Unit 4 History and traditions 单元知识要点与语法梳理导学案 -2025-2026学年高中英语人教版必修第二册

必修二Unit 4 History and traditions知识要点 知识点1: Confucius n.孔子 Confucian adj.孔子的;儒学的; n.儒家学者,孔子的门徒 Confucianism n.儒家思想,孔子学说 【解析】Temple of Confucius 孔庙 Confucian school 儒家学派 Confucius Institute 孔子学院 知识点2:mansion n.公馆;宅第 【解析】Kong Family Mansion 孔府 【拓展】A Dream of Red Mansions 红楼梦=Dream of the Red Chamber 【拓展】宫殿:palace 别墅:villa/cottage 庄园:estate Journey to the West 西游记 The Romance of the Three Kingdoms 三国演义 Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh 水浒传 知识点3:cemetery [ sem tri]: n.墓地;公墓 【解析】Cemetery of Confucius 孔林 【拓展】tomb : n.坟墓 grave: n.坟墓 funeral / fju n r l/ n.葬礼;丧礼 【记忆剖析】cemetery-坟场,里面有很多grave grave-坟,埋了尸体的地方 tomb-可以和grave一样,有墓碑的 知识点4:philosophy n.哲学 philosopher n.哲学家 philosophical adj.哲学的;冷静的;达观的 philosophically adv.哲学上地;冷静地 知识点5:descendant /d send nt/ n.后裔;后代;子孙 【解析】Chinese descendant 炎黄子孙 【拓展1】descend v.下降 ascend v.上升 ancestor n.祖先 【拓展2】participate participant 参与者 assist assistant 助手 apply applicant 申请者 migrate migrant 移民 serve servant 仆人 account accountant 会计 contest contestant 参赛者 知识点6:individual [ nd v d u l] adj.单独的;个别的 n.个人(可数) individually adv.单独地 individualize v.个人化 individuality n.个性;个性特征 individualism n.个人主义 【解析】人:person,people,human,human being,folk,mankind 知识点7:heel /hi:l/ n.足跟;(脚、袜子等)后跟 【解析】 high heel 高跟鞋 Achilles' heel / kili z hi:l/ 致命弱点 【拓展】 1. Don’t take his words seriously—he’s just pulling your leg. pull one’s leg 开某人的玩笑 2. When he gives me advice, I am all ears. be all ears 洗耳恭听 3. I’m all thumbs when it comes to using this new machine. be all thumbs 笨手笨脚的 4. This handmade watch cost him an arm and a leg. cost (sb) an arm and a leg 花了一大笔钱 5. My parents and I see eye to eye on most family decisions. see eye to eye 看法一致 6. Your analysis of the problem hit the nail on the head. hit the nail on the head 一针见血 7. As a country girl in the big city, she felt like a fish out of water at the fancy party. a fish out of water 身处陌生环境感到不自在的人 8. She was over the moon when she got the offer from her dream university. over the moon 欣喜若狂 9. For a professional pianist, playing this simple tune is child’s play. child’s play 轻而易举的事 10. Don’t be a wet blanket—come and join us at the picnic! a wet blanket 扫兴的人;败兴的事 11. The new manager is a tough nut—he never compromises on work standards. a tough nut 难对付的人;难搞定的事 知识点8:kingdom [ k d m ] n.王国;领域 【解析】the United Kingdom 英国;联合王国 【拓展】king: 国王 皇帝:emperor 女王:queen 王子:prince 公主:princess -dom (名词后缀):职位;地位;领域 wisdom freedom boredom 知识点9:chief [t i:f] adj.最重要的;最高级别的(main/major) n. (公司或机构的)首领; 酋长(复数: chiefs) 【解析】the chief/main/major cause/problem/reason 主要原因 / 问题 / 理由 CEO=chief executive officer 首席执行官 【拓展】chef n.厨师,主厨 pl. chefs 【拓展】主要的:main,major,principal,prime,dominant 重要的:important,significant,crucial,vital,key,essential 知识点10:puzzle n.谜;智力游戏;疑问 vt.迷惑;使困惑 puzzled adj.困惑的,迷惑不解的 puzzling adj.令人迷惑不解的 puzzlement n.迷惑;困惑 【解析】(1)be in a puzzle 感到困惑 be a puzzle to sb. 对某人来说是个谜 (2)puzzle about/over sth. 苦苦思考,冥思苦想 (3)puzzled adj. 困惑的,迷惑不解的 be puzzled about sth. 对..感到困惑 puzzled look 困惑的表情 with puzzlement 困惑地 puzzle sth out 琢磨出…的答案(work/figure out) 【拓展】表示音容笑貌要用ed形式:voice/look/expression/scream/smile/tears [即学即练]——单句语法填空 ① You must have been troubled by when to say “I love you” because it is one of the greatest puzzles(puzzle) in our life. ② These scientists have been puzzling about/over how to solve the environmental problem. ③ The puzzled look on her face suggested she was puzzling over the puzzling maths problem. (puzzle)她脸上困惑的表情暗示了她正在思考那个令人困惑的数学题。 知识点11:join...to... 把……和……连接或联结起来 【解析】(1)join the army/club/league/party 参军/加入俱乐部/入团/入党 join in 参加(比赛、活动等) join sb. in doing sth. 和某人一起做某事 (2)connect...with/to/and... 把……和……联系起来 【拓展】joint adj.联合的 ;共同的 n.关节 make joint efforts 共同努力 join in = take part in = participate in = be involved in =engage in 参加 [即学即练]——单句语法填空 (1) The island is joined to the mainland by a bridge. (2) The island is joined(join) to the mainland by a bridge. (3) The island joined(join) to the mainland by a bridge is no longer cut off from the outside world. (4) In the evening there was a barbecue,with the whole village joining(join) in the fun. (5) Do you know how many of them joined in the research project? (6) It was Emperor Qinshihuang who had the walls joined(join). (7) 将一段管子与相邻的管子连接起来。 Join one section of pipe to the next. 知识点12:break away (from sb./sth.) 脱离;背叛;逃脱 【解析】break down (机器)发生故障;分解;累垮 break into 强行闯入;忽然开始(大笑、唱歌、欢呼等) break in 强行进入;打断;插嘴 break out (战争)爆发;(火灾)突然发生 break up 结束;破裂;分手,解散 breath through 突破 [即学即练]——用break的相关短语填空 ① If you go on working like that, you will break down sooner or later. ② A fire broke out in this hotel last night and three people were killed. ③ With so many problems unsettled, a few countries wanted to break away from the Union. ④In my opinion, marriage based on money is likely to break up. 知识点13: belong to 属于 【解析】(1)belong to 表示“属于”,不能用于进行时态和被动语态 (2)belongings n.财产,所有物=possessions belonging n.归属 a sense of belonging 归属感 belong to中的to是介词,该短语既不能用于被动语态,也不能用于进行时态;作后置定语时,形式为“...belonging to”。 常见不用于被动语态的短语: break out, take place, happen to, suffer from, agree with, date back to, take part in, walk into, arrive in/at, come up, fall asleep, succeed in等。 【实战演练】 一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. The house belongs to my aunt but she doesn’t live here any more. 2. Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging (belong) to two major language groups. 3. The taxi driver often reminds passengers to take their belongings(belong) when they leave the car. 二、根据所给汉语及提示,完成下列句子。 1. When I was a boy, I belonged to (是……的成员) the Boy Scouts (童子军), so I used to go camping every summer. 2. In other words, gossip (闲聊) is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging (归属感). (2016 浙江) 知识点14:currency n.货币 current adj.现在的,当前的,流行的 n.(水,气,电)流;趋势;涌流 currently adv.当前;目前 【解析】foreign currency 外币 be in currency 正在流行 / 通用 知识点15:military adj.军事的,军用的 【解析】military training 军训 【拓展】军队:army,troops,armed forces 知识点16:defence n.防御;保卫 defend vt.保护;保卫;为……辩护 defensive adj.防御性的 defendant n.被告;adj.辩护的 defender n.防卫者;辩护者 【解析】(1)in defence (of...) 为了保卫(……) in one’s defence 站在某人一边;为某人辩护 (2)defend vt. 保护;保卫;为……辩护 defend...from/against... 防御;保卫……以免受…… =protect/shelter/preserve sb from ... 保护某人免受…的伤害 【练一练】 ①Some think that students should be trained to defend(defend) themselves against some attacks. ②Many medical experts are working hard in defence(defend) of people's health. ③When a dog attacked me, I picked up a stick to defend myself(I). 知识点17:legal adj.法律的;合法的 legally adv.法律上;合法地 illegal adj.不合法的;违法的 illegally adv.不法地 知识点18:surround vt.围绕;包围 surrounding adj.周围的;附近的 surroundings n.环境;周边事物(复数) 【解析】(1)surround...with... 用……包围…… be surrounded with/by... 被……包围/环绕 (2)surrounding adj. 周围的;附近的 (3)surroundings n. 环境;周边事物(复数) [即学即练]——单句语法填空 ① Surrounded(surround) by the forest, the village looks very beautiful. ② Living in beautiful and comfortable surroundings (surround), we feel very happy. ③ They all went out to look for the lost child in the surrounding(surround) villages. ④Some light showers have been forecast (预报) since last month, but all of them have been effective in surrounding(surround) areas. (2017 全国) ⑤I walk in the door and see a brown sofa surrounding (surround) a low glass-top wooden table. ⑥When I headed toward the center, I found myself surrounded(surround) by buildings that mirror the best palaces of Europe. ⑦Bill Gates has historically surrounded himself with smart people, and he’s famously thirsty for knowledge. 知识点19:evidence n.证据;证明(不可数) evident adj.明显的 【解析】(1)There is some/no evidence that...有/无证据证明…… in evidence 显眼;显而易见 give evidence 作证;提供证据 a piece of evidence 一条证据 (2)evident adj. 明显的,明白的 It’s evident that... 很明显…… 【单句语法填空】 ①His footprints were clearly evident in the heavy dust,which is the evidence that he had come here before (evidence). ②She walked slowly down the road, evidently in pain (evident). ③He was soon deep in meditation, and it was evident that the longer he thought, the more he was bothered. ④Poverty and bad housing conditions are much in evidence in the remote countryside. 知识点20:achievement n.成就;成绩;达到 achieve vt.完成;达到vi.成功 achievable adj.可达到的;可实现的 achiever n.成功者 【解析】(1)a sense of achievement 成就感 make an achievement in (doing) sth.在...方面取得成就 (2)achieve vt. 完成;达到vi.成功 achieve one’s goal 达到目标 【根据所给汉语,完成下列句子】 1. Handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a sense of achievement(成就感). 2. Man’s first walk on the moon was a great technological achievement (一项伟大的科技成就). 3. In the last few years, China has made great achievements(取得重大成就) in environmental protection. (2015 北京改) 知识点21:location n.地方;地点;位置 locate vt.确定…的准确位置 located adj.坐落在… , 位于… 【解析】be located in/on/at 坐落于,位于=be situated in=lie in位于=stand in 【即学即练】 1. Located(locate)where the Belt meets the Road,Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. 2. Mount Huang is located in(位于)Anhui Province. 3. It is a suitable location for a new airport. 知识点22:conquer vt.占领;征服;控制 conqueror n.占领者,征服者 conquest n.征服 【解析】conquer the world 征服世界 conquer fear 克服恐惧 conquer difficulties 战胜困难 【拓展】overcome: v.克服 defeat : v.击败(对手或敌人) 知识点23:port n.港口(城市) 【拓展】import n./v.进口 export n./v.出口 transport v.运输 港口:harbor 知识点24:battle n.战斗 vt.&vi.搏斗;奋斗 battlefield n.战场;冲突地区 / 领域 【解析】battled with / against 与……搏斗 battle for 为……而战 知识点25:fascinating adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的 fascinated adj.入迷的 fascinate v.吸引;迷住 fascination n.迷人 【解析】be fascinated by… 被…迷住 It is fascinating to see...看到...太奇妙了 have a fascination for sth 对...着迷 知识点26:keep one's eyes open (for) 留心;留意 【解析】keep an eye on 照看,照管;留心注意 look sb. in the eye(s) 直视别人 have an eye for 对……有判断力/鉴赏力 catch sb.'s eye 吸引某人的注意 in one’s eyes 依某人看,在某人眼里 fix one’s eye on 注视;盯着看 【拓展】keep up 保持;继续 keep up with 跟上;保持同步;和……保持联系 keep back 阻止;隐瞒 keep away (from) 避免接近(……) keep sb. from doing... 阻止某人做…… keep in touch with 与……保持联系 知识点27:charge n.收费;指控;主管 vt.收费;控告;充电;冲锋,进攻 charged adj.带电的 discharge v.放电,解雇 recharge v.再充电 charger n.充电器 overcharge v.多收钱 【解析】(1)charge sb.for sth. 为某物向某人收取费用 charge sb.with (doing) sth. 控告某人(做)某事 (2)take charge of 掌管/负责…… in charge of 控制/管理…… in the charge of 受……的管理=in sb’s charge (3)free of charge 免费=for free admission charges 入场费 【拓展】类似短语有: in possession of意为“占有”,表示主动; in the possession of意 为“被……占有”,表示被动 in control of意为“管理,控制”,表示主动; in the control of意为“由……管理/控制”,表示被动 知识点28:announce vt.宣布;通知;声称 announcement n.通告;宣告 announcer n.播音员;广播员 【解析】(1)announce sth. to sb.=announce to sb sth向某人宣告某事 It is announced that... 据宣布……=As is announced that... (2)announcement n. 通告;宣告 make an announcement 宣布 announcer n. 播音员;广播员 【练一练】 一、空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式填空。 1. After graduating from university in 1932, Reagan got a job as a radio sports announcer (announce). 2. The announcement (announce) was greeted enthusiastically. 二、根据所给汉语完成下列句子。 1. Silence, please. Mr White is about to make an announcement (宣布通知). 2. He said the lucky woman will be announced on the website (将在网上公布) and the trip will be shared online. (2017 全国) 知识点29:amount n.金额;数量 【解析】(1)a large amount of+不可数名词+谓语动词单数 =large amounts of+不可数名词+谓语动词复数 大量的 即作主语时谓语动词的单复数与amount的单复数有关,与of后面的名词无关 (2)in large/small amounts 大量地/少量地 amount to 合计,等于,相当于 the amount of... ...的数量 (做主语谓语动词用单数) 表示“大量的”的短语还有a large number of, a great deal of, plenty of, a lot of等。 (1)a great deal of, a large amount of只能修饰不可数名词; (2)a large number of只能修饰可数名词复数; (3)a lot of, plenty of,a large quantity of既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。 [即学即练]——单句语法填空 ①A large amount of money is (be) to be spent in building a new bridge for the village. ②At that time, small amounts of land were used (use) for keeping animals. ③The total sales of the company didn’t amount to more than a million dollars. ④The amount of fuel that this car uses is(be) a big strike against it. 知识点30:approach n.方法;途径;接近vt.接近;接洽;着手处理 vi.靠近 approachable adj.可接近的;友好的 approaching adj.快到了 ; 接近的 【解析】(1)approach sb./sth. 靠近/接近某人/某物 be approaching 临近,靠近 with the approach of = with + n.+ approaching 随着…临近 approach the problem 处理问题 approach sb. about sth. 与某人商量某事 (2)(an) approach to (doing) sth. 接近,近似;(做某事)的方法(途径) at the approach of... 在……快到的时候 同义词approach, way, means, method等在表达“(做)某事的方法”时各自的搭配分别是: (1)the approach to (doing) sth. (2)the way to do/of (doing) sth. (3)the means of (doing) sth. (4)the method of (doing) sth. 知识点31:ensure vt.保证;确保;担保=make sure 【单句语法填空】 (1) I can’t ensure(sure)that he will be there on time. 完成句子 (2) Please make sure(确保)all the windows are closed. The storm is approaching. (3)The police’s duty is to ensure the safety of(确保……的安全)citizens. 【拓展】 使役动词词缀 en en- + sure ensure v.确保 en- + able enable v.使能够 en- + rich enrich v.使丰富 en- + danger endanger v.使遭遇危险 en- + courage encourage v.鼓励 short+ -en shorten v. (使) 变短 deaf + -en deafen v.使震得耳朵发聋 fright + -en frighten v.使惊吓 threat + -en threaten v.威胁 light + -en lighten v. (使) 变明亮 / 减轻 “使役动词”前缀 en- 及后缀 -en 可加在形容词和名词前或后构成动词,en 词缀意为 “使”“使成为”“使处于……之中”。 知识点32:generous adj.慷慨的;大方的;丰富的 generosity n.慷慨;大方;宽宏大量 generously adv.慷慨地;大方地 (反)mean adj.小气的,刻薄的 【解析】be generous to sb. 对某人慷慨 be generous with sth. 在某方面很慷慨 be generous in (doing) sth. 乐于做某事 It is generous of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事真慷慨 【练一练】 ①(广东卷写作)She herself lived a simple or rather poor life but she was so generous to the people in need of help. ②(2019.浙江卷阅读)While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity(generous)and sympathy. ③他因慷慨解囊而得到好名声。 He got a fine fame for being generous with his money to help others. 知识点33:position n.位置;姿态;职位 v.放置;安置 【解析】position/case/situation/point/stage都是定语从句的“抽象地点”先行词,常用where引导定语从句。 Eg. I found myself in a position where I needed to catch up, and I want to turn it around. 【解析2】in/out of position 在/不在适当的位置 知识点34:eager adj.热切的;渴望的 eagerness n.热切,渴望 eagerly adv.急切地;渴望 【解析】(1)be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事= long to do sth be eager for sth. 渴望某事= long for sth be eager that... 热切希望…… (从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略) be eager in 热衷于 (2)eagerness n. 热切,渴望 with eagerness 热切地;急切地 【拓展】“渴望做某事” be eager for/to do sth be anxious for/to do sth be dying for/to do sth be desperate for/to do sth be hungry/ thirsty for/to do sth have a desire for long for/to do sth [巩固内化] 单句语法填空 ①Everyone in the class seemed eager to learn (learn). ②We listened eagerly(eager), for he brought news of our families. ③They were eager for a second bite of the cherry. ④I couldn't hide my eagerness (eager) to get back home. [衔接高考] ①(2016.浙江高考)Each week I eagerly(eager) counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there ②(2021.全国I) As she was leaving she was eager to say (say) goodbye to each of us in the nursing team. 知识点35:poet n.诗人 poem n.诗;诗歌(可数) poetry n.诗集; 诗作(不可数) poetic adj.诗意的 知识点36:feast n.盛宴;宴会;节日 【解析】视/听觉盛宴a feast for one’s eyes/ ears 知识点37:roll vt.&vi. (使)翻滚;(使)滚动 n.卷(轴);翻滚 rolling adj.起伏的 【解析】roll down 滚下.... roll one’s eyes 翻白眼 roll up 卷起 roll over 翻滚 知识点38:dot n.点;小(圆)点 vt.加点;遍布 【解析】be dotted with 布满;星罗棋布于 on the dot 准时 Eg. The sky was dotted with stars. 繁星点缀着星空。 知识点39:roar /r :(r)/ vi.&n.吼叫;咆哮 Eg. A roar of laughter went up. 一阵哄堂大笑。 He roared with anger. 他怒吼。 知识点40:cattle n.牛 【解析】a head of cattle: 一头牛 cattle: 集合名词,前面不能加 a,词尾也不可加s。 常和many, these, those, the等连用。用作主语时,句子的谓语动词多用复数。 cow: n.母牛; 奶牛 ox: 公牛(已阉割) (复数: oxen) bull: 公牛(未阉割) 知识点41:ocean n.大海;海洋 【解析】an ocean of/ oceans of… 许多的 【熟词生义】许多, 大量 知识点42:greet vi. & vt.迎接;问候 greeting n.(常用复数形式)问候;祝贺;贺词 【解析】(1)greet sb.with... 用……迎接某人;用……向某人打招呼 be greeted as 被当作……受到欢迎 give/send my greetings to 请代我向……问候 sb be greeted by... 某人看到、听到、闻到、感受到 (2)greeting n. (常用复数形式)问候;祝贺;贺词 知识点43:custom n.风俗;习俗;习惯 adj.定做的 customer n.顾客;主顾 accustom v.使习惯于 【解析】It’s the custom (for sb.) to do sth. (对某人来说)做某事是一种习俗 【拓展】customs n.海关;关税 知识点44:sensory adj.感觉的;感官的 sense n.感官 v.感觉到 sensor n.传感器 sensitive adj.敏感的;易受到影响 sensible adj.明智的;通晓事理的 sensitivity n.敏感(性);灵敏度 知识点45:striking adj.引人注目的;显著的 strike n.&v.罢工; 侵袭 过去式struck 过去分词struck/stricken 【解析】be struck by 被…所侵袭;被…所打动 It strikes/struck sb that… 某人突然想起… be/go on strike 举行罢工 [一词多义]写出下列句子中strike的汉语意思 When the clock struck nine,it struck me that I would write a report about the workers’ strikes, because I was deeply struck by their stories. What struck me most was that they never gave up life however hard it was. (钟)敲响;突然被想到;罢工;打动;给……以印象 知识点46:transition n.过渡;转变;变迁 transitional adj.过渡的 【拓展】trans-前缀 表示"转变"、"变换" transport vt.运送 transplant vt.移植 translate vt. & vi.翻译;转化 transparent adj.透明的 transform v.变形,改造 transfer v.转移 transmit v.传送,传播 知识点47:crowd n.人群;民众;vt.挤满;使……拥挤 crowded adj.拥挤的;挤满的;塞满的 【解析】a crowd of a crowd of/crowds of 一群/成群… crowd in 涌上心头 crowd into one's mind/head=crowd in on sb. 涌入脑海 be crowded with 充满;挤满 =be full of=be filled with [巩固内化] 单句语法填空 ① The crowd crowded into the stadium which was crowded with audience. ② A crowd of people were waiting for the bus when the accident happened. ③ He led me through the crowded(crowd) shop and to a bench with a large professional karaoke box on it. 知识点48:if条件状语从句的省略形式 【解析】if any 如果有的话 if so 如果这样的话 if not 如果不这样的话 if necessary 如果有必要的话 if possible 如果有可能的话 知识点49:as well as既……又……,同(一样也);和;还,连接并列成分 【解析】 (1)as well as既……又……,可连接两个平行结构。动词形式与as well as之前的主语一致;并列同等成分,后接动词 多用 doing形式。 (2)as well as连接并列主语时谓语动词与前面的主语一致(就远原则) 有相同用法的还有: with, along with, together with, besides, like, rather than, without except, including, but, in addition to等。 Eg.就远原则 (谓语动词与A保持一致) A as well as B A with B A along/together/coupled with B A plus/among/including B A except/besides/but/other than/rather than/in addition to B 【拓展】as well 也; 又; 还(相当于too,用于句尾) may/might as well do sth 倒不如做某事;不妨做某事 [巩固内化] 单句语法填空 ① Tears welled up in her eyes, and her heart seemed to be torn as well. ② The teacher as well as his students is going(go) to plant trees tomorrow. ③ He's modest, as well as being(be) a great player. 4. It is I rather than you am(be) to blame for the mistake. 5. Either you or he is(be) responsible for the mistake 6. Not only Tom but also his parents is(be) fond of watching television. 7. Everyone except Li Ming knows(know) the answer. [衔接写作] 补全句子 ① If you do not like swimming, you may as well go jogging. 如果不喜欢游泳,你不妨慢跑。 ②They are a couple in the real world as well as in the movie. 他们在电影和现实生活中都是一对夫妇。 [衔接高考] ①(2019 天津)Amy, as well as her brothers, was given (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week. ②(2020 新高考 )His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. ③(2020 新高考 ) As well as looking(look) at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 【拓展2】 就近原则:1.there be 有 2.neither…nor 既不……也不…… 3.either…or 不是……就是……;要么……要么…… 4.not only…but also 不但……而且…… 5.not…but 不是……而是…… 知识点50:the way后省略that/in which的定语从句 【解析】 (1)句中定语从句people built houses修饰先行词the way,其前省略了关系词that/in which;关系词若在从句中作状语,相当于“用这种方式/方法(=in this way)”时,通常不用关系词,偶尔用 that,在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。 (2)the way作先行词,如果在定语从句中作主语,引导词为that/which且不能省略; (3)the way作先行词,如果在定语从句中作宾语,引导词为that/which且可以省略。 【拓展】the way 后不能用 how 引导定语从句,但也可以不用the way,而直接用 how 引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。 The way后不能用how引导定语从句,但可以用how引导的名词性从句来表达。 That's the way he did it.=That's how he did it. 知识点51:with复合结构 【解析】with复合结构如下: with+n./pron.+宾补 知识点52:It+be+adj.+that... 【解析】It is/was surprising that...“令人吃惊……”,it在句中作形式主语,代指后面that引导的主语从句。it作形式主语的常用句式: (1)It be+形容词(possible, obvious, important...)+that... (2)It be+名词短语(a pity, a fact, a wonder, no wonder...)+that从句 知识点53:过去分词作定语和宾补 过去分词作定语时的意义 1.及物动词的过去分词作定语,在语态上表示被动;在时间上,常表示动作已经发生或完成,有时也不表示时间性。 Our teacher watched us doing the experiment and gave us a satisfied smile at last.我们的老师看着我们做实验,最后给了我们一个满意的微笑。 The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.会上提出的计划将很快被执行。 2.不及物动词的过去分词作定语,它不表示被动意义,只强调动作完成。 Many little kids like gathering fallen leaves in the yard.许多小孩子喜欢在庭院里收集落叶。 The risen sun is shining brightly in the morning.早上已升起的太阳正明亮地闪耀着。 过去分词作定语时的位置 1.前置定语 一般情况下,单个过去分词作前置定语,即放在所修饰词之前。 The polluted water was to blame for the spread of cholera.被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。 We needed much more qualified workers.我们需要更多的合格的工人。 有些过去分词表示特定含义时,单独作定语也可放在所修饰的名词之后,如left(剩余的),given(所给的),concerned(有关的)等。 There are few tigers left.It is time for the departments concerned to take measures to protect them from dying out.剩余的老虎不多了,是相关当局采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。 2.后置定语 过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语,即放在所修饰词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。 He is a teacher loved by his students.他是一位受学生爱戴的老师。 The book published ten years ago is still a best seller today.十年前出版的这本书现在仍然是一本畅销书。 3.过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别 意义 形式 语态 时态 过去分词 被动 完成 现在分词 主动 进行 As we all know, China is a developing country.众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。 The visitor is from a developed country.这位游客来自一个发达国家。 4.过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语的区别 意义 形式 语态 时态 done 被动 完成 being done 被动 进行 to be done 被动 尚未发生 The building built last year is our classroom building.去年建造的那栋楼是我们的教学楼。 The building being built now is our classroom building.现在正在建造的那栋楼是我们的教学楼。 The building to be built next month is our classroom building.下个月将要建造的那栋楼是我们的教学楼。 常见的过去分词作宾语补足语的情况 1.过去分词用在表状态的动词keep, leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。 He passed away, leaving his works unfinished.他去世了,留下他的著作还未完成。 Don’t keep your mouth shut when I ask you a question.当我问你问题时不要闭口不语。 2.过去分词用在使役动词have/get和make的后面作宾语补足语。 (1)“have/get+宾语+过去分词”表示“让别人做某事”。 He wants to have/get his eyes examined tomorrow.他明天想去检查眼睛。 Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.珍妮希望史密斯先生会建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。 (2)在“make+宾语+过去分词”这种结构中,过去分词表示结果。 They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English. 他们用很浅易的英语来设法使自己被理解。 3.感官动词see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find等后,可用过去分词作宾语补足语。 When we saw the road blocked with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. 当我们看到道路被雪封住后,我们决定在家过假期。 The next morning people found the world outside their houses completely changed. 第二天早上,人们发现他们房子外面的世界全变了样。 4.表示“意愿;命令”的动词,如like, want, wish, expect, order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语。 The manager ordered the work finished at the end of this week.经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。 5.过去分词用在“with+宾语+宾补”这一结构中,过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。 With every problem settled, he began to think of a journey. 每一个问题解决后,他开始考虑旅行。 非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别 1.感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel等的宾语补足语主要有三种形式,试比较(以hear为例): hear+宾语+ I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时,我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。(主动、正在进行) I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动、完成) To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.为了学好英语,我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(被动、无时间性) 2.使役动词make, have, get, keep后加复合宾语的比较: (1)make+宾语+ The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face. 这令人震惊的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么可怕的问题。 He spoke slowly and clearly so that he could make himself understood. 他说得又慢又清楚以便使自己被理解。 (2)have+宾语+ Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。 He had us laughing all through the meal.整顿饭下来他让我们笑个不停。 My elder sister had her wallet stolen on a bus last month.上个月,我姐姐的钱包在公共汽车上被偷了。 (3)get+宾语+ He got me to post the letter for him.他让我替他寄信。 The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。 I’ll get my cellphone repaired tomorrow.我明天要(请人)修一下我的手机。 (4)keep+宾语+ I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起,让你久等了。 She kept her eyes shut and stayed where she was.她紧闭双眼,待在原地未动。 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ 必修二Unit 4 History and traditions知识要点 知识点1： Confucius n.孔子→_______________  adj.孔子的；儒学的; n.儒家学者，孔子的门徒→________________ n.儒家思想，孔子学说 【解析】Temple of Confucius ______________ Confucian school 儒家______________ Confucius Institute 孔子______________ 知识点2：mansion n.公馆;宅第 【解析】Kong Family Mansion ______________ 【拓展】A Dream of Red Mansions ______________=Dream of the Red Chamber 【拓展】______________：palace ___________：villa/cottage __________：estate Journey to the West ______________ The Romance of the Three Kingdoms ______________ Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh ______________ 知识点3：cemetery [ˈsemətri]: n.墓地;公墓 【解析】Cemetery of Confucius 孔林 【拓展】tomb : n.坟墓 grave: n.坟墓 funeral /ˈfjuːnərəl/ n.______________ 【记忆剖析】cemetery--坟场，里面有很多grave grave--坟，埋了尸体的地方 tomb--可以和grave一样，有墓碑的 知识点4：philosophy n.哲学→_______________ n.哲学家→_______________ adj.哲学的；冷静的；达观的→_______________ adv.哲学上地；冷静地 知识点5：descendant /dɪˈsendənt/ n.后裔;后代;子孙 【解析】Chinese descendant _______________ 【拓展1】descend v._______________ ascend v._______________ ancestor n._______________ 【拓展2】participate→participant _______________ assist→ assistant _______________ apply→ applicant _______________ migrate→migrant _______________ serve→servant _______________ account→accountant _______________ contest→contestant _______________ 知识点6：individual [ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl] adj.单独的；个别的 n.个人(可数)→_______________ adv.单独地→_______________ v.个人化→_______________ n.个性；个性特征→_______________ n.个人主义 【解析】人：person，people，human，human being，folk，mankind 知识点7：heel /hi:l/ n.足跟;(脚、袜子等)后跟 【解析】 high heel _______________ Achilles' heel /əˈkiliːz hi:l/ _______________ 【拓展】 1. Don’t take his words seriously—he’s just pulling your leg. →pull one’s leg _______________ 2. When he gives me advice, I am all ears. →be all ears _______________ 3. I’m all thumbs when it comes to using this new machine. →be all thumbs _______________ 4. This handmade watch cost him an arm and a leg. →cost (sb) an arm and a leg _______________ 5. My parents and I see eye to eye on most family decisions. →see eye to eye _______________ 6. Your analysis of the problem hit the nail on the head. →hit the nail on the head _______________ 7. As a country girl in the big city, she felt like a fish out of water at the fancy party. →a fish out of water _______________ 8. She was over the moon when she got the offer from her dream university. →over the moon _______________ 9. For a professional pianist, playing this simple tune is child’s play. →child’s play _______________ 10. Don’t be a wet blanket—come and join us at the picnic! →a wet blanket _______________ 11. The new manager is a tough nut—he never compromises on work standards. →a tough nut _______________ 知识点8：kingdom [ˈkɪŋdəm ] n.王国;领域 【解析】the United Kingdom 英国;联合王国 【拓展】king: _______________ _______________：emperor _______________：queen _______________：prince _______________：princess -dom (名词后缀)：职位；地位；领域 wisdom freedom boredom 知识点9：chief  [tʃi:f] adj.最重要的；最高级别的(main/major) n. (公司或机构的)首领; 酋长(复数: ____________) 【解析】the chief/main/major cause/problem/reason 主要原因 / 问题 / 理由 CEO=chief executive officer 首席执行官 【拓展】chef n.厨师，主厨→pl. __________ 【拓展】主要的：main，major，principal，prime，dominant 重要的：important，significant，crucial，vital，key，essential 知识点10：puzzle　n.谜；智力游戏；疑问　vt.迷惑；使困惑→_______________ adj.困惑的，迷惑不解的→_______________ adj.令人迷惑不解的→_______________ n.迷惑；困惑 【解析】(1)be ________ a puzzle　　　　　 感到困惑 be a puzzle __________ sb. 对某人来说是个谜 (2)puzzle _________/__________ sth. 苦苦思考，冥思苦想 (3)puzzled adj. 困惑的，迷惑不解的 be puzzled ____________ sth. 对..感到困惑 ____________ look 困惑的表情 ____________ puzzlement 困惑地 puzzle sth out 琢磨出…的答案（work/figure out） 【拓展】表示音容笑貌要用ed形式：voice/look/expression/scream/smile/tears [即学即练]——单句语法填空 ① You must have been troubled by when to say “I love you” because it is one of the greatest _______________(puzzle) in our life． ② These scientists have been puzzling ____________ how to solve the environmental problem． ③ The ___________ look on her face suggested she was ____________ over the _____________ maths problem. (puzzle)她脸上困惑的表情暗示了她正在思考那个令人困惑的数学题。 知识点11：join...__________...　把……和……连接或联结起来 【解析】(1)join the army/club/league/party 参军/加入俱乐部/入团/入党 join in 参加(比赛、活动等) join sb. in doing sth. 和某人一起做某事 (2)connect．．．with/to/and．．． 把……和……联系起来 【拓展】joint adj._______________ n.关节→make joint efforts _______________ join in = take part _______ = participate _______ = be involved ______ =engage _______ 参加 [即学即练]——单句语法填空 (1) The island is joined _________ the mainland by a bridge. (2) The island _______________(join) to the mainland by a bridge. (3) The island _______________(join) to the mainland by a bridge is no longer cut off from the outside world. (4) In the evening there was a barbecue，with the whole village _______________(join) in the fun. (5) Do you know how many of them joined _______________ the research project? (6) It was Emperor Qinshihuang who had the walls _______________(join). (7) 将一段管子与相邻的管子连接起来。 _______________ one section of pipe _______________ the next. 知识点12：break away (_______________ sb./sth.)　脱离；背叛；逃脱 【解析】break _______________　　　　　 (机器)发生故障；分解；累垮 break _______________ 强行闯入；忽然开始(大笑、唱歌、欢呼等) break _______________ 强行进入；打断；插嘴 break _______________ (战争)爆发；(火灾)突然发生 break _______________ 结束；破裂；分手，解散 breath _______________ 突破 [即学即练]——用break的相关短语填空 ① If you go on working like that, you will break _____________ sooner or later. ② A fire broke ____________ in this hotel last night and three people were killed. ③ With so many problems unsettled, a few countries wanted to break away _________ the Union. ④In my opinion, marriage based on money is likely to break _______________. 知识点13： belong _______________　属于 【解析】(1)belong to　　　　　 表示“属于”，不能用于进行时态和被动语态 (2)_______________ n.财产，所有物=possessions _______________ n.归属 _________ sense of belonging 归属感 belong to中的to是介词，该短语既不能用于被动语态，也不能用于进行时态；作后置定语时，形式为“．．．belonging to”。 ☆常见不用于被动语态的短语： break out, take place, happen to, suffer from, agree with, date back to, take part in, walk into, arrive in/at, come up, fall asleep, succeed in等。 【实战演练】 一、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. The house belongs _________ my aunt but she doesn’t live here any more. 2. Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples _______________(belong) to two major language groups. 3. The taxi driver often reminds passengers to take their _______________(belong) when they leave the car. 二、根据所给汉语及提示，完成下列句子。 1. When I was a boy, I _______________(是……的成员) the Boy Scouts (童子军), so I used to go camping every summer. 2. In other words, gossip (闲聊) is satisfying because it gives people __________________ (归属感). (2016 浙江) 知识点14：currency n.货币→_______________ adj.现在的，当前的，流行的 n.（水，气，电）流；趋势；涌流→_______________ adv.当前；目前 【解析】foreign currency _______________ be __________ currency 正在流行 / 通用 知识点15：military adj.军事的，军用的 【解析】military training _______________ 【拓展】军队：army，troops，armed forces 知识点16：defence　n.防御；保卫→_______________ vt.保护；保卫；为……辩护→_______________ adj.防御性的→_______________ n.被告；adj.辩护的→_______________ n.防卫者；辩护者 【解析】(1)________ defence (of．．．)　　 为了保卫(……) _________ one’s defence 站在某人一边；为某人辩护 (2)defend vt． 保护；保卫；为……辩护 defend．．．__________/_________．．． 防御；保卫……以免受…… =protect/shelter/preserve sb from ... 保护某人免受…的伤害 【练一练】 ①Some think that students should be trained_______________(defend) themselves against some attacks. ②Many medical experts are working hard in _______________(defend) of people's health. ③When a dog attacked me, I picked up a stick to defend _______________(I). 知识点17：legal adj.法律的;合法的→_______________ adv.法律上;合法地→_______________ adj.不合法的;违法的→_______________ adv.不法地 知识点18：surround　vt.围绕；包围→_______________ adj.周围的；附近的→_______________ n.环境；周边事物(复数) 【解析】(1)surround．．．__________．．．用……包围…… be surrounded _________/______ 被……包围/环绕 (2)surrounding adj． 周围的；附近的 (3)surroundings n． 环境；周边事物(复数) [即学即练]——单句语法填空 ① _______________(surround) by the forest, the village looks very beautiful. ② Living in beautiful and comfortable _______________ (surround), we feel very happy. ③ They all went out to look for the lost child in the _______________(surround) villages. ④Some light showers have been forecast (预报) since last month, but all of them have been effective in _______________(surround) areas. (2017 全国) ⑤I walk in the door and see a brown sofa _______________(surround) a low glass-top wooden table. ⑥When I headed toward the center, I found myself _______________(surround) by buildings that mirror the best palaces of Europe. ⑦Bill Gates has historically surrounded himself _______________ smart people, and he’s famously thirsty for knowledge. 知识点19：evidence　n.证据；证明(不可数)→_______________ adj.明显的 【解析】(1)There is some/no evidence __________．．．有/无证据证明…… _________ evidence 显眼；显而易见 give evidence 作证；提供证据 a piece of evidence 一条证据 (2)evident adj. 明显的，明白的 It’s ____________ that．．． 很明显…… 【单句语法填空】 ①His footprints were clearly _______________ in the heavy dust，which is the evidence that he had come here before (evidence)． ②She walked slowly down the road, _______________ in pain (evident)． ③He was soon deep in meditation, and ___________ was evident that the longer he thought, the more he was bothered. ④Poverty and bad housing conditions are much _________ evidence in the remote countryside. 知识点20：achievement　n．成就；成绩；达到→_______________ vt.完成；达到vi.成功→_______________ adj.可达到的；可实现的→_______________ n.成功者 【解析】(1)__________ sense of achievement　　 成就感 make _________ achievement ________(doing) sth.在...方面取得成就 (2)achieve vt. 完成；达到vi.成功 achieve one’s goal 达到目标 【根据所给汉语，完成下列句子】 1. Handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel __________________________(成就感).   2. Man’s first walk on the moon was ___________________________________ (一项伟大的科技成就). 3. In the last few years, China has ____________________________________(取得重大成就) in environmental protection. (2015 北京改) 知识点21：_______________ n.地方；地点；位置→locate vt.确定…的准确位置→_______________ adj.坐落在… , 位于… 【解析】be ____________ in/on/at 坐落于，位于=be _____________ in=________ in位于=stand in 【即学即练】 1. _______________（locate）where the Belt meets the Road，Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. 2. Mount Huang ____________________（位于）Anhui Province. 3. It is a suitable _______________ for a new airport. 知识点22：conquer vt.占领；征服；控制→_______________ n.占领者，征服者→_______________n.征服 【解析】conquer the world 征服世界 conquer fear 克服恐惧 conquer difficulties 战胜困难 【拓展】overcome: v.克服 defeat : v.击败（对手或敌人） 知识点23：port n.港口(城市) 【拓展】import n./v._______________ export n./v._______________ transport v._______________ _______________：harbor 知识点24：battle n.战斗 vt.&vi.搏斗；奋斗→battlefield n._______________ 【解析】battled ___________/____________ 与……搏斗 battle _______________ 为……而战 知识点25：_______________ adj.极有吸引力的；迷人的→_______________ adj.入迷的→fascinate v.吸引;迷住→_______________ n.迷人 【解析】be fascinated __________… 被…迷住 It is _______________ to see...看到...太奇妙了 have a fascination _______________ sth 对...着迷 知识点26：keep one's eyes open (___________) 留心；留意 【解析】keep an eye __________ 照看，照管；留心注意 look sb. ________ the eye(s) 直视别人 have an eye ___________ 对……有判断力/鉴赏力 ____________ sb.'s eye 吸引某人的注意 _________ one’s eyes 依某人看，在某人眼里 fix one’s eye _________ 注视；盯着看 【拓展】keep _______________ 保持；继续 keep up _______________ 跟上；保持同步；和……保持联系 keep back _______________ keep away（_______________） 避免接近（……） keep sb. _______________ doing... 阻止某人做…… keep in touch _______________ 与……保持联系 知识点27：charge　n．收费；指控；主管　vt.收费；控告；充电；冲锋，进攻→charged adj.___________→discharge v.____________→recharge v.___________→charger n.___________→overcharge v._______________ 【解析】(1)charge sb. __________ sth．　　　为某物向某人收取费用 charge sb.__________ (doing) sth. 控告某人(做)某事 (2)take charge _________ 掌管/负责…… ________ charge of 控制/管理…… in ________ charge of 受……的管理=in sb’s charge (3)free of charge ___________=for free admission charges _______________ 【拓展】类似短语有: in possession of意为“占有”,表示主动; in the possession of意 为“被……占有”,表示被动 in control of意为“管理,控制”,表示主动; in the control of意为“由……管理/控制”,表示被动 知识点28：announce　vt.宣布；通知；声称→______________ n.通告；宣告→______________ n.播音员；广播员 【解析】(1)announce sth. ________ sb.=announce to sb sth向某人宣告某事 It is _______________ that．．．据宣布……=_______ is announced that... (2)announcement n. 通告；宣告 make an ______________ 宣布 announcer n. 播音员；广播员 【练一练】 一、空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式填空。 1. After graduating from university in 1932, Reagan got a job as a radio sports _______________ (announce). 2. The _______________(announce) was greeted enthusiastically. 二、根据所给汉语完成下列句子。 1. Silence, please. Mr White is about to __________________________________ (宣布通知). 2. He said the lucky woman _________________________________ (将在网上公布) and the trip will be shared online. (2017 全国) 知识点29：amount　n．金额；数量 【解析】(1)a large amount of＋不可数名词＋谓语动词____________ ＝large amounts of＋不可数名词＋谓语动词___________ 大量的 即作主语时谓语动词的单复数与amount的单复数有关，与of后面的名词无关 (2)in large/small amounts 大量地/少量地 amount ___________ 合计，等于，相当于 _________ amount of... ...的数量 （做主语谓语动词用____________） 表示“大量的”的短语还有a large number of, a great deal of, plenty of, a lot of等。 (1)a great deal of, a large amount of只能修饰不可数名词； (2)a large number of只能修饰可数名词复数； (3)a lot of, plenty of,a large quantity of既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 [即学即练]——单句语法填空 ①A large amount of money ________ (be) to be spent in building a new bridge for the village. ②At that time, small amounts of land _______________(use) for keeping animals. ③The total sales of the company didn’t amount __________ more than a million dollars.  ④The amount of fuel that this car uses _________(be) a big strike against it. 知识点30：approach　n．方法；途径；接近vt.接近；接洽；着手处理　vi.靠近→_______________ adj.可接近的；友好的→_______________ adj.快到了 ； 接近的 【解析】(1)approach sb./sth.　　　 靠近/接近某人/某物 be _______________ 临近，靠近 with the approach of = with + n.+ _______________ 随着…临近 approach the problem 处理问题 approach sb. about sth. 与某人商量某事 (2)(an) approach _______ (doing) sth.接近，近似；(做某事)的方法(途径) ________ the approach of．．． 在……快到的时候 同义词approach, way, means, method等在表达“(做)某事的方法”时各自的搭配分别是： (1)the approach to (doing) sth． (2)the way to do/of (doing) sth． (3)the means of (doing) sth． (4)the method of (doing) sth． 知识点31：ensure vt.保证；确保；担保=make sure 【单句语法填空】 （1） I can’t ____________(sure) that he will be there on time. 完成句子 （2） Please _______________(确保) all the windows are closed. The storm is approaching. （3）The police’s duty is to _______________________(确保……的安全) citizens. 【拓展】 使役动词词缀 en en- + sure → ensure v.确保 en- + able → enable v.使能够 en- + rich → enrich v.使丰富 en- + danger → endanger v.使遭遇危险 en- + courage → encourage v.鼓励 short+ -en → shorten v. (使) 变短 deaf + -en → deafen v.使震得耳朵发聋 fright + -en → frighten v.使惊吓 threat + -en → threaten v.威胁 light + -en → lighten v. (使) 变明亮 / 减轻 “使役动词”前缀 en- 及后缀 -en 可加在形容词和名词前或后构成动词，en 词缀意为 “使”“使成为”“使处于……之中”。 知识点32：generous adj.慷慨的；大方的；丰富的→_______________ n.慷慨；大方；宽宏大量→_______________ adv.慷慨地；大方地→→（反）_________ adj.小气的，刻薄的 【解析】be generous ________ sb. 对某人慷慨 be generous _________ sth. 在某方面很慷慨 be generous in (doing) sth. 乐于做某事 It is generous ________ sb. to do sth. 某人做某事真慷慨 【练一练】 ①(广东卷写作）She herself lived a simple or rather poor life but she was so generous _________ the people in need of help. ②（2019.浙江卷阅读）While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show _______________(generous)and sympathy. ③他因慷慨解囊而得到好名声。 He got a fine fame for ___________________________ his money to help others. 知识点33：position n.位置；姿态；职位 v.放置；安置 【解析】position/case/situation/point/stage都是定语从句的“抽象地点”先行词，常用where引导定语从句。 Eg. I found myself in a position ___________ I needed to catch up, and I want to turn it around. 【解析2】in/out of position 在/不在适当的位置 知识点34：eager　adj.热切的；渴望的→_______________ n.热切，渴望→_______________ adv.急切地;渴望 【解析】(1)be eager ____________ sth.　　　　渴望做某事= long to do sth be eager _________ sth. 渴望某事= long for sth be eager that... 热切希望…… (从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略) be eager in 热衷于 (2)eagerness n. 热切，渴望 with eagerness 热切地;急切地 【拓展】“渴望做某事” be eager for/to do sth be anxious for/to do sth be dying for/to do sth be desperate for/to do sth be hungry/ thirsty for/to do sth have a desire for long for/to do sth [巩固内化] 单句语法填空　 ①Everyone in the class seemed eager _______________ (learn). ②We listened _______________(eager), for he brought news of our families. 　　　 ③They were eager _______________ a second bite of the cherry. ④I couldn't hide my _______________ (eager) to get back home. [衔接高考] ①(2016.浙江高考)Each week I _______________(eager) counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there ②(2021.全国I) As she was leaving she was eager _______________ (say) goodbye to each of us in the nursing team. 知识点35：poet  n.诗人→_______________ n.诗;诗歌（可数）→_______________ n.诗集; 诗作（不可数）→_______________ adj.诗意的 知识点36：feast n.盛宴；宴会；节日 【解析】视/听觉盛宴a feast ____________one’s eyes/ ears 知识点37：roll vt.&vi. (使)翻滚；(使)滚动 n.卷(轴)；翻滚→_______________ adj.起伏的 【解析】roll ____________ 滚下.... roll one’s eyes _______________ roll up _______________ roll over _______________ 知识点38：dot n.点；小(圆)点 vt.加点；遍布 【解析】be dotted __________ 布满；星罗棋布于 ________ the dot 准时 Eg. The sky was dotted with stars. 繁星点缀着星空。 知识点39：roar /rɔ:(r)/ vi.&n.吼叫;咆哮 Eg. A roar of laughter went up. 一阵哄堂大笑。 He roared with anger. 他怒吼。 知识点40：cattle  n.牛 【解析】________ head of cattle: 一头牛 cattle: 集合名词,前面不能加 a,词尾也不可加s。 常和many, these, those, the等连用。用作主语时,句子的谓语动词多用复数。 cow: n.母牛; 奶牛 ox: 公牛(已阉割) (复数: oxen) bull: 公牛(未阉割) 知识点41：ocean   n.大海；海洋 【解析】an ocean of/ oceans of… 许多的 【熟词生义】许多, 大量 知识点42：greet　vi. & vt.迎接；问候→_______________ n.(常用复数形式)问候；祝贺；贺词 【解析】(1)greet sb．__________．．．　　 用……迎接某人；用……向某人打招呼 be greeted __________ 被当作……受到欢迎 give/send my greetings _______ 请代我向……问候 sb be greeted _______... 某人看到、听到、闻到、感受到 (2)greeting n. (常用复数形式)问候；祝贺；贺词 知识点43：custom n.风俗；习俗；习惯 adj.定做的→_______________ n.顾客;主顾→_______________ v.使习惯于 【解析】It’s the custom (for sb.) _____________ sth. （对某人来说）做某事是一种习俗 【拓展】customs n.海关；关税 知识点44：______________ adj.感觉的；感官的→sense n.感官 v.感觉到→_______________n.传感器→_______________ adj.敏感的；易受到影响→_______________ adj.明智的；通晓事理的→_______________ n.敏感（性）；灵敏度 知识点45：_______________ adj.引人注目的；显著的→strike n.＆v.罢工; 侵袭→过去式_______________→过去分词______________/_______________ 【解析】be struck ________ 被…所侵袭；被…所打动 ________ strikes/struck sb that… 某人突然想起… be/go ________ strike 举行罢工 [一词多义]写出下列句子中strike的汉语意思 When the clock struck nine，it struck me that I would write a report about the workers’ strikes, because I was deeply struck by their stories. What struck me most was that they never gave up life however hard it was. ___________________________________________________________________________ 知识点46：transition n.过渡；转变；变迁→_______________ adj.过渡的 【拓展】trans-前缀 表示"转变"、"变换" transport vt._______________ transplant vt._______________ translate vt. & vi._______________ transparent adj._______________ transform v._______________ transfer v._______________ transmit v._______________ 知识点47：crowd n.人群；民众；vt.挤满；使……拥挤→_______________ adj.拥挤的；挤满的；塞满的 【解析】a crowd of a crowd of/crowds of 一群/成群… crowd __________ 涌上心头 crowd ___________ one's mind/head＝crowd in on sb. 涌入脑海 be crowded ________ 充满;挤满 =be full ______=be filled __________ [巩固内化]　单句语法填空 ① The crowd crowded _________ the stadium which was crowded __________ audience. ② A crowd ________ people were waiting for the bus when the accident happened. ③ He led me through the _______________(crowd) shop and to a bench with a large professional karaoke box on it.  知识点48：if条件状语从句的省略形式 【解析】if any　　　　　　　　　 如果有的话 if so 如果这样的话 if not 如果不这样的话 if necessary 如果有必要的话 if possible 如果有可能的话 知识点49：as well ______ 既……又……，同(一样也);和;还,连接并列成分 【解析】 (1)as well as既……又……，可连接两个平行结构。动词形式与as well as之前的主语一致；并列同等成分，后接动词 多用 doing形式。 (2)as well as连接并列主语时谓语动词与前面的主语一致(就远原则) 有相同用法的还有: with, along with, together with, besides, like, rather than, without except, including, but, in addition to等。 Eg.就远原则 (谓语动词与A保持一致) A as well as B A with B A along/together/coupled with B A plus/among/including B A except/besides/but/other than/rather than/in addition to B 【拓展】as well 也; 又; 还（相当于too，用于句尾） may/might as well do sth 倒不如做某事;不妨做某事 [巩固内化]　单句语法填空 ① Tears welled up in her eyes, and her heart seemed to be torn ________ well. ② The teacher as well as his students _______________(go) to plant trees tomorrow. ③ He's modest, as well as _______________(be) a great player. 4. It is I rather than you _______________(be) to blame for the mistake. 5. Either you or he _______________(be) responsible for the mistake 6. Not only Tom but also his parents _______________(be) fond of watching television. 7. Everyone except Li Ming _______________(know) the answer. [衔接写作] 补全句子　 ① If you do not like swimming, you __________________ go jogging. 如果不喜欢游泳,你不妨慢跑。 ②They are a couple in the real world __________________ in the movie. 他们在电影和现实生活中都是一对夫妇。 [衔接高考] ①(2019·天津)Amy, as well as her brothers, _______________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.  ②(2020·新高考Ⅰ)His judgment and references are decidedly American, ________ well as his delicate stomach.  ③(2020·新高考Ⅰ) As well as ___________(look) at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 【拓展2】 就近原则:1.there __________ 有 2.neither…__________ 既不……也不…… 3.either…________ 不是……就是……；要么……要么…… 4.not only…_________ also 不但……而且…… 5.not…________ 不是……而是…… 知识点50：the way后省略that/in which的定语从句 【解析】 (1)句中定语从句people built houses修饰先行词the way，其前省略了关系词that/in which；关系词若在从句中作状语，相当于“用这种方式/方法(＝in this way)”时，通常不用关系词，偶尔用 that，在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。 (2)the way作先行词，如果在定语从句中作主语，引导词为that/which且不能省略； (3)the way作先行词，如果在定语从句中作宾语，引导词为that/which且可以省略。 【拓展】the way 后不能用 how 引导定语从句，但也可以不用the way，而直接用 how 引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。 The way后不能用how引导定语从句，但可以用how引导的名词性从句来表达。 That's the way he did it.＝That's how he did it. 知识点51：with复合结构 【解析】with复合结构如下： with＋n．/pron．＋宾补 知识点52：It＋be＋adj.＋that... 【解析】It is/was surprising that．．．“令人吃惊……”，it在句中作形式主语，代指后面that引导的主语从句。it作形式主语的常用句式： (1)It be＋形容词(possible, obvious, important．．．)＋that．．． (2)It be＋名词短语(a pity, a fact, a wonder, no wonder．．．)＋that从句 知识点53：过去分词作定语和宾补 　　　　　　过去分词作定语时的意义 1．及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。 ◆Our teacher watched us doing the experiment and gave us a satisfied smile at last．我们的老师看着我们做实验，最后给了我们一个满意的微笑。 ◆The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon．会上提出的计划将很快被执行。 2．不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。 ◆Many little kids like gathering fallen leaves in the yard．许多小孩子喜欢在庭院里收集落叶。 ◆The risen sun is shining brightly in the morning．早上已升起的太阳正明亮地闪耀着。 　　　　　　过去分词作定语时的位置 1．前置定语 一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在所修饰词之前。 ◆The polluted water was to blame for the spread of cholera．被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。 ◆We needed much more qualified workers．我们需要更多的合格的工人。 有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也可放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。 ◆There are few tigers left．It is time for the departments concerned to take measures to protect them from dying out．剩余的老虎不多了，是相关当局采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。 2．后置定语 过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。 ◆He is a teacher loved by his students．他是一位受学生爱戴的老师。 ◆The book published ten years ago is still a best­seller today．十年前出版的这本书现在仍然是一本畅销书。 3．过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别 　意义 形式　 语态 时态 过去分词 被动 完成 现在分词 主动 进行 ◆As we all know, China is a developing country．众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。 ◆The visitor is from a developed country．这位游客来自一个发达国家。 4．过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语的区别 意义 形式　 语态 时态 done 被动 完成 being done 被动 进行 to be done 被动 尚未发生 ◆The building built last year is our classroom building．去年建造的那栋楼是我们的教学楼。 ◆The building being built now is our classroom building．现在正在建造的那栋楼是我们的教学楼。 ◆The building to be built next month is our classroom building．下个月将要建造的那栋楼是我们的教学楼。 　　　　　　常见的过去分词作宾语补足语的情况 1．过去分词用在表状态的动词keep, leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。 ◆He passed away, leaving his works unfinished．他去世了，留下他的著作还未完成。 ◆Don’t keep your mouth shut when I ask you a question．当我问你问题时不要闭口不语。 2．过去分词用在使役动词have/get和make的后面作宾语补足语。 (1)“have/get＋宾语＋过去分词”表示“让别人做某事”。 ◆He wants to have/get his eyes examined tomorrow．他明天想去检查眼睛。 ◆Jenny hopes that Mr．Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period．珍妮希望史密斯先生会建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。 (2)在“make＋宾语＋过去分词”这种结构中，过去分词表示结果。 ◆They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English． 他们用很浅易的英语来设法使自己被理解。 3．感官动词see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。 ◆When we saw the road blocked with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home． 当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家过假期。 ◆The next morning people found the world outside their houses completely changed． 第二天早上，人们发现他们房子外面的世界全变了样。 4．表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like, want, wish, expect, order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语。 ◆The manager ordered the work finished at the end of this week．经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。 5．过去分词用在“with＋宾语＋宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。 ◆With every problem settled, he began to think of a journey．　每一个问题解决后，他开始考虑旅行。 　　　　　　非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别 1．感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel等的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以hear为例)： hear＋宾语＋ ◆I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday． 昨天经过她房间时，我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。(主动、正在进行) ◆I heard her sing an English song just now．刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动、完成) ◆To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible．为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(被动、无时间性) 2．使役动词make, have, get, keep后加复合宾语的比较： (1)make＋宾语＋ ◆The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face．　这令人震惊的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么可怕的问题。 ◆He spoke slowly and clearly so that he could make himself understood． 他说得又慢又清楚以便使自己被理解。 (2)have＋宾语＋ ◆Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt．妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。 ◆He had us laughing all through the meal．整顿饭下来他让我们笑个不停。 ◆My elder sister had her wallet stolen on a bus last month．上个月，我姐姐的钱包在公共汽车上被偷了。 (3)get＋宾语＋ ◆He got me to post the letter for him．他让我替他寄信。 ◆The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest．休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。 ◆I’ll get my cellphone repaired tomorrow．我明天要(请人)修一下我的手机。 (4)keep＋宾语＋ ◆I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long．对不起，让你久等了。 ◆She kept her eyes shut and stayed where she was．她紧闭双眼，待在原地未动。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $