Grammar-【教材笔记】2025-2026学年七年级下册英语（人教版·新教材）

Grammar 一、名词(Nouns) 1.可数名词和不可数名词 名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单 数和复数两种形式，如an apple-two apples、.a bag-some bags等。不可数名词 一般只有一种形式，没有复数形式，如milk、bread、rice等。还有一些词既可以 充当可数名词，也可以充当不可数名词，如fruit、.fish、chicken等。 2.名词复数 名词的复数形式一般在单数形式后面加-s或-s。名词复数词尾-s或-es的读 音规律一般是：在清辅音后读作s,在浊辅音和元音后读作，在s、z、、 、1d3/等后读作zl。 名词复数的构成和读音示例如表1所示。 表1名词复数形式的构成和读音 类别 构成方法 例词与读音 book-books/buks/ cap-caps /kaeps/ jobjobs/d3pbz/ 一般情况 词尾加-s bag-bags /baegz/ key-keys/ki:z/ boy-boys /boiz/ class-classes /'kla:sIz/ 以s、x、ch、sh box—boxes/'bDksIz/ 词尾加-es 等结尾的词 watch-watches/'wptfiz/ dish-dishes /'difiz/ family-families /'faemaliz/ 以辅音字母加y 变y为i,再加-es 结尾的词 strawberry-strawberries/'stro:bariz/ party-parties /'pa:tiz/ 注：少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，如man一men、woman--women、 child-children、sheep-sheep等。 二、形容词(Adjectives) 形容词可修饰名词或代词，在句子中通常用作定语、表语和补语等。 Grammar 125 1.用作定语。例如： But only clever people can see them! It feels like a magical place. Those young people like sport very much 2.用作表语，置于系动词之后。例如： She is busy. The film is boring. A good student must be diligent. They are very hard-working. 3.用作补语。例如： We need to keep our school clean and tidy. She made me angry last night. 三、副词(Adverbs) 1.副词的用法和意义 副词在句中主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句，表示时 间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 (1)修饰动词。例如： It's raining heavily. （2)修饰形容词。例如： The dog is quite cute. （3)修饰其他副词。例如： She drives very carefully. (4)修饰全句。例如： I usually have some bread and milk for breakfast. 2.频度副词 频度副词是副词的一种，表示事情发生的频率。常用的频度副词有always、 usually、often、sometimes、.seldom(hardly ever)、never等，它们在频度上的差异为： always usually often sometimes seldom (hardly ever)>never 频度副词通常放在实义动词前面。如果句子里有情态动词、助动词或系动词 b,频度副词通常放在这类动词之后。有些频度副词还可放在句首或句末。例如： We usually practise three times a week after school. I can always find time to read. They don't always want to exercise. 126 教材笔记英语七年级下册 A kind word is never lost. Sometimes I have eggs and beans. Do you play often? 四、情态动词(Modal Verbs) 情态动词表示说话人的语气和情态，如请求、许可、意愿、可能等。在形式上， 情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化。有的情态动词没有时态的变化，如ust。 情态动词本身不能单独作谓语，必须和动词原形连用。常见的情态动词有can、 may、must、have to、should、would等。情态动词一般有多个意义。情态动词的 否定式一般是在其后加ot构成，一般疑问句通常将它提到句首。情态动词的肯 定式一般不重读。 l.can和could的用法 (1)表示能力。例如： We can speak a little English. I can play badminton,but I can't play volleyball. He could swim when he was only six. （2)表示许可。例如： You can play basketball at the weekend. We can't run in the hallways Father said I could swim in the pool. (3)表示请求。例如： Can you help me with my Chinese? could也可表示请求，但比can的语气更委婉。例如： Could you tell him to call me back? 2.may的用法 （1)表示许可，意思是“可以”。例如： May I borrow your dictionary? Class is over.You may go now. may和can都可以表示许可，但两者略有差别。may的用法比can更正式， 语气更委婉。 (2)表示可能性，意思是“也许；可能”。例如： I may be late,so don't wait for me. That may be true. 3.must的用法 must表示“必须”。例如： Grammar 127 Don't arrive late for class.We must be on time. You must read a book before you watch TV. 4.have to的用法 have to表示“不得不；必须”。例如： We have to be quiet in the library. She has to do her homework first when she gets home. have to表示“必须”时，与must意义很接近，有时可与must互换。例如： We have to /must follow the rules. 但它们在以下方面有所不同。 (1)must通常表示的是说话人的主观看法，语气比较强烈，have to往往强 调客观需要。例如： We must hurry.I don't want to miss the beginning of the show. We have to hurry.The train is leaving in five minutes (2)它们的否定式含义大不相同。mustn't表示“不准；禁止”，而don't have to表示“不必”。例如： You mustn't talk to your mother like that. You don't have to come if you don't want to. （3)must没有人称和数的变化，而have to有人称和数的变化。例如： I/We /You /They must do something about it. I have to finish my work today. She has to work late today. They have to get to the station before five o'clock. 五、物主代词(Possessive Pronouns) 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 两种。七年级上册已介绍了形容词性物主代词，此处继续介绍名词性物主代词。 名词性物主代词相当于名词，不能用于名词前，说话时要加重语气。例如： A:Is this your pen? B:No,it isn't.The blue pen is mine. A:There is a ping-pong bat here.Is it yours? B:No,it isn't mine.Is it Ella's? C:No,hers is at home. 128 教材笔记英语七年级下册 表2物主代词的分类 单数 复数 物主代词 第一人称第二人称 第三人称 第一人称第二人称第三人称 形容词性 my your his 物主代词 her its our your their 名词性 mine 物主代词 yours his hers its ours yours theirs 他（她，它） 含义 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 们的 六、现在进行时Present Continuous Tense) 1.现在进行时的意义 (1)表示现在（说话时)正在进行的动作或存在的状态。例如： The students are listening to the teacher. He is sleeping now. （2)也可表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。例如： We are working on a farm today. I'm reading a history book this month. 2.现在进行时的构成 现在进行时是由助动词be(am/is/are)加动词-ing形式构成的。以动词 wok为例，现在进行时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略答语如下。 表3现在进行时的肯定式和否定式 肯定式 否定式 I am working. I am not working. He/She is working. He She is not working. We/You /They are working. We /You/They are not working. 表4现在进行时的疑问式和简略答语 疑问式 简略答语 Am I working? Yes,you are. No,you are not (aren't)./No,you're not. Yes,I am./Yes,we are. Are you working? No,I am not./No,we are not (aren't). Is he/she working? Yes,he/she is. No,he/she is not (isn't). Are they working? Yes,they are. No,they are not(aren't). Grammar 29 3.动词ing形式的构成 表5动词ing形式的构成 类别 构成方法 例词 go—going 一般情况 直接加-ing ask-asking look-looking study-studying 以不发音字母e结尾 write-writing 的动词 去掉e,再加-ing make-making take-taking get一getting 以重读闭音节结尾的 双写词尾的辅音字 sit-sitting 动词，末尾只有一个 母，再加-ing put一putting 辅音字母 run-running begin-beginning 以ie结尾的动词 变ie为y,再加-ing lie-lying die-dying 七、一般过去时(Simple Past Tense) 1.一般过去时的意义 (1)表示过去某个时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表 示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday、last night、inl990、two days ago等。例如： He got up early yesterday I visited my grandparents last week. (2)也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often、always等表示频度 的状语连用。例如： He always went to work by bus last year. 2.一般过去时的构成 以动词be和wok为例，一般过去时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略答语 构成如下。 表6一般过去时的肯定式和否定式 动词 肯定式 否定式 I/He/She was not (wasn't)at home be I/He/She was at home yesterday. yesterday. We /You /They were at home yesterday. We/You/They were not(weren't)at home yesterday. I/You/He/She/We/They worked I/You/He/She/We/They did not work in a hospital last year. (didn't)work in a hospital last year. 30 教材笔记英语七年级下册 表7一般过去时的疑问式和简略答语 动词 疑问式 简略答语 Was I late yesterday? Yes,you were. No,you were not(weren't). Yes,I was. Were you late yesterday? No,I was not (wasn't). Yes,he/she was. Was he she late yesterday? No,he/she was not(wasn't). be Yes,we/you were. Were we late yesterday? No,we/you were not (weren't). Were you late yesterday? Yes,we were. No,we were not(weren't). Were they late yesterday? Yes,they were. No,they were not (weren't). Did I work last week? Yes,you did. No,you did not (didn't). Yes,I did. Did you work last week? No,I did not (didn't). Yes,he/she did. Did he she work last week? No,he/she did not (didn't). work Yes,we/you did. Did we work last week? No,we/you did not (didn't). Yes,we did. Did you work last week? No,we did not (didn't). Yes,they did. Did they work last week? No,they did not (didn't). 3.动词过去式的构成 动词过去式的构成分为规则与不规则两类。规则动词过去式通常有四种构成 方式，其词尾-d或-d的读音规则一般是：清辅音后面读作W,浊辅音和元音后 面读作/d/,和/d/后面读作d/。 Grammar 31 表8动词过去式的构成与读音 类别 构成方法 例词与读音 look-looked/lukt/ 一般情况 直接加-ed play-played /plerd/ start-started /'sta:trd/ hope-hoped /haupt/ 以e结尾的动词 加d live-lived/Irvd/ use-used /ju:zd/ 以重读闭音节结尾的动词， 双写词尾的辅音字母。 stop-stopped /stppt/ 末尾只有一个辅音字母 再加-cd plan-planned /plaend/ study-studied /'stadId/ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为i,再加-ed carry-carried /'kaerid/ worry-worried/'wArId/ 还有很多动词的过去式是不规则的，可参见本书附录的不规则动词表。 八、句子种类(Sentence Types) 英语句子按照用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四类。七年级 上册已经介绍了部分句子种类，此处重点介绍祈使句和疑问句中的选择疑问句 的用法。 l.祈使句(Imperative Sentences) 祈使句一般用来表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等。祈使句的主语一般 是第二人称you,但往往省略。祈使句的肯定式以动词原形开头，否定式在动词 原形前加dont。例如： Just go along this street and turn left Be careful when you cross the street. Practise the guitar every day. Don't be late for class. Don't fight. Don't cheat in the exam 为表示礼貌，祈使句经常在句首或句末加please。句末用please时，前面通 常加逗号。例如： Please write and tell me about yourself. Please call Karen at 555-8823. Come in,please. 132 教材笔记英语七年级下册 以lt开头的句子也是祈使句的一种结构，常用于第一人称和第三人称，表 示建议、邀请和劝说等。例如： Let me tell you the way to my house. Let's see the lions. Let him come in. Let them play basketball with us. 2.选择疑问句(Alternative Questions) 选择疑问句提供两种或两种以上情况，问对方选择哪一种，选择项用or连接。 选择疑问句不能用Ys或No来回答。朗读时or前面部分用升调，后面部分用降 调。例如： A:Is she tall or short? B:She's tall A:Do you usually eat a birthday cake or noodles? B:I usually eat noodles. A:What would you like,tea,juice,or coffee? B:I'd like some tea,please. Grammar 133