldn’t enroll full-time, and evidence shows that part-time students are far less likely to graduate. A 34 number of community college graduates are admitted, which gives 18-year-olds, fresh out of high school, an opportunity to learn from peers with more life 35 . 21．A．graduated B．abandoned C．prohibited D．suspended 22．A．reading B．serving C．passing D．escaping 23．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Instead D．Similarly 24．A．faulty B．smooth C．meaningful D．interesting 25．A．social experience B．family backgrounds C．academic performance D．human relationships 26．A．pursuit B．explosion C．exploit D．progress 27．A．tempt B．enroll C．introduce D．cultivate 28．A．remote B．public C．packed D．outstanding 29．A．difficult B．different C．discouraging D．disturbing 30．A．differs B．ranges C．matters D．varies 31．A．student B．major C．component D．college 32．A．especially B．intensively C．generally D．particularly 33．A．passion B．aim C．aid D．initiative 34．A．stable B．certain C．random D．growing 35．A．expectancy B．tragedy C．experience D．passion Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. A At the 4th Street Photo Gallery on the comer of the Bowery, many photos are strung together like clothes on a laundry line. There are portraits of Muhammad Ali and Jean-Michel Basquiat, plus a series of cityscapes detailedly captured over 60 years by Alex Harsley, a neglected but talented New York photographer. The city has been Mr Harsley’s home since 1948, when, aged ten, he moved there from South Carolina. He took his first photograph ten years later, and became the first black photographer to work for the city’s district attorney’s office. His vivid pictures freeze moments in New York’s evolution from the 1950s to the present. “It could start with the smell of something burning.” he says of his method. “And then you see a family sitting on the steps of a funeral home sadly looking at the firemen going through their routine.” Some of the scenes in the collection were captured from the window of his old apartment in Harlem; they include images of black activists, streets submerged in snow and shots of the Crown Heights riots of 1991. A．D．Coleman, a photography critic, says Mr. Harsley has been able to capture the lives of minority groups by making himself “invisible”. His aim has been to assemble these fragments (片段) into an extended history of the city. Mr. Harsley’s gallery is a time capsule. For decades, it is also a hub for the city’s artistic underworld. In the 1970s New York’s photography scene was flourishing, but exclusive. As Mr. Harsley puts it, “a number of great artists were swept aside” because they lacked connections. Helping talent became part of his mission. In 1971 he established The Minority Photographers, an organization that helps up-and-coming artists exhibit their work. He opened his gallery two years later; many photographers have had their first shows there. 36．How does the author describe Alex Harsley in the first paragraph? A．Undervalued but expert. B．Gifted but exclusive. C．Unknown but devoted. D．Gifted but awkward. 37．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．His pictures show freezing weather in New York from the 1950s to the present. B．His pictures capture the cheerful moments in New York since the 1950s. C．His pictures record some historic occasions of New York over the past decades. D．His pictures illustrate the vivid lives of minority groups in New York over the past decades. 38．Why does Mr. Harsley make himself “invisible”? A．To assemble the minority groups of the city. B．To highlight the lives of minority groups. C．To help promising artists attract more public attention. D．To build connections between the minority groups and himself. 39．How did Mr. Harsley help the other artists? A．He excluded those who looked down upon the unknown artists. B．He set an organization displaying their works. C．He established the connections between up-and-coming artists and famous ones. D．He reduced the rents of the gallery where their photography works were shown. B A new book by British photographer Jimmy Nelson tells the story of traditional Dutch communities through striking portraits featuring national costume and dramatic landscapes including the following places. Marken, Noord-Holland Marken, a former island just 20 km north-east of Amsterdam, was once separated from the mainland by water and has been connected since 1957. This historical isolation and its coastal location have significantly influenced its culture and traditions. The peninsula has more than 30 different traditional costumes — all handmade — including five stages of mourning dress, from darkest black through to purple. “The clothing of Marken is very subtle,” Nelson said. “For every festival and important life moment, they have a different style.” Zeeland Zeeland has barely changed in the last 100 years. Everything which makes the province what it is today, has to do with water. The sea is part of residents’ life and every day it is different. When the wind is from the southwest, the dunes (沙丘) cast dust over the village and the sand lies in the streets and in their gardens — a bit like snow. Sometimes the salty air from the sea, it’s on their windows and people can’t see outside because there’s a thick layer of salt on the glass. Friesland For this province of ice-skating fanatics, the colder the better. As the ice thickens, excitement mounts at the prospect of the legendary Elfstedentocht, a 200km ice skating race through 11 Frisian towns. Cold is the distinct feature of Friesland. There are numerous words for ice, explained Anke Bijlsma, whose northeast Friesland farm was photographed by Nelson. “There’s rough ice, dark ice — that’s the most beautiful one — snow ice, bubble ice…” The region’s extraordinary star-filled skies make it equally impressive at night. “There’s not a lot of light pollution and it’s amazingly dark,” said Bijlsma, who regularly takes a moment to absorb the incredible views. “When you see the horizon on the sea, every little or big problem in your head blows away. You can stare into nothing: only sea and sky.” 40．What is unique about the traditional costumes in Marken? A．They are all made of silk and come in bright colors. B．They are bold or attention-grabbing in their design. C．They are all made of wool and represent different seasons. D．They are carefully designed for different life events. 41．What is the main feature of Friesland, according to the passage? A．It is a hot and sunny region, perfect for outdoor activities. B．The cold and ice play a major role in its ice-skating culture. C．It is known for its incredible views of amazing light. D．People there always feel lost due to sea and sky. 42．Which of the following is true about all three places mentioned in the passage? A．They all have unique traditional clothing styles tied to important life events. B．They are known for their warm and sunny climates year-round. C．They are all greatly influenced by their relationship with the sea. D．They each have a large population of ice-skating enthusiasts. C As artificial-intelligence products steadily improve at pretending to be human—an AI produced voice that books restaurant reservations by phone, for example, or a chat robot that answers consumers’ questions online—people will increasingly be put in the unsettling situation of not knowing whether they are talking to a machine. But the truth may make such products less effective: recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (透明度) and cooperation in human-computer interactions. The study used a simple game in which paired players make a series of decisions to cooperate with or betray their partner. In the long run, it pays for both to keep cooperating—but there is always the temptation to betray and earn extra points short term, at the partner’s expense. The researchers used an Al algorithm (算法) that, when posing as a person, implemented a strategy that was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate. But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such. The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate (without being a pushover) and would eventually get past their disbelief. “Sadly, we failed at this goal,” says Talal Rahwan, a computer scientist at New York University in Abu Dhabi and a senior author on the paper, published last November in Nature Machine Intelligence. “No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players. (In each mode, the robot played 50 rounds against at least 150 individuals.) In an additional experiment, players were told, “Data suggest that people are better off if they treat the robot as if it were a human.” It had no effect. Virginia Dignum, who leads the Social and Ethical Artificial Intelligence group at Umea University in Sweden and was not involved in the study, praises the researchers for exploring the transparency-efficacy trade-off, but she would like to see it tested beyond the paper’s particular setup. The authors say that in the public field, people should be asked for agreement to be deceived about a robot’s identity. It cannot be on an interaction-by-interaction basis, or else the “deception” obviously will not work. But blanket permission for occasional deception, even if it can be obtained, still raises ethical quandaries (道德困境). Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot -but if she is calling customer service with a simple question, she adds, “I just want to get my answer.” 43．The word “trade-off ” is closest in meaning to __________. A．balancing B．combining C．distinction D．agreement 44．According to the passage, what attitude do people generally take towards robots? A．Highly positive. B．Casual. C．Strongly opposed. D．Distrustful. 45．What can be inferred about the research findings from the passage? A．They fail to support the researchers’ assumption. B．They will draw people’s attention to robots’ problems. C．They are different from the previous research findings. D．They can explain why people treat a robot like a human. 46．According to the passage, what is Virginia Dignum most likely to agree with? A．Talal Rahwan’s research findings can’t apply to the real-world situations. B．Blanket permission for interacting with a robot does more harm than good. C．People needn’t be told that they are interacting with a robot on all occasions. D．The relationship between transparency and efficacy has been fully explored. Section C Directions: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Numbers sometimes hide patterns you might miss at first. Barcodes are a good example. These number sequences identify products. Try this with a 13-digit barcode. Find one on an item. Books won’t work, but magazines will. Add up every digit in an odd position (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc ...) Then add up every digit in an even position (2nd, 4th, 6th, etc ...) Multiply the even sum by 3. Add this result to the odd sum. The final total should end in a 0. This means it is a multiple of 10. 47 Its job is to catch mistakes. Most digits give real information. For example, the first two digits show the country (like 50 for the UK, or 690-695 for China). The next ten digits identify the product and maker. Barcode scanners use lasers to read the stripes, matching the numbers. 48 They might misread a damaged or curved barcode. So, the scanner calculates the checksum after reading the digits. It only accepts the code if the checksum ends in 0. 49 ISBNs on books use them. Driver’s licenses and credit card numbers use them too. A website can spot a wrong credit card number instantly using its checksum. These systems all use math to check if a number is valid. Checksums don’t catch every error. 50 They also can’t tell you which digit is wrong. But they catch most mistakes. This saves time and makes systems stronger. A．There’s still a small chance a wrong number passes the check. B．This final digit is called a ‘checksum’. C．Much information can be read out from barcodes. D．Checksums are used in many systems. E．Barcode system is nearly available in various stores. F．Scanners can make errors. III. Summary Writing (10分) 51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. It has always been assumed, however, that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by botanist Alí Akbar GhotbiRavandi has revealed that plants suffer too. That plants can be hampered (抑制生长) indirectly by noise pollution has never been in doubt. Since many flowering and fruit-beaning species need animals to pollinate or disperse (传播) their seeds, it is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical counterparts will do badly, too. Scientists have hypothesized that plants may be able to sense sound waves as they are struck by them. Yet blasting plants with ultrasound is not the same as growing them in the presence of actual traffic noise. To this end, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi oscided to set up an experiment. Working with a team of colleagues, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi grew two species — French marigolds (金盏花) and scarlet sage (一串红) — in the same space before they were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 73 decibels of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway for 16hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. None of the plants exposed to the traffic noise did well. The team found that a range of hormones normally associated with healthy growth and development in plants were present at significantly reduced levels in the plants exposed to the noise. Two stress hormones, jasmonic acid and abscisi c acid, which are normally produced to fend off insect attacks, deal with salty soil or very cold temperatures, were elevated. The next question is whether all noise pollution affects all species in the same way. The natural world, with deafening storms and thunderous waterfalls, is by no means silent. Whether some plant species have evolved coping mechanisms, which might one day be transferred into urban-dwelling species, is a mystery worth exploring. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation (第1-2句，每句3分；第3句，4分；第4句5分；共15分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52．和打太极一样，学习也需要找到“紧张”与“松弛”的平衡。（require）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ 53．借助3D影像技术，这些文物活灵活现地呈现在游客面前。(life) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________ 54．让科学家们忧心忡忡的是可再生能源虽被看好，但开发和运用速度尚未跟上需求。（concern）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ 55．无怪乎众多语言学家对其如痴如醉，因为语言薪火相传，见证沧桑，记录科技的日新月异。（It）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ V.Guided Writing (共25分) 56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 你的英语老师要求你在寒假里读一本英文小说，并为该小说写一篇120—150词左右的书评。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $………………○………………外………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○……………… ………………○………………内………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○……………… 此卷只装订不密封 ………………○………………内………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○……………… ………………○………………外………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○……………… … 学校：______________姓名：_____________班级：_______________考号：______________________ Unit 4 Words单元自测·基础卷 （考试时间：90分钟 试卷满分：115分） 注意事项： 1．本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2．回答第Ⅰ卷时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。写在本试卷上无效。 3．回答第Ⅱ卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。 4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary （每题1分；共20分） Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Art of Persuasion Persuasion is the art of influencing others’ thoughts, feelings and actions. It’s about convincing people to see things from your perspective, adopt your ideas or take specific actions. When you’re negotiating a business deal or simply trying to get your point across, persuasion 1 (play) a crucial role. Employers place a great value on employees with persuasion skills 2 they can impact several aspects of job performance. Besides, teamwork and leadership rely heavily on the power of persuasion to get things done. Without persuasion skills, employees may not be as convinced of the importance of an organization’s vision and long-term mission. Effective use of persuasion skills will help get your coworkers about your ideas, 3 (motivate) them to achieve a common goal. In order to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace, you need to understand how to handle conflicts and reach agreements. Good communication is the first step in effective persuasion, but logic and reasoning are just as important. Before you can get somebody to agree with your goal, 4 they should pursue it is what you should help them understand. Using visual aids 5 can back up your ideas can help illustrate your ideas better. Successful persuasion skills 6 (base) on your ability to have positive interactions and maintain meaningful relationships with people. In order to maintain those relationships, you 7 be able to work in their best interests as well. Your coworkers are 8 (likely) to agree with you when they succeed alongside. The more they achieve and the greater progress they make, the more they trust your judgement and strength. We persuade and get 9 (persuade) every day. A vast majority of people favour cooperation and teamwork over traditional organizational structures; 10 likes to be told what to do or to be pushed around. Therefore, organizations and leaders should adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．finances    B．continued    C． decline    D．addressing    E. pressured F. unneedy    G. giving    H. charges    I. reminder    J. skipping    K. cause How to Check Out a Charity Before You Donate You hear the words “childhood disease” or “natural disaster,” and it can be hard to say no to donation requests for help. But your instinct to be generous should always be tempered with a healthy dose of doubt. The recent crackdown launched by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on four cancer charities is a good 11 to make sure your donations are put to good use. So, how can you make sure that the money you give doesn’t end up lining the pockets of the 12 ? Follow these tips. Hang up on telemarketers. The cancer charities charged with fraud (欺诈) by the FTC used telemarketing calls to raise donations. If you get a call from a group asking for money, you might feel 13 to make a donation on the spot. But the FTC cautions that you shouldn’t rush to say yes but 14 any requests to give over the phone. Telemarketing companies often keep a significant portion of the funds they raise. You’re better off 15 the middleman and contacting a charity directly to make a donation. Don’t wait for charities to come to you. To avoid feeling the pressure to give to an organization that reaches out to you, figure out what 16 is important to you. Then find charities that are 17 it. You can browse charities that have been evaluated by Charity Navigator by category to identify groups you want to support. Having a(n) 18 plan will make it easier to avoid making impulse donations. Research before you give. The FTC 19 against the four cancer charities show that just because an organization claims to do good doesn’t mean it actually does. That’s why it’s important to find out as much as you can about how an organization will use your donation before you give. You can start with third-party evaluations and ratings at sites such as Charity Navigator and Chariy Watch, which examine charities’ 20 governance and effectiveness. II. Reading Comprehension (21 – 35题，每题1分；36 – 50题，每题2分；共45分) Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Taylor works full-time in the cleaning department while co-parenting his 10-year-old son. Ada, a cancer survivor, was enduring the miserable treatment. Mohammad was kicked out of prep school, then 21 for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates. Emanuel was 22 a three-year sentence for armed robbery. These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college. 23 , they are enrolled at the Honors Living-Learning Community of Rutgers University-Newark, an institution where they and others with similarly 24 life stories are pushing the boundaries of what defines an honors college by emphasizing courage in overcoming life’s difficulties, rather than 25 . Across the United States, the continuous drive for reputation has generated the 26 in the number of honors colleges. Nearly 900 schools, almost all being public universities and community colleges belong to the National Collegiate Honors Council. Among them, it is usually a brilliant idea for an institution to 27 applicants whose top-of-the-class high-school records and SAT scores would assure a renowned private university. The bait (诱饵) is the honors college, which promises the intimate feel of a small college within a(n) 28 state school. The students in these honors colleges, mostly white and middle-class, receive concierge treatment (礼宾待遇) with considerable scholarships, separate housing, special seminars, faculty mentors, research opportunities and first crack at courses in high demand. However, things are 29 at the Honors Living-Learning Community, which mainly enrolls black and Latino students–nearly twice as many as the total of black and Latino undergraduates in the rest of Rutgers-Newark’s programs. Their high-school grades and SAT scores are lower than the campus average. While academic skill 30 in determining who gets selected, the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance, their drive to learn and their passion for social justice. Every 31 of the honors program comes straight from the book on how to engage undergraduates 32 , and minority students in particular. The students receive scholarships that cover their living expenses well as tuition. Without this 33 , most couldn’t enroll full-time, and evidence shows that part-time students are far less likely to graduate. A 34 number of community college graduates are admitted, which gives 18-year-olds, fresh out of high school, an opportunity to learn from peers with more life 35 . 21．A．graduated B．abandoned C．prohibited D．suspended 22．A．reading B．serving C．passing D．escaping 23．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Instead D．Similarly 24．A．faulty B．smooth C．meaningful D．interesting 25．A．social experience B．family backgrounds C．academic performance D．human relationships 26．A．pursuit B．explosion C．exploit D．progress 27．A．tempt B．enroll C．introduce D．cultivate 28．A．remote B．public C．packed D．outstanding 29．A．difficult B．different C．discouraging D．disturbing 30．A．differs B．ranges C．matters D．varies 31．A．student B．major C．component D．college 32．A．especially B．intensively C．generally D．particularly 33．A．passion B．aim C．aid D．initiative 34．A．stable B．certain C．random D．growing 35．A．expectancy B．tragedy C．experience D．passion Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. A At the 4th Street Photo Gallery on the comer of the Bowery, many photos are strung together like clothes on a laundry line. There are portraits of Muhammad Ali and Jean-Michel Basquiat, plus a series of cityscapes detailedly captured over 60 years by Alex Harsley, a neglected but talented New York photographer. The city has been Mr Harsley’s home since 1948, when, aged ten, he moved there from South Carolina. He took his first photograph ten years later, and became the first black photographer to work for the city’s district attorney’s office. His vivid pictures freeze moments in New York’s evolution from the 1950s to the present. “It could start with the smell of something burning.” he says of his method. “And then you see a family sitting on the steps of a funeral home sadly looking at the firemen going through their routine.” Some of the scenes in the collection were captured from the window of his old apartment in Harlem; they include images of black activists, streets submerged in snow and shots of the Crown Heights riots of 1991. A．D．Coleman, a photography critic, says Mr. Harsley has been able to capture the lives of minority groups by making himself “invisible”. His aim has been to assemble these fragments (片段) into an extended history of the city. Mr. Harsley’s gallery is a time capsule. For decades, it is also a hub for the city’s artistic underworld. In the 1970s New York’s photography scene was flourishing, but exclusive. As Mr. Harsley puts it, “a number of great artists were swept aside” because they lacked connections. Helping talent became part of his mission. In 1971 he established The Minority Photographers, an organization that helps up-and-coming artists exhibit their work. He opened his gallery two years later; many photographers have had their first shows there. 36．How does the author describe Alex Harsley in the first paragraph? A．Undervalued but expert. B．Gifted but exclusive. C．Unknown but devoted. D．Gifted but awkward. 37．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．His pictures show freezing weather in New York from the 1950s to the present. B．His pictures capture the cheerful moments in New York since the 1950s. C．His pictures record some historic occasions of New York over the past decades. D．His pictures illustrate the vivid lives of minority groups in New York over the past decades. 38．Why does Mr. Harsley make himself “invisible”? A．To assemble the minority groups of the city. B．To highlight the lives of minority groups. C．To help promising artists attract more public attention. D．To build connections between the minority groups and himself. 39．How did Mr. Harsley help the other artists? A．He excluded those who looked down upon the unknown artists. B．He set an organization displaying their works. C．He established the connections between up-and-coming artists and famous ones. D．He reduced the rents of the gallery where their photography works were shown. B A new book by British photographer Jimmy Nelson tells the story of traditional Dutch communities through striking portraits featuring national costume and dramatic landscapes including the following places. Marken, Noord-Holland Marken, a former island just 20 km north-east of Amsterdam, was once separated from the mainland by water and has been connected since 1957. This historical isolation and its coastal location have significantly influenced its culture and traditions. The peninsula has more than 30 different traditional costumes — all handmade — including five stages of mourning dress, from darkest black through to purple. “The clothing of Marken is very subtle,” Nelson said. “For every festival and important life moment, they have a different style.” Zeeland Zeeland has barely changed in the last 100 years. Everything which makes the province what it is today, has to do with water. The sea is part of residents’ life and every day it is different. When the wind is from the southwest, the dunes (沙丘) cast dust over the village and the sand lies in the streets and in their gardens — a bit like snow. Sometimes the salty air from the sea, it’s on their windows and people can’t see outside because there’s a thick layer of salt on the glass. Friesland For this province of ice-skating fanatics, the colder the better. As the ice thickens, excitement mounts at the prospect of the legendary Elfstedentocht, a 200km ice skating race through 11 Frisian towns. Cold is the distinct feature of Friesland. There are numerous words for ice, explained Anke Bijlsma, whose northeast Friesland farm was photographed by Nelson. “There’s rough ice, dark ice — that’s the most beautiful one — snow ice, bubble ice…” The region’s extraordinary star-filled skies make it equally impressive at night. “There’s not a lot of light pollution and it’s amazingly dark,” said Bijlsma, who regularly takes a moment to absorb the incredible views. “When you see the horizon on the sea, every little or big problem in your head blows away. You can stare into nothing: only sea and sky.” 40．What is unique about the traditional costumes in Marken? A．They are all made of silk and come in bright colors. B．They are bold or attention-grabbing in their design. C．They are all made of wool and represent different seasons. D．They are carefully designed for different life events. 41．What is the main feature of Friesland, according to the passage? A．It is a hot and sunny region, perfect for outdoor activities. B．The cold and ice play a major role in its ice-skating culture. C．It is known for its incredible views of amazing light. D．People there always feel lost due to sea and sky. 42．Which of the following is true about all three places mentioned in the passage? A．They all have unique traditional clothing styles tied to important life events. B．They are known for their warm and sunny climates year-round. C．They are all greatly influenced by their relationship with the sea. D．They each have a large population of ice-skating enthusiasts. C As artificial-intelligence products steadily improve at pretending to be human—an AI produced voice that books restaurant reservations by phone, for example, or a chat robot that answers consumers’ questions online—people will increasingly be put in the unsettling situation of not knowing whether they are talking to a machine. But the truth may make such products less effective: recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (透明度) and cooperation in human-computer interactions. The study used a simple game in which paired players make a series of decisions to cooperate with or betray their partner. In the long run, it pays for both to keep cooperating—but there is always the temptation to betray and earn extra points short term, at the partner’s expense. The researchers used an Al algorithm (算法) that, when posing as a person, implemented a strategy that was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate. But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such. The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate (without being a pushover) and would eventually get past their disbelief. “Sadly, we failed at this goal,” says Talal Rahwan, a computer scientist at New York University in Abu Dhabi and a senior author on the paper, published last November in Nature Machine Intelligence. “No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players. (In each mode, the robot played 50 rounds against at least 150 individuals.) In an additional experiment, players were told, “Data suggest that people are better off if they treat the robot as if it were a human.” It had no effect. Virginia Dignum, who leads the Social and Ethical Artificial Intelligence group at Umea University in Sweden and was not involved in the study, praises the researchers for exploring the transparency-efficacy trade-off, but she would like to see it tested beyond the paper’s particular setup. The authors say that in the public field, people should be asked for agreement to be deceived about a robot’s identity. It cannot be on an interaction-by-interaction basis, or else the “deception” obviously will not work. But blanket permission for occasional deception, even if it can be obtained, still raises ethical quandaries (道德困境). Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot -but if she is calling customer service with a simple question, she adds, “I just want to get my answer.” 43．The word “trade-off ” is closest in meaning to __________. A．balancing B．combining C．distinction D．agreement 44．According to the passage, what attitude do people generally take towards robots? A．Highly positive. B．Casual. C．Strongly opposed. D．Distrustful. 45．What can be inferred about the research findings from the passage? A．They fail to support the researchers’ assumption. B．They will draw people’s attention to robots’ problems. C．They are different from the previous research findings. D．They can explain why people treat a robot like a human. 46．According to the passage, what is Virginia Dignum most likely to agree with? A．Talal Rahwan’s research findings can’t apply to the real-world situations. B．Blanket permission for interacting with a robot does more harm than good. C．People needn’t be told that they are interacting with a robot on all occasions. D．The relationship between transparency and efficacy has been fully explored. Section C Directions: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Numbers sometimes hide patterns you might miss at first. Barcodes are a good example. These number sequences identify products. Try this with a 13-digit barcode. Find one on an item. Books won’t work, but magazines will. Add up every digit in an odd position (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc ...) Then add up every digit in an even position (2nd, 4th, 6th, etc ...) Multiply the even sum by 3. Add this result to the odd sum. The final total should end in a 0. This means it is a multiple of 10. 47 Its job is to catch mistakes. Most digits give real information. For example, the first two digits show the country (like 50 for the UK, or 690-695 for China). The next ten digits identify the product and maker. Barcode scanners use lasers to read the stripes, matching the numbers. 48 They might misread a damaged or curved barcode. So, the scanner calculates the checksum after reading the digits. It only accepts the code if the checksum ends in 0. 49 ISBNs on books use them. Driver’s licenses and credit card numbers use them too. A website can spot a wrong credit card number instantly using its checksum. These systems all use math to check if a number is valid. Checksums don’t catch every error. 50 They also can’t tell you which digit is wrong. But they catch most mistakes. This saves time and makes systems stronger. A．There’s still a small chance a wrong number passes the check. B．This final digit is called a ‘checksum’. C．Much information can be read out from barcodes. D．Checksums are used in many systems. E．Barcode system is nearly available in various stores. F．Scanners can make errors. III. Summary Writing (10分) 51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. It has always been assumed, however, that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by botanist Alí Akbar GhotbiRavandi has revealed that plants suffer too. That plants can be hampered (抑制生长) indirectly by noise pollution has never been in doubt. Since many flowering and fruit-beaning species need animals to pollinate or disperse (传播) their seeds, it is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical counterparts will do badly, too. Scientists have hypothesized that plants may be able to sense sound waves as they are struck by them. Yet blasting plants with ultrasound is not the same as growing them in the presence of actual traffic noise. To this end, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi oscided to set up an experiment. Working with a team of colleagues, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi grew two species — French marigolds (金盏花) and scarlet sage (一串红) — in the same space before they were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 73 decibels of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway for 16hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. None of the plants exposed to the traffic noise did well. The team found that a range of hormones normally associated with healthy growth and development in plants were present at significantly reduced levels in the plants exposed to the noise. Two stress hormones, jasmonic acid and abscisi c acid, which are normally produced to fend off insect attacks, deal with salty soil or very cold temperatures, were elevated. The next question is whether all noise pollution affects all species in the same way. The natural world, with deafening storms and thunderous waterfalls, is by no means silent. Whether some plant species have evolved coping mechanisms, which might one day be transferred into urban-dwelling species, is a mystery worth exploring. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation (第1-2句，每句3分；第3句，4分；第4句5分；共15分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52．和打太极一样，学习也需要找到“紧张”与“松弛”的平衡。（require）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ 53．借助3D影像技术，这些文物活灵活现地呈现在游客面前。(life) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________ 54．让科学家们忧心忡忡的是可再生能源虽被看好，但开发和运用速度尚未跟上需求。（concern）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ 55．无怪乎众多语言学家对其如痴如醉，因为语言薪火相传，见证沧桑，记录科技的日新月异。（It）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ V.Guided Writing (共25分) 56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 你的英语老师要求你在寒假里读一本英文小说，并为该小说写一篇120—150词左右的书评。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 试题 第3页（共8页） 试题 第4页（共8页） 试题 第1页（共8页） 试题 第2页（共8页） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Words单元自测·基础卷 （考试时间：90分钟 试卷满分：115分） （参考答案） 1．plays/is playing 2．because 3．motivating 4．why 5．that/which 6．are based 7．must/should 8．more likely 9．persuaded 10．nobody 11．I 12．F 13．E 14．C 15．J 16．K 17．D 18．G 19．H 20．A 21．D 22．B 23．C 24．A 25．C 26．B 27．A 28．D 29．B 30．C 31．C 32．B 33．C 34．D 35．C 36．A 37．C 38．A 39．C 40．D 41．B 42．C 43．A 44．D 45．A 46．C 47．B 48．F 49．D 50．A 51．One possible version: A new study by Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi shows that plants suffer from traffic noise. Plants exposed to traffic noise have lower levels of growth hormones and higher levels of stress hormones. Whether all species are affected in the same way and whether some have evolved coping mechanisms are questions for future research. 52．Just like practicing Tai Chi, learning also requires finding a balance between “tension” and “relaxation”. 53．With the help of 3D imaging technology, these cultural relics are brought to life right in front of the visitors. 54．What concerns scientists is that although renewable energy is promising, its development and application have not kept up with demand. 55．It’s no wonder that many linguists are deeply fascinated by it, for language, passed down from generation to generation, bears witness to the changes of time and records the rapid advancements of science and technology. 56．The novel Breakfast at Tiffany’s grabbed my attention right from the start. The novel written by Truman Capote opens with an intriguing mystery about how the protagonist, Holly Golightly, may have travelled to Africa. The book is narrated by an unnamed male writer and is set in Manhattan in the 1940s. He was fascinated by Holly, who rented the apartment downstairs. Holly was a vain girl who made her living by convincing rich men to give her money. What I really enjoy is that the characters are true to life. It’s not difficult to imagine a lonely young man trying to help the beautiful young girl who lived downstairs. It’s more challenging to relate to Holly but the hints Truman drops about her troubled past help explain her behaviour. To sum up, I’d definitely recommend Breakfast at Tiffany’s to older readers, particularly if they’ve seen the film of the same name. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Words单元自测·基础卷 （考试时间：90分钟 试卷满分：115分） 注意事项： 1．本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2．回答第Ⅰ卷时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。写在本试卷上无效。 3．回答第Ⅱ卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。 4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary （每题1分；共20分） Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Art of Persuasion Persuasion is the art of influencing others’ thoughts, feelings and actions. It’s about convincing people to see things from your perspective, adopt your ideas or take specific actions. When you’re negotiating a business deal or simply trying to get your point across, persuasion 1 (play) a crucial role. Employers place a great value on employees with persuasion skills 2 they can impact several aspects of job performance. Besides, teamwork and leadership rely heavily on the power of persuasion to get things done. Without persuasion skills, employees may not be as convinced of the importance of an organization’s vision and long-term mission. Effective use of persuasion skills will help get your coworkers about your ideas, 3 (motivate) them to achieve a common goal. In order to learn the art of persuasion at the workplace, you need to understand how to handle conflicts and reach agreements. Good communication is the first step in effective persuasion, but logic and reasoning are just as important. Before you can get somebody to agree with your goal, 4 they should pursue it is what you should help them understand. Using visual aids 5 can back up your ideas can help illustrate your ideas better. Successful persuasion skills 6 (base) on your ability to have positive interactions and maintain meaningful relationships with people. In order to maintain those relationships, you 7 be able to work in their best interests as well. Your coworkers are 8 (likely) to agree with you when they succeed alongside. The more they achieve and the greater progress they make, the more they trust your judgement and strength. We persuade and get 9 (persuade) every day. A vast majority of people favour cooperation and teamwork over traditional organizational structures; 10 likes to be told what to do or to be pushed around. Therefore, organizations and leaders should adopt powerful persuasion skills to bring about necessary changes. 【答案】 1．plays/is playing 2．because 3．motivating 4．why 5．that/which 6．are based 7．must/should 8．more likely 9．persuaded 10．nobody 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了说服的艺术，包括其重要性、在职场中的应用以及掌握这门艺术的方法等。 1．考查动词时态。句意：当你在谈判商业交易或只是试图让别人理解你的观点时，说服起着至关重要的作用。此处描述客观事实，可用一般现在时且主语为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词为plays；此处也可以强调现阶段的情况，使用现在进行时is playing。故填plays/is playing。 2．考查连词。句意：雇主非常重视具有说服技能的员工，因为他们可以影响工作表现的多个方面。根据句意，上下文之间为因果关系，所以此处用连词because引导原因状语从句。故填because。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：有效运用说服技能将帮助同事接受你的想法，激励他们实现共同目标。此处为非谓语动词作状语，motivate与逻辑主语Effective use of persuasion skills为主动关系，用现在分词motivating。故填motivating。 4．考查主语从句。句意：在你让别人认同你的目标之前，你应该帮助他们理解为什么他们应该追求这个目标。此处为主语从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语，结合句意，此处表示原因，所以此处使用连接副词why。故填why。 5．考查定语从句。句意：使用可以支持你想法的视觉辅助工具可以帮助更好地阐述你的观点。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，先行词为visual aids，指物，在从句中作主语，用关系代词that或which。故填that/ which。 6．考查动词语态。句意：成功的说服技能基于你与他人进行积极互动并维持有意义关系的能力。此处为谓语动词，根据be based on意为“基于”可知，skills与base为被动关系，描述客观事实，用一般现在时的被动语态，且主语为名词复数，所以谓语动词为are based，。故填are based。 7．考查情态动词。句意：为了维持这些关系，你必须/应该也能够为他们的最大利益工作。空后为动词原形，且此处无提示词，由此可知，此处为情态动词，结合句意，表示“必须”或“应该”，用情态动词must或should。故填must/should。 8．考查形容词比较级。句意：当同事与你一起成功时，他们更可能同意你的观点。根据when they succeed alongside可知，此处暗含比较的意义，所以此处用形容词比较级more likely，意为“更可能的”。故填more likely。 9．考查动词语态。句意：我们每天都在说服和被说服。空前为get，且此处persuade与主语we之间为被动关系，所以此处为“get done”结构，所以此处使用过去分词persuaded。故填persuaded。 10．考查代词。句意：绝大多数人喜欢合作和团队合作，而不是传统的组织结构；没有人喜欢被命令做什么或被摆布。此处为句子主语，结合句意，此处表否定意义，所以使用不定代词nobody，意为“没有人”，位于句首，首字母大写。故填nobody。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．finances    B．continued    C． decline    D．addressing    E. pressured F. unneedy    G. giving    H. charges    I. reminder    J. skipping    K. cause How to Check Out a Charity Before You Donate You hear the words “childhood disease” or “natural disaster,” and it can be hard to say no to donation requests for help. But your instinct to be generous should always be tempered with a healthy dose of doubt. The recent crackdown launched by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on four cancer charities is a good 11 to make sure your donations are put to good use. So, how can you make sure that the money you give doesn’t end up lining the pockets of the 12 ? Follow these tips. Hang up on telemarketers. The cancer charities charged with fraud (欺诈) by the FTC used telemarketing calls to raise donations. If you get a call from a group asking for money, you might feel 13 to make a donation on the spot. But the FTC cautions that you shouldn’t rush to say yes but 14 any requests to give over the phone. Telemarketing companies often keep a significant portion of the funds they raise. You’re better off 15 the middleman and contacting a charity directly to make a donation. Don’t wait for charities to come to you. To avoid feeling the pressure to give to an organization that reaches out to you, figure out what 16 is important to you. Then find charities that are 17 it. You can browse charities that have been evaluated by Charity Navigator by category to identify groups you want to support. Having a(n) 18 plan will make it easier to avoid making impulse donations. Research before you give. The FTC 19 against the four cancer charities show that just because an organization claims to do good doesn’t mean it actually does. That’s why it’s important to find out as much as you can about how an organization will use your donation before you give. You can start with third-party evaluations and ratings at sites such as Charity Navigator and Chariy Watch, which examine charities’ 20 governance and effectiveness. 【答案】 11．I 12．F 13．E 14．C 15．J 16．K 17．D 18．G 19．H 20．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何在捐赠前检查慈善机构。 11．考查名词。句意：联邦贸易委员会（FTC）近期对四家癌症慈善机构的整顿行动，是一个很好的警示，提醒大家要确保自己的捐款能够得到有效利用。根据下文“to make sure your donations are put to good use”以及句意“提醒”可知用单数名词reminder，作表语，故选I。 12．考查形容词。句意：那么，你怎样才能确保你捐出的钱不会落入那些不需要的人的口袋呢？根据上文“how can you make sure that the money you give doesn’t end up lining the pockets of the ”可知，此处表示“不需要的”，应用形容词unneedy，与the联用，表示一类人。故选F。 13．考查形容词。句意：如果你接到一个要钱的团体打来的电话，你可能会感到有压力，不得不当场捐款。根据下文“to make a donation on the spot”可知，此处表示“感到有压力的”，应用形容词pressured，作表语。故选E。 14．考查动词。句意：但联邦贸易委员会警告说，你不应该急于答应，但拒绝任何通过电话提供的请求。根据上文“you shouldn’t rush to say yes”可知，此处表示“拒绝”，应用decline，与say并列，应用动词原形。故选C。 15．考查动词。句意：你最好跳过中间商，直接联系慈善机构进行捐赠。根据下文“the middleman and contacting a charity directly to make a donation”可知，此处表示“跳过”，应用动词skip，固定搭配be better off doing sth.“做某事较好”。故选J。 16．考查名词。句意：为了避免给一个与你联系的组织带来压力，找出对你来说重要的原因。根据句意可知，此处表示“原因”，应用名词cause。故选K。 17．考查动词。句意：然后找到解决这个问题的慈善机构。根据句意可知，此处表示“解决”，应用动词address，与主语是逻辑主谓关系，应用现在分词，与are构成现在进行时。故选D。 18．考查名词。句意：有一个捐赠计划会让你更容易避免冲动捐赠。根据句意可知，此处表示“捐赠”，应用名词giving，修饰名词plan，作定语。故选G。 19．考查名词。句意：联邦贸易委员会对四家癌症慈善机构的指控表明，仅仅因为一个组织声称做好事并不意味着它真的在做好事。根据句意可知，此处表示“指控”，应用名词charge，由空后against the four cancer charities可知，指控大于一，应用名词复数形式。故选H。 20．考查名词。句意：你可以从慈善导航员和慈善观察等网站上的第三方评估和评级开始，这些网站会检查慈善机构的财务、管理和效率。根据句意可知，此处表示“财务”，应用名词finance，表示财务情况时，常用复数形式。故选A。 II. Reading Comprehension (21 – 35题，每题1分；36 – 50题，每题2分；共45分) Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Taylor works full-time in the cleaning department while co-parenting his 10-year-old son. Ada, a cancer survivor, was enduring the miserable treatment. Mohammad was kicked out of prep school, then 21 for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates. Emanuel was 22 a three-year sentence for armed robbery. These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college. 23 , they are enrolled at the Honors Living-Learning Community of Rutgers University-Newark, an institution where they and others with similarly 24 life stories are pushing the boundaries of what defines an honors college by emphasizing courage in overcoming life’s difficulties, rather than 25 . Across the United States, the continuous drive for reputation has generated the 26 in the number of honors colleges. Nearly 900 schools, almost all being public universities and community colleges belong to the National Collegiate Honors Council. Among them, it is usually a brilliant idea for an institution to 27 applicants whose top-of-the-class high-school records and SAT scores would assure a renowned private university. The bait (诱饵) is the honors college, which promises the intimate feel of a small college within a(n) 28 state school. The students in these honors colleges, mostly white and middle-class, receive concierge treatment (礼宾待遇) with considerable scholarships, separate housing, special seminars, faculty mentors, research opportunities and first crack at courses in high demand. However, things are 29 at the Honors Living-Learning Community, which mainly enrolls black and Latino students–nearly twice as many as the total of black and Latino undergraduates in the rest of Rutgers-Newark’s programs. Their high-school grades and SAT scores are lower than the campus average. While academic skill 30 in determining who gets selected, the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance, their drive to learn and their passion for social justice. Every 31 of the honors program comes straight from the book on how to engage undergraduates 32 , and minority students in particular. The students receive scholarships that cover their living expenses well as tuition. Without this 33 , most couldn’t enroll full-time, and evidence shows that part-time students are far less likely to graduate. A 34 number of community college graduates are admitted, which gives 18-year-olds, fresh out of high school, an opportunity to learn from peers with more life 35 . 21．A．graduated B．abandoned C．prohibited D．suspended 22．A．reading B．serving C．passing D．escaping 23．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Instead D．Similarly 24．A．faulty B．smooth C．meaningful D．interesting 25．A．social experience B．family backgrounds C．academic performance D．human relationships 26．A．pursuit B．explosion C．exploit D．progress 27．A．tempt B．enroll C．introduce D．cultivate 28．A．remote B．public C．packed D．outstanding 29．A．difficult B．different C．discouraging D．disturbing 30．A．differs B．ranges C．matters D．varies 31．A．student B．major C．component D．college 32．A．especially B．intensively C．generally D．particularly 33．A．passion B．aim C．aid D．initiative 34．A．stable B．certain C．random D．growing 35．A．expectancy B．tragedy C．experience D．passion 【答案】 21．D 22．B 23．C 24．A 25．C 26．B 27．A 28．D 29．B 30．C 31．C 32．B 33．C 34．D 35．C 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了罗格斯大学荣誉学院的创新招生模式。 21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Mohammad被预备学校开除，然后因为向同学卖巧克力而被高中停课100天。A. graduated毕业；B. abandoned抛弃；C. prohibited禁止；D. suspended暂停，中止（课程、活动等）。根据下文“for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates”可知，Mohammad因犯错被学校“停学”。故选D。 22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Emanuel因持械抢劫被判三年徒刑。A. reading阅读；B. serving服刑；C. passing通过；D. escaping逃跑。根据下文“a three-year sentence for armed robbery”可知，Emanuel因持械抢劫被判三年徒刑，因此他正在“服刑”。故选B。 23．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们被罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校的荣誉生活学习社区录取，在那里，他们和其他有着类似坎坷人生故事的人正在通过强调克服生活困难的勇气，而不是学术表现，来突破荣誉学院的界限。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. Instead相反；D. Similarly相似地。根据上文“These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college.”和下文“they are enrolled at the Honors Living-Learning Community of Rutgers University-Newark, an institution where they and others with similarly ____ life stories are pushing the boundaries of what defines an honors college by emphasizing courage in overcoming life’s difficulties”可知，这些人并不是传统大学荣誉学院录取的学生类型，而“相反”，他们被罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校的荣誉生活学习社区录取。故选C。 24．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. faulty有错误的，有问题的；B. smooth顺利的；C. meaningful有意义的；D. interesting有趣的。根据上文“Taylor works full-time in the cleaning department while co-parenting his 10-year-old son. Ada, a cancer survivor, was enduring the miserable treatment. Mohammad was kicked out of prep school, then ____ for 100 days from high school for selling chocolate to his classmates. Emanuel was ____ a three-year sentence for armed robbery.”可知，上文提到的辍学、犯罪等经历可知，他们的人生故事是“坎坷的、有波折的”，faulty 可引申为“不顺利的”，符合语境。故选A。 25．考查名词短语辨析。句意同上。A. social experience社会经验；B. family backgrounds家庭背景；C. academic performance学术表现；D. human relationships人际关系。根据上文“These are not the profiles of students who get admitted to a classic university-run honors college.”和下文“While academic skill ____ in determining who gets selected, the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance, their drive to learn and their passion for social justice.”可知，传统荣誉学院更看重“学业表现”，而罗格斯大学的荣誉生活学习社区在招生时更强调学生的毅力、学习动力和对社会正义的热情，而不是“学术表现”。故选C。 26．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在美国各地，对声誉的不断追求导致了荣誉学院数量的激增。A. pursuit追求；B. explosion爆炸，激增；C. exploit利用；D. progress进步。根据下文“Nearly 900 schools, almost all being public universities and community colleges belong to the National Collegiate Honors Council.”可知，荣誉学院的数量在“激增”。故选B。 27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：对于一所学校来说，吸引那些在高中成绩优异、SAT分数高到足以保证进入知名私立大学的申请者通常是一个好主意。A. tempt吸引；B. enroll注册；C. introduce介绍；D. cultivate培养。根据下文“applicants whose top-of-the-class high-school records and SAT scores would assure a renowned private university. The bait (诱饵) is the honors college”可知，荣誉学院是吸引这些优秀申请者的“诱饵”。故选A。 28．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：诱饵是荣誉学院，它承诺在一所杰出的州立学校内营造出小型学院的亲密氛围。A. remote遥远的；B. public公立的；C. packed挤满的；D. outstanding杰出的。根据上文“state school. The students in these honors colleges, mostly white and middle-class, receive concierge treatment (礼宾待遇) with considerable scholarships, separate housing, special seminars, faculty mentors, research opportunities and first crack at courses in high demand.”可知，这些学校是“杰出的”大学。故选D。 29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，荣誉生活学习社区的情况却有所不同，这里主要招收黑人和拉丁裔学生——几乎是罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校其他项目黑人和拉丁裔本科生总数的两倍。A. difficult困难的；B. different不同的；C. discouraging令人沮丧的；D. disturbing令人不安的。根据下文“which mainly enrolls black and Latino students–nearly twice as many as the total of black and Latino undergraduates in the rest of Rutgers-Newark’s programs”可知，荣誉生活学习社区的情况与其他荣誉学院“不同”。故选B。 30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然学术技能在决定谁被选中时很重要，但重点在于这些学生的毅力、学习动力和对社会正义的热情。A. differs不同；B. ranges变动，（在一定范围内）变化；C. matters重要；D. varies变化。根据下文“the emphasis is on these students’ perseverance”可知，虽然学术技能在决定谁被选中时“重要”，但重点还是在于学生的毅力等品质。故选C。 31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：荣誉项目的每个组成部分都直接源自于关于如何强烈吸引本科生——尤其是少数族裔学生——的书籍。A. student学生；B. major专业；C. component组成部分；D. college学院。根据下文“of the honors program”可知，此处指的是荣誉项目的每一部分。故选C。 32．考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. especially尤其；B. intensively深入地，强烈地；C. generally一般地；D. particularly特别地。根据上文“the book on how to engage undergraduates”可知，此处表示这些书籍强烈吸引本科生。故选B。 33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果没有这种援助，大多数人无法全日制入学，证据表明，非全日制学生毕业的可能性要小得多。A. passion激情；B. aim目标；C. aid援助；D. initiative倡议。根据上文“The students receive scholarships that cover their living expenses well as tuition.”可知，学生获得的奖学金是一种“援助”。故选C。 34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：越来越多的社区大学毕业生被录取，这给了刚从高中毕业的18岁学生一个向更有生活经验的同龄人学习的机会。A. stable稳定的；B. certain确定的；C. random随机的；D. growing增长的。根据下文“number of community college graduates are admitted”可知，越来越多的社区大学毕业生被录取，因此此处表示“增长的”数量。故选D。 35．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. expectancy期望；B. tragedy悲剧；C. experience经验；D. passion激情。根据上文“community college graduates”可知，社区大学毕业生有更多的生活“经验”。故选C。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. A At the 4th Street Photo Gallery on the comer of the Bowery, many photos are strung together like clothes on a laundry line. There are portraits of Muhammad Ali and Jean-Michel Basquiat, plus a series of cityscapes detailedly captured over 60 years by Alex Harsley, a neglected but talented New York photographer. The city has been Mr Harsley’s home since 1948, when, aged ten, he moved there from South Carolina. He took his first photograph ten years later, and became the first black photographer to work for the city’s district attorney’s office. His vivid pictures freeze moments in New York’s evolution from the 1950s to the present. “It could start with the smell of something burning.” he says of his method. “And then you see a family sitting on the steps of a funeral home sadly looking at the firemen going through their routine.” Some of the scenes in the collection were captured from the window of his old apartment in Harlem; they include images of black activists, streets submerged in snow and shots of the Crown Heights riots of 1991. A．D．Coleman, a photography critic, says Mr. Harsley has been able to capture the lives of minority groups by making himself “invisible”. His aim has been to assemble these fragments (片段) into an extended history of the city. Mr. Harsley’s gallery is a time capsule. For decades, it is also a hub for the city’s artistic underworld. In the 1970s New York’s photography scene was flourishing, but exclusive. As Mr. Harsley puts it, “a number of great artists were swept aside” because they lacked connections. Helping talent became part of his mission. In 1971 he established The Minority Photographers, an organization that helps up-and-coming artists exhibit their work. He opened his gallery two years later; many photographers have had their first shows there. 36．How does the author describe Alex Harsley in the first paragraph? A．Undervalued but expert. B．Gifted but exclusive. C．Unknown but devoted. D．Gifted but awkward. 37．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．His pictures show freezing weather in New York from the 1950s to the present. B．His pictures capture the cheerful moments in New York since the 1950s. C．His pictures record some historic occasions of New York over the past decades. D．His pictures illustrate the vivid lives of minority groups in New York over the past decades. 38．Why does Mr. Harsley make himself “invisible”? A．To assemble the minority groups of the city. B．To highlight the lives of minority groups. C．To help promising artists attract more public attention. D．To build connections between the minority groups and himself. 39．How did Mr. Harsley help the other artists? A．He excluded those who looked down upon the unknown artists. B．He set an organization displaying their works. C．He established the connections between up-and-coming artists and famous ones. D．He reduced the rents of the gallery where their photography works were shown. 【答案】36．A 37．C 38．A 39．C 【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的主人公是一位被忽视但才华横溢的摄影师Alex Harsley，主要内容为Alex Harsley的个人经历与他的优秀作品，并且他帮助了很多摄影师获得更好更多的机会去展现自己的能力和作品。 36．推理判断题。根据第一段“There are portraits of Muhammad Ali and Jean-Michel Basquiat, plus a series of cityscapes detailedly captured over 60 years by Alex Harsley, a neglected but talented New York photographer.(这里有穆罕默德·阿里和让·米歇尔·巴斯奎特的肖像，还有亚历克斯·哈斯利60多年来详细拍摄的一系列城市景观，他是一位被忽视但才华横溢的纽约摄影师)”可知，作者认为Alex Harsley是一位被忽视但才华横溢的摄影师。故选A项。 37．句意猜测题。根据画线句子“His vivid pictures freeze moments in New York's evolution from the 1950s to the present.(他生动的照片定格了纽约从20世纪50年代到现在的发展历程)”可知，他的照片记录了纽约近几十年的发展历程。故选C项。 38．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“His aim has been to assemble these fragments (片段) into an extended history of the city.(他的目标是将这些碎片拼凑成这座城市的悠久历史)”可推知，Mr. Harsley把自己变得“不显眼”是为了拼凑这个城市一些小的团体，把零碎的事情聚集在一起。故选A项。 39．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“As Mr. Harsley puts it, “a number of great artists were swept aside” because they lacked connections. Helping talent became part of his mission. In 1971 he established The Minority Photographers, an organization that helps up-and-coming artists exhibit their work. He opened his gallery two years later; many photographers have had their first shows there.(正如哈斯利所说，“许多伟大的艺术家都被扫地出局了”，因为他们之间缺乏联系。帮助人才成为他使命的一部分。1971年，他成立了“小众摄影家”组织，帮助那些崭露头角的艺术家展示自己的作品。两年后，他开了自己的画廊，许多摄影师都在那里举办了他们的第一次展览）”可知，他通过在崭露头角的艺术家和著名艺术家之间建立联系来帮助其他的摄影师。故选C项。 B A new book by British photographer Jimmy Nelson tells the story of traditional Dutch communities through striking portraits featuring national costume and dramatic landscapes including the following places. Marken, Noord-Holland Marken, a former island just 20 km north-east of Amsterdam, was once separated from the mainland by water and has been connected since 1957. This historical isolation and its coastal location have significantly influenced its culture and traditions. The peninsula has more than 30 different traditional costumes — all handmade — including five stages of mourning dress, from darkest black through to purple. “The clothing of Marken is very subtle,” Nelson said. “For every festival and important life moment, they have a different style.” Zeeland Zeeland has barely changed in the last 100 years. Everything which makes the province what it is today, has to do with water. The sea is part of residents’ life and every day it is different. When the wind is from the southwest, the dunes (沙丘) cast dust over the village and the sand lies in the streets and in their gardens — a bit like snow. Sometimes the salty air from the sea, it’s on their windows and people can’t see outside because there’s a thick layer of salt on the glass. Friesland For this province of ice-skating fanatics, the colder the better. As the ice thickens, excitement mounts at the prospect of the legendary Elfstedentocht, a 200km ice skating race through 11 Frisian towns. Cold is the distinct feature of Friesland. There are numerous words for ice, explained Anke Bijlsma, whose northeast Friesland farm was photographed by Nelson. “There’s rough ice, dark ice — that’s the most beautiful one — snow ice, bubble ice…” The region’s extraordinary star-filled skies make it equally impressive at night. “There’s not a lot of light pollution and it’s amazingly dark,” said Bijlsma, who regularly takes a moment to absorb the incredible views. “When you see the horizon on the sea, every little or big problem in your head blows away. You can stare into nothing: only sea and sky.” 40．What is unique about the traditional costumes in Marken? A．They are all made of silk and come in bright colors. B．They are bold or attention-grabbing in their design. C．They are all made of wool and represent different seasons. D．They are carefully designed for different life events. 41．What is the main feature of Friesland, according to the passage? A．It is a hot and sunny region, perfect for outdoor activities. B．The cold and ice play a major role in its ice-skating culture. C．It is known for its incredible views of amazing light. D．People there always feel lost due to sea and sky. 42．Which of the following is true about all three places mentioned in the passage? A．They all have unique traditional clothing styles tied to important life events. B．They are known for their warm and sunny climates year-round. C．They are all greatly influenced by their relationship with the sea. D．They each have a large population of ice-skating enthusiasts. 【答案】40．D 41．B 42．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国摄影师吉米·尼尔森新书里关于荷兰传统社区的故事，讲述了马尔肯、泽兰和弗里斯兰三个地方受海洋影响的特色。 40．细节理解题。根据Marken, Noord Holland部分中“The peninsula has more than 30 different traditional costumes — all handmade — including five stages of mourning dress, from darkest black through to purple. ‘The clothing of Marken is very subtle,’ Nelson said. ‘For every festival and important life moment, they have a different style.’(这个半岛有30多种不同的传统服装——全是手工制作的——包括五个阶段的丧服，从最深的黑色到紫色。尼尔森说：“马尔肯的服装非常精致。对于每一个节日和重要的人生时刻，他们都有不同的款式。”)”可知，马尔肯的传统服装是为不同的生活事件精心设计的。故选D项。 41．细节理解题。根据Friesland部分中“For this province of ice skating fanatics, the colder the better. As the ice thickens, excitement mounts at the prospect of the legendary Elfstedentocht, a 200km ice skating race through 11 Frisian towns.(对于这个滑冰狂热者的省份来说，越冷越好。随着冰层变厚，人们对传奇的埃尔夫斯特登巡回赛的期待也越来越高，这是一场穿越弗里斯兰11个城镇的200公里滑冰比赛)”和“Cold is the distinct feature of Friesland. (寒冷是弗里斯兰的显著特征)”可知，寒冷和冰在其滑冰文化中起着重要作用。故选B项。 42．细节理解题。根据Marken, Noord Holland部分中“This historical isolation and its coastal location have significantly influenced its culture and traditions.(这种历史上的孤立和它的沿海位置显著影响了它的文化和传统)”，Zeeland部分中“Everything which makes the province what it is today, has to do with water. The sea is part of residents’ life and every day it is different. (造就这个省份如今面貌的一切都与水有关。大海是居民生活的一部分，而且每天都不一样)”和Friesland部分中“‘There’s not a lot of light pollution and it’s amazingly dark,’ said Bijlsma, who regularly takes a moment to absorb the incredible views. ‘When you see the horizon on the sea, every little or big problem in your head blows away. You can stare into nothing: only sea and sky.’(“这里几乎没有光污染，暗得出奇，”比尔斯玛说道。他常常会驻足片刻，沉浸在这令人惊叹的景色中。“当你凝望海天交界处时，脑海中所有大大小小的烦恼都会烟消云散。你可以放空自己，眼前唯有海天一色。”)”可知，这三个地方都靠近海洋，深受与海洋关系的影响，所以C项“They are all greatly influenced by their relationship with the sea.”是正确表述。故选C项。 C As artificial-intelligence products steadily improve at pretending to be human—an AI produced voice that books restaurant reservations by phone, for example, or a chat robot that answers consumers’ questions online—people will increasingly be put in the unsettling situation of not knowing whether they are talking to a machine. But the truth may make such products less effective: recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (透明度) and cooperation in human-computer interactions. The study used a simple game in which paired players make a series of decisions to cooperate with or betray their partner. In the long run, it pays for both to keep cooperating—but there is always the temptation to betray and earn extra points short term, at the partner’s expense. The researchers used an Al algorithm (算法) that, when posing as a person, implemented a strategy that was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate. But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such. The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate (without being a pushover) and would eventually get past their disbelief. “Sadly, we failed at this goal,” says Talal Rahwan, a computer scientist at New York University in Abu Dhabi and a senior author on the paper, published last November in Nature Machine Intelligence. “No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players. (In each mode, the robot played 50 rounds against at least 150 individuals.) In an additional experiment, players were told, “Data suggest that people are better off if they treat the robot as if it were a human.” It had no effect. Virginia Dignum, who leads the Social and Ethical Artificial Intelligence group at Umea University in Sweden and was not involved in the study, praises the researchers for exploring the transparency-efficacy trade-off, but she would like to see it tested beyond the paper’s particular setup. The authors say that in the public field, people should be asked for agreement to be deceived about a robot’s identity. It cannot be on an interaction-by-interaction basis, or else the “deception” obviously will not work. But blanket permission for occasional deception, even if it can be obtained, still raises ethical quandaries (道德困境). Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot -but if she is calling customer service with a simple question, she adds, “I just want to get my answer.” 43．The word “trade-off ” is closest in meaning to __________. A．balancing B．combining C．distinction D．agreement 44．According to the passage, what attitude do people generally take towards robots? A．Highly positive. B．Casual. C．Strongly opposed. D．Distrustful. 45．What can be inferred about the research findings from the passage? A．They fail to support the researchers’ assumption. B．They will draw people’s attention to robots’ problems. C．They are different from the previous research findings. D．They can explain why people treat a robot like a human. 46．According to the passage, what is Virginia Dignum most likely to agree with? A．Talal Rahwan’s research findings can’t apply to the real-world situations. B．Blanket permission for interacting with a robot does more harm than good. C．People needn’t be told that they are interacting with a robot on all occasions. D．The relationship between transparency and efficacy has been fully explored. 【答案】43．A 44．D 45．A 46．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了随着人工智能产品在扮演人类角色方面不断进步，人们越来越担心对面正和自己交流是否是机器人，因为人们有自己的偏见，不信任机器人，即使实验证明机器人是有好的合作能力的。 43．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“The researchers used an Al algorithm (算法)that, when posing as a person, implemented a strategy that was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate. But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such.（研究人员使用了一种人工智能算法，当假扮成一个人的时候，实施了一种比人类更善于让人类伙伴合作的策略。但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器，所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”可知提到了人们不相信机器，即使机器人的策略比人类本身的策略更容易让合作伙伴合作；根据文章第三段““ No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players.(“不管算法做了什么，人们只是坚持自己的偏见。”一个公开扮演机器人的机器人比人类更不可能获得合作，尽管它的策略显然对双方都更有利)”可知无论怎样做，人们就是不相信机器人，如果被告知是机器人的话，他们更不会选择机器人合作了，综上所述，推知“But the truth may make such products less effective: recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (透明度)and cooperation in human-computer interactions.(但事实可能会降低这类产品的效率：最近的研究发现，在人机交流中，透明度和合作之间存在权衡)”表述的是人们在与机器交流中，应该存在透明度和合作之间的平衡，否则，一旦人们知道对面是机器人在和他们交流，他们根本不会相信机器人，那必然会导致机器人的效率低了，所以在透明度和合作之间要有平衡，故推知“trade-off ”意思的“平衡”；故选A项。 44．推理判断题。根据文第二段“But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such.(但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器，所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”和文章第三段“The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate (without being a pushover) and would eventually get past their disbelief. “Sadly, we failed at this goal,”(研究小组希望人们在与一个已知的机器人玩时能够认识到它的合作能力（而不是一个容易被打败的机器人） ，并最终克服他们的怀疑。“遗憾的是，我们失败了”)”可知研究表明人类不相信机器人，而科学家希望人类能认识到机器人的合作能力而最终战胜对它们的怀疑，但是失败了，推知人类对机器人的态度就是抱有怀疑的；故选D项。 45．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such.(但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器，所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”可知研究表明人类不相信机器，而科学家们想知道如果机器人真的暴露出来，会生什么；根据文章第三段““ No matter what the algorithm did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players.(“不管算法做了什么，人们只是坚持自己的偏见。”一个公开扮演机器人的机器人比人类更不可能获得合作，尽管它的策略显然对双方都更有利。”)”可知不管怎样做，人们就是不相信机器人，如果人们被告知是机器人，更不可能去跟它们合作。由此推知，实验结果不支持科学家们的假设，故选A项。 46．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“praises the researchers for exploring the transparency-efficacy trade-off, but she would like to see it tested beyond the paper’s particular setup.(赞扬了研究人员探索透明度与效率之间的平衡,，但她希望看到它在论文的特殊设置之外进行测试)”可知Dignum对于此项研究是赞同的，而且希望去除实验特殊设置；根据文章最后一段“The authors say that in the public field, people should be asked for agreement to be deceived about a robot’s identity. It cannot be on an interaction-by interaction basis, or else the “deception” obviously will not work. But blanket permission for occasional deception, even if it can be obtained, still raises ethical quandaries (道德困境). Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot -but if she is calling customer service with a simple question, she adds, “I just want to get my answer.”(作者说，在公共领域，应该要求人们同意被欺骗的机器人的身份。它不能建立在互动的基础上，否则“欺骗”显然不会起作用。但是，即使能够获得对偶尔欺骗行为的全面许可，仍然会引发道德上的两难困境。Dignum说，人类在与机器人交流之后应该有权知道答案，但是如果她打电话给客服只是为了问一个简单的问题，她补充说，“我只是想得到我的答案)”可知此项研究论文的作者认为不应该事先告知人们机器人的身份，而Dignum对于这个研究是赞扬的，即对论文的作者的观点是不排斥的，并且认为可以去除实验中的设置来验证这个现象，而且Dignum认为人们在与机器交流后应该有权知道答案，而没有提及事先告知人们机器人的身份，故推知Dignum认同人们不需要被告知他们在任何场合都在与机器人互动这样的观点；故选C项。 Section C Directions: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Numbers sometimes hide patterns you might miss at first. Barcodes are a good example. These number sequences identify products. Try this with a 13-digit barcode. Find one on an item. Books won’t work, but magazines will. Add up every digit in an odd position (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc ...) Then add up every digit in an even position (2nd, 4th, 6th, etc ...) Multiply the even sum by 3. Add this result to the odd sum. The final total should end in a 0. This means it is a multiple of 10. 47 Its job is to catch mistakes. Most digits give real information. For example, the first two digits show the country (like 50 for the UK, or 690-695 for China). The next ten digits identify the product and maker. Barcode scanners use lasers to read the stripes, matching the numbers. 48 They might misread a damaged or curved barcode. So, the scanner calculates the checksum after reading the digits. It only accepts the code if the checksum ends in 0. 49 ISBNs on books use them. Driver’s licenses and credit card numbers use them too. A website can spot a wrong credit card number instantly using its checksum. These systems all use math to check if a number is valid. Checksums don’t catch every error. 50 They also can’t tell you which digit is wrong. But they catch most mistakes. This saves time and makes systems stronger. A．There’s still a small chance a wrong number passes the check. B．This final digit is called a ‘checksum’. C．Much information can be read out from barcodes. D．Checksums are used in many systems. E．Barcode system is nearly available in various stores. F．Scanners can make errors. 【答案】47．B 48．F 49．D 50．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍条形码中校验和的计算方法，其作用是纠错，虽有局限但在 ISBN、驾照等多系统中应用，能有效提升系统准确性。 47．由上文“The final total should end in a 0. This means it is a multiple of 10. (最终的总和应以0结尾，这意味着它是10的倍数。)”可知，此处介绍了条形码数字计算的结果，空格后提到“Its job is to catch mistakes. (它的作用是捕捉错误。)”，其中Its需指代前文出现的事物。B项This final digit is called a “checksum”. (这个最后的数字被称为“校验和”)中的“final digit”对应上文“final total”，且“checksum”作为专业术语，引出下文对其功能的解释，逻辑连贯。故选B项。 48．由上文“Barcode scanners use lasers to read the stripes, matching the numbers. (条形码扫描仪使用激光读取条纹，匹配数字。)”及下文“They might misread a damaged or curved barcode. (它们可能会误读损坏或弯曲的条形码。)”可知，They指代扫描仪，空格处需说明扫描仪可能出现的问题。F项Scanners can make errors. (扫描仪可能会出错。)直接指出扫描仪的局限性，与下文“misread”形成因果关系，解释了为何需要校验和进行验证。故选F项。 49．由下文“ISBNs on books use them. Driver’s licenses and credit card numbers use them too. (书籍的 ISBN 使用它们，驾照和信用卡号码也使用它们。)”可知，them指代前文提到的“checksums (校验和)”，空格处需总述校验和的广泛应用。D项Checksums are used in many systems. (校验和在许多系统中被使用。)作为段落主题句，引出后文多个应用场景，其中“many systems”与下文“书籍、驾照、信用卡”等具体例子呼应。故选D项。 50．由上文“Checksums don’t catch every error. (校验和不能捕捉所有错误。)”及下文“They also can’t tell you which digit is wrong. (它们也无法告诉你哪个数字错了。)”可知，空格处需进一步说明校验和的局限性。A项There’s still a small chance a wrong number passes the check. (仍然有很小的概率错误号码会通过校验。)承接“不能捕捉所有错误”，具体说明存在漏检的可能性，与下文“also can’t”形成并列递进关系。故选A项。 III. Summary Writing (10分) 51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. It has always been assumed, however, that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by botanist Alí Akbar GhotbiRavandi has revealed that plants suffer too. That plants can be hampered (抑制生长) indirectly by noise pollution has never been in doubt. Since many flowering and fruit-beaning species need animals to pollinate or disperse (传播) their seeds, it is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical counterparts will do badly, too. Scientists have hypothesized that plants may be able to sense sound waves as they are struck by them. Yet blasting plants with ultrasound is not the same as growing them in the presence of actual traffic noise. To this end, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi oscided to set up an experiment. Working with a team of colleagues, Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi grew two species — French marigolds (金盏花) and scarlet sage (一串红) — in the same space before they were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 73 decibels of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway for 16hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. None of the plants exposed to the traffic noise did well. The team found that a range of hormones normally associated with healthy growth and development in plants were present at significantly reduced levels in the plants exposed to the noise. Two stress hormones, jasmonic acid and abscisi c acid, which are normally produced to fend off insect attacks, deal with salty soil or very cold temperatures, were elevated. The next question is whether all noise pollution affects all species in the same way. The natural world, with deafening storms and thunderous waterfalls, is by no means silent. Whether some plant species have evolved coping mechanisms, which might one day be transferred into urban-dwelling species, is a mystery worth exploring. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】One possible version: A new study by Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi shows that plants suffer from traffic noise. Plants exposed to traffic noise have lower levels of growth hormones and higher levels of stress hormones. Whether all species are affected in the same way and whether some have evolved coping mechanisms are questions for future research. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了噪音对植物生长的影响，通过实验发现交通噪音会使植物生长相关激素水平降低，应激激素水平升高，同时提出了未来值得探索的问题。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①It has always been assumed, however, that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by botanist Alí Akbar GhotbiRavandi has revealed that plants suffer too. ②It is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical counterparts will do badly, too. ③Yet blasting plants with ultrasound is not the same as growing them in the presence of actual traffic noise. ④One group was exposed to 73 decibels of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway for 16 hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. ⑤The team found that a range of hormones normally associated with healthy growth and development in plants were present at significantly reduced levels in the plants exposed to the noise. ⑥Whether some plant species have evolved coping mechanisms, which might one day be transferred into urban-dwelling species, is a mystery worth exploring. 2. 缜密构思 将第①、②两个要点进行重组，将第③、④、⑤三个要点进行整合，第⑥要点单独成句。 3. 遣词造句 Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi's study finds plants suffer from traffic noise. Plants exposed to traffic noise have lower levels of growth hormones and higher levels of stress hormones. Whether all species are affected in the same way and whether some have evolved coping mechanisms are questions for future research. 【点睛】[高分句型1]：Plants exposed to traffic noise have lower levels of growth hormones and higher levels of stress hormones. 运用过去分词短语作定语对原文第四、五段进行了概括，使句子结构更加紧凑，表达更加高级。 [高分句型2]：Whether all species are affected in the same way and whether some have evolved coping mechanisms are questions for future research. 运用whether引导的主语从句对原文最后一段进行了概括，表达清晰且高级。 IV. Translation (第1-2句，每句3分；第3句，4分；第4句5分；共15分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52．和打太极一样，学习也需要找到“紧张”与“松弛”的平衡。（require）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Just like practicing Tai Chi, learning also requires finding a balance between “tension” and “relaxation”. 【详解】考查介词短语和动词。根据句意，该句描述客观事实，使用一般现在时。表示“和……一样”为just like，表示“打太极”为practice Tai Chi，位于介词like之后作宾语，所以使用动名词短语practicing Tai Chi，所以表示“和打太极一样”为介词短语Just like practicing Tai Chi作状语；表示“学习”为动名词learning作主语，表示“也”为also，表示“需要”为require，动名词learning作主语视为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式requires，“找到平衡”为find a balance作requires的宾语，require后接动名词短语finding a balance作宾语，表示““紧张”与“松弛””为between “tension” and “relaxation”。故翻译为Just like practicing Tai Chi, learning also requires finding a balance between “tension” and “relaxation”.。 53．借助3D影像技术，这些文物活灵活现地呈现在游客面前。(life) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】With the help of 3D imaging technology, these cultural relics are brought to life right in front of the visitors. 【详解】考查固定短语、时态以及语态。表示“借助”用With the help of...，这是一个常用的介词短语，用于引出某种帮助或手段，在本句中作状语。表示“3D影像技术”用3D imaging technology，作介词的宾语。表示“这些文物”用these cultural relics，作为句子的主语。“bring...to life”是一个固定短语，意为“使……变得生动，使……活灵活现”，在这里作为谓语部分，句子描述的是文物借助3D影像技术呈现的状态，为一般性事实，所以使用一般现在时，且主语和该动词之间为被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。主语为复数，be动词用are。表示“在游客面前”用right in front of the visitors，作为地点状语。故翻译为With the help of 3D imaging technology, these cultural relics are brought to life right in front of the visitors. 54．让科学家们忧心忡忡的是可再生能源虽被看好，但开发和运用速度尚未跟上需求。（concern）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】What concerns scientists is that although renewable energy is promising, its development and application have not kept up with demand. 【详解】考查主语从句、表语从句、让步状语从句和动词短语。根据句意，“让科学家们忧心忡忡”是现在的状态，主句使用一般现在时；“开发和运用速度尚未跟上”是从过去持续到现在的情况，从句使用现在完成时。表示“让科学家们忧心忡忡的”为主语从句作主语，从句中缺少主语，指事情，所以使用连接代词what引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，位于句首，首字母需大写，表示“忧心忡忡”为concern，主语What视为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，“科学家们”为scientists作宾语，所以主语从句可译为What concerns scientists；表示“是”为be动词，用单数形式，所以be动词为is作主句的谓语；表示“可再生能源虽被看好，但开发和运用速度尚未跟上需求”为表语从句，表语从句中不缺句子成分，且句意完整，所以使用连接词that引导表语从句，无实义；表语从句中包含although引导的让步状语从句，表示“可再生能源”为renewable energy作主语，“被看好”为is promising作谓语，所以，状语从句可译为although renewable energy is promising；表示“开发和运用”为development and application作表语从句中主句的主语，表示“尚未跟上”为现在完成时的否定形式have not kept up with作谓语，表示“需求”为demand作宾语，所以表语从句中的主句可译为its development and application have not kept up with demand。故翻译为What concerns scientists is that although renewable energy is promising, its development and application have not kept up with demand. 55．无怪乎众多语言学家对其如痴如醉，因为语言薪火相传，见证沧桑，记录科技的日新月异。（It）（汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It’s no wonder that many linguists are deeply fascinated by it, for language, passed down from generation to generation, bears witness to the changes of time and records the rapid advancements of science and technology. 【详解】考查固定句型、非谓语动词和动词短语。根据句意，“无怪乎”是客观陈述，主句使用一般现在时；“薪火相传”“见证”“记录”为客观事实，从句使用一般现在时。表示“无怪乎……”为固定句型It’s no wonder that...，It作形式主语，that引导主语从句，“众多语言学家”为many linguists作主语从句主语，“对其如痴如醉”为are deeply fascinated by it，所以“无怪乎众多语言学家对其如痴如醉”为主句It’s no wonder that many linguists are deeply fascinated by it，表示“因为语言薪火相传，见证沧桑，记录科技的日新月异”为for引导的原因状语从句，“语言”为language作主语，“薪火相传”为passed down from generation to generation，过去分词短语作后置定语修饰language，“见证沧桑”为bears witness to the changes of time作谓语和宾语，“记录科技的日新月异”为records the rapid advancements of science and technology，使用并列连词and连接两个并列结构。故翻译为It’s no wonder that many linguists are deeply fascinated by it, for language, passed down from generation to generation, bears witness to the changes of time and records the rapid advancements of science and technology. V.Guided Writing (共25分) 56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 你的英语老师要求你在寒假里读一本英文小说，并为该小说写一篇120—150词左右的书评。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The novel Breakfast at Tiffany’s grabbed my attention right from the start. The novel written by Truman Capote opens with an intriguing mystery about how the protagonist, Holly Golightly, may have travelled to Africa. The book is narrated by an unnamed male writer and is set in Manhattan in the 1940s. He was fascinated by Holly, who rented the apartment downstairs. Holly was a vain girl who made her living by convincing rich men to give her money. What I really enjoy is that the characters are true to life. It’s not difficult to imagine a lonely young man trying to help the beautiful young girl who lived downstairs. It’s more challenging to relate to Holly but the hints Truman drops about her troubled past help explain her behaviour. To sum up, I’d definitely recommend Breakfast at Tiffany’s to older readers, particularly if they’ve seen the film of the same name. 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生为寒假里读过的一本英文小说写一篇书评。 【详解】1.词汇积累 吸引某人的注意力：grab one’s attention→catch one’s attention 有趣的：intriguing→ amusing/interesting 喜欢：enjoy→ be fond of 总的来说：to sum up→all in all 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：The novel Breakfast at Tiffany’s grabbed my attention right from the start. 拓展句：The novel Breakfast at Tiffany’s, which was greatly attractive, grabbed my attention right from the start. 【点睛】【高分句型1】 He was fascinated by Holly, who rented the apartment downstairs.（运用了who引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】What I really enjoy is that the characters are true to life. （运用了what引导的主语从句，that引导的表语从句） 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $