Units 1-4单元语法知识梳理与练习2025-2026学年沪外教版英语七年级下册

沪外教版七年级下册Unit 4单元语法知识梳理与练习 一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 4 Epic engineering) 一、让步状语从句：although 与 though 的用法 【核心规则】 although 和 though 都可以引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”。它们在句中的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。 1. 当从句放在句首时，主从句之间通常用逗号隔开。 2. although 比 though 更正式，常用于书面语中。 3. though 还可以作为副词放在句末，意为“然而，可是”，前面常用逗号隔开，而 although 没有此用法。 【易错点：与 but 的互斥】 在英语中，表示“虽然……但是……”时，although / though 绝不能和 but 连用在同一个句子里。你只能使用其中一个。 （正确）Although the work was hard, they finished it on time. 虽然工作很辛苦，但他们按时完成了。 （正确）The work was hard, but they finished it on time. （错误）Although the work was hard, but they finished it on time. 【课本例句】 Although the Qinghai-Xizang Railway goes through permafrost (冻土), the train runs safely. 尽管青藏铁路穿过永久冻土层，但火车安全运行。 They succeeded in the end, though they faced many challenges. 尽管他们面临许多挑战，他们最终还是成功了。 二、方位介词辨析：across, along, over, through 【核心辨析】 在描述工程建筑（如公路、桥梁、隧道）时，经常用到表示空间运动的介词： 1. across (横过，穿过)：表示在物体的表面从一边到另一边（2D平面）。     例如：walk across the street (穿过街道)。 2. through (穿过，贯穿)：表示在物体的内部从一端穿到另一端（3D立体空间，如隧道、森林、人群）。     例如：go through the tunnel (穿过隧道)；walk through the forest (穿过森林)。 3. over (越过，在……上方)：表示在物体的上方从一边越到另一边，或者“横跨”。     例如：build a bridge over the river (在河上建一座桥)；fly over the mountains (飞越群山)。 4. along (沿着，顺着)：表示顺着一条线或物体的边缘（如河流、道路）平行移动。     例如：walk along the river (沿着河边走)。 三、本单元核心词汇与语音知识 【核心词汇：史诗级工程 (Epic engineering)】 本单元探讨了人类的伟大工程（如青藏铁路、都江堰、大运河），重点词汇包括： 1. 工程与建筑： epic (宏伟的，史诗般的), engineering (工程), canal (运河), railway (铁路), tunnel (隧道), passage (通道，走廊)。 2. 挑战与应对： challenge (挑战), overcome (克服), task (任务), permafrost (永久冻土), remain (保持不变)。 3. 动词与连接： complete (完成), connect (连接), join (连接), protect (保护)。 【语音知识：句子重音 I (Sentence stress I)】 在英语句子中，为了表达清楚意思，往往需要重读某些词。通常，**实词（名词、动词、形容词、副词、疑问词等）需要重读**，而虚词（冠词、连词、介词、代词等）通常弱读。 例如：'Building a 'safe 'track is a 'big 'challenge. (粗体为重读词) 二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编） I. 单项选择（10道） 1. The train goes ________ the long tunnel in just two minutes. It is amazing! A. across B. through C. over D. along 2. The workers built a strong bridge ________ the wide river to connect the two villages. A. in B. under C. over D. through 3. ________ the weather was terrible, the engineers continued their work outside. A. Although B. Because C. If D. So 4. Look left and right before you walk ________ the busy street. A. through B. along C. across D. above 5. They successfully managed to ________ all the difficulties during the construction. A. protect B. overcome C. remain D. expect 6. He failed the driving test twice, ________ he didn't give up. A. and B. so C. but D. although 7. Every evening after dinner, my grandparents take a walk ________ the river. A. across B. through C. over D. along 8. Building a railway on permafrost (冻土) is an epic ________ for any engineer in the world. A. challenge B. passage C. canal D. safety 9. ________ he is very young, he knows a lot about the history of Chinese architecture (建筑). A. Though B. Because C. Until D. Unless 10. The government will build a new highway to ________ the two modern cities. A. compare B. control C. connect D. cancel II. 语法填空（3篇） Passage 1 (The Qinghai-Xizang Railway) The Qinghai-Xizang Railway is an epic road. It is the 11. ________ (high) railway in the world. 12. ________ (build) it was a big challenge, for the weather was extremely cold and the air was thin. Another challenge was the permafrost. However, the engineers and workers managed 13. ________ (overcome) all the difficulties. They also worked hard to protect the environment. For example, special passages 14. ________ (build) under the tracks (轨道) for animals to go 15. ________ (through) the railway safely. 16. ________ (luck), many animals can move freely now. 17. ________ (although) the work was very hard, the workers felt proud of themselves. The railway connects Xizang with other parts of China, making travel much 18. ________ (easy) than before. People are 19. ________ (amaze) by this great engineering wonder. We are very proud of 20. ________ (our) great country! Passage 2 (The Wisdom of Dujiangyan) Dujiangyan is a great engineering wonder in Chengdu, China. It 21. ________ (have) a history of over 2,000 years. It 22. ________ (design) by Li Bing to control floods. In the past, the river often caused terrible floods in rainy seasons. 23. ________ (how), there was not enough water in dry seasons. Li Bing and his people worked 24. ________ (hard) to solve the problem. They built Yuzui to separate the river into two parts. 25. ________ (by) doing this, they successfully guided the water into dry farms without a dam (大坝). Dujiangyan is 26. ________ (real) an epic project. 27. ________ (it) clever design greatly improves the life of local people. Today, it still plays an important 28. ________ (role) in watering the farms. Many 29. ________ (tourist) visit Dujiangyan every year. They are deeply moved by the 30. ________ (create) ideas of ancient Chinese people. Passage 3 (The Grand Canal) The Grand Canal is another epic engineering wonder in China. It is the 31. ________ (long) man-made river in the world. The canal was built to connect the north 32. ________ the south of China. 33. ________ (though) it was built a long time ago, it is still in use today. In the past, it was very important for 34. ________ (trade) to transport goods like rice and silk. Ships could travel 35. ________ (along) the canal easily from Hangzhou to Beijing. The canal brought wealth (财富) and cultural exchanges to the cities 36. ________ (near). Today, the government has taken action 37. ________ (protect) this valuable cultural heritage (遗产). The environment around the canal is becoming 38. ________ (beautiful) and more attractive. People enjoy 39. ________ (walk) over the ancient stone bridges in the evening. It is not only a historical wonder 40. ________ also a living part of modern life. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 沪外教版七年级下册Unit 3单元语法知识梳理与练习 一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 3 Social networking) 一、不定代词 (Indefinite pronouns) 【核心规则】 本单元的核心语法是不定代词（Indefinite pronouns）的用法。不定代词用来代替不特定的人或事物。 常见的不定代词有： 1. all: 所有的，全部的（指代三者或三者以上）。 2. both: 两者都（指代两个人或事物）。 3. some: 一些（通常用于肯定句，或希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中）。 4. any: 任何，一些（通常用于否定句和疑问句中）。 5. many: 许多（修饰或指代可数名词复数）。 6. one: 一个（用来泛指上文提到过的同类事物中的一个，以避免重复）。 7. each other: 彼此，互相。 【课本例句】 All of you are so happy. 你们所有人都是如此开心。 Tell me if you know any! 如果你知道任何（消息），请告诉我！ Did you receive one about it? 你收到关于它的（信息/通知）了吗？ We can see and hear each other. 我们可以看到并听到彼此。 I haven't explored many in south China. 我还没有在华南地区探索过很多（城市）。 Some are a little boring, but some are soooo good. 有些有点无聊，但有些非常棒。 二、选择疑问句及其语调 (Alternative questions & Intonation) 【语音规则】 选择疑问句（Alternative questions）提出两个或两个以上的选项供对方选择。 其语调规律为：在 “or” 之前的选项用升调（go up），在 “or” 之后的最后一个选项用降调（go down）。 【例句】 Do you enjoy playing sports (↗升调) or killing time online (↘降调)? 你喜欢做运动还是在网上消磨时间？ Do you prefer reading paper books (↗升调) or reading online (↘降调)? 你更喜欢读纸质书还是在线阅读？ 三、本单元核心词汇与英美英语差异 (British and American English) 【核心词汇】 本单元的主题是“网络社交 (Social networking)”，重点词汇包括： 1. 网络术语： social networking (网络社交), app (应用软件), offline (离线地), online (在线地), message (信息)。 2. 常用动词： receive (收到), download (下载), check out (察看，观察)。 3. 交际与建议： interview (采访), advice (建议), strategy (策略), solution (解决办法)。 【拓展：英美英语差异】 英语在英国和美国在拼写、词汇和语法上存在一些差异 (Differences between British and American English)： • 拼写 (Spelling): 英式英语写 colour 和 metre，而美式英语写 color 和 meter。 • 词汇 (Vocabulary): 足球在英式英语中是 football，而在美式英语中是 soccer。 • 语法/介词 (Grammar): 英式英语说 at weekends，而美式英语说 on weekends。 二：单元语法知识练习 I. 单项选择（10道） 1. Did you receive ________ messages about the upcoming school trip? A. some B. any C. one D. much 2. — Do you like reading paper books ________ reading online? — I prefer paper books. A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. Social networking apps make it easy for us to see and hear ________, even if we are far away. A. each other B. another C. the other D. others 4. In American English, people usually say "soccer" instead of "________". A. tennis B. basketball C. volleyball D. football 5. I lost my pen yesterday. I need to go to the store and buy a new ________. A. it B. one C. this D. that 6. Lily and Lucy are twins. ________ of them are very good at English. A. All B. Both C. Some D. Any 7. I haven't explored ________ cities in south China, so I plan to visit Zhuhai next week. A. much B. many C. little D. a little 8. If you want to play this game, you need to download a new ________ on your smartphone. A. app B. dictionary C. message D. note 9. In British English, people usually say "________" when they talk about Saturday and Sunday. A. on weekends B. at weekends C. in weekends D. over weekends 10. It’s important to know how to communicate ________. You shouldn't spend all your time on the Internet. A. online B. offline C. heavily D. quickly II. 语法填空（3篇） Passage 1 (Using Social Networks) Nowadays, social networking is very popular among teenagers. 11. ________ (many) students use their smartphones to chat with friends. They often send and 12. ________ (receive) messages every day. With the help of different 13. ________ (app), it is easy for people to see and hear 14. ________ other anytime and anywhere. 15. ________ (some) students think social networks are very useful, but others think they can be a little 16. ________ (bore) or even dangerous. We can share photos and stories, but we shouldn't believe 17. ________ (any) false information online. It is important to find a good 18. ________ (solve) to balance our time. If you have questions about how to use social networks safely, you can ask your teachers for 19. ________ (advise). We must remember to spend time with our family and friends 20. ________ (offline), too. Passage 2 (British and American English) Did you know that there are some 21. ________ (difference) between British and American English? Sometimes they use different words or spellings. For example, in British English, people write "colour" and "metre", but in American English, they spell them as "color" and "22. ________ (meter)". What's more, the popular sport is called "23. ________ (football)" in the UK, but Americans usually call it "soccer". When talking about Saturday and Sunday, a British student might say, "I play sports 24. ________ weekends," while an American student prefers to say "on weekends". It is very 25. ________ (interest) to learn these facts. Do you know 26. ________ (any) other examples? 27. ________ (both) of the two forms are widely used in the world. If you want to learn more, you can download a dictionary app. It will help you understand the words 28. ________ (easy). Try 29. ________ (communicate) with native speakers, and your English will get 30. ________ (good) soon. Passage 3 (A Survey on Reading Habits) Last week, our English teacher did an 31. ________ (interview) in our class. She asked us, "Do you prefer reading paper books 32. ________ reading online?" The answers were quite different. 33. ________ (all) of the students gave their own opinions. About twenty students said they loved reading paper books. One girl said, "I like the smell of paper. It makes me feel 34. ________ (relax)." However, fifteen students chose reading online. They think it is convenient because they can carry 35. ________ (many) e-books on their phones. "I lost my e-reader yesterday, so I have to buy a new 36. ________," a boy added. The teacher told us that 37. ________ (read) is a good habit. It doesn't matter what kind of books we read. The most important thing is to enjoy the stories and learn 38. ________ (something) useful. She advised us to read classic books 39. ________ (regular). Let's start reading now and open the door to a 40. ________ (wonder) world! 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 沪外教版七年级下册Unit 2单元语法知识梳理与练习 一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 2 Wonders of nature) 一、形容词与副词的比较级 (Comparatives) 【核心规则】 当我们**比较两个**人、事物或动作时，需要使用形容词或副词的**比较级**。比较级的标志词通常是连词 **than** (比)。 基本句型：A + be动词/行为动词 + 比较级 + than + B. 1. 规则变化：     • 一般在词尾加 -er (如: high → higher, fast → faster)。     • 以不发音的 e 结尾，直接加 -r (如: large → larger)。     • 以辅音字母+y结尾，变 y 为 i 加 -er (如: dry → drier, heavy → heavier)。     • 重读闭音节，双写尾字母加 -er (如: big → bigger, hot → hotter)。     • 多音节词和部分双音节词在前面加 more (如: beautiful → more beautiful)。 2. 不规则变化： good/well → better; bad/badly → worse; many/much → more; little → less; far → farther/further。 【例句】 Winters in the northern half of the earth were colder and longer than today. 地球北半球的冬天比现在更冷、更漫长。 As Lily grows up, she tries cooking dishes that are more difficult than before. 随着莉莉长大，她尝试烹饪比以前更难的菜肴。 【修饰词易错点】 可以用 **much, even, a little, a lot, far** 等词来修饰比较级，表示程度更深。绝对不能用 very 或 so 修饰比较级。 （正确）This waterfall is much higher than that one. （错误）This waterfall is very higher than that one. 二、形容词与副词的最高级 (Superlatives) 【核心规则】 当我们比较**三个或三个以上**的人或事物时，需要使用形容词或副词的**最高级**。最高级的前面通常要加定冠词 **the**，句末常跟 **in/of** 引导的范围状语。 基本句型：主语 + be动词/行为动词 + the + 最高级 + 范围状语 (in/of...). 1. 规则变化：     • 一般单音节词加 -est (如: high → highest)。     • 多音节词在前面加 the most (如: powerful → the most powerful)。 2. 常见特殊句型：     • one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数，表示“最……的……之一”。 【例句】 The National Library of China is the largest public library in Asia. 中国国家图书馆是亚洲最大的公共图书馆。 Plastic pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. 塑料污染是世界上最严重的环境问题之一。 三、本单元核心词汇：描述自然奇观 (Describing natural wonders) 【重点词汇与短语】 本单元围绕“自然奇观 (Wonders of nature)”展开，重点词汇包括： 1. 地貌与景观 (Landforms)： coral reef (珊瑚礁), plain (平原), ocean (海洋), waterfall (瀑布), volcano (火山), island (岛屿), underground (地下的)。 2. 自然现象 (Nature phenomena)： sunrise (朝霞/日出), sunset (晚霞/日落), sunshine (阳光), thunder (雷声), form (形成)。 3. 描述性形容词 (Descriptive adjectives)： huge (巨大的), powerful (强大的), perfect (完美的), flat (平坦的)。 4. 常见动词短语： dry up (干涸), rise up (上升), push against (逆着……推动)。 二：单元语法知识练习（基于2025中考真题改编） I. 单项选择（10道） 1. The National Library of China is ________ public library in Asia. A. large B. larger C. largest D. the largest 2. High technology makes our lives much ________ than before. A. easy B. easier C. easiest D. the easiest 3. Winters in the northern half of the earth were ________ and longer than today in the 15th century. A. cold B. colder C. coldest D. the coldest 4. The Great Barrier Reef is one of ________ natural wonders in the world. A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. most beautiful D. the most beautiful 5. The brain-computer interface is one of the ________ medical breakthroughs in China. A. great B. greater C. greatest D. most great 6. As Lily grows up, she knows more about food and tries cooking dishes that are ________ than before. A. difficult B. more difficult C. most difficult D. the most difficult 7. —Who is leading the way in the race? —Xiaoming. He runs ________ in our class. A. fast B. faster C. fastest D. the fastest 8. Our hometown is developing fast and becoming ________. A. more and more beautiful B. beautiful and beautiful C. the most beautiful D. much beautiful 9. The data showed a pattern: the player ________ to achieve success was often the one wearing a red shirt. A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. the most likely 10. Sometimes a ________ piece of ice would slide down the mountain. It was really a powerful wonder. A. huge B. huger C. flat D. flatter II. 语法填空（3篇） Passage 1 (A Trip to the Great Barrier Reef) Last summer, my family visited the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. It is one of the 11. ________ (large) coral reef systems in the world. When we took a boat on the ocean, we found the water there was 12. ________ (beautiful) and 13. ________ (clear) than any other sea we had seen before. When diving underwater, I saw many amazing fish. Some fish were much 14. ________ (big) than others. The 15. ________ (exciting) part was seeing the colorful corals (珊瑚). We felt 16. ________ (close) to nature than ever. However, scientists say that the oceans are getting 17. ________ (warm) because of climate change, and this is bad for the corals. We hope more people can protect this 18. ________ (wonder) place. It is our 19. ________ (good) chance to save it. If everyone does a little bit, our world will become much 20. ________ (good). Passage 2 (The Little Ice Age) Today we are seeing the influences of rising temperatures. But hundreds of years 21. ________ (ago), people faced a different problem—a 400-year period of cold! From the 15th to the 19th century, winters in the northern half of the earth were 22. ________ (cold) and 23. ________ (long) than today. Scientists call this time the "Little Ice Age". The 24. ________ (cold) weather brought many serious problems. Sometimes, a huge piece of ice would slide down a mountain and destroy villages. During this time, there were 25. ________ (few) sunspots than today. The sun gave out 26. ________ (little) energy to warm the earth. Another reason might be volcanoes. The volcanic ash blocked the 27. ________ (light) of the sun. As a result, the earth became 28. ________ (dark) and cooler. Today, our earth is getting 29. ________ (warm) and warmer. We must protect the environment to make our future 30. ________ (bright) than today. Passage 3 (Hermit Crabs and Shells) Hermit crabs (寄居蟹) are small animals that live in the ocean. The crab has its own hard shell, but it only covers part of its body. The soft part cannot be protected 31. ________ (safe) without a shell. So the crab must find an empty shell and climb inside to stay 32. ________ (safe) than before. As the crab grows 33. ________ (big), it has to find a 34. ________ (large) shell. Some crabs are 35. ________ (lucky) than others because they find the 36. ________ (perfect) shells quickly. However, sometimes plastic bottles are 37. ________ (mistake) for real shells. This is one of the 38. ________ (bad) things for them. If a crab lives in a plastic bottle, it becomes 39. ________ (heavy) and harder to move. We should keep the beaches clean and help them live a 40. ________ (happy) life. 【参考答案与解析】 I. 单项选择 1.【答案】D 【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意：中国国家图书馆是亚洲最大的公共图书馆。根据“in Asia”可知，此处有比较范围，表示“最……”，形容词最高级前应加定冠词 the。故选D。 2.【答案】B 【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意：高科技使我们的生活比以前容易得多。根据后面的“than before”可知需用比较级 easier。much 用于修饰比较级，表示“……得多”。故选B。 3.【答案】B 【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意：在15世纪，地球北半球的冬天比现在更冷、更漫长。根据“and longer than”可知，此处需与 longer 保持并列，使用比较级 colder。故选B。 4.【答案】D 【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意：大堡礁是世界上最美丽的自然奇观之一。“one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数”意为“最……的之一”。beautiful 的最高级为 the most beautiful。故选D。 5.【答案】C 【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意：脑机接口是中国最伟大的医学突破之一。同样考查“one of the + 最高级”句型，great 的最高级是 greatest。故选C。 6.【答案】B 【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意：随着莉莉长大，她了解了更多关于食物的知识，并尝试烹饪比以前更难的菜肴。根据“than before”可知用比较级，difficult 为多音节词，比较级在前面加 more。故选B。 7.【答案】D 【解析】考查副词最高级。句意：——谁在比赛中领先？——小明。他在我们班跑得最快。根据“in our class”可知表示班里最快，副词最高级前 the 可以省略，但选项中带 the 也是正确的。故选D。 8.【答案】A 【解析】考查比较级的并列。句意：我们的家乡正在迅速发展，变得越来越美丽。“比较级 + and + 比较级”或者“more and more + 多音节形容词原级”表示“越来越……”。故选A。 9.【答案】B 【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意：数据显示，更有可能取得成功的运动员通常是穿红色衬衫的那位。两类运动员进行比较（穿红衬衫的与其他），使用比较级 more likely。故选B。 10.【答案】A 【解析】考查形容词原级与词汇。句意：有时，一块巨大的冰会从山上滑落。这真是一个强大的奇观。修饰单数名词短语 a piece of ice，不含比较意味，使用原级 huge（巨大的），也是本单元核心词汇。故选A。 II. 语法填空 Passage 1 答案及解析： 11. largest。one of the 后接形容词最高级，大堡礁是世界上“最大的”珊瑚礁系统之一。 12. more beautiful。根据后文的 than 可知用比较级，多音节词加 more。 13. clearer。与 more beautiful 并列，修饰海水比以前见过的“更清澈”，用比较级。 14. bigger。much 修饰比较级，表示“比其他鱼大得多”，双写 g 加 er。 15. most exciting。整段经历中“最令人兴奋的”部分，特指一项事物，用最高级。 16. closer。than ever 表示比以往任何时候都“更近”，用比较级。 17. warmer。get + 比较级，表示“变得越来越暖和”。 18. wonderful。修饰名词 place，使用 wonder 的形容词形式 wonderful (奇妙的，极好的)。 19. best。这是我们拯救它的“最好”机会，good 的最高级为 best。 20. better。much 修饰比较级，我们的世界会变得“更好”，good 的比较级为 better。 Passage 2 答案及解析： 21. ago。数百年前，表示过去的时间，填 ago。 22. colder。根据后面的 than today 可知，那时的冬天比现在“更冷”。 23. longer。与 colder 并列，表示“更漫长”。 24. colder。前文提到了冷，这里用比较级表示“更冷的天气带来了问题”，或者填 cold 作原级描述也可以，通常结合上文用 colder 指代比平时更冷的天气。 25. fewer。根据 than today 可知，那时的太阳黑子“更少”，few 修饰可数名词复数 sunspots 的比较级。 26. less。太阳释放的能量“更少”，little 修饰不可数名词 energy 的比较级为 less。 27. light。火山灰阻挡了太阳的“光”，填名词 light。 28. darker。与 cooler 并列，表示地球变得“更暗”和更冷，用比较级 darker。 29. warmer。getting warmer and warmer 是固定结构，表示“越来越暖和”。 30. brighter。根据 than today，必须保护环境使未来比今天“更明亮/美好”，用比较级 brighter。 Passage 3 答案及解析： 31. safely。修饰动词短语 be protected，需要用副词 safely (安全地)。 32. safer。根据 than before，爬进空壳里保持“更安全”，用 safe 的比较级 safer。 33. bigger。随着螃蟹长得“更大”，grow + 比较级，双写 g 加 er。 34. larger。它必须寻找一个“更大的”壳，用 large 的比较级。 35. luckier。根据 than others，有些螃蟹比其他螃蟹“更幸运”，变 y 为 i 加 er。 36. most perfect。因为它们最快找到了“最完美的”壳，在群体中比较用最高级。 37. mistaken。塑料瓶被“误认”为真壳，be mistaken for，被动语态填 mistaken。 38. worst。这是对它们而言“最糟糕”的事情之一，one of the + 最高级，bad 的最高级是 worst。 39. heavier。与 harder 并列，背着塑料瓶会变得“更重”，变 y 为 i 加 er。 40. happier。我们应该保持海滩清洁，帮助它们过上“更快乐的”生活（相较于受污染的生活），或者填 happy 作为原级。结合语境填 happier 突出改善后的状态最佳。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 沪外教版七年级下册Unit 1单元语法知识梳理与练习 一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 1 Learning to be) 一、一般将来时：will 与 be going to 的用法辨析 【核心规则】 在本单元中，我们学习如何谈论未来的计划和目标（Describing personal goals）。表达将来发生的事情时，我们通常使用 will 或 be going to，但它们在用法上有细微的差别： 1. 使用 will： 当我们谈论一个新做的决定（a new decision），或者在说话瞬间临时做出的决定时，使用 will。 2. 使用 be going to： 当我们谈论已经计划好或决定好要做的事情（already decided to do something）时，使用 be going to。 3. 预测未来：两者都可以用来预测未来发生的事情。但是，当我们认为某事极有可能或必定发生（有客观迹象表明）时，更常使用 be going to 来预测。 【例句对比】 • (已做好的计划) After I graduate from high school, I’m going to attend medical school and become a doctor. 高中毕业后，我打算上医学院当一名医生（早就想好了）。 • (临时的决定) A: I don’t know how to do this project. B: It’s OK. We are a team. We will work together to solve the problem. 没关系，我们是一个团队。我们将一起努力解决这个问题（对方说完后，我临时作出的承诺）。 • (客观预测) The sports meeting starts in five minutes and it takes 15 minutes to get there. We’re going to be late. 运动会5分钟后开始，但过去要15分钟。我们要迟到了（根据客观事实预测必定迟到）。 二、短语动词 (Phrasal verbs) 【构词规律】 短语动词由一个动词加上一个或多个介词或副词构成（A phrasal verb is made up of a verb and one or more prepositions or adverbs）。 短语动词分为两类： 1. 可拆分的短语动词（Separable）： 宾语如果是名词，可以放在短语中间或后面；如果宾语是代词（it, them等），必须放在中间。     例如：tidy up (整理，收拾)。你可以说 tidy up the room 或 tidy the room up；但只能说 tidy it up。 2. 不可拆分的短语动词（Inseparable）： 动词和介词/副词必须连在一起，宾语只能放在后面。     例如：get along with (与……和睦相处)。只能说 get along with my classmates，不能拆开。 三、本单元核心词汇与短语 【设定目标与计划词汇】 本单元围绕“学会做人与成长 (Learning to be)”展开，重点词汇包括： 1. 个人目标类： personal goal (个人目标), set a goal (设定目标), improve English grades (提高英语成绩), keep a balance (保持平衡), make a plan (制定计划)。 2. 与人相处类： cooperate with (与……合作), get along with (与……和睦相处), listen carefully to their ideas (认真听取他们的想法)。 3. 生活习惯类： read regularly (有规律地阅读), tidy up my room (整理我的房间), help with housework (帮忙做家务)。 二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编） I. 单项选择（10道） 1. I have borrowed a book from the library. This weekend, I ________ at home and start reading it. A. stay B. stayed C. am going to stay D. have stayed 2. — I don’t know how to do this project. — It’s OK. We are a team. We ________ together to solve the problem. A. work B. worked C. will work D. are working 3. Look at those dark clouds in the sky! It ________ soon. A. is going to rain B. will rain C. rained D. rains 4. I want to ________ my classmates. I will cooperate with others in group projects. A. get out of B. get along with C. get away from D. get off 5. — Mom, ________ I go to the cinema with my classmates this Sunday afternoon? — Yes, of course you can. A. can B. must C. need D. should 6. To ________ my English grades, I have set a goal to write a short essay every week. A. improve B. balance C. express D. dig 7. My mother told me to ________ my room before I go out to play football. A. give up B. look up C. tidy up D. set up 8. These Chinese astronauts ________ in the space station for six months next year. A. stay B. stayed C. will stay D. have stayed 9. I’m going to learn to dance. I’d like to have some fun and keep a ________ between life and study. A. balance B. feeling C. grade D. plan 10. — I forgot to wear a T-shirt. I can’t go to football training after school. — Don’t worry. I ________ you one. A. lend B. will lend C. have lent D. lent II. 语法填空（3篇） Passage 1 (Plans for the New Term) As the new year begins, we feel the need 11. ________ (make) changes in our lives. Linlin and Zihao have set their goals for the new term. Linlin wants to get good 12. ________ (grade). So she is going to write a short essay every week. She also wants to get along 13. ________ her classmates. She 14. ________ (cooperate) with others in group projects in the future. As for Zihao, he wants to be good at public 15. ________ (speak). He is going to learn to express 16. ________ (he) clearly and explain with examples. He has made a plan to spend about half an hour a day 17. ________ (read). He also promises his parents, "I 18. ________ (help) more with housework. I will do the cleaning and tidy 19. ________ my room every week." Both of them hope their dreams will come 20. ________ (truly). Passage 2 (A Letter to My Future Self) Dear future Yuxuan, I am writing this letter to you. I hope you will be a responsible and 21. ________ (care) person. Life is full of challenges, but I believe you 22. ________ (overcome) them bravely. Recently, I have set a goal for 23. ________ (I). After I graduate from high school, I 24. ________ (attend) medical school and become a doctor. I have always wanted to be a doctor because I have a great 25. ________ (interesting) in learning about how our bodies work. Also, the experience of helping out at the community centre 26. ________ (show) me the joy of caring for others now. I want to become a doctor 27. ________ that I can help more people and make a real difference. If I study hard, my dream 28. ________ (realize). I really hope that you, my future self, 29. ________ (make) this dream come true. Keep 30. ________ (do) your best! Best wishes, Yuxuan Passage 3 (Learning a New Skill) One recent weekend, I decided 31. ________ (learn) how to make jiaozi with my grandmother. I thought it 32. ________ (be) fun and easy at the very beginning, but soon it came to me that it wasn’t as simple as it looked. At first, I didn’t pay attention to the sharp knife while 33. ________ (cut) vegetables. My finger got cut because of my carelessness. 34. ________ (luck), it wasn’t serious. Grandma was nervous, and quickly helped me clean the cut. “My poor little girl! Be 35. ________ (care) next time!” said Grandma softly. Through the painful lesson, I learned the hard way that safety should always come first. I told my grandma, "I 36. ________ (be) more careful in the future!" Now I understand that making jiaozi isn’t just about the final product; it is about learning patience, 37. ________ (have) fun with my family, and improving through mistakes. Mistakes aren’t signs of weakness. Instead, they should 38. ________ (view) as steps to 39. ________ (achieve). Next weekend, I am going to 40. ________ (try) cooking another dish! 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 沪外教版七年级下册Unit 3单元语法知识梳理与练习 一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 3 Social networking) 一、不定代词 (Indefinite pronouns) 【核心规则】 本单元的核心语法是不定代词（Indefinite pronouns）的用法。不定代词用来代替不特定的人或事物。 常见的不定代词有： 1. all: 所有的，全部的（指代三者或三者以上）。 2. both: 两者都（指代两个人或事物）。 3. some: 一些（通常用于肯定句，或希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中）。 4. any: 任何，一些（通常用于否定句和疑问句中）。 5. many: 许多（修饰或指代可数名词复数）。 6. one: 一个（用来泛指上文提到过的同类事物中的一个，以避免重复）。 7. each other: 彼此，互相。 【课本例句】 All of you are so happy. 你们所有人都是如此开心。 Tell me if you know any! 如果你知道任何（消息），请告诉我！ Did you receive one about it? 你收到关于它的（信息/通知）了吗？ We can see and hear each other. 我们可以看到并听到彼此。 I haven't explored many in south China. 我还没有在华南地区探索过很多（城市）。 Some are a little boring, but some are soooo good. 有些有点无聊，但有些非常棒。 二、选择疑问句及其语调 (Alternative questions & Intonation) 【语音规则】 选择疑问句（Alternative questions）提出两个或两个以上的选项供对方选择。 其语调规律为：在 “or” 之前的选项用升调（go up），在 “or” 之后的最后一个选项用降调（go down）。 【例句】 Do you enjoy playing sports (↗升调) or killing time online (↘降调)? 你喜欢做运动还是在网上消磨时间？ Do you prefer reading paper books (↗升调) or reading online (↘降调)? 你更喜欢读纸质书还是在线阅读？ 三、本单元核心词汇与英美英语差异 (British and American English) 【核心词汇】 本单元的主题是“网络社交 (Social networking)”，重点词汇包括： 1. 网络术语： social networking (网络社交), app (应用软件), offline (离线地), online (在线地), message (信息)。 2. 常用动词： receive (收到), download (下载), check out (察看，观察)。 3. 交际与建议： interview (采访), advice (建议), strategy (策略), solution (解决办法)。 【拓展：英美英语差异】 英语在英国和美国在拼写、词汇和语法上存在一些差异 (Differences between British and American English)： • 拼写 (Spelling): 英式英语写 colour 和 metre，而美式英语写 color 和 meter。 • 词汇 (Vocabulary): 足球在英式英语中是 football，而在美式英语中是 soccer。 • 语法/介词 (Grammar): 英式英语说 at weekends，而美式英语说 on weekends。 二：单元语法知识练习 I. 单项选择（10道） 1. Did you receive ________ messages about the upcoming school trip? A. some B. any C. one D. much 2. — Do you like reading paper books ________ reading online? — I prefer paper books. A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. Social networking apps make it easy for us to see and hear ________, even if we are far away. A. each other B. another C. the other D. others 4. In American English, people usually say "soccer" instead of "________". A. tennis B. basketball C. volleyball D. football 5. I lost my pen yesterday. I need to go to the store and buy a new ________. A. it B. one C. this D. that 6. Lily and Lucy are twins. ________ of them are very good at English. A. All B. Both C. Some D. Any 7. I haven't explored ________ cities in south China, so I plan to visit Zhuhai next week. A. much B. many C. little D. a little 8. If you want to play this game, you need to download a new ________ on your smartphone. A. app B. dictionary C. message D. note 9. In British English, people usually say "________" when they talk about Saturday and Sunday. A. on weekends B. at weekends C. in weekends D. over weekends 10. It’s important to know how to communicate ________. You shouldn't spend all your time on the Internet. A. online B. offline C. heavily D. quickly II. 语法填空（3篇） Passage 1 (Using Social Networks) Nowadays, social networking is very popular among teenagers. 11. ________ (many) students use their smartphones to chat with friends. They often send and 12. ________ (receive) messages every day. With the help of different 13. ________ (app), it is easy for people to see and hear 14. ________ other anytime and anywhere. 15. ________ (some) students think social networks are very useful, but others think they can be a little 16. ________ (bore) or even dangerous. We can share photos and stories, but we shouldn't believe 17. ________ (any) false information online. It is important to find a good 18. ________ (solve) to balance our time. If you have questions about how to use social networks safely, you can ask your teachers for 19. ________ (advise). We must remember to spend time with our family and friends 20. ________ (offline), too. Passage 2 (British and American English) Did you know that there are some 21. ________ (difference) between British and American English? Sometimes they use different words or spellings. For example, in British English, people write "colour" and "metre", but in American English, they spell them as "color" and "22. ________ (meter)". What's more, the popular sport is called "23. ________ (football)" in the UK, but Americans usually call it "soccer". When talking about Saturday and Sunday, a British student might say, "I play sports 24. ________ weekends," while an American student prefers to say "on weekends". It is very 25. ________ (interest) to learn these facts. Do you know 26. ________ (any) other examples? 27. ________ (both) of the two forms are widely used in the world. If you want to learn more, you can download a dictionary app. It will help you understand the words 28. ________ (easy). Try 29. ________ (communicate) with native speakers, and your English will get 30. ________ (good) soon. Passage 3 (A Survey on Reading Habits) Last week, our English teacher did an 31. ________ (interview) in our class. She asked us, "Do you prefer reading paper books 32. ________ reading online?" The answers were quite different. 33. ________ (all) of the students gave their own opinions. About twenty students said they loved reading paper books. One girl said, "I like the smell of paper. It makes me feel 34. ________ (relax)." However, fifteen students chose reading online. They think it is convenient because they can carry 35. ________ (many) e-books on their phones. "I lost my e-reader yesterday, so I have to buy a new 36. ________," a boy added. The teacher told us that 37. ________ (read) is a good habit. It doesn't matter what kind of books we read. The most important thing is to enjoy the stories and learn 38. ________ (something) useful. She advised us to read classic books 39. ________ (regular). Let's start reading now and open the door to a 40. ________ (wonder) world! 【参考答案与解析】 I. 单项选择 1.【答案】B 【解析】考查不定代词。句意：你收到关于即将到来的学校旅行的任何信息了吗？这是一个一般疑问句，表示“任何，一些”在疑问句中通常使用 any。 2.【答案】C 【解析】考查选择疑问句。句意：——你喜欢读纸质书还是在线阅读？——我更喜欢纸质书。提供两个选项供对方选择，使用连词 or。 3.【答案】A 【解析】考查不定代词。句意：社交软件让我们即使在远方也能轻松地看到和听到彼此。each other 意为“彼此，互相”，符合语境。 4.【答案】D 【解析】考查英美英语词汇差异。句意：在美式英语中，人们通常说“soccer”而不是“football”。英式英语用 football，美式英语用 soccer。 5.【答案】B 【解析】考查不定代词。句意：昨天我把钢笔弄丢了。我需要去商店买一支新的。one 用来替代上文提到过的同类单数可数名词（pen），表示泛指。 6.【答案】B 【解析】考查不定代词。句意：莉莉和露西是双胞胎。她们两个人的英语都很好。双胞胎是两个人，指代“两者都”使用 Both。 7.【答案】B 【解析】考查不定代词作限定词。句意：我还没有在华南地区探索过很多城市，所以我计划下周去珠海。cities 是可数名词复数，修饰可数名词复数用 many。 8.【答案】A 【解析】考查核心词汇。句意：如果你想玩这个游戏，你需要在你的智能手机上下载一个新的应用程序。app 意为“应用软件”，符合语境。 9.【答案】B 【解析】考查英美英语介词搭配差异。句意：在英式英语中，当谈论周六和周日时，人们通常说“at weekends”。英式英语使用 at weekends，美式英语使用 on weekends。 10.【答案】B 【解析】考查核心词汇。句意：懂得如何在现实（线下）中交流很重要。你不应该把所有的时间都花在互联网上。offline 意为“离线的，线下的”，与 online 相对。 II. 语法填空 Passage 1 答案及解析： 11. Many。修饰可数名词复数 students，表示“许多学生”，句首首字母需大写。 12. receive。send and receive (发送和接收)，一般现在时并列动作，主语是 They，动词用原形。 13. apps。different 后接可数名词复数 apps (应用软件)。 14. each。each other 是固定搭配，意为“彼此，互相”。 15. Some。Some..., but others... 是常用句型，意为“有些……，但另一些……”。 16. boring。修饰物（social networks），表示“令人无聊的”，填 boring。 17. any。否定句 (shouldn't believe) 中表示“任何”，用不定代词/限定词 any。 18. solution。a good 后接名词，solve 的名词形式是 solution (解决办法)。 19. advice。ask sb for advice 意为“向某人征求建议”，advice 是不可数名词。 20. offline。呼吁花时间在线下和家人朋友相处，填 offline。 Passage 2 答案及解析： 21. differences。some 后接可数名词复数 differences (不同，差异)。 22. meter。英式英语 metre，对应的美式英语拼写为 meter。 23. football。足球在英国被称为 football，在美国被称为 soccer。 24. at。英式英语中，周末常用介词搭配为 at weekends。 25. interesting。It is + adj. + to do sth. 句型，表示“有趣的事物”，填 interesting。 26. any。疑问句中通常使用 any 代替 some。 27. Both。指代前文的“两种形式 (the two forms) 都”，用 Both，句首首字母大写。 28. easily。修饰动词 understand，需用副词 easily。 29. communicating。try doing sth. 表示“尝试做某事”，填动名词 communicating。 30. better。get + 比较级，表示变得“更好”，good 的比较级为 better。 Passage 3 答案及解析： 31. interview。an 后接单数名词，表示一次“采访/访谈”。 32. or。选择疑问句结构 A or B，表示“读纸质书还是在线阅读”。 33. All。指代班里“所有的”学生，用 All，句首大写。 34. relaxed。feel 后接形容词，修饰人的感受用 relaxed (感到放松的)。 35. many。e-books 是可数名词复数，用 many 修饰。 36. one。代替上文提到过的单数可数名词 e-reader，用不定代词 one。 37. reading。作从句的主语，用动名词 reading (阅读)。 38. something。learn something useful 意为“学到一些有用的东西”，形容词修饰不定代词置于其后。 39. regularly。修饰动词 read，需要用副词 regularly (有规律地)。 40. wonderful。修饰名词 world，需要用形容词 wonderful (奇妙的)。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 沪外教版七年级下册Unit 2单元语法知识梳理与练习 一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 2 Wonders of nature) 一、形容词与副词的比较级 (Comparatives) 【核心规则】 当我们**比较两个**人、事物或动作时，需要使用形容词或副词的**比较级**。比较级的标志词通常是连词 **than** (比)。 基本句型：A + be动词/行为动词 + 比较级 + than + B. 1. 规则变化：     • 一般在词尾加 -er (如: high → higher, fast → faster)。     • 以不发音的 e 结尾，直接加 -r (如: large → larger)。     • 以辅音字母+y结尾，变 y 为 i 加 -er (如: dry → drier, heavy → heavier)。     • 重读闭音节，双写尾字母加 -er (如: big → bigger, hot → hotter)。     • 多音节词和部分双音节词在前面加 more (如: beautiful → more beautiful)。 2. 不规则变化： good/well → better; bad/badly → worse; many/much → more; little → less; far → farther/further。 【例句】 Winters in the northern half of the earth were colder and longer than today. 地球北半球的冬天比现在更冷、更漫长。 As Lily grows up, she tries cooking dishes that are more difficult than before. 随着莉莉长大，她尝试烹饪比以前更难的菜肴。 【修饰词易错点】 可以用 **much, even, a little, a lot, far** 等词来修饰比较级，表示程度更深。绝对不能用 very 或 so 修饰比较级。 （正确）This waterfall is much higher than that one. （错误）This waterfall is very higher than that one. 二、形容词与副词的最高级 (Superlatives) 【核心规则】 当我们比较**三个或三个以上**的人或事物时，需要使用形容词或副词的**最高级**。最高级的前面通常要加定冠词 **the**，句末常跟 **in/of** 引导的范围状语。 基本句型：主语 + be动词/行为动词 + the + 最高级 + 范围状语 (in/of...). 1. 规则变化：     • 一般单音节词加 -est (如: high → highest)。     • 多音节词在前面加 the most (如: powerful → the most powerful)。 2. 常见特殊句型：     • one of the + 最高级 + 名词复数，表示“最……的……之一”。 【例句】 The National Library of China is the largest public library in Asia. 中国国家图书馆是亚洲最大的公共图书馆。 Plastic pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. 塑料污染是世界上最严重的环境问题之一。 三、本单元核心词汇：描述自然奇观 (Describing natural wonders) 【重点词汇与短语】 本单元围绕“自然奇观 (Wonders of nature)”展开，重点词汇包括： 1. 地貌与景观 (Landforms)： coral reef (珊瑚礁), plain (平原), ocean (海洋), waterfall (瀑布), volcano (火山), island (岛屿), underground (地下的)。 2. 自然现象 (Nature phenomena)： sunrise (朝霞/日出), sunset (晚霞/日落), sunshine (阳光), thunder (雷声), form (形成)。 3. 描述性形容词 (Descriptive adjectives)： huge (巨大的), powerful (强大的), perfect (完美的), flat (平坦的)。 4. 常见动词短语： dry up (干涸), rise up (上升), push against (逆着……推动)。 二：单元语法知识练习（基于2025中考真题改编） I. 单项选择（10道） 1. The National Library of China is ________ public library in Asia. A. large B. larger C. largest D. the largest 2. High technology makes our lives much ________ than before. A. easy B. easier C. easiest D. the easiest 3. Winters in the northern half of the earth were ________ and longer than today in the 15th century. A. cold B. colder C. coldest D. the coldest 4. The Great Barrier Reef is one of ________ natural wonders in the world. A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. most beautiful D. the most beautiful 5. The brain-computer interface is one of the ________ medical breakthroughs in China. A. great B. greater C. greatest D. most great 6. As Lily grows up, she knows more about food and tries cooking dishes that are ________ than before. A. difficult B. more difficult C. most difficult D. the most difficult 7. —Who is leading the way in the race? —Xiaoming. He runs ________ in our class. A. fast B. faster C. fastest D. the fastest 8. Our hometown is developing fast and becoming ________. A. more and more beautiful B. beautiful and beautiful C. the most beautiful D. much beautiful 9. The data showed a pattern: the player ________ to achieve success was often the one wearing a red shirt. A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. the most likely 10. Sometimes a ________ piece of ice would slide down the mountain. It was really a powerful wonder. A. huge B. huger C. flat D. flatter II. 语法填空（3篇） Passage 1 (A Trip to the Great Barrier Reef) Last summer, my family visited the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. It is one of the 11. ________ (large) coral reef systems in the world. When we took a boat on the ocean, we found the water there was 12. ________ (beautiful) and 13. ________ (clear) than any other sea we had seen before. When diving underwater, I saw many amazing fish. Some fish were much 14. ________ (big) than others. The 15. ________ (exciting) part was seeing the colorful corals (珊瑚). We felt 16. ________ (close) to nature than ever. However, scientists say that the oceans are getting 17. ________ (warm) because of climate change, and this is bad for the corals. We hope more people can protect this 18. ________ (wonder) place. It is our 19. ________ (good) chance to save it. If everyone does a little bit, our world will become much 20. ________ (good). Passage 2 (The Little Ice Age) Today we are seeing the influences of rising temperatures. But hundreds of years 21. ________ (ago), people faced a different problem—a 400-year period of cold! From the 15th to the 19th century, winters in the northern half of the earth were 22. ________ (cold) and 23. ________ (long) than today. Scientists call this time the "Little Ice Age". The 24. ________ (cold) weather brought many serious problems. Sometimes, a huge piece of ice would slide down a mountain and destroy villages. During this time, there were 25. ________ (few) sunspots than today. The sun gave out 26. ________ (little) energy to warm the earth. Another reason might be volcanoes. The volcanic ash blocked the 27. ________ (light) of the sun. As a result, the earth became 28. ________ (dark) and cooler. Today, our earth is getting 29. ________ (warm) and warmer. We must protect the environment to make our future 30. ________ (bright) than today. Passage 3 (Hermit Crabs and Shells) Hermit crabs (寄居蟹) are small animals that live in the ocean. The crab has its own hard shell, but it only covers part of its body. The soft part cannot be protected 31. ________ (safe) without a shell. So the crab must find an empty shell and climb inside to stay 32. ________ (safe) than before. As the crab grows 33. ________ (big), it has to find a 34. ________ (large) shell. Some crabs are 35. ________ (lucky) than others because they find the 36. ________ (perfect) shells quickly. However, sometimes plastic bottles are 37. ________ (mistake) for real shells. This is one of the 38. ________ (bad) things for them. If a crab lives in a plastic bottle, it becomes 39. ________ (heavy) and harder to move. We should keep the beaches clean and help them live a 40. ________ (happy) life. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 沪外教版七年级下册Unit 4单元语法知识梳理与练习 一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 4 Epic engineering) 一、让步状语从句：although 与 though 的用法 【核心规则】 although 和 though 都可以引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”。它们在句中的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。 1. 当从句放在句首时，主从句之间通常用逗号隔开。 2. although 比 though 更正式，常用于书面语中。 3. though 还可以作为副词放在句末，意为“然而，可是”，前面常用逗号隔开，而 although 没有此用法。 【易错点：与 but 的互斥】 在英语中，表示“虽然……但是……”时，although / though 绝不能和 but 连用在同一个句子里。你只能使用其中一个。 （正确）Although the work was hard, they finished it on time. 虽然工作很辛苦，但他们按时完成了。 （正确）The work was hard, but they finished it on time. （错误）Although the work was hard, but they finished it on time. 【课本例句】 Although the Qinghai-Xizang Railway goes through permafrost (冻土), the train runs safely. 尽管青藏铁路穿过永久冻土层，但火车安全运行。 They succeeded in the end, though they faced many challenges. 尽管他们面临许多挑战，他们最终还是成功了。 二、方位介词辨析：across, along, over, through 【核心辨析】 在描述工程建筑（如公路、桥梁、隧道）时，经常用到表示空间运动的介词： 1. across (横过，穿过)：表示在物体的表面从一边到另一边（2D平面）。     例如：walk across the street (穿过街道)。 2. through (穿过，贯穿)：表示在物体的内部从一端穿到另一端（3D立体空间，如隧道、森林、人群）。     例如：go through the tunnel (穿过隧道)；walk through the forest (穿过森林)。 3. over (越过，在……上方)：表示在物体的上方从一边越到另一边，或者“横跨”。     例如：build a bridge over the river (在河上建一座桥)；fly over the mountains (飞越群山)。 4. along (沿着，顺着)：表示顺着一条线或物体的边缘（如河流、道路）平行移动。     例如：walk along the river (沿着河边走)。 三、本单元核心词汇与语音知识 【核心词汇：史诗级工程 (Epic engineering)】 本单元探讨了人类的伟大工程（如青藏铁路、都江堰、大运河），重点词汇包括： 1. 工程与建筑： epic (宏伟的，史诗般的), engineering (工程), canal (运河), railway (铁路), tunnel (隧道), passage (通道，走廊)。 2. 挑战与应对： challenge (挑战), overcome (克服), task (任务), permafrost (永久冻土), remain (保持不变)。 3. 动词与连接： complete (完成), connect (连接), join (连接), protect (保护)。 【语音知识：句子重音 I (Sentence stress I)】 在英语句子中，为了表达清楚意思，往往需要重读某些词。通常，**实词（名词、动词、形容词、副词、疑问词等）需要重读**，而虚词（冠词、连词、介词、代词等）通常弱读。 例如：'Building a 'safe 'track is a 'big 'challenge. (粗体为重读词) 二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编） I. 单项选择（10道） 1. The train goes ________ the long tunnel in just two minutes. It is amazing! A. across B. through C. over D. along 2. The workers built a strong bridge ________ the wide river to connect the two villages. A. in B. under C. over D. through 3. ________ the weather was terrible, the engineers continued their work outside. A. Although B. Because C. If D. So 4. Look left and right before you walk ________ the busy street. A. through B. along C. across D. above 5. They successfully managed to ________ all the difficulties during the construction. A. protect B. overcome C. remain D. expect 6. He failed the driving test twice, ________ he didn't give up. A. and B. so C. but D. although 7. Every evening after dinner, my grandparents take a walk ________ the river. A. across B. through C. over D. along 8. Building a railway on permafrost (冻土) is an epic ________ for any engineer in the world. A. challenge B. passage C. canal D. safety 9. ________ he is very young, he knows a lot about the history of Chinese architecture (建筑). A. Though B. Because C. Until D. Unless 10. The government will build a new highway to ________ the two modern cities. A. compare B. control C. connect D. cancel II. 语法填空（3篇） Passage 1 (The Qinghai-Xizang Railway) The Qinghai-Xizang Railway is an epic road. It is the 11. ________ (high) railway in the world. 12. ________ (build) it was a big challenge, for the weather was extremely cold and the air was thin. Another challenge was the permafrost. However, the engineers and workers managed 13. ________ (overcome) all the difficulties. They also worked hard to protect the environment. For example, special passages 14. ________ (build) under the tracks (轨道) for animals to go 15. ________ (through) the railway safely. 16. ________ (luck), many animals can move freely now. 17. ________ (although) the work was very hard, the workers felt proud of themselves. The railway connects Xizang with other parts of China, making travel much 18. ________ (easy) than before. People are 19. ________ (amaze) by this great engineering wonder. We are very proud of 20. ________ (our) great country! Passage 2 (The Wisdom of Dujiangyan) Dujiangyan is a great engineering wonder in Chengdu, China. It 21. ________ (have) a history of over 2,000 years. It 22. ________ (design) by Li Bing to control floods. In the past, the river often caused terrible floods in rainy seasons. 23. ________ (how), there was not enough water in dry seasons. Li Bing and his people worked 24. ________ (hard) to solve the problem. They built Yuzui to separate the river into two parts. 25. ________ (by) doing this, they successfully guided the water into dry farms without a dam (大坝). Dujiangyan is 26. ________ (real) an epic project. 27. ________ (it) clever design greatly improves the life of local people. Today, it still plays an important 28. ________ (role) in watering the farms. Many 29. ________ (tourist) visit Dujiangyan every year. They are deeply moved by the 30. ________ (create) ideas of ancient Chinese people. Passage 3 (The Grand Canal) The Grand Canal is another epic engineering wonder in China. It is the 31. ________ (long) man-made river in the world. The canal was built to connect the north 32. ________ the south of China. 33. ________ (though) it was built a long time ago, it is still in use today. In the past, it was very important for 34. ________ (trade) to transport goods like rice and silk. Ships could travel 35. ________ (along) the canal easily from Hangzhou to Beijing. The canal brought wealth (财富) and cultural exchanges to the cities 36. ________ (near). Today, the government has taken action 37. ________ (protect) this valuable cultural heritage (遗产). The environment around the canal is becoming 38. ________ (beautiful) and more attractive. People enjoy 39. ________ (walk) over the ancient stone bridges in the evening. It is not only a historical wonder 40. ________ also a living part of modern life. 【参考答案与解析】 I. 单项选择 1.【答案】B 【解析】考查方位介词辨析。句意：火车只用了两分钟就穿过了长长的隧道。太神奇了！通过隧道 (tunnel) 是从立体空间的内部穿过，必须使用介词 through。故选B。 2.【答案】C 【解析】考查方位介词辨析。句意：工人们在宽阔的河面上建了一座坚固的桥，将两个村庄连接起来。在河面上方横跨建桥，使用介词 over。故选C。 3.【答案】A 【解析】考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然天气很糟糕，工程师们还是在外面继续工作。前后存在让步和转折关系，使用 Although (虽然，尽管)。故选A。 4.【答案】C 【解析】考查方位介词辨析。句意：过繁忙的马路前要左右看。穿过街道是在表面上从一边到另一边，使用 across。故选C。 5.【答案】B 【解析】考查核心动词。句意：在建设过程中，他们成功设法克服了所有的困难。overcome 意为“克服”，经常搭配 difficulties / challenges。故选B。 6.【答案】C 【解析】考查连词（易错点）。句意：他考驾照两次都不及格，但他没有放弃。前半句没有 Although，后半句表示转折，应使用并列连词 but。注意 Although 和 but 不能同时出现在一个句子里。故选C。 7.【答案】D 【解析】考查方位介词辨析。句意：每天晚饭后，我祖父母都会沿着河边散步。顺着河流的边缘平行走，使用 along。故选D。 8.【答案】A 【解析】考查核心名词。句意：在永久冻土上修建铁路，对世界上任何一位工程师来说都是一项史诗级的挑战。challenge 意为“挑战”，符合语境。故选A。 9.【答案】A 【解析】考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然他很年轻，但他对中国建筑史了解很多。表示“尽管、虽然”用 Though/Although。故选A。 10.【答案】C 【解析】考查核心动词。句意：政府将修建一条新公路来连接这两座现代化城市。connect A with/and B 意为“把……连接起来”。故选C。 II. 语法填空 Passage 1 答案及解析： 11. highest。the 后接形容词最高级，意为“世界上最高的铁路”。 12. Building。作句子的主语，用动名词形式 Building，句首需大写。 13. to overcome。manage to do sth. 意为“设法成功做到某事”，接不定式。 14. were built。通道是被修建的，时态为一般过去时，复数主语用 were built。 15. through。从通道的内部穿过，符合3D立体空间介词 through 的用法。 16. Luckily。修饰整个句子，位于句首作状语，用副词 Luckily (幸运地)。 17. Although / Though。引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然工作很辛苦”。首字母大写。 18. easier。根据 than before 可知，此处应用形容词的比较级 easier。 19. amazed。修饰人感到惊奇，用 -ed 结尾的形容词 amazed (感到惊讶的)。 20. our。修饰名词 country，用形容词性物主代词 our (我们的)。 Passage 2 答案及解析： 21. has。陈述一般事实，主语 It 是单数第三人称，用 has。 22. was designed。它是被李冰设计的，发生在过去，用一般过去时的被动语态。 23. However。句首表示转折且有逗号隔开，填副词 However (然而)。 24. hard。修饰动词 worked 用副词，hard 作副词时意为“努力地”。 25. By。by doing sth. 表示“通过做某事”的方式，句首首字母大写。 26. really。修饰系动词 is 或整个表语，用副词 really (真正地)。 27. Its。修饰名词词组 clever design，用形容词性物主代词 Its (它的)。 28. role。play an important role in... 意为“在……中扮演重要角色”，固定搭配。 29. tourists。many 后接可数名词复数 tourists (游客们)。 30. creative。修饰名词 ideas 需用形容词 creative (有创造力的，创造性的)。 Passage 3 答案及解析： 31. longest。the 后接形容词最高级，意为“世界上最长的人工河”。 32. and。connect A and B 意为“连接 A 和 B”，是固定并列结构。 33. Though / Although。引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然它是很久以前建的”。 34. traders。指代人，对商人来说很重要，用复数形式 traders (商人们)。 35. along。船只顺着运河的航线行驶，用表示长条形移动的介词 along。 36. nearby。修饰名词 cities，作后置定语，填形容词/副词 nearby (附近的)。 37. to protect。take action to do sth. 意为“采取行动做某事”，用不定式表目的。 38. more beautiful。与后面的 more attractive 保持并列，用比较级 more beautiful。 39. walking。enjoy doing sth. 意为“喜欢/享受做某事”，填动名词 walking。 40. but。not only... but also... 意为“不仅……而且……”，固定关联词搭配。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 沪外教版七年级下册Unit 1单元语法知识梳理与练习 一：单元语法知识梳理 (Unit 1 Learning to be) 一、一般将来时：will 与 be going to 的用法辨析 【核心规则】 在本单元中，我们学习如何谈论未来的计划和目标（Describing personal goals）。表达将来发生的事情时，我们通常使用 will 或 be going to，但它们在用法上有细微的差别： 1. 使用 will： 当我们谈论一个新做的决定（a new decision），或者在说话瞬间临时做出的决定时，使用 will。 2. 使用 be going to： 当我们谈论已经计划好或决定好要做的事情（already decided to do something）时，使用 be going to。 3. 预测未来：两者都可以用来预测未来发生的事情。但是，当我们认为某事极有可能或必定发生（有客观迹象表明）时，更常使用 be going to 来预测。 【例句对比】 • (已做好的计划) After I graduate from high school, I’m going to attend medical school and become a doctor. 高中毕业后，我打算上医学院当一名医生（早就想好了）。 • (临时的决定) A: I don’t know how to do this project. B: It’s OK. We are a team. We will work together to solve the problem. 没关系，我们是一个团队。我们将一起努力解决这个问题（对方说完后，我临时作出的承诺）。 • (客观预测) The sports meeting starts in five minutes and it takes 15 minutes to get there. We’re going to be late. 运动会5分钟后开始，但过去要15分钟。我们要迟到了（根据客观事实预测必定迟到）。 二、短语动词 (Phrasal verbs) 【构词规律】 短语动词由一个动词加上一个或多个介词或副词构成（A phrasal verb is made up of a verb and one or more prepositions or adverbs）。 短语动词分为两类： 1. 可拆分的短语动词（Separable）： 宾语如果是名词，可以放在短语中间或后面；如果宾语是代词（it, them等），必须放在中间。     例如：tidy up (整理，收拾)。你可以说 tidy up the room 或 tidy the room up；但只能说 tidy it up。 2. 不可拆分的短语动词（Inseparable）： 动词和介词/副词必须连在一起，宾语只能放在后面。     例如：get along with (与……和睦相处)。只能说 get along with my classmates，不能拆开。 三、本单元核心词汇与短语 【设定目标与计划词汇】 本单元围绕“学会做人与成长 (Learning to be)”展开，重点词汇包括： 1. 个人目标类： personal goal (个人目标), set a goal (设定目标), improve English grades (提高英语成绩), keep a balance (保持平衡), make a plan (制定计划)。 2. 与人相处类： cooperate with (与……合作), get along with (与……和睦相处), listen carefully to their ideas (认真听取他们的想法)。 3. 生活习惯类： read regularly (有规律地阅读), tidy up my room (整理我的房间), help with housework (帮忙做家务)。 二：单元语法知识练习（基于中考真题改编） I. 单项选择（10道） 1. I have borrowed a book from the library. This weekend, I ________ at home and start reading it. A. stay B. stayed C. am going to stay D. have stayed 2. — I don’t know how to do this project. — It’s OK. We are a team. We ________ together to solve the problem. A. work B. worked C. will work D. are working 3. Look at those dark clouds in the sky! It ________ soon. A. is going to rain B. will rain C. rained D. rains 4. I want to ________ my classmates. I will cooperate with others in group projects. A. get out of B. get along with C. get away from D. get off 5. — Mom, ________ I go to the cinema with my classmates this Sunday afternoon? — Yes, of course you can. A. can B. must C. need D. should 6. To ________ my English grades, I have set a goal to write a short essay every week. A. improve B. balance C. express D. dig 7. My mother told me to ________ my room before I go out to play football. A. give up B. look up C. tidy up D. set up 8. These Chinese astronauts ________ in the space station for six months next year. A. stay B. stayed C. will stay D. have stayed 9. I’m going to learn to dance. I’d like to have some fun and keep a ________ between life and study. A. balance B. feeling C. grade D. plan 10. — I forgot to wear a T-shirt. I can’t go to football training after school. — Don’t worry. I ________ you one. A. lend B. will lend C. have lent D. lent II. 语法填空（3篇） Passage 1 (Plans for the New Term) As the new year begins, we feel the need 11. ________ (make) changes in our lives. Linlin and Zihao have set their goals for the new term. Linlin wants to get good 12. ________ (grade). So she is going to write a short essay every week. She also wants to get along 13. ________ her classmates. She 14. ________ (cooperate) with others in group projects in the future. As for Zihao, he wants to be good at public 15. ________ (speak). He is going to learn to express 16. ________ (he) clearly and explain with examples. He has made a plan to spend about half an hour a day 17. ________ (read). He also promises his parents, "I 18. ________ (help) more with housework. I will do the cleaning and tidy 19. ________ my room every week." Both of them hope their dreams will come 20. ________ (truly). Passage 2 (A Letter to My Future Self) Dear future Yuxuan, I am writing this letter to you. I hope you will be a responsible and 21. ________ (care) person. Life is full of challenges, but I believe you 22. ________ (overcome) them bravely. Recently, I have set a goal for 23. ________ (I). After I graduate from high school, I 24. ________ (attend) medical school and become a doctor. I have always wanted to be a doctor because I have a great 25. ________ (interesting) in learning about how our bodies work. Also, the experience of helping out at the community centre 26. ________ (show) me the joy of caring for others now. I want to become a doctor 27. ________ that I can help more people and make a real difference. If I study hard, my dream 28. ________ (realize). I really hope that you, my future self, 29. ________ (make) this dream come true. Keep 30. ________ (do) your best! Best wishes, Yuxuan Passage 3 (Learning a New Skill) One recent weekend, I decided 31. ________ (learn) how to make jiaozi with my grandmother. I thought it 32. ________ (be) fun and easy at the very beginning, but soon it came to me that it wasn’t as simple as it looked. At first, I didn’t pay attention to the sharp knife while 33. ________ (cut) vegetables. My finger got cut because of my carelessness. 34. ________ (luck), it wasn’t serious. Grandma was nervous, and quickly helped me clean the cut. “My poor little girl! Be 35. ________ (care) next time!” said Grandma softly. Through the painful lesson, I learned the hard way that safety should always come first. I told my grandma, "I 36. ________ (be) more careful in the future!" Now I understand that making jiaozi isn’t just about the final product; it is about learning patience, 37. ________ (have) fun with my family, and improving through mistakes. Mistakes aren’t signs of weakness. Instead, they should 38. ________ (view) as steps to 39. ________ (achieve). Next weekend, I am going to 40. ________ (try) cooking another dish! 【参考答案与解析】 I. 单项选择 1.【答案】C 【解析】考查一般将来时 (be going to)。句意：我从图书馆借了一本书。这个周末，我打算待在家里开始读它。因为是已经做好的计划，所以使用 am going to stay。 2.【答案】C 【解析】考查一般将来时 (will)。句意：没关系，我们是一个团队。我们将一起努力解决这个问题。当我们在说话瞬间做出决定、提供帮助或许诺时，通常使用 will。 3.【答案】A 【解析】考查一般将来时 (be going to)。句意：看天上的那些乌云！马上就要下雨了。根据天空有乌云这一客观迹象预测极有可能发生的事情，需用 is going to rain。 4.【答案】B 【解析】考查短语动词。句意：我想和同学们和睦相处。我将在小组项目中与他人合作。get along with 意为“与……和睦相处”，是本单元重点不可拆分短语动词。 5.【答案】A 【解析】考查情态动词。句意：妈妈，这个星期天下午我能和同学们一起去看电影吗？表示请求许可，用 can。 6.【答案】A 【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：为了提高我的英语成绩，我设定了一个目标，每周写一篇短文。improve grades 意为“提高成绩”。 7.【答案】C 【解析】考查短语动词。句意：我妈妈叫我在出去踢球前把房间整理好。tidy up 意为“整理，收拾”，符合语境。 8.【答案】C 【解析】考查一般将来时。句意：这些中国宇航员明年将在空间站停留六个月。根据 next year 可知是一般将来时，用 will stay。 9.【答案】A 【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：我打算去学跳舞。我想找点乐子，并在生活和学习之间保持平衡。keep a balance 意为“保持平衡”。 10.【答案】B 【解析】考查一般将来时 (will)。句意：——别担心，我借给你一件。针对对方的困难临时做出的决定或提供帮助，用 will lend。 II. 语法填空 Passage 1 答案及解析： 11. to make。feel the need to do sth 意为“感觉到做某事的必要”，后接动词不定式。 12. grades。get good grades 意为“取得好成绩”，grade 需用复数形式。 13. with。get along with sb 意为“与某人和睦相处”，是固定短语。 14. will cooperate / is going to cooperate。根据 in the future 可知用将来时，两者均可表示将来的计划。 15. speaking。public speaking 意为“公众演讲”，介词 at 后接动名词。 16. himself。express oneself 意为“表达自己”，主语是 He，填反身代词 himself。 17. reading。spend time doing sth 意为“花费时间做某事”，填动名词 reading。 18. will help。在做出承诺时，通常使用 will，此处表示“我会帮忙做更多家务”。 19. up。tidy up 意为“收拾，整理”，是固定短语动词。 20. true。come true 意为“实现，成真”，系动词 come 后接形容词 true。 Passage 2 答案及解析： 21. caring。与 responsible 并列作定语，care 的形容词形式 caring (关心他人的)。 22. will overcome / are going to overcome。相信未来能克服挑战，用一般将来时。 23. myself。set a goal for oneself (为自己设定目标)，主语是 I，填 myself。 24. am going to attend / will attend。高中毕业后打算上医学院，表示计划，通常用 be going to，此处填 am going to attend。 25. interest。have a great interest in (对……有极大的兴趣)，填名词 interest。 26. shows。主语 the experience 是单数概念，陈述现在的客观事实，用一般现在时 shows。 27. so。so that 引导目的状语从句，意为“以便，为了”。 28. will be realized。if引导的条件状语从句主将从现，梦想“将被实现”，用一般将来时的被动语态。 29. will make。希望未来自己能让梦想成真，用 will make。 30. doing。keep doing sth 意为“坚持做某事”，填动名词 doing。 Passage 3 答案及解析： 31. to learn。decide to do sth 意为“决定做某事”，填 to learn。 32. would be。主句 thought 是过去时，宾语从句也需用过去的某种时态（过去将来时），填 would be。 33. cutting。while doing sth 表示“在做某事期间”，填现在分词 cutting。 34. Luckily。修饰整个句子，置于句首需大写，填副词 Luckily (幸运地)。 35. careful。系动词 Be 后接形容词 careful。 36. will be。向奶奶做出的即时承诺，用一般将来时 will be。 37. having。与前面的 learning 和后面的 improving 保持并列，作 about 的宾语，用动名词 having。 38. be viewed。情态动词 should 后接被动语态，它们应该“被视为”，填 be viewed。 39. achievements。steps to achievements 意为“走向成就的阶梯”，填复数名词 achievements。 40. try。am going to 为一般将来时结构，后接动词原形 try。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $