专题05 阅读理解（说明文）（天津专用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解（说明文） Passage 1 （2026·天津·一模）In the animal kingdom, counting skills are known to help grab bigger meals or find safety in group sizes. But clownfish may have uncovered another ‌“value” in numbers: identification. Despite their cute appearance, clownfish are territorial and aggressive. When they spot a member of their own species moving towards their place, they attack, biting and throwing out unwelcome visitors. There are 28 different species of clownfish, however. So how do they actually tell friends from enemies? Depending on the species, clownfish can have anywhere from zero to three white stripes. Previous research suggested the fish pay close attention to these markings. In a 2022 study, scientists found clownfish display more aggressive behavior (e.g., running after or biting others) toward fish with vertical stripes compared with those with horizontal stripes. This time around, ecologist Hayashi and colleagues assumed the fish could actually count those stripes. They placed 50 young, lab-raised common clownfish — which display the typical orange pattern like ‌“Nemo” (a clownfish with three stripes from the film Finding Nemo) — into individual water tanks. Then, the researchers added other clownfish species, which had white stripes ranging from 0 to 3 and were protected inside a see-through case, in the original clownfish’s territory and filmed their reaction. The ‌“native” fish couldn’t run after or bite the newcomers, but they could still rush them and stare them down. And that’s what happened when the newcomers wore the same number of stripes as the resident clownfish. They found that the native clownfish were the hardest on members of their own species with three white stripes. Those fish were run after and bitten 10 times more than those without stripes. Attacks on those fish were two times more frequent than on single-striped ones, and 1.3 times more frequent than on double-striped ones. It turned out that the researchers’ assumption had solid evidence. Even so, biologist Rhodes questions whether the animals are really counting or just noticing more white coloration on the attacked fish. ‌“Maybe researchers could further clarify clownfish’s calculating capacity,” adds Rhodes. ‌“An experiment that goes beyond stripes could help. Could these fish learn, for example, to prefer two squares to three squares?” 1．What new use of counting skills have clownfish demonstrated? A．Building up a large group. B．Making out potential threats. C．Finding reliable food sources. D．Measuring the size of their territory. 2．What did the 2022 study about clownfish focus on? A．The way they defend their territory. B．The diversity of their stripe patterns. C．The impact of their aggression on other species. D．The role of stripe patterns in their behavioral reaction. 3．How was the new study conducted? A．By observing clownfish in their natural habitat. B．By analyzing films themed with clownfish. C．By comparing behaviors of clownfish. D．By referring to previous research data. 4．Which of the following is a Nemo-like clownfish most likely to attack? A．A three-striped fish. B．A double-striped fish. C．A fish with one stripe. D．A fish without stripes. 5．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Rhodes in the last paragraph? A．To point out the significance of the study. B．To lead to an alternative viewpoint on the study. C．To show appreciation of clownfish’s learning ability. D．To support the researchers’ findings about clownfish. Passage 2 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）Whether we are sitting down or standing up, still or moving, body posture (姿势) influences our mood. Several studies have shown this link between physical posture and mood. Others have shown a relationship between our mood and our cognitive (认知的) performance, including memory, reasoning, learning, and the speed of reaction and processing of information. So a logical question arises. Can body posture influence our cognitive performance? Previously, a New Zealand team (University of Auckland) carried out an experiment on posture when we walk, especially in the street. The team had found a very clear influence of our posture on our mood and confidence. It appears that walking with a hunched back, bowed head and motionless (静止的) arms has a negative influence on our mental state. Indeed, the researchers found that the simple act of straightening up, standing up straight, with your head held high, and gazing forward gives us a serious boost of confidence. Not only does our spontaneous (自发的) posture have a psychological effect, but by correcting it, it is possible to bring about improvement in the long term. In this other study, this time carried out by an Austrian team (Friedrich Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremberg), researchers observed the same phenomenon, this time in a sitting position. Young adults were invited to participate in tests presented as intended to assess their ability to concentrate. In fact, the researchers had them sit in different postures — from upright to very slumped (耸拉着的) — in order to note their influences on mood and cognition. A first observation indicates that “sitting upright” is associated with a better overall mood. It is also found to have a positive influence on the speed of processing information and completing tasks, although the test pass rate does not vary significantly with posture. Finally, and surprisingly enough, blood pressure is a little more favorable in an upright position. To further complete the list of benefits of sitting upright, we will add that it is widely recommended for protecting the back in case of work that requires sitting for a long time. 6．Why does the writer mention the studies at the beginning? A．To introduce what cognitive performance is. B．To emphasize the importance of body posture. C．To prove the results of those studies are wrong. D．To raise a new question to be studied and solved. 7．The underlined word “hunched” in Paragraph 3 means ______. A．straightened B．bent C．loose D．solid 8．The first study indicates that ______. A．posture influences our mental state B．straightening up has a negative effect C．gazing upward builds up confidence D．walking posture is especially important 9．What did the Austrian study focus on? A．Proving the long-term benefits of good posture. B．Assessing concentration levels in young adults. C．The psychological effects of sitting in different postures. D．Noting the effects of different sitting positions on mood and cognition. 10．What can we learn about sitting upright? A．It increases blood pressure. B．It requires sitting for a long time. C．It has mental and physical benefits. D．It helps improve the test pass rate. Passage 3 （2026·天津河东·一模）The 2026 CCTV Spring Festival Gala featured a breathtaking performance that seamlessly blended traditional Chinese martial arts with cutting-edge technology: a carefully designed martial arts routine performed by humanoid robots. This was not merely entertainment for the audience; it was a powerful declaration of China’s rapid and impressive advancements in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence. Compared to their debut just a year earlier, the 2026 robots demonstrated astonishing progress in every aspect. Gone were the stiff, awkward and hesitant movements of the past. Dozens of Unitree’s G1 humanoid robots perfectly carried out complex and skillful actions, including high-speed flips, synchronized (同步的) nunchaku swings, and even the delicate, unsteady steps of “Drunken Fist.” They maintained stable balance, performed flawless formations, and interacted safely with young human martial artists, a breakthrough that reflected huge leaps in both stability and dynamic motion control. Behind the striking performance lies a convergence of advanced technologies that together make such precise movements possible. Powered by highly developed AI control systems and equipped with LiDAR (激光雷达) sensors, the robots can map the 3D stage environment in real time, enabling them to recognize their positions accurately and adjust their movements instantly to stay perfectly synchronized. Their flexible jumps and flips rely on powerful actuators (执行器) and massive professional training data, proving that machines can now attain a level of athleticism once considered unique to humans. The meaning of the display goes far beyond artistic effect. As a milestone in intelligent manufacturing, the show underlines China’s growing competitiveness in the global humanoid robot industry. While Chinese companies take a major share of the world market, the gala performance more importantly shows the nation’s strong ability to combine AI technology with a complete supply chain. It suggests a future where robots, having mastered the precision of kung fu, will undertake complex tasks in industry and daily life, turning technological strength into practical social value. 11．What was the most significant improvement in the 2026 robot performance compared to the previous year? A．The robots performed hesitant movements on a larger stage. B．The robots moved more smoothly and performed complex actions. C．The robots were controlled by young human performers. D．The robots could speak and interact with the martial audience. 12．The underlined word “convergence” in Paragraph 3 most probably means _________. A．combination B．competition C．conflict D．creativity 13．How did the robots maintain perfect synchronization during the performance? A．They followed fixed routes without any adjustment. B．They were remotely controlled by engineers behind the stage. C．They used sensors to map the stage and adjust movements in real time. D．They responded to voice commands from human performers. 14．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The performance was meant to show robots are better than humans at martial arts. B．China has led the world in all fields of intelligent manufacturing. C．Human performers will gradually disappear from traditional cultural galas. D．The performance stood for China’s progress in AI and manufacturing integration. 15．According to the passage, what future role are these robots expected to play? A．Replacing all human workers in factories. B．Performing only in entertainment shows. C．Taking on complex tasks in industry and daily life. D．Competing in international martial arts competitions. Passage 4 （2026·天津河东·一模）Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements. Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties  — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth. In an era of rapid changes and unexpected challenges, developing resilience is not just a survival skill but a key part of self- development, turning setbacks into stepping stones. The link between difficulties and growth lies in the positive psychological changes after tough life events. Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self- awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more. This growth does not come automatically; it comes from facing difficulties on purpose, strengthening mental strength just as exercise builds muscle. Resilience also plays an important role in life changes. Young people entering the workplace face setbacks such as rejected plans or disagreements that cause self-doubt, but resilient people see these as learning chances. They analyze their mistakes, ask for advice, and develop skills to make progress. Similarly, people traveling alone improve resilience by dealing with unfamiliar environments on their own, trusting their decisions and adapting to difficulties. Some people argue that focusing on resilience puts pressure on people to ignore pain, but resilience means recognizing suffering without being controlled by it. It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time. In a society that values quick solutions, we must realize that true growth is built on resilience. Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth. 16．What is the common misunderstanding about personal growth according to the passage? A．It requires great efforts to achieve. B．It is a smooth process full of achievements. C．It has a close connection with difficulties. D．It can only be gained through work experience. 17．Which of the following is NOT a benefit of dealing with hardships actively? A．Gaining a better understanding of oneself. B．Developing a stronger sense of purpose. C．Avoiding all the pain in life. D．Learning to value life more. 18．What can we infer from the passage about resilience? A．It can be improved through certain methods. B．It is a skill that only a few people can have. C．It has nothing to do with life changes. D．It makes people ignore their sufferings. 19．What does the author think of difficulties in personal growth? A．They are unnecessary obstacles to avoid. B．They are key parts of true personal growth. C．They make people lose confidence easily. D．They can only be solved with quick solutions. 20．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The ways to deal with life’s difficulties. B．The importance of quick solutions in modern society. C．Resilience is the key driver of personal growth. D．Different opinions on the role of resilience. Passage 5 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）Waking up just one hour earlier could reduce a person’s risk of major depression by 23%, suggests a sweeping new genetic study. Previous observational studies have shown that night owls are twice as likely to suffer from depression as early risers, regardless of how long they sleep. In 2018, senior author Celine Vetter, assistant professor of integrative physiology at CU Boulder, published a long-term study of 32,000 nurses showing that “early risers” were up to 27% less likely to develop depression over the course of four years. To get a clearer sense of whether shifting sleep time earlier is truly protective, and how much shift is required, lead author Lyas Daglas, M. D．, turned to data from the DNA testing company and ten used a method called “Mendelian randomization” to decipher (破译) cause and effect. More than 340 common genetic variants, including variants in the so-called “clock gene” PER2, are known to influence a person’s internal clock, and genes collectively explain 12-42% of our sleep time preference. The researchers assessed deidentified genetic data on these variants from up to 850,000 individuals, including data from 85,000 who had worn wearable sleep trackers for 7 days and 250,000 who had filled out sleep-preference questionnaires. In the largest of these samples, about a third of surveyed people self-identified as early risers, 9% were night owls and the rest were in the middle. With this information in hand, the researchers turned to a different sample which included genetic information along with anonymized (匿名的) medical and prescription records and surveys about diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Using new statistical techniques, they asked: do those with genetic variants which predispose them to be early risers also have a lower risk of depression? The answer is a firm yes. Each-one-hour earlier sleep midpoint (halfway between bedtime and wake time) corresponded with a 23% lower risk of major depressive disorder. This suggests that if someone who normally goes to bed at 1 a.m. goes to bed at midnight instead and sleeps the same duration, they could cut their risk by 23%; if they go to bed at 11 p.m. they could cut it by about 40%. 21．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about? A．The significant role of gene action in depression. B．A new observational study about causes of depression. C．The close relationship between depression and sleep time. D．Whether early risers are less likely to suffer from depression. 22．How did Lyas Daghlas decipher cause and effect? A．By exploring the influence of genes on depression. B．By analyzing samples of surveyed people’s self-identification. C．By tracking individuals diagnosed with depressive disorder. D．By proving the decisive role sleep time plays in genetic variants. 23．What is Lyas Daghals’s research mainly based on? A．Medical treatment records of early risers. B．The genetic research and data about DNA C．A comprehensive analysis of different samples. D．250,000 people’s self-identification and questionnaires. 24．How do you understand the underlined part in the last paragraph? A．Make them more likely to rise early. B．Change early risers’ habits. C．Force them to change their chronotype D．Lead them to shift sleep time 25．Which can be the suitable title for this text? A．Risk of Depression Decreases When Sleeping Time Increases B．Genes Have More Impact on Depression than Sleep Time Does C．A New Research Suggests Early Risers Carry Clock Gene called PER2 D．Moving Sleep Time An Hour Earlier Could Cut Depression Risk by 23% Passage 6 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）It’s good to be smart. After all, intelligent people earn more money, accumulate more wealth, and even live longer. But there’s another side to the story. The brightest people and strongest leaders sometimes make errors others don’t, especially in situations that require common sense. Travis Bradberry, president at Talent Smart, explained in his post Why Smart People Act So Stupid that “Rational thinking and intelligence don’t tend to go hand in hand. Intelligent people are more prone to silly mistakes because of blind spots in how they use logic. These blind spots exist because smart people tend to be overconfident in their reasoning abilities.” They are so used to being right and having quick answers that they don’t even realise when they’re making a mess by answering without thinking things through. A lifetime of praise leads smart people to develop too much faith in their intelligence and abilities. They often fail to recognise when they need help, and when they do recognise it, they tend to believe that no one else is capable of providing it. “It’s hard for anyone to graciously accept the fact that they’re wrong. It’s even harder for smart people because they grow so used to being right all the time that it becomes a part of their identity,” Bradberry wrote. “For smart people, being wrong can feel like a personal attack, and being right, a necessity.” Smart people also have a hard time accepting feedback. They tend to undervalue the opinions of others, which means they have trouble believing that anyone is qualified to give them useful feedback. Not only does this tendency hinder their growth and performance, it can lead to harmful relationships, both personally and professionally. Smart people develop overachieving personalities because things come so easily to them. They simply don’t understand how hard some people have to work to accomplish the same things, and because of that, they push people too hard. They set the bar too high, and when people take too long or don’t get things quite right, they assume it’s due to a lack of effort. So they push even harder. 26．What do we learn from the passage about the brightest people? A．They can make silly mistakes in straightforward situations. B．They usually turn a blind eye to their own weaknesses. C．They are admired by people around them. D．They can differ in their personalities. 27．What accounts for the existence of intelligent people’s logical blind spots? A．Their irrational way of thinking. B．Too much faith in their ability to think. C．Their ignorance of behavioural science. D．Too much concern about their work. 28．How do smart people react when they are found to be wrong? A．They shift the blame to others. B．They graciously accept the facts. C．They may feel shocked. D．They may get offended. 29．What may happen to smart people who find it difficult to accept suggestions? A．They may suffer in their professional and private life. B．They may lose faith in their administrative abilities. C．They may commit more errors than ever before. D．They may experience a lot of emotional stress. 30．What is said about those working with or under overachieving people? A．They put a lot of effort into their work B．They set higher goals for themselves. C．They are under increasing pressure. D．They take less time to get things done. Passage 7 （2026·天津·一模）A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96. 8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 31．Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A．To explain how the brain processes smell. B．To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C．To show a link between breathing and depression. D．To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 32．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 mean? A．Connected. B．Powered. C．Controlled. D．Trained. 33．What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A．Changes in breath cure anxiety. B．Their exact relationship remains unclear. C．Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. D．Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 34．What is a limitation of the current wearable device? A．It cannot track nasal airflow for 24 hours straight. B．It is too heavy to be worn during daily activities. C．It fails to monitor breathing through the mouth. D．It can only be used to test healthy young adults. 35．What is the main finding of this research? A．Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B．Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C．A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D．Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. Passage 8 （2026·天津·一模）Reflection is a quiet yet powerful habit that has accompanied human growth throughout history. When we think of reflection, perhaps the first image that comes to mind is someone sitting alone after a long day, replaying conversations, decisions or experiences in their mind, trying to make sense of what happened and what it meant. However, reflection does not only take place in moments of solitude (独处). It can occur while we are walking home from school, writing in a journal, or even discussing a mistake with a friend. Whatever form it takes, reflection usually involves two essential elements: looking back on an experience and thinking carefully about its meaning. Rather than simply remembering what happened, we try to understand why it happened and what we can learn from it. Unlike what some people assume, reflection is not a waste of time. It is, in fact, a powerful tool for learning and personal development. Long before modern psychology emphasized self-awareness, thoughtful individuals had already realized that growth depends not only on action, but also on thoughtful review. By reflecting on our successes and failures, we gain insight into our strengths and weaknesses. Reflection supports learning because it helps organize experience into understanding. Research suggests that when learners pause to think about what they have studied, they remember the material more clearly and apply it more effectively. Simply moving from one task to another without reflection often leads to superficial (表面的) learning. Above all, reflection has a transformative power. It allows us to see ourselves and the world from a slightly different angle. Instead of reacting automatically to events, we begin to respond thoughtfully. Through reflection, we may challenge our own assumptions, adjust our attitudes, and make wiser choices in the future. This ability to step back and reconsider our experiences plays an important role in building empathy as well. When we reflect on our own feelings, we become more aware of the feelings of others. By understanding our reactions, we are better prepared to understand theirs. In this way, reflection not only deepens self-knowledge, but also strengthens our connection with the people around us. 36．What is the first image that may come to mind when thinking of reflection? A．A teacher correcting homework. B．A person thinking quietly about past events. C．A group discussion in class. D．A psychologist giving advice. 37．What are the two essential elements of reflection mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．Action and imagination. B．Memory and emotion. C．Looking back and thinking deeply. D．Discussion and correction. 38．Why is reflection considered helpful for learning? A．It replaces action with careful thinking. B．It helps learners remember and apply knowledge better. C．It makes learning more interesting. D．It shortens study time and saves energy. 39．According to the passage, what may happen if people act without reflection? A．They may understand others better. B．They may learn more efficiently. C．They may develop stronger self-awareness. D．They may gain a shallow understanding. 40．What is the best title for the passage? A．The Habit of Looking back. B．The Role of Experience. C．The Power of Reflection. D．The Meaning of Growth. Passage 9 （2026·天津·一模）The Olympic Games represent the peak of athletic achievement. Modern athletes benefit from excellent coaching, good nutrition and recovery strategies. Yet, some are turning to unique methods to improve themselves. One such technique is called EEG neurofeedback (脑电波神经反馈), which involves placing small sensors on the head to record and display brainwaves in real time. It helps athletes recognize and produce brainwave patterns that enhance focus and relaxation, or achieve a personalized best state for their skills. When the technique displays what is happening in the brain in real time, people can easily experiment by bringing different thoughts or images to their minds. Then they’ll immediately see how the brain signals change. It is through this process that they can learn to recognize different brain states and apply psychological strategies to help them take control. In a study, researchers asked 40 adult volunteers to cycle until extreme tiredness on an exercise bike after performing just 12 minutes of neurofeedback. 13 people were asked to produce a brainwave pattern that would be conducive to endurance (耐力) exercise. The other 13 were asked to produce a brainwave pattern which wouldn’t improve performance. The remaining 14 participants had to watch a neurofeedback recording without controlling their brainwaves. The results were striking. The group that had been asked to produce the positive brainwave rode for 30% longer than the others. Later, researchers invited the 26 participants from the first two groups back to the lab. They received the opposite neurofeedback treatment from the first experiment before they repeated the cycling test. The participants rode for an average of 11% longer on the day they received the positive neurofeedback treatment. Despite these results, researchers decided to repeat the study with a larger sample and with more highly-trained cyclists to better understand the role of this technique in other sports. Scientists are now trying to use the research findings to make a difference elsewhere. The research regards neurofeedback as a potential means to help with the recovery or management of diseases of the nervous system. So, while Olympic medals are valued, if neurofeedback research could eventually lead to effective treatments beyond sports, that may well be the biggest prize of all. 41．What is the new technique EEG neurofeedback used for in sports? A．Helping build a nutritional strategy. B．Monitoring athletes’ physical strength. C．Training voluntary brain control in athletes. D．Predicting athletes’ best performance limits. 42．What does the underlined word “conducive” in paragraph 3 possibly mean? A．Identical. B．Resistant. C．Harmless. D．Beneficial. 43．Why were 26 participants invited back to the lab? A．To test the study methods. B．To provide high-level training. C．To further confirm the study results. D．To expand the groups of the subjects. 44．What might be the researchers’ attitude towards the technique’s wide use in sports? A．Cautious. B．Concerned. C．Positive. D．Tolerant. 45．What does the author intend to stress about neurofeedback research in the last paragraph? A．Its limitations outside of sports. B．Its potential to fight certain diseases. C．Its influence on athletic performance. D．Its role in competitive sports like the Olympics. Passage 10 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）For thousands of years, donkeys have been critical for driving human civilizations forward. They’ve helped pull wheeled vehicles, carry travelers and move goods across the world. But where and when these animals first became closely connected with humans has been a mystery. Now, researchers have used genomes of over 200 donkeys to trace their domestication back to a single event around 7,000 years ago in East Africa — about 3,000 years before humans tamed horses. The team published their findings in the journal Science this month. “Through their DNA, the animals are telling their history themselves,” co-author Samantha Brooks, an equine researcher at the University of Florida, says in a statement. “We usually only get the human’s side of history through written accounts, but of course written history does not always record exactly how something happened. Looking at these DNA sequences, we get biological evidence to the environment these animals lived in and the experiences they survived.” The researchers examined 207 genomes from modern donkeys living in 31 countries across the globe. They also looked at genomes from 15 wild equids (马科动物) and 31 earlier donkeys that lived between about 4,000 and 100 years ago. The team reconstructed the animals’ evolutionary tree and used computer models to pinpoint the domestication event, when herders (牧人) in Kenya and the Horn of Africa tamed wild donkeys. They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later. Though it’s still unclear why the original domestication happened, Science News’ Freda Kreier reports that the event coincided with the Sahara growing larger and drier. “Donkeys are champions when it comes to carrying stuff and are good at going at Sahara deserts,” co-author Ludovic Orlando, an evolutionary biologist at Paul Sabatier University in France, tells the publication. Prehistoric humans may have enlisted donkeys’ help in navigating the expanding Sahara. Researchers say these findings could help put donkeys in the spotlight. The animals could benefit from more research: Currently, there are no published genomes from donkeys located south of the Equator in Africa. But understanding where the animals were first domesticated could guide archaeologists to a narrower region to search for insights about the original tamed donkeys. Not only does understanding the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors. 46．What can be learned about donkeys from Paragraph 1? A．They seemed mysterious to human ancestors. B．They underwent multiple domestication events. C．They were tamed at an earlier time than horses. D．They were vividly described by ancient travelers. 47．What message is conveyed in Brooks’ statement? A．The earliest habitats of donkeys are hardly traceable. B．It is increasingly easy to read donkeys’ DNA sequences. C．Written accounts contain vital clues for donkey research. D．Genetic analysis offers insight into the history of donkeys. 48．In their study, the researchers investigate how donkeys ________. A．spread widely in the world B．survived with the help of herders C．developed certain behavioral traits D．adapted to the changing environment 49．As to why the original domestication of donkeys happened, Orlando ________. A．challenges conventional ideas B．provides a possible explanation C．calls for evidence from the Sahara D．holds a different view from Kreier 50．The authors think that their research could help with ________. A．greater protection of wildlife B．better management of donkeys C．recovering early types of donkeys D．raising awareness of climate change Passage 1 （2026·天津·一模）The search for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most exciting aspects of modern science. Given its importance, significant resources are devoted to the young science of astrobiology (天体生物学) , ranging from rovers (探测器) on Mars to observations of planets moving around other stars. The goal of this science would be the actual discovery of alien (外星的) life. Such a discovery would likely have profound scientific and philosophical implications. But for all we know, extraterrestrial life may not even exist. Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society. Why is this the case? First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary (多学科) . The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. University courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today. It is also important to recognize that astrobiology is an incredibly open-ended field, searching for life in the universe takes us from extreme environments on Earth to the plains of Mars. Whether or not life is discovered in any of these environments, this search will continue. The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially non-restricted. Therefore, it has the potential to be a never-ending source of scientific and intellectual stimulation. Beyond the more narrowly intellectual benefits of astrobiology are a range of wider societal benefits. These arise from the kinds of perspectives that the study of astrobiology naturally promotes. It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today. Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting. Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance. “The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. I think that there is an important implication in this perspective. Humanity is an intelligent technological species that now dominates the only known inhabited planet in the universe. It has a responsibility to develop international social institutions appropriate to managing the situation in which we find ourselves. 51．What is the primary impact of astrobiology on 21st-century science? A．It prioritizes biological research over astronomical observations. B．It limits students’ training to a single core subject for deeper expertise. C．It forms integration of scientific disciplines to reduce overspecialization. D．It shifts focus from planetary exploration to laboratory-based experiments. 52．Which statement about the open-ended nature of astrobiology is supported? A．The search will cease once a single new environment is found. B．It offers limitless novel environments for scientific exploration. C．Discovering life is the core criterion for the value of the field. D．Its investigations are restricted to Mars-like environments. 53．How does astrobiology contribute to addressing global challenges? A．By promoting a shared viewpoint to urge international cooperation. B．By replacing political negotiations with scientific decision-making. C．By motivating resource conservation from the Earth-centric perspective. D．By providing advanced technology to monitor climate change directly. 54．Why does the author quote Alexander von Humboldt’s words? A．To criticize the narrow worldview of those without world travel experience. B．To emphasize the necessity of viewing Earth from a global perspective. C．To argue that technological dominance alone defines human intelligence. D．To suggest that naturalists are better equipped to address global challenges. 55．What does the author argue for in writing the passage? A．The history and development of astrobiology as a science B．The challenges of international cooperation in scientific research C．The importance of space exploration for technological advances D．The potential benefits and significance of the search for alien life Passage 2 （2026·天津·一模）Exploring the vast area where psychology and physiology meet, recent studies are continually casting light on an interesting phenomenon: the impact of our mental states on physical health. The concept of a mind-body connection, often viewed with disbelief, is now gaining support through scientific inquiry. For instance, happiness has been found to have a protective effect against common illnesses. This revelation came from a 2003 study where over 300 participants, exposed to a cold virus, exhibited fewer symptoms if they had a generally positive outlook on life. These individuals weren’t just happier; they were healthier. This link between our psychological state and physical well-being extends beyond temporary illness. Focusing on the longevity of optimists, research led by Dr. Laura Kubzansky of Harvard has revealed that an optimistic outlook is associated with a lower ‘allostatic load’ — the wear and tear on the body from long-term stress. This reduced burden is thought to contribute to longer lifespans, with the most optimistic among us living significantly longer lives. Another striking area where the mind’s influence is visible is in the function and length of telomeres (端粒) — protective caps at the ends of our chromosomes (染色体) . Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn’s pioneering work has shown that individuals under long-term stress have shorter telomeres, which can lead to earlier cellular aging. On the other hand, positive mental attitudes and practices like meditation appear to preserve telomere length, suggesting that our mental practices can influence the very aging process of our cells. The implications of these findings are broad and significant, particularly in medical treatment and recovery. The placebo (安慰剂) effect, once a mere footnote in clinical trials, is now a central focus in understanding how belief and expectation can bring about real physical changes. From reducing pain to improving surgery outcomes, placebos have demonstrated that our belief in a treatment’s effectiveness can appear as real healing in the body. Recent experiments have explored this by administering ‘open-label’ placebos — placebos given with clear statement that they contain no active ingredients — to patients. Remarkably, these placebos can still lead to improvements in conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, challenging our perception about the nature of healing. As we look to the future, the developing field of psychoneuroimmunology (心理神经免疫学) is sure to offer even more insights into how our mental landscape affects our physical health. The implications of this could be transformative, as we begin to integrate psychological wellness into our standard healthcare practices. The ultimate question that emerges is not whether our minds influence our health — that much is clear — but how we can use this power most effectively for a healthier society. 56．What did the 2003 study reveal about the mind- body connection in the passage? A．Belief in traditional treatment produces reliable physical improvements. B．Optimism is related to reduced physical pressure and shorter lifespan. C．The mind- body connection is now supported by scientific research. D．Positive outlook could prevent participants from catching cold. 57．What can be inferred from Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn’s research on telomeres? A．Shortened telomeres are the primary cause of all chronic diseases. B．Positive mental practices may slow down the biological aging of cells. C．Stress has no measurable impact on the structure of human chromosomes. D．Telomere length is mainly determined by genetic factor instead of lifestyle. 58．Paragraph 5 serves to __________ in the context. A．highlight the invisible effects of open- label placebos on patients. B．provide an example challenging traditional view of placebos. C．explain the chemical mechanism behind the placebo effect. D．summarize the historical development of placebo research. 59．What is implied to integrate psychological wellness into standard healthcare? A．Permanent focus on the placebo effect to reduce healthcare costs. B．Future research into all mental states other than optimism and stress. C．Further research into how to maximize the mind’s power over health. D．Traditional medical treatments to be replaced with mental health cures. 60．Which title best captures the central theme of the passage? A．The Placebo Effect: A Closer Look at Belief-Driven Healing B．Optimism vs. Pessimism: A Decade-Long Study on Longevity C．The Mind-Body Bond: How Mental States Shape Physical Health D．Telomeres and Aging: The Hidden Link to Psychological Wellbeing Passage 3 （2026·天津南开·一模） Have you ever wished there were more hours in a day? Interestingly, NASA scientists noted that the world’s largest hydroelectric dam — China’s Three Gorges Dam has slightly extended the length of an Earth day by slowing down the planet’s rotation. While the change is relatively small, the basic physics behind it reveals that large- scale human engineering can influence the fundamental planetary processes. To grasp how a dam can change Earth’s rotation, we can start with a simple experiment: sit on a rotating chair, spin with your arms enclosed to your body and then stretch your arms out. You will slow down. This change in spinning speed is your angular velocity (角速度) decreasing. Why? Because stretching your arms increases your body’s moment of inertia (惯性), a property that depends on both mass and how that mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation. A key principle here is the conservation of angular momentum (角动量). For an isolated rotating system like Earth, angular momentum remains constant. Therefore, if the moment of inertia increases, the angular velocity must decrease to compensate. This is precisely what happens with a massive dam. By holding vast amounts of water at a higher height, the dam redistributes the Earth’s mass farther from its rotational axis — much like extending your arms on the spinning chair. This increases the planet’s moment of inertia and, consequently, slows down its rotation. The effect is more obvious if the dam is built at a lower latitude, near the equator, where the distance to Earth’s axis is greater. The crucial question is how much the change is. Calculations using the mass of water held back by the Three Gorges Dam, its latitude, and Earth’s radius allow scientists to estimate the increase in the moment of inertia (ΔI) and the corresponding change in angular velocity (Δω). The result is a day lengthened by about approximately 5.3 microseconds (5.3 × 10-6 seconds). Although this is too brief for any human perception, it provides a measurable confirmation that human activities can indeed change global geophysical patterns. This phenomenon brings up interesting, though theoretical, possibilities. If a single dam can produce a measurable change, could other massive projects —such as constructing numerous skyscrapers or even organized global population movements — further affect the Earth’s rotation? While the extra time would still be unnoticeable in daily life, the principle demonstrates the profound interconnectedness between human engineering and planetary mechanics, showing that our largest constructions can influence right down to the fundamental rhythm of our world. 61．How does the author illustrate the change in Paragraph 2? A．By presenting the research results of NASA scientists directly. B．By introducing a practical method to observe Earth’s rotation. C．By explaining the physical principle in a daily phenomenon. D．By defining three key factors affecting the moment of inertia. 62．If a similar structure were built at the North Pole, its effect would be ________. A．much greater than at the equator B．smaller than that near the equator C．identical to the Three Gorges Dam’s D．impossible for scientists to measure 63．Why does the author mention “skyscrapers and population movements” in the last paragraph? A．To warn city designers against building more skyscrapers. B．To prove that these projects have greater effects than dams. C．To suggest organizing population movements scientifically. D．To show the potential of human activities to influence Earth. 64．What can we infer from the fact that the day is lengthened by 5.3microseconds? A．Human beings can feel the obvious change in daily life. B．The change has caused serious problems in other aspects. C．Human activities can indeed affect global physical patterns. D．The Three Gorges Dam has changed Earth’s radius slightly. 65．What is the structure of the passage? A．Introduction — Principle — Data Support — Extension B．Problem — Cause Analysis — Solution — Evaluation C．Comparison — Contrast — Conclusion — Application D．Example — Classification — Summary — Prediction / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $2 8 3 网 8 于 学 9 9 8 00 文 s S 6 州 于 网 a 8 m 9 O'I 'IE d 9E 罕 9 www zxx k com 让教与学更高效 专题05阅读理解（说明文） 参考答案 4.A 5.B 9.D 10.C 14.D 15.C A 19.B 20.C 24.A 25.D D 29.A 30.C B 34.C 35.B B 39.D 40.C 44.A 45.B Y 49.B 50.B A 54.B 55.D 59.c 60.C D 64.C 65.A 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） Passage 1 （2026·天津·一模）In the animal kingdom, counting skills are known to help grab bigger meals or find safety in group sizes. But clownfish may have uncovered another ‌“value” in numbers: identification. Despite their cute appearance, clownfish are territorial and aggressive. When they spot a member of their own species moving towards their place, they attack, biting and throwing out unwelcome visitors. There are 28 different species of clownfish, however. So how do they actually tell friends from enemies? Depending on the species, clownfish can have anywhere from zero to three white stripes. Previous research suggested the fish pay close attention to these markings. In a 2022 study, scientists found clownfish display more aggressive behavior (e.g., running after or biting others) toward fish with vertical stripes compared with those with horizontal stripes. This time around, ecologist Hayashi and colleagues assumed the fish could actually count those stripes. They placed 50 young, lab-raised common clownfish — which display the typical orange pattern like ‌“Nemo” (a clownfish with three stripes from the film Finding Nemo) — into individual water tanks. Then, the researchers added other clownfish species, which had white stripes ranging from 0 to 3 and were protected inside a see-through case, in the original clownfish’s territory and filmed their reaction. The ‌“native” fish couldn’t run after or bite the newcomers, but they could still rush them and stare them down. And that’s what happened when the newcomers wore the same number of stripes as the resident clownfish. They found that the native clownfish were the hardest on members of their own species with three white stripes. Those fish were run after and bitten 10 times more than those without stripes. Attacks on those fish were two times more frequent than on single-striped ones, and 1.3 times more frequent than on double-striped ones. It turned out that the researchers’ assumption had solid evidence. Even so, biologist Rhodes questions whether the animals are really counting or just noticing more white coloration on the attacked fish. ‌“Maybe researchers could further clarify clownfish’s calculating capacity,” adds Rhodes. ‌“An experiment that goes beyond stripes could help. Could these fish learn, for example, to prefer two squares to three squares?” 1．What new use of counting skills have clownfish demonstrated? A．Building up a large group. B．Making out potential threats. C．Finding reliable food sources. D．Measuring the size of their territory. 2．What did the 2022 study about clownfish focus on? A．The way they defend their territory. B．The diversity of their stripe patterns. C．The impact of their aggression on other species. D．The role of stripe patterns in their behavioral reaction. 3．How was the new study conducted? A．By observing clownfish in their natural habitat. B．By analyzing films themed with clownfish. C．By comparing behaviors of clownfish. D．By referring to previous research data. 4．Which of the following is a Nemo-like clownfish most likely to attack? A．A three-striped fish. B．A double-striped fish. C．A fish with one stripe. D．A fish without stripes. 5．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Rhodes in the last paragraph? A．To point out the significance of the study. B．To lead to an alternative viewpoint on the study. C．To show appreciation of clownfish’s learning ability. D．To support the researchers’ findings about clownfish. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于小丑鱼的研究，该研究发现小丑鱼能够通过计数入侵者身上的白色条纹数量来判断威胁程度，并据此做出攻击行为。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In the animal kingdom, counting skills are known to help grab bigger meals or find safety in group sizes. But clownfish may have uncovered another “value” in numbers: identification. (在动物王国，计数能力已知有助于获取更多食物或在群体规模中找到安全感。但小丑鱼可能揭示了数字的另一种“价值”：识别身份)”可知，小丑鱼展示了计数能力在识别身份方面的新用途，结合第二段中“There are 28 different species of clownfish, however. So how do they actually tell friends from enemies?(然而，小丑鱼有28种不同的种类。那么它们是如何区分敌人和朋友的呢？)”和倒数第二段中“Those fish were run after and bitten 10 times more than those without stripes. Attacks on those fish were two times more frequent than on single-striped ones, and 1.3 times more frequent than on double-striped ones.(研究人员发现，本地小丑鱼对有三条白色条纹的同类攻击性最强。这些鱼被追赶和撕咬的次数是无条纹鱼的10倍。对它们的攻击频率比对单条纹鱼高出2倍，对比双条纹鱼高出1.3倍。)”可推知，小丑鱼计数能力的新用途是区分敌友，辨别潜在威胁。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In a 2022 study, scientists found clownfish display more aggressive behavior (e.g., running after or biting others) toward fish with vertical stripes compared with those with horizontal stripes. (在2022年的一项研究中，科学家们发现，与水平条纹的鱼相比，小丑鱼对有垂直条纹的鱼表现出更强的攻击性行为（例如，追逐或咬别人）。)”可知，2022年的研究关注的是条纹图案在小丑鱼行为反应中的作用。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“They placed 50 young, lab-raised common clownfish — which display the typical orange pattern like ‌“Nemo” (a clownfish with three stripes from the film Finding Nemo) — into individual water tanks. Then, the researchers added other clownfish species, which had white stripes ranging from 0 to 3 and were protected inside a see-through case, in the original clownfish’s territory and filmed their reaction. (研究人员将50条实验室培育的普通小丑鱼幼鱼——它们呈现出典型的橙色条纹，如同电影《海底总动员》中三条纹的“尼莫”——分别放入独立的水箱中。随后，研究者在每条鱼的活动区域内放入其他被透明罩保护的小丑鱼，这些鱼的白色条纹数量从0到3不等，并记录下原住小丑鱼的反应)”可知，新研究是通过比较小丑鱼对不同条纹数量鱼类的行为反应来进行的。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“They found that the native clownfish were the hardest on members of their own species with three white stripes. Those fish were run after and bitten 10 times more than those without stripes. (他们发现，原住小丑鱼对自己物种中拥有三条白色条纹的同类最为凶狠。这些鱼被追逐和撕咬的次数是那些没有条纹的鱼的10倍)”可知，像“尼莫”一样有三条条纹的小丑鱼最有可能攻击同样有三条条纹的鱼。故选A项。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Even so, biologist Rhodes questions whether the animals are really counting or just noticing more white coloration on the attacked fish. (即便如此，生物学家罗兹质疑这些动物是否真的在计数，或者只是注意到被攻击的鱼身上有更多的白色)”以及“An experiment that goes beyond stripes could help. (一个超越条纹的实验可能会有所帮助)”可知，作者提到罗兹是为了引出对这项研究的不同观点。故选B项。 Passage 2 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）Whether we are sitting down or standing up, still or moving, body posture (姿势) influences our mood. Several studies have shown this link between physical posture and mood. Others have shown a relationship between our mood and our cognitive (认知的) performance, including memory, reasoning, learning, and the speed of reaction and processing of information. So a logical question arises. Can body posture influence our cognitive performance? Previously, a New Zealand team (University of Auckland) carried out an experiment on posture when we walk, especially in the street. The team had found a very clear influence of our posture on our mood and confidence. It appears that walking with a hunched back, bowed head and motionless (静止的) arms has a negative influence on our mental state. Indeed, the researchers found that the simple act of straightening up, standing up straight, with your head held high, and gazing forward gives us a serious boost of confidence. Not only does our spontaneous (自发的) posture have a psychological effect, but by correcting it, it is possible to bring about improvement in the long term. In this other study, this time carried out by an Austrian team (Friedrich Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremberg), researchers observed the same phenomenon, this time in a sitting position. Young adults were invited to participate in tests presented as intended to assess their ability to concentrate. In fact, the researchers had them sit in different postures — from upright to very slumped (耸拉着的) — in order to note their influences on mood and cognition. A first observation indicates that “sitting upright” is associated with a better overall mood. It is also found to have a positive influence on the speed of processing information and completing tasks, although the test pass rate does not vary significantly with posture. Finally, and surprisingly enough, blood pressure is a little more favorable in an upright position. To further complete the list of benefits of sitting upright, we will add that it is widely recommended for protecting the back in case of work that requires sitting for a long time. 6．Why does the writer mention the studies at the beginning? A．To introduce what cognitive performance is. B．To emphasize the importance of body posture. C．To prove the results of those studies are wrong. D．To raise a new question to be studied and solved. 7．The underlined word “hunched” in Paragraph 3 means ______. A．straightened B．bent C．loose D．solid 8．The first study indicates that ______. A．posture influences our mental state B．straightening up has a negative effect C．gazing upward builds up confidence D．walking posture is especially important 9．What did the Austrian study focus on? A．Proving the long-term benefits of good posture. B．Assessing concentration levels in young adults. C．The psychological effects of sitting in different postures. D．Noting the effects of different sitting positions on mood and cognition. 10．What can we learn about sitting upright? A．It increases blood pressure. B．It requires sitting for a long time. C．It has mental and physical benefits. D．It helps improve the test pass rate. 【答案】6．D 7．B 8．A 9．D 10．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍两项研究，发现站姿、坐姿等身体姿势不仅影响情绪与自信，还会影响认知表现，端正姿势对身心均有积极益处。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段“Several studies have shown this link between physical posture and mood. Others have shown a relationship between our mood and our cognitive (认知的) performance, including memory, reasoning, learning, and the speed of reaction and processing of information.(几项研究表明身体姿势与情绪之间存在联系。另一些研究表明情绪与我们的认知表现之间存在关系，包括记忆、推理、学习以及信息反应和处理速度)”和第二段“ So a logical question arises. Can body posture influence our cognitive performance?(于是一个合理的问题出现了：身体姿势会影响我们的认知表现吗？)”可推知，作者开头提到这些研究是为了提出一个新的有待研究和解决的问题。故选D项。 7．词句猜测题。根据第三段“It appears that walking with a hunched back, bowed head and motionless (静止的) arms has a negative influence on our mental state.(看来，hunched背、低头、手臂不动地走路对我们的精神状态有负面影响)”可知，这里指驼背走路对我们的精神状态有负面影响，所以hunched意为“弯曲的、驼背的”，与bent含义相近。故选B项。 8．细节理解题。根据第三段“The team had found a very clear influence of our posture on our mood and confidence.(该团队发现我们的姿势对情绪和自信心有非常明显的影响)”可知，第一项研究表明姿势会影响我们的精神状态。故选A项。 9．细节理解题。根据第五段“In fact, the researchers had them sit in different postures — from upright to very slumped (耸拉着的) — in order to note their influences on mood and cognition.(事实上，研究人员让他们以不同的姿势坐着，从端正到非常佝偻，以便记录这些姿势对情绪和认知的影响)”可知，奥地利的研究关注不同坐姿对情绪和认知的影响。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第六段“A first observation indicates that “sitting upright” is associated with a better overall mood. It is also found to have a positive influence on the speed of processing information and completing tasks, although the test pass rate does not vary significantly with posture.(初步观察显示，坐姿端正与整体情绪更佳有关。研究还发现，这对信息处理和完成任务的速度有积极影响，尽管测试通过率不会因姿势不同而有显著差异)”和第七段“Finally, and surprisingly enough, blood pressure is a little more favorable in an upright position. To further complete the list of benefits of sitting upright, we will add that it is widely recommended for protecting the back in case of work that requires sitting for a long time.(最后，令人惊讶的是，坐姿端正时血压状态更好。为了进一步完善坐姿端正的好处，我们还要补充，对于需要长时间坐着工作的人来说，端正坐姿被广泛推荐用于保护背部)”可推知，坐姿端正对精神和身体都有益处。故选C项。 Passage 3 （2026·天津河东·一模）The 2026 CCTV Spring Festival Gala featured a breathtaking performance that seamlessly blended traditional Chinese martial arts with cutting-edge technology: a carefully designed martial arts routine performed by humanoid robots. This was not merely entertainment for the audience; it was a powerful declaration of China’s rapid and impressive advancements in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence. Compared to their debut just a year earlier, the 2026 robots demonstrated astonishing progress in every aspect. Gone were the stiff, awkward and hesitant movements of the past. Dozens of Unitree’s G1 humanoid robots perfectly carried out complex and skillful actions, including high-speed flips, synchronized (同步的) nunchaku swings, and even the delicate, unsteady steps of “Drunken Fist.” They maintained stable balance, performed flawless formations, and interacted safely with young human martial artists, a breakthrough that reflected huge leaps in both stability and dynamic motion control. Behind the striking performance lies a convergence of advanced technologies that together make such precise movements possible. Powered by highly developed AI control systems and equipped with LiDAR (激光雷达) sensors, the robots can map the 3D stage environment in real time, enabling them to recognize their positions accurately and adjust their movements instantly to stay perfectly synchronized. Their flexible jumps and flips rely on powerful actuators (执行器) and massive professional training data, proving that machines can now attain a level of athleticism once considered unique to humans. The meaning of the display goes far beyond artistic effect. As a milestone in intelligent manufacturing, the show underlines China’s growing competitiveness in the global humanoid robot industry. While Chinese companies take a major share of the world market, the gala performance more importantly shows the nation’s strong ability to combine AI technology with a complete supply chain. It suggests a future where robots, having mastered the precision of kung fu, will undertake complex tasks in industry and daily life, turning technological strength into practical social value. 11．What was the most significant improvement in the 2026 robot performance compared to the previous year? A．The robots performed hesitant movements on a larger stage. B．The robots moved more smoothly and performed complex actions. C．The robots were controlled by young human performers. D．The robots could speak and interact with the martial audience. 12．The underlined word “convergence” in Paragraph 3 most probably means _________. A．combination B．competition C．conflict D．creativity 13．How did the robots maintain perfect synchronization during the performance? A．They followed fixed routes without any adjustment. B．They were remotely controlled by engineers behind the stage. C．They used sensors to map the stage and adjust movements in real time. D．They responded to voice commands from human performers. 14．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The performance was meant to show robots are better than humans at martial arts. B．China has led the world in all fields of intelligent manufacturing. C．Human performers will gradually disappear from traditional cultural galas. D．The performance stood for China’s progress in AI and manufacturing integration. 15．According to the passage, what future role are these robots expected to play? A．Replacing all human workers in factories. B．Performing only in entertainment shows. C．Taking on complex tasks in industry and daily life. D．Competing in international martial arts competitions. 【答案】11．B 12．A 13．C 14．D 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了2026年央视春晚机器人武术表演展现了中国在机器人和人工智能领域的进步，以及这些机器人未来在工业和日常生活中的应用前景。 11．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Compared to their debut just a year earlier, the 2026 robots demonstrated astonishing progress in every aspect. Gone were the stiff, awkward and hesitant movements of the past. Dozens of Unitree’s G1 humanoid robots perfectly carried out complex and skillful actions , including high-speed flips, synchronized (同步的) nunchaku swings, and even the delicate, unsteady steps of “Drunken Fist.”(与一年前的首次亮相相比，2026年的机器人在各个方面都取得了惊人的进步。过去僵硬、笨拙和犹豫的动作一去不复返了。数十台宇树科技的G1人形机器人完美地完成了复杂而熟练的动作，包括高速空翻、同步双节棍挥舞，甚至还有“醉拳”那细腻而不稳的步伐)”可知，2026年机器人表演与前一年相比最显著的进步是机器人动作更流畅且能完成复杂动作。故选B。 12．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Powered by highly developed AI control systems and equipped with LiDAR (激光雷达) sensors, the robots can map the 3D stage environment in real time, enabling them to recognize their positions accurately and adjust their movements instantly to stay perfectly synchronized.(这些机器人由高度发达的人工智能控制系统驱动，并配备了激光雷达传感器，可以实时绘制三维舞台环境，使它们能够准确识别自己的位置，并立即调整动作以保持完美的同步)”可知，机器人能做出精准动作是多种先进技术共同作用的结果，所以convergence意思是“结合，融合”，与“combination”意思相近。故选A。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Powered by highly developed AI control systems and equipped with LiDAR (激光雷达) sensors, the robots can map the 3D stage environment in real time, enabling them to recognize their positions accurately and adjust their movements instantly to stay perfectly synchronized.(这些机器人由高度发达的人工智能控制系统驱动，并配备了激光雷达传感器，可以实时绘制三维舞台环境，使它们能够准确识别自己的位置，并立即调整动作以保持完美的同步)”可知，机器人通过传感器绘制舞台地图并实时调整动作来保持完美同步。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a milestone in intelligent manufacturing, the show underlines China’s growing competitiveness in the global humanoid robot industry. While Chinese companies take a major share of the world market, the gala performance more importantly shows the nation’s strong ability to combine AI technology with a complete supply chain.(作为智能制造的一个里程碑，这场演出凸显了中国在全球人形机器人产业中日益增强的竞争力。虽然中国企业在全球市场占据主要份额，但春晚表演更重要的是展示了中国将人工智能技术与完整供应链相结合的强大能力)”可推断，这场表演代表了中国在人工智能和制造业融合方面的进步。故选D。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“It suggests a future where robots, having mastered the precision of kung fu, will undertake complex tasks in industry and daily life, turning technological strength into practical social value.(这预示着一个未来，机器人掌握了功夫的精准度，将在工业和日常生活中承担复杂任务，将技术实力转化为实际的社会价值)”可知，这些机器人未来有望在工业和日常生活中承担复杂任务。故选C。 Passage 4 （2026·天津河东·一模）Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements. Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties  — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth. In an era of rapid changes and unexpected challenges, developing resilience is not just a survival skill but a key part of self- development, turning setbacks into stepping stones. The link between difficulties and growth lies in the positive psychological changes after tough life events. Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self- awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more. This growth does not come automatically; it comes from facing difficulties on purpose, strengthening mental strength just as exercise builds muscle. Resilience also plays an important role in life changes. Young people entering the workplace face setbacks such as rejected plans or disagreements that cause self-doubt, but resilient people see these as learning chances. They analyze their mistakes, ask for advice, and develop skills to make progress. Similarly, people traveling alone improve resilience by dealing with unfamiliar environments on their own, trusting their decisions and adapting to difficulties. Some people argue that focusing on resilience puts pressure on people to ignore pain, but resilience means recognizing suffering without being controlled by it. It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time. In a society that values quick solutions, we must realize that true growth is built on resilience. Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth. 16．What is the common misunderstanding about personal growth according to the passage? A．It requires great efforts to achieve. B．It is a smooth process full of achievements. C．It has a close connection with difficulties. D．It can only be gained through work experience. 17．Which of the following is NOT a benefit of dealing with hardships actively? A．Gaining a better understanding of oneself. B．Developing a stronger sense of purpose. C．Avoiding all the pain in life. D．Learning to value life more. 18．What can we infer from the passage about resilience? A．It can be improved through certain methods. B．It is a skill that only a few people can have. C．It has nothing to do with life changes. D．It makes people ignore their sufferings. 19．What does the author think of difficulties in personal growth? A．They are unnecessary obstacles to avoid. B．They are key parts of true personal growth. C．They make people lose confidence easily. D．They can only be solved with quick solutions. 20．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The ways to deal with life’s difficulties. B．The importance of quick solutions in modern society. C．Resilience is the key driver of personal growth. D．Different opinions on the role of resilience. 【答案】16．B 17．C 18．A 19．B 20．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章纠正了人们对个人成长的常见误解，指出韧性（在困境中适应和成长的能力）才是推动个人深度且持久成长的隐形力量，阐释了韧性与困境、成长的关系，介绍了韧性的培养方法及其重要意义。 16．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements.(个人成长常常被错误地认为是一条充满成就的平稳上升之路。)”可知，人们对个人成长的常见误解是认为它是一个充满成就的平稳过程。故选B项。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self-awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more.(研究表明，那些直面困难而非逃避困难的人，会获得更强的自我意识、更深刻的他人理解和更坚定的目标感。例如，凭借韧性度过健康问题的人通常会调整自己的思维，重新获得对自身能力的信心，并更加珍惜生命。)”可知，积极应对困难的好处不包括避免生活中的所有痛苦。故选C项。 18．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time.(它是一种可以培养的技能，而非与生俱来的品质。通过改变消极想法、建立支持小组、练习感恩等简单方法，久而久之就能增强韧性。)”可推断，韧性可以通过某些方法得到提升。故选A项。 19．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger.(困难是成长的必要组成部分，而非弯路。培养韧性有助于我们勇敢面对挑战、顺利适应变化，并变得更强大。)”可推断，作者认为困难是真正个人成长的关键部分。故选B项。 20．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth.(然而，心理学研究和现实生活经验证实了一个不同的真相：心理韧性——在困难中适应和发展的能力——是推动深刻而持久成长的看不见的力量。)”以及最后一段中的“Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth.(培养心理韧性有助于我们勇敢地面对挑战，顺利地适应环境，变得更强大。它仍然是通往有意义的个人成长道路上最可靠的伙伴。)”可知，文章主要论述了心理韧性是个人成长的关键驱动力。故选C项。 Passage 5 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）Waking up just one hour earlier could reduce a person’s risk of major depression by 23%, suggests a sweeping new genetic study. Previous observational studies have shown that night owls are twice as likely to suffer from depression as early risers, regardless of how long they sleep. In 2018, senior author Celine Vetter, assistant professor of integrative physiology at CU Boulder, published a long-term study of 32,000 nurses showing that “early risers” were up to 27% less likely to develop depression over the course of four years. To get a clearer sense of whether shifting sleep time earlier is truly protective, and how much shift is required, lead author Lyas Daglas, M. D．, turned to data from the DNA testing company and ten used a method called “Mendelian randomization” to decipher (破译) cause and effect. More than 340 common genetic variants, including variants in the so-called “clock gene” PER2, are known to influence a person’s internal clock, and genes collectively explain 12-42% of our sleep time preference. The researchers assessed deidentified genetic data on these variants from up to 850,000 individuals, including data from 85,000 who had worn wearable sleep trackers for 7 days and 250,000 who had filled out sleep-preference questionnaires. In the largest of these samples, about a third of surveyed people self-identified as early risers, 9% were night owls and the rest were in the middle. With this information in hand, the researchers turned to a different sample which included genetic information along with anonymized (匿名的) medical and prescription records and surveys about diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Using new statistical techniques, they asked: do those with genetic variants which predispose them to be early risers also have a lower risk of depression? The answer is a firm yes. Each-one-hour earlier sleep midpoint (halfway between bedtime and wake time) corresponded with a 23% lower risk of major depressive disorder. This suggests that if someone who normally goes to bed at 1 a.m. goes to bed at midnight instead and sleeps the same duration, they could cut their risk by 23%; if they go to bed at 11 p.m. they could cut it by about 40%. 21．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about? A．The significant role of gene action in depression. B．A new observational study about causes of depression. C．The close relationship between depression and sleep time. D．Whether early risers are less likely to suffer from depression. 22．How did Lyas Daghlas decipher cause and effect? A．By exploring the influence of genes on depression. B．By analyzing samples of surveyed people’s self-identification. C．By tracking individuals diagnosed with depressive disorder. D．By proving the decisive role sleep time plays in genetic variants. 23．What is Lyas Daghals’s research mainly based on? A．Medical treatment records of early risers. B．The genetic research and data about DNA C．A comprehensive analysis of different samples. D．250,000 people’s self-identification and questionnaires. 24．How do you understand the underlined part in the last paragraph? A．Make them more likely to rise early. B．Change early risers’ habits. C．Force them to change their chronotype D．Lead them to shift sleep time 25．Which can be the suitable title for this text? A．Risk of Depression Decreases When Sleeping Time Increases B．Genes Have More Impact on Depression than Sleep Time Does C．A New Research Suggests Early Risers Carry Clock Gene called PER2 D．Moving Sleep Time An Hour Earlier Could Cut Depression Risk by 23% 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．C 24．A 25．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了新研究表明提前一小时睡眠时间可降低23%的重度抑郁症风险，并介绍了研究过程与发现。 21．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Waking up just one hour earlier could reduce a person’s risk of major depression by 23%, suggests a sweeping new genetic study. Previous observational studies have shown that night owls are twice as likely to suffer from depression as early risers, regardless of how long they sleep. In 2018, senior author Celine Vetter, assistant professor of integrative physiology at CU Boulder, published a long-term study of 32,000 nurses showing that “early risers” were up to 27% less likely to develop depression over the course of four years.(一项广泛开展的新型基因研究显示，提前一小时起床可使一个人患重度抑郁症的风险降低23%。先前的观察性研究表明，无论睡眠时间长短，夜猫子患抑郁症的可能性是早起者的两倍。2018年，科罗拉多大学博尔德分校综合生理学助理教授、资深作者Celine Vetter发表了一项针对3.2万名护士的长期研究，该研究表明，在四年时间里，“早起者”患抑郁症的可能性降低了27%。)”可知，第一段主要讲述了抑郁症和睡眠时间之间的紧密联系。故选C。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To get a clearer sense of whether shifting sleep time earlier is truly protective, and how much shift is required, lead author Lyas Daglas, M. D., turned to data from the DNA testing company and ten used a method called “Mendelian randomization” to decipher (破译) cause and effect.(为了更清楚地了解提前睡眠时间是否真的具有保护作用，以及需要提前多少时间，主要作者Lyas Daglas博士求助于DNA检测公司的数据，并采用了一种名为“孟德尔随机化”的方法来破译因果关系。)”以及第三段中“More than 340 common genetic variants, including variants in the so-called “clock gene” PER2, are known to influence a person’s internal clock, and genes collectively explain 12-42% of our sleep time preference.(已知有超过340种常见的基因变异，包括所谓的“时钟基因”PER2中的变异，会影响人的生物钟，这些基因共同解释了我们睡眠时间偏好的12%至42%。)”可知，Lyas Daghlas通过探索基因对抑郁症的影响来破译因果关系。故选A。 23．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The researchers assessed deidentified genetic data on these variants from up to 850,000 individuals, including data from 85,000 who had worn wearable sleep trackers for 7 days and 250,000 who had filled out sleep-preference questionnaires.(研究人员评估了来自多达85万人的这些变体的去识别基因数据，其中包括8.5万人佩戴可穿戴睡眠追踪器7天的数据，以及25万人填写的睡眠偏好问卷。)”以及第四段中“With this information in hand, the researchers turned to a different sample which included genetic in formation along with anonymized (匿名的) medical and prescription records and surveys about diagnosed of major depressive disorder.(有了这些信息，研究人员转向了另一个样本，其中包括基因信息以及匿名的医疗和处方记录，以及关于被诊断为重度抑郁症的调查。)”可知，Lyas Daghlas的研究主要基于对不同样本的综合分析。故选C。 24．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“Using new statistical techniques, they asked: do those with genetic variants which predispose them to be early risers also have a lower risk of depression? The answer is a firm yes. Each-one-hour earlier sleep midpoint (halfway between bedtime and wake time) corresponded with a 23% lower risk of major depressive disorder.(研究人员采用新的统计技术提出问题：predispose them to be early risers，是否患抑郁症的风险也更低？答案十分肯定。睡眠中点（即上床睡觉时间与起床时间的中间点）每提前一小时，患重度抑郁症的风险就会降低23%。)”以及“if they go to bed at 11 p.m. they could cut it by about 40%.(如果他们在晚上11点上床睡觉，他们可以将风险降低约40%。)”可知，提出的问题是“使他们更倾向于早起，患抑郁症的风险是否也更低？”，由此猜测predispose them to be early risers的意思是“使他们更倾向于早起”。故选A。 25．细节理解题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“Waking up just one hour earlier could reduce a person’s risk of major depression by 23%, suggests a sweeping new genetic study.(一项全面的新基因研究表明，提前一小时起床可以降低一个人患重度抑郁症的风险23%。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项新的基因研究表明提前一小时起床可以降低一个人患重度抑郁症的风险23%。因此，D选项“提前一小时睡眠时间可以降低23%的抑郁症风险”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 6 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）It’s good to be smart. After all, intelligent people earn more money, accumulate more wealth, and even live longer. But there’s another side to the story. The brightest people and strongest leaders sometimes make errors others don’t, especially in situations that require common sense. Travis Bradberry, president at Talent Smart, explained in his post Why Smart People Act So Stupid that “Rational thinking and intelligence don’t tend to go hand in hand. Intelligent people are more prone to silly mistakes because of blind spots in how they use logic. These blind spots exist because smart people tend to be overconfident in their reasoning abilities.” They are so used to being right and having quick answers that they don’t even realise when they’re making a mess by answering without thinking things through. A lifetime of praise leads smart people to develop too much faith in their intelligence and abilities. They often fail to recognise when they need help, and when they do recognise it, they tend to believe that no one else is capable of providing it. “It’s hard for anyone to graciously accept the fact that they’re wrong. It’s even harder for smart people because they grow so used to being right all the time that it becomes a part of their identity,” Bradberry wrote. “For smart people, being wrong can feel like a personal attack, and being right, a necessity.” Smart people also have a hard time accepting feedback. They tend to undervalue the opinions of others, which means they have trouble believing that anyone is qualified to give them useful feedback. Not only does this tendency hinder their growth and performance, it can lead to harmful relationships, both personally and professionally. Smart people develop overachieving personalities because things come so easily to them. They simply don’t understand how hard some people have to work to accomplish the same things, and because of that, they push people too hard. They set the bar too high, and when people take too long or don’t get things quite right, they assume it’s due to a lack of effort. So they push even harder. 26．What do we learn from the passage about the brightest people? A．They can make silly mistakes in straightforward situations. B．They usually turn a blind eye to their own weaknesses. C．They are admired by people around them. D．They can differ in their personalities. 27．What accounts for the existence of intelligent people’s logical blind spots? A．Their irrational way of thinking. B．Too much faith in their ability to think. C．Their ignorance of behavioural science. D．Too much concern about their work. 28．How do smart people react when they are found to be wrong? A．They shift the blame to others. B．They graciously accept the facts. C．They may feel shocked. D．They may get offended. 29．What may happen to smart people who find it difficult to accept suggestions? A．They may suffer in their professional and private life. B．They may lose faith in their administrative abilities. C．They may commit more errors than ever before. D．They may experience a lot of emotional stress. 30．What is said about those working with or under overachieving people? A．They put a lot of effort into their work B．They set higher goals for themselves. C．They are under increasing pressure. D．They take less time to get things done. 【答案】26．A 27．B 28．D 29．A 30．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了聪明虽有优势，但聪明人易因过度自信、习惯正确而犯常识性错误，难以接受批评与失败，还会给身边人带来压力，影响自身发展与人际关系。 26．细节理解题。根据第一段“But there’s another side to the story. The brightest people and strongest leaders sometimes make errors others don’t, especially in situations that require common sense.(但事情还有另外一面。那些最聪明的人和最出色的领导者有时也会犯一些其他人不会犯的错误，尤其是在那些需要运用常识才能应对的情况下)”可知，最聪明的人在简单的情况下也会犯愚蠢的错误。故选A。 27．细节理解题。根据第二段“These blind spots exist because smart people tend to be overconfident in their reasoning abilities.(这些盲点之所以存在，是因为聪明的人往往会对自己的推理能力过于自信)”可知，对自己思考能力的过度自信导致了聪明人的逻辑盲点。故选B。 28．细节理解题。根据第四段“For smart people, being wrong can feel like a personal attack, and being right, a necessity.(对于聪明的人来说，犯错会让他们感觉像是受到了个人攻击，而正确则成了他们必须坚守的准则)”可知，聪明的人发现自己错了可能会觉得自己被冒犯了。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Not only does this tendency hinder their growth and performance, it can lead to harmful relationships, both personally and professionally.(这种倾向不仅会阻碍他们的成长和发展，还可能导致不良的人际关系，无论是个人层面还是职业层面)”可知，那些难以接受他人建议的聪明人在职业和私人生活中可能会遭受挫折。故选A。 30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“They simply don’t understand how hard some people have to work to accomplish the same things, and because of that, they push people too hard.(他们就是不明白，有些人为了达成同样的目标竟然要付出如此巨大的努力，正因为如此，他们才会对别人施加过大的压力)”可知，那些与高成就者共事或在其手下工作的人承受的压力过大。故选C。 Passage 7 （2026·天津·一模）A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96. 8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 31．Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A．To explain how the brain processes smell. B．To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C．To show a link between breathing and depression. D．To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 32．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 mean? A．Connected. B．Powered. C．Controlled. D．Trained. 33．What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A．Changes in breath cure anxiety. B．Their exact relationship remains unclear. C．Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. D．Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 34．What is a limitation of the current wearable device? A．It cannot track nasal airflow for 24 hours straight. B．It is too heavy to be worn during daily activities. C．It fails to monitor breathing through the mouth. D．It can only be used to test healthy young adults. 35．What is the main finding of this research? A．Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B．Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C．A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D．Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. 【答案】31．D 32．A 33．B 34．C 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究发现呼吸模式具有独特性，可用于身份识别，且与身心健康指标存在关联。 31．推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health.(以色列魏茨曼科学研究所的科学家发现，每个人都有独特的呼吸模式，即鼻呼吸“指纹”，这是一种独特的模式，能揭示一个人的身心健康状况)”可推知，提到呼吸“指纹”是为了强调个人呼吸模式的独特性。故选D。 32．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us?(人类的大脑在吸气过程中处理气味信息，大脑与呼吸之间的这种紧密联系让研究团队产生了一个疑问：我们的呼吸模式是否能反映出大脑的wired——并且每个人的模式都是独一无二的呢？)”可知，此处“wired”指的是大脑内部的神经连接方式，与“connected”意思相近。故选A。 33．推理判断题。根据第四段“Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety.(重要的是，研究人员指出，他们只知道呼吸与情绪之间存在关联，但并不清楚因果关系的方向——是感到焦虑改变了呼吸，还是某种呼吸模式导致了焦虑)”可推知，呼吸和情绪之间的确切关系目前仍不明确。故选B。 34．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing.(然而，目前的这款设备存在一些缺陷：其在鼻子下方使用的软管佩戴起来可能会让人感到不适，而且在睡眠时还容易滑落，而且它也无法监测出是通过嘴巴呼吸的)”可知，当前可穿戴设备的一个局限性是无法通过监测口腔呼吸来进行监测。故选C。 35．细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs— it could even be used to identify who you are. (一项新研究发现，呼吸的作用绝不仅仅是让空气在肺部进出——它甚至还能用来识别个人身份)”以及第四段“Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression.(除了用于身份识别外，该研究还发现呼吸模式与身体质量指数、睡眠-觉醒周期以及焦虑、抑郁等心理健康特征之间存在明显关联)”可知，这项研究的主要发现是呼吸模式与身份识别和健康状况都存在关联。故选B。 Passage 8 （2026·天津·一模）Reflection is a quiet yet powerful habit that has accompanied human growth throughout history. When we think of reflection, perhaps the first image that comes to mind is someone sitting alone after a long day, replaying conversations, decisions or experiences in their mind, trying to make sense of what happened and what it meant. However, reflection does not only take place in moments of solitude (独处). It can occur while we are walking home from school, writing in a journal, or even discussing a mistake with a friend. Whatever form it takes, reflection usually involves two essential elements: looking back on an experience and thinking carefully about its meaning. Rather than simply remembering what happened, we try to understand why it happened and what we can learn from it. Unlike what some people assume, reflection is not a waste of time. It is, in fact, a powerful tool for learning and personal development. Long before modern psychology emphasized self-awareness, thoughtful individuals had already realized that growth depends not only on action, but also on thoughtful review. By reflecting on our successes and failures, we gain insight into our strengths and weaknesses. Reflection supports learning because it helps organize experience into understanding. Research suggests that when learners pause to think about what they have studied, they remember the material more clearly and apply it more effectively. Simply moving from one task to another without reflection often leads to superficial (表面的) learning. Above all, reflection has a transformative power. It allows us to see ourselves and the world from a slightly different angle. Instead of reacting automatically to events, we begin to respond thoughtfully. Through reflection, we may challenge our own assumptions, adjust our attitudes, and make wiser choices in the future. This ability to step back and reconsider our experiences plays an important role in building empathy as well. When we reflect on our own feelings, we become more aware of the feelings of others. By understanding our reactions, we are better prepared to understand theirs. In this way, reflection not only deepens self-knowledge, but also strengthens our connection with the people around us. 36．What is the first image that may come to mind when thinking of reflection? A．A teacher correcting homework. B．A person thinking quietly about past events. C．A group discussion in class. D．A psychologist giving advice. 37．What are the two essential elements of reflection mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．Action and imagination. B．Memory and emotion. C．Looking back and thinking deeply. D．Discussion and correction. 38．Why is reflection considered helpful for learning? A．It replaces action with careful thinking. B．It helps learners remember and apply knowledge better. C．It makes learning more interesting. D．It shortens study time and saves energy. 39．According to the passage, what may happen if people act without reflection? A．They may understand others better. B．They may learn more efficiently. C．They may develop stronger self-awareness. D．They may gain a shallow understanding. 40．What is the best title for the passage? A．The Habit of Looking back. B．The Role of Experience. C．The Power of Reflection. D．The Meaning of Growth. 【答案】36．B 37．C 38．B 39．D 40．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍反思的定义、形式、基本要素，以及反思对学习、个人成长和人际交往的重要作用。 36．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When we think of reflection, perhaps the first image that comes to mind is someone sitting alone after a long day, replaying conversations, decisions or experiences in their mind, trying to make sense of what happened and what it meant.(当我们想到反思时，脑海中浮现的第一个画面可能是一个人在漫长的一天后独自坐着，在脑海中重温对话、决定或经历，试图弄清楚发生了什么以及它意味着什么。)”可知，想到反思时，首先想到的画面是一个人安静思考过去的事。故选B项。 37．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Whatever form it takes, reflection usually involves two essential elements: looking back on an experience and thinking carefully about its meaning.(无论采取何种形式，反思通常包含两个基本要素：回顾一段经历，并仔细思考它的意义。)”可知，反思的两个要素是回顾和深入思考。故选C项。 38．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Research suggests that when learners pause to think about what they have studied, they remember the material more clearly and apply it more effectively.(研究表明，当学习者停下来思考所学内容时，他们能更清晰地记住知识，并更有效地运用知识。)”可知，反思有助于学习者更好地记忆和运用知识。故选B项。 39．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Simply moving from one task to another without reflection often leads to superficial (表面的) learning. (不经过反思就从一项任务转向另一项任务，往往会导致肤浅的学习。)”可知，不反思就行动可能只会获得肤浅的理解。故选D项。 40．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Above all, reflection has a transformative power.(最重要的是，反思具有改变的力量。)”和全文对反思作用的论述可知，文章核心是阐述反思的强大作用，因此最适合的标题是“反思的力量”。故选C项。 Passage 9 （2026·天津·一模）The Olympic Games represent the peak of athletic achievement. Modern athletes benefit from excellent coaching, good nutrition and recovery strategies. Yet, some are turning to unique methods to improve themselves. One such technique is called EEG neurofeedback (脑电波神经反馈), which involves placing small sensors on the head to record and display brainwaves in real time. It helps athletes recognize and produce brainwave patterns that enhance focus and relaxation, or achieve a personalized best state for their skills. When the technique displays what is happening in the brain in real time, people can easily experiment by bringing different thoughts or images to their minds. Then they’ll immediately see how the brain signals change. It is through this process that they can learn to recognize different brain states and apply psychological strategies to help them take control. In a study, researchers asked 40 adult volunteers to cycle until extreme tiredness on an exercise bike after performing just 12 minutes of neurofeedback. 13 people were asked to produce a brainwave pattern that would be conducive to endurance (耐力) exercise. The other 13 were asked to produce a brainwave pattern which wouldn’t improve performance. The remaining 14 participants had to watch a neurofeedback recording without controlling their brainwaves. The results were striking. The group that had been asked to produce the positive brainwave rode for 30% longer than the others. Later, researchers invited the 26 participants from the first two groups back to the lab. They received the opposite neurofeedback treatment from the first experiment before they repeated the cycling test. The participants rode for an average of 11% longer on the day they received the positive neurofeedback treatment. Despite these results, researchers decided to repeat the study with a larger sample and with more highly-trained cyclists to better understand the role of this technique in other sports. Scientists are now trying to use the research findings to make a difference elsewhere. The research regards neurofeedback as a potential means to help with the recovery or management of diseases of the nervous system. So, while Olympic medals are valued, if neurofeedback research could eventually lead to effective treatments beyond sports, that may well be the biggest prize of all. 41．What is the new technique EEG neurofeedback used for in sports? A．Helping build a nutritional strategy. B．Monitoring athletes’ physical strength. C．Training voluntary brain control in athletes. D．Predicting athletes’ best performance limits. 42．What does the underlined word “conducive” in paragraph 3 possibly mean? A．Identical. B．Resistant. C．Harmless. D．Beneficial. 43．Why were 26 participants invited back to the lab? A．To test the study methods. B．To provide high-level training. C．To further confirm the study results. D．To expand the groups of the subjects. 44．What might be the researchers’ attitude towards the technique’s wide use in sports? A．Cautious. B．Concerned. C．Positive. D．Tolerant. 45．What does the author intend to stress about neurofeedback research in the last paragraph? A．Its limitations outside of sports. B．Its potential to fight certain diseases. C．Its influence on athletic performance. D．Its role in competitive sports like the Olympics. 【答案】41．C 42．D 43．C 44．A 45．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了脑电波神经反馈技术在体育领域的应用、研究结果及其在其他领域的潜在应用。 41．细节理解题。根据第二段“It helps athletes recognize and produce brainwave patterns that enhance focus and relaxation, or achieve a personalized best state for their skills.(它帮助运动员识别和产生增强注意力和放松的脑电波模式，或者为他们的技能达到个性化的最佳状态。)”和“It is through this process that they can learn to recognize different brain states and apply psychological strategies to help them take control.(正是通过这一过程，运动员得以学会识别不同的大脑状态，并运用心理策略实现自我调控。)”可知，EEG神经反馈技术用于训练运动员自主控制大脑。故选C。 42．词句猜测题。根据第三段“In a study, researchers asked 40 adult volunteers to cycle until extreme tiredness on an exercise bike after performing just 12 minutes of neurofeedback. 13 people were asked to produce a brainwave pattern that would be conducive to endurance (耐力) exercise. The other 13 were asked to produce a brainwave pattern which wouldn’t improve performance. The remaining 14 participants had to watch a neurofeedback recording without controlling their brainwaves. The results were striking. The group that had been asked to produce the positive brainwave rode for 30% longer than the others.(在一项研究中，研究人员让40名成年志愿者接受12分钟的神经反馈训练后，在健身自行车上骑行至精疲力竭。其中13人被要求生成conducive耐力运动的脑波模式，另外13人则被要求生成无法提升运动表现的脑波模式，剩余14名参与者仅观看神经反馈记录，不控制自身脑波。研究结果十分惊人：被要求生成积极脑波的小组，骑行时长比其他人多出30%。)”可知，产生积极脑电波的那一组表现更好，由此可推断出，此处指13人被要求产生一种有助于耐力运动的脑电波模式，conducive意为“有益的”。故选D。 43．细节理解题。根据第四段“Later, researchers invited the 26 participants from the first two groups back to the lab. They received the opposite neurofeedback treatment from the first experiment before they repeated the cycling test. The participants rode for an average of 11% longer on the day they received the positive neurofeedback treatment. Despite these results, researchers decided to repeat the study with a larger sample and with more highly-trained cyclists to better understand the role of this technique in other sports.(后来，研究人员邀请了前两组的26名参与者回到实验室。在重复自行车测试之前，他们接受了与第一次实验相反的神经反馈治疗。在接受积极神经反馈治疗的那天，参与者的骑行时间平均延长了11%。尽管已有这些结果，研究人员仍决定扩大样本量，并选取训练水平更高的自行车运动员重复研究，以进一步明确该技术在其他运动项目中的作用。)”可知，邀请26名参与者回到实验室是为了进一步确认研究结果。故选C。 44．推理判断题。根据第四段“Despite these results, researchers decided to repeat the study with a larger sample and with more highly-trained cyclists to better understand the role of this technique in other sports.(尽管已有这些结果，研究人员仍决定扩大样本量，并选取训练水平更高的自行车运动员重复研究，以进一步明确该技术在其他运动项目中的作用。)”可推断，研究人员对这项技术在体育领域的广泛应用持谨慎态度。故选A。 45．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The research regards neurofeedback as a potential means to help with the recovery or management of diseases of the nervous system.(该研究认为神经反馈是一种潜在的帮助神经系统疾病恢复或管理的手段。)”可推断，作者在最后一段强调了神经反馈研究在治疗某些疾病方面的潜力。故选B。 Passage 10 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）For thousands of years, donkeys have been critical for driving human civilizations forward. They’ve helped pull wheeled vehicles, carry travelers and move goods across the world. But where and when these animals first became closely connected with humans has been a mystery. Now, researchers have used genomes of over 200 donkeys to trace their domestication back to a single event around 7,000 years ago in East Africa — about 3,000 years before humans tamed horses. The team published their findings in the journal Science this month. “Through their DNA, the animals are telling their history themselves,” co-author Samantha Brooks, an equine researcher at the University of Florida, says in a statement. “We usually only get the human’s side of history through written accounts, but of course written history does not always record exactly how something happened. Looking at these DNA sequences, we get biological evidence to the environment these animals lived in and the experiences they survived.” The researchers examined 207 genomes from modern donkeys living in 31 countries across the globe. They also looked at genomes from 15 wild equids (马科动物) and 31 earlier donkeys that lived between about 4,000 and 100 years ago. The team reconstructed the animals’ evolutionary tree and used computer models to pinpoint the domestication event, when herders (牧人) in Kenya and the Horn of Africa tamed wild donkeys. They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later. Though it’s still unclear why the original domestication happened, Science News’ Freda Kreier reports that the event coincided with the Sahara growing larger and drier. “Donkeys are champions when it comes to carrying stuff and are good at going at Sahara deserts,” co-author Ludovic Orlando, an evolutionary biologist at Paul Sabatier University in France, tells the publication. Prehistoric humans may have enlisted donkeys’ help in navigating the expanding Sahara. Researchers say these findings could help put donkeys in the spotlight. The animals could benefit from more research: Currently, there are no published genomes from donkeys located south of the Equator in Africa. But understanding where the animals were first domesticated could guide archaeologists to a narrower region to search for insights about the original tamed donkeys. Not only does understanding the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors. 46．What can be learned about donkeys from Paragraph 1? A．They seemed mysterious to human ancestors. B．They underwent multiple domestication events. C．They were tamed at an earlier time than horses. D．They were vividly described by ancient travelers. 47．What message is conveyed in Brooks’ statement? A．The earliest habitats of donkeys are hardly traceable. B．It is increasingly easy to read donkeys’ DNA sequences. C．Written accounts contain vital clues for donkey research. D．Genetic analysis offers insight into the history of donkeys. 48．In their study, the researchers investigate how donkeys ________. A．spread widely in the world B．survived with the help of herders C．developed certain behavioral traits D．adapted to the changing environment 49．As to why the original domestication of donkeys happened, Orlando ________. A．challenges conventional ideas B．provides a possible explanation C．calls for evidence from the Sahara D．holds a different view from Kreier 50．The authors think that their research could help with ________. A．greater protection of wildlife B．better management of donkeys C．recovering early types of donkeys D．raising awareness of climate change 【答案】46．C 47．D 48．A 49．B 50．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了数千年来，驴对人类文明至关重要，但其驯化起源一直成谜。研究人员通过分析 200 多个驴的基因组，确定它们约7000年前在东非被驯化，早于马3000年。这一发现不仅揭示了驴对人类历史的贡献，也有助于未来对其进行更好的保护与管理。 46．细节理解题。根据第一段“Now, researchers have used genomes of over 200 donkeys to trace their domestication back to a single event around 7,000 years ago in East Africa — about 3,000 years before humans tamed horses.(如今，研究人员通过对200多头驴的基因组进行分析，追溯了它们的驯化历史，发现这一过程大约发生在7000年前的东非地区——比人类驯化马匹的时间早了约3000年)”可知，驴的驯化时间比马早了约3000年。故选C。 47．推理判断题。根据第二段“Looking at these DNA sequences, we get biological evidence to the environment these animals lived in and the experiences they survived.(通过对这些DNA序列的分析，我们获得了有关这些动物所生存的环境以及它们所经历的生存过程的生物学证据)”可知，通过DNA序列可以获得生物学证据来了解驴的历史。故选D。 48．细节理解题。根据第三段“They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later.(随后，他们进一步探究了这些动物是如何在大约2500年后迁徙至该大陆的其他地区，并最终抵达欧洲和亚洲的)”可知，研究者追踪了驴如何广泛分布到世界各地。故选A。 49．细节理解题。根据第四段““Donkeys are champions when it comes to carrying stuff and are good at going at Sahara deserts,” co-author Ludovic Orlando, an evolutionary biologist at Paul Sabatier University in France, tells the publication. Prehistoric humans may have enlisted donkeys’ help in navigating the expanding Sahara.(该论文的合著者、法国保罗萨巴蒂耶大学的进化生物学家卢多维克·奥兰多在接受该媒体采访时表示：“在搬运重物方面，驴子堪称佼佼者，而且它们擅长在撒哈拉沙漠地带行进。”史前人类或许曾借助驴子的帮助来穿越不断扩张的撒哈拉沙漠)”可知，至于驴的最初驯化原因，奥兰多给出了一个可能的解释。故选B。 50．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Not only does understanding the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors.(作者们指出，了解马科动物的基因构成不仅有助于揭示它们对人类历史的贡献，而且在未来还可能有助于改善对它们的管理，因为气候变化正在改变地球的环境)”可知，研究有助于改进未来对驴的管理。故选B。 Passage 1 （2026·天津·一模）The search for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most exciting aspects of modern science. Given its importance, significant resources are devoted to the young science of astrobiology (天体生物学) , ranging from rovers (探测器) on Mars to observations of planets moving around other stars. The goal of this science would be the actual discovery of alien (外星的) life. Such a discovery would likely have profound scientific and philosophical implications. But for all we know, extraterrestrial life may not even exist. Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society. Why is this the case? First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary (多学科) . The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. University courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today. It is also important to recognize that astrobiology is an incredibly open-ended field, searching for life in the universe takes us from extreme environments on Earth to the plains of Mars. Whether or not life is discovered in any of these environments, this search will continue. The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially non-restricted. Therefore, it has the potential to be a never-ending source of scientific and intellectual stimulation. Beyond the more narrowly intellectual benefits of astrobiology are a range of wider societal benefits. These arise from the kinds of perspectives that the study of astrobiology naturally promotes. It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today. Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting. Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance. “The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. I think that there is an important implication in this perspective. Humanity is an intelligent technological species that now dominates the only known inhabited planet in the universe. It has a responsibility to develop international social institutions appropriate to managing the situation in which we find ourselves. 51．What is the primary impact of astrobiology on 21st-century science? A．It prioritizes biological research over astronomical observations. B．It limits students’ training to a single core subject for deeper expertise. C．It forms integration of scientific disciplines to reduce overspecialization. D．It shifts focus from planetary exploration to laboratory-based experiments. 52．Which statement about the open-ended nature of astrobiology is supported? A．The search will cease once a single new environment is found. B．It offers limitless novel environments for scientific exploration. C．Discovering life is the core criterion for the value of the field. D．Its investigations are restricted to Mars-like environments. 53．How does astrobiology contribute to addressing global challenges? A．By promoting a shared viewpoint to urge international cooperation. B．By replacing political negotiations with scientific decision-making. C．By motivating resource conservation from the Earth-centric perspective. D．By providing advanced technology to monitor climate change directly. 54．Why does the author quote Alexander von Humboldt’s words? A．To criticize the narrow worldview of those without world travel experience. B．To emphasize the necessity of viewing Earth from a global perspective. C．To argue that technological dominance alone defines human intelligence. D．To suggest that naturalists are better equipped to address global challenges. 55．What does the author argue for in writing the passage? A．The history and development of astrobiology as a science B．The challenges of international cooperation in scientific research C．The importance of space exploration for technological advances D．The potential benefits and significance of the search for alien life 【答案】51．C 52．B 53．A 54．B 55．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍天体生物学的价值，即便未发现外星生命，其研究也能带来诸多科学与社会益处。 51．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today.(通过促使多个科学学科相互交融，天体生物学正推动科学实现部分融合，助力21世纪科学摆脱当下过度专业化的困境)”可知，天体生物学促进学科整合、减少过度专业化，对21世纪科学产生核心影响。故选C项。 52．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially non-restricted.(可供研究的全新环境范围基本上是不受限制的)”可知，天体生物学为科学探索提供了无限的全新环境，支撑其开放性本质。故选B项。 53．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance.(如今，地球面临的全球性挑战，只有加强国际合作才能应对。在这样的时刻，统一视角的形成具有潜在的重大意义)”可知，天体生物学通过推动共识形成、促进国际合作，助力应对全球挑战。故选A项。 54．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today.(如果不摆脱如今主导大多数人社会和政治生活的以地球为中心的视角，就根本无法考虑在火星上寻找生命)”以及引用的话语可知，作者引用这句话是为了强调从全球视角看待地球的必要性。故选B项。 55．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society.(幸运的是，即使永远找不到外星生命，仅仅是寻找它的过程也会给社会带来宝贵的益处)”，结合后文科学价值、社会价值等论述可知，作者旨在论证寻找外星生命的潜在益处与重要意义。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2026·天津·一模）Exploring the vast area where psychology and physiology meet, recent studies are continually casting light on an interesting phenomenon: the impact of our mental states on physical health. The concept of a mind-body connection, often viewed with disbelief, is now gaining support through scientific inquiry. For instance, happiness has been found to have a protective effect against common illnesses. This revelation came from a 2003 study where over 300 participants, exposed to a cold virus, exhibited fewer symptoms if they had a generally positive outlook on life. These individuals weren’t just happier; they were healthier. This link between our psychological state and physical well-being extends beyond temporary illness. Focusing on the longevity of optimists, research led by Dr. Laura Kubzansky of Harvard has revealed that an optimistic outlook is associated with a lower ‘allostatic load’ — the wear and tear on the body from long-term stress. This reduced burden is thought to contribute to longer lifespans, with the most optimistic among us living significantly longer lives. Another striking area where the mind’s influence is visible is in the function and length of telomeres (端粒) — protective caps at the ends of our chromosomes (染色体) . Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn’s pioneering work has shown that individuals under long-term stress have shorter telomeres, which can lead to earlier cellular aging. On the other hand, positive mental attitudes and practices like meditation appear to preserve telomere length, suggesting that our mental practices can influence the very aging process of our cells. The implications of these findings are broad and significant, particularly in medical treatment and recovery. The placebo (安慰剂) effect, once a mere footnote in clinical trials, is now a central focus in understanding how belief and expectation can bring about real physical changes. From reducing pain to improving surgery outcomes, placebos have demonstrated that our belief in a treatment’s effectiveness can appear as real healing in the body. Recent experiments have explored this by administering ‘open-label’ placebos — placebos given with clear statement that they contain no active ingredients — to patients. Remarkably, these placebos can still lead to improvements in conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, challenging our perception about the nature of healing. As we look to the future, the developing field of psychoneuroimmunology (心理神经免疫学) is sure to offer even more insights into how our mental landscape affects our physical health. The implications of this could be transformative, as we begin to integrate psychological wellness into our standard healthcare practices. The ultimate question that emerges is not whether our minds influence our health — that much is clear — but how we can use this power most effectively for a healthier society. 56．What did the 2003 study reveal about the mind- body connection in the passage? A．Belief in traditional treatment produces reliable physical improvements. B．Optimism is related to reduced physical pressure and shorter lifespan. C．The mind- body connection is now supported by scientific research. D．Positive outlook could prevent participants from catching cold. 57．What can be inferred from Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn’s research on telomeres? A．Shortened telomeres are the primary cause of all chronic diseases. B．Positive mental practices may slow down the biological aging of cells. C．Stress has no measurable impact on the structure of human chromosomes. D．Telomere length is mainly determined by genetic factor instead of lifestyle. 58．Paragraph 5 serves to __________ in the context. A．highlight the invisible effects of open- label placebos on patients. B．provide an example challenging traditional view of placebos. C．explain the chemical mechanism behind the placebo effect. D．summarize the historical development of placebo research. 59．What is implied to integrate psychological wellness into standard healthcare? A．Permanent focus on the placebo effect to reduce healthcare costs. B．Future research into all mental states other than optimism and stress. C．Further research into how to maximize the mind’s power over health. D．Traditional medical treatments to be replaced with mental health cures. 60．Which title best captures the central theme of the passage? A．The Placebo Effect: A Closer Look at Belief-Driven Healing B．Optimism vs. Pessimism: A Decade-Long Study on Longevity C．The Mind-Body Bond: How Mental States Shape Physical Health D．Telomeres and Aging: The Hidden Link to Psychological Wellbeing 【答案】56．C 57．B 58．B 59．C 60．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍心理状态对身体健康的影响，从积极情绪、端粒、安慰剂效应等方面论证身心关联的科学性。 56．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The concept of a mind-body connection, often viewed with disbelief, is now gaining support through scientific inquiry. For instance, happiness has been found to have a protective effect against common illnesses. This revelation came from a 2003 study where over 300 participants, exposed to a cold virus, exhibited fewer symptoms if they had a generally positive outlook on life.(身心关联的概念以往常遭质疑，如今正通过科学研究得到支持。例如，研究发现幸福感有助于预防常见疾病。这一发现来自2003年的一项研究，该研究让300多名参与者接触感冒病毒，结果心态积极的人症状更轻。)”可知，2003年的研究表明身心关联得到了科学研究的支持。故选C项。 57．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn’s pioneering work has shown that individuals under long-term stress have shorter telomeres, which can lead to earlier cellular aging. On the other hand, positive mental attitudes and practices like meditation appear to preserve telomere length, suggesting that our mental practices can influence the very aging process of our cells.(伊丽莎白·布莱克本博士的开创性研究表明，长期处于压力下的人端粒更短，这会导致细胞更早衰老。相反，积极的心态和冥想等行为似乎能保持端粒长度，这表明心理活动可以影响细胞的衰老过程。)”可知，积极的心理活动可能减缓细胞的生理衰老。故选B项。 58．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Recent experiments have explored this by administering ‘open-label’ placebos — placebos given with clear statement that they contain no active ingredients — to patients. Remarkably, these placebos can still lead to improvements in conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, challenging our perception about the nature of healing.(最近的研究通过给患者服用‘公开安慰剂’——即明确告知不含有效成分的安慰剂——来探索这一效应。值得注意的是，这些安慰剂仍然能改善肠易激综合征等病症，挑战了我们对治愈本质的认知。)”可知，第五段通过举例挑战了人们对安慰剂的传统看法。故选B项。 59．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The ultimate question that emerges is not whether our minds influence our health — that much is clear — but how we can use this power most effectively for a healthier society.(最终的问题不在于我们的心理是否影响健康——这一点已经很明确——而在于我们如何最有效地利用这种力量来建设更健康的社会。)”可知，将心理健康融入标准医疗需要进一步研究如何最大限度发挥心理对健康的作用。故选C项。 60．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Exploring the vast area where psychology and physiology meet, recent studies are continually casting light on an interesting phenomenon: the impact of our mental states on physical health.(近期研究不断探索心理学与生理学的交叉领域，揭示了一个有趣的现象：心理状态对身体健康的影响。)”可知，文章围绕身心关联展开，从2003年的研究、端粒研究、安慰剂效应等多个方面，论证了心理状态对身体健康的塑造作用，因此 “身心关联：心理状态如何塑造身体健康”最能概括全文核心主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 Passage 3 （2026·天津南开·一模） Have you ever wished there were more hours in a day? Interestingly, NASA scientists noted that the world’s largest hydroelectric dam — China’s Three Gorges Dam has slightly extended the length of an Earth day by slowing down the planet’s rotation. While the change is relatively small, the basic physics behind it reveals that large- scale human engineering can influence the fundamental planetary processes. To grasp how a dam can change Earth’s rotation, we can start with a simple experiment: sit on a rotating chair, spin with your arms enclosed to your body and then stretch your arms out. You will slow down. This change in spinning speed is your angular velocity (角速度) decreasing. Why? Because stretching your arms increases your body’s moment of inertia (惯性), a property that depends on both mass and how that mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation. A key principle here is the conservation of angular momentum (角动量). For an isolated rotating system like Earth, angular momentum remains constant. Therefore, if the moment of inertia increases, the angular velocity must decrease to compensate. This is precisely what happens with a massive dam. By holding vast amounts of water at a higher height, the dam redistributes the Earth’s mass farther from its rotational axis — much like extending your arms on the spinning chair. This increases the planet’s moment of inertia and, consequently, slows down its rotation. The effect is more obvious if the dam is built at a lower latitude, near the equator, where the distance to Earth’s axis is greater. The crucial question is how much the change is. Calculations using the mass of water held back by the Three Gorges Dam, its latitude, and Earth’s radius allow scientists to estimate the increase in the moment of inertia (ΔI) and the corresponding change in angular velocity (Δω). The result is a day lengthened by about approximately 5.3 microseconds (5.3 × 10-6 seconds). Although this is too brief for any human perception, it provides a measurable confirmation that human activities can indeed change global geophysical patterns. This phenomenon brings up interesting, though theoretical, possibilities. If a single dam can produce a measurable change, could other massive projects —such as constructing numerous skyscrapers or even organized global population movements — further affect the Earth’s rotation? While the extra time would still be unnoticeable in daily life, the principle demonstrates the profound interconnectedness between human engineering and planetary mechanics, showing that our largest constructions can influence right down to the fundamental rhythm of our world. 61．How does the author illustrate the change in Paragraph 2? A．By presenting the research results of NASA scientists directly. B．By introducing a practical method to observe Earth’s rotation. C．By explaining the physical principle in a daily phenomenon. D．By defining three key factors affecting the moment of inertia. 62．If a similar structure were built at the North Pole, its effect would be ________. A．much greater than at the equator B．smaller than that near the equator C．identical to the Three Gorges Dam’s D．impossible for scientists to measure 63．Why does the author mention “skyscrapers and population movements” in the last paragraph? A．To warn city designers against building more skyscrapers. B．To prove that these projects have greater effects than dams. C．To suggest organizing population movements scientifically. D．To show the potential of human activities to influence Earth. 64．What can we infer from the fact that the day is lengthened by 5.3microseconds? A．Human beings can feel the obvious change in daily life. B．The change has caused serious problems in other aspects. C．Human activities can indeed affect global physical patterns. D．The Three Gorges Dam has changed Earth’s radius slightly. 65．What is the structure of the passage? A．Introduction — Principle — Data Support — Extension B．Problem — Cause Analysis — Solution — Evaluation C．Comparison — Contrast — Conclusion — Application D．Example — Classification — Summary — Prediction 【答案】61．C 62．B 63．D 64．C 65．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍三峡大坝通过减缓地球自转延长地球日时长的现象，解释背后的物理原理，用数据佐证影响，并延伸探讨人类活动对地球的潜在影响。 61．细节理解题。根据第二段“To grasp how a dam can change Earth’s rotation, we can start with a simple experiment: sit on a rotating chair, spin with your arms enclosed to your body and then stretch your arms out. You will slow down. This change in spinning speed is your angular velocity decreasing. Why? Because stretching your arms increases your body’s moment of inertia, a property that depends on both mass and how that mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation. A key principle here is the conservation of angular momentum.(为了理解大坝如何改变地球自转，我们可以从一个简单的实验开始：坐在旋转椅上，双臂抱在身体两侧旋转，然后伸出双臂。你会慢下来。这种旋转速度的变化是你的角速度在减小。为什么？因为伸出双臂会增加你身体的转动惯量，一种既取决于质量，也取决于质量相对于旋转轴的分布情况的属性。这里的一个关键原理是角动量守恒)”可知，作者通过日常生活中的旋转椅实验，解释地球自转变化的物理原理，即通过日常现象阐释物理原理。故选C项。 62．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The effect is more obvious if the dam is built at a lower latitude, near the equator, where the distance to Earth’s axis is greater.(如果大坝建在低纬度地区，靠近赤道，那里到地轴的距离更大，这种影响会更明显)”可知，大坝对地球自转的影响与纬度相关，赤道附近（低纬度）影响更明显，北极属于高纬度，到地轴的距离远小于赤道，因此其影响会比赤道附近小。故选B项。 63．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If a single dam can produce a measurable change, could other massive projects —such as constructing numerous skyscrapers or even organized global population movements — further affect the Earth’s rotation? While the extra time would still be unnoticeable in daily life, the principle demonstrates the profound interconnectedness between human engineering and planetary mechanics, showing that our largest constructions can influence right down to the fundamental rhythm of our world.(如果一座大坝就能产生可测量的变化，那么其他大型项目——比如建造大量摩天大楼，甚至有组织的全球人口迁移——是否会进一步影响地球自转？虽然额外的时间在日常生活中仍然难以察觉，但这一原理展示了人类工程与行星力学之间深刻的相互联系，表明我们最大的建筑甚至可以影响到我们世界的基本节奏)”可知，作者提到摩天大楼和人口迁移，是为了说明人类活动（不仅是大坝）有影响地球的潜在可能。故选D项。 64．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The result is a day lengthened by about approximately 5.3 microseconds (5.3 × 10-6 seconds). Although this is too brief for any human perception, it provides a measurable confirmation that human activities can indeed change global geophysical patterns.(结果是一天被延长了大约 5.3 微秒（5.3×10⁻⁶秒）。尽管这一时间短到人类无法感知，但它提供了可测量的证据，证明人类活动确实可以改变全球地球物理模式)”可知，5.3微秒的时长延长虽无法被人类感知，但印证了人类活动能影响全球物理模式。故选C项。 65．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段引出三峡大坝延长地球日时长的现象，说明人类工程能影响地球基本过程；第二段通过日常实验解释角动量守恒原理，说明大坝影响地球自转的物理逻辑；第三段进一步补充纬度对影响程度的作用，第四段用5.3微秒的数据佐证影响的可测量性；第五段延伸探讨其他大型人类活动对地球自转的潜在影响。选项A“引言—原理—数据支撑—延伸”符合文章结构。故选A项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $