Grammar-【教材笔记】2025-2026学年八年级下册英语（人教版·新教材）

Grammar 一、反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns) 反身代词是英语中表达“…自己；本身”含义的一类代词，是在第一人 称、第二人称形容词性物主代词或第三人称人称代词宾格形式的词尾加-slf 或-selves组成。反身代词请见下表。 表1反身代词 数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 himself 单数 myself yourself herself itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代词的用法请见下表。 表2反身代词的用法 句法作用 例句 Be careful when you're using the knife!Don't cut yourself..使用刀具时要 小心，不要割伤自己。 动词或介词的 In teaching others,we teach ourselves.教人者，己已学。 宾语 I'll be away for a week.You and your sister need to take care of yourselves. 我要外出一周，你和妹妹得照顾好自己。 Don't be too hard on yourself!!别对自己太苛刻了！ 主语或宾语的 I cooked the dinner myself..我自己做的晚饭。 同位语 You had better ask the dentist herself.你最好问牙医本人。 Just be yourself.做你自己就好了。 表语 Mary hasn't been quite herself recently..玛丽近来有些不对劲儿。 反身代词用作主语或宾语的同位语时，一般用于强调，常译为“本人；亲自”。 常见的后接反身代词作宾语的动词或动词短语有cut、hurt、protect、teach、 enjoy、help、take care of、look after等。 Grammar161 二、情态动词(Modal Verbs) 情态动词可以用来表示提议或建议。 1.should 情态动词should作“应该；应当；可以”讲，用以表达职责和义务、提出劝告， 而且表述的是自己的主观看法，其后接动词原形。例如： When you have the flu,.you should wear a mask when you're outside.患流感时， 你出门应戴上口罩。 If you did something wrong,you should say sorry.如果是你做错了什么，你应 该道歉。 should的否定式是should not/shouldn't,意思是“不应当；不该”。例如： You shouldn't eat so much next time.下次你可不要吃这么多了。 We shouldn't judge a book by its cover.我们不应该以貌取人o 2.could 情态动词could也用于提出建议，比can语气更为委婉。例如： A:What should I take with me to the party?我去参加聚会应该带点什么呢？ B:You could take some fruit or flowers..你可以带些水果或鲜花。 If you want to say sorry,you could call him.如果你想说声“对不起”，你可以 给他打电话。 三、过去进行时(Past Continuous Tense) 1.过去进行时的构成和基本用法 过去进行时由“was/were+动词-ing”构成，表示在过去某一时刻或某一段 时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间除非有上下文暗示，一般用时间状语 来表示。例如： A:What was Kate doing at the time of the earthquake?地震发生时凯特在做什么？ B:She was doing her homework.她正在做作业。 A:What were your family doing when the typhoon hit?台风来袭时你们一家在 做什么？ B:My children and I were reading together..我正和孩子们读书。 162教材笔记英语八年级下册 A:What were you doing while it was snowing heavily?下大雪的时候你在干什么？ B:I was travelling on the train then.那时我正坐火车旅行。 过去进行时可用来为一个或一系列动作的发生提供背景。例如： Everyone was enjoying the beautiful weather that morning.Some people were swimming in the sea,and some were relaxing on the beach.那天早上，大家都在享受 美好的天气。有人在海里游泳，有人在沙滩上放松。 Everyone was enjoying the coffee..Then a man entered the shop.大家都在享用咖 啡，这时有位男人进了商店。 过去进行时既可用在主句中，也可用在从句中，还可以同时用在主句和从句 中。例如： We were visiting our relatives when the strong winds started. While they were waiting,the little girl started to cry. I was doing some chores while my mother was preparing lunch. 从上面例句可以看出，持续时间长的动作一般用过去进行时，持续时间短的 常用一般过去时。如果主句和从句都用过去进行时，则表示主句和从句中的动作 都持续了一段时间。 下面以动词wok为例，将过去进行时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略回答 列表如下。 表3过去进行时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略回答 肯定式 否定式 I/He/She /It was working. I/He She/It was not working. We/You/They were working. We/You/They were not working. 疑问式和简略回答 Was I working? Were you working? Was he she it working? Yes,you were. Yes,I was. Yes,he she/it was. No,you were not No,I was not (wasn't No,he /she it was not(wasn't). (weren't/w3:nt/). /'wDznt/). Yes,you we/they were. Were we/you they working? No,you /we/they were not(weren't). Grammar 163 2.一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生过的动作或存在的状态，而过去进行时 则表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。例如： David wrote a letter to his friend last night..大卫昨晚给他的朋友写了封信。（信 写完了。) David was writing a letter to his friend last night.大卫昨晚一直在给他的朋友写 信。（信不一定写完了。) 四、现在完成时(Present Perfect Tense) 1.现在完成时的构成和基本用法 现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。下面以动词finish为例， 将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略回答列表如下。 表4现在完成时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略回答 肯定式 否定式 I/You have finished. I/You have not(haven't/'haevnt/)finished. He/She/It has finished. He/She/It has not (hasn't/'haeznt/)finished. We/You/They have finished We/You/They have not (haven't)finished. 疑问式和简略回答 Yes,you /I have. Yes,he/she/it has. Have I/you finished? Yes,you we they have. Has he/she/it finished? No,you/I have not (haven't). Have we/you/they finished? No,he/she it has not (hasn't). No,you/we they have not(haven't). 现在完成时的用法请见下表。 表5现在完成时的用法 用法 例句 表示过去发生或已经完成 A:Have you chosen a book for your report yet? 的动作对现在造成的影响 B:Yes,I've picked The Final Problem.（我不必再做选择 或结果。 了。) A:Have you ever read The Three-Body Problem? B:No,I haven't.（我对该书不了解。) 64 教材笔记英语八年级下册 续表 用法 例句 表示某一动作或状态从过 She's been a volunteer since 2022. 去某一时间开始并一直持 Mary has lived with her uncle since her parents died. 续到现在，可以和表示延 I have been busy these days.I haven't had a day off for 续的时间状语连用。表示 three months. 持续动作或状态的动词多 How long has he worked at the museum? 是延续性动词。 I have already borrowed the book from the library. 现在完成时可以和already、 He has never seen snow before. never、ever、just、before Have you ever heard of Oliver Twist? yet等连用。 I've just finished Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. have (has))been表示“曾经到 Helen has been to Xi'an once.She wants to go there again 过某地”，have(has)gone to learn more about the long history of this city. 表示“已经去某地了”。 Helen has gone to Xi'an.She'll be back in a week. 注：非延续性动词一般不能与表示持续性时间的状语连用，但在否定结构中， 可用非延续性动词的现在完成时表示持续的动作或状态。例如： I haven't bought any food since last week.The fridge is empty now. Where has Tom gone?We haven't seen him the whole morning. 2.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是 现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday、last night、 three weeks ago、inl990等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不 发生联系，它可以和上述表示过去的时间状语连用。例如： Fu Xing has worked at a nursing home since last year..付兴从去年开始就在一家 养老院工作。（她现在还在那里工作。) Fu Xing worked at a nursing home last year.付兴去年在一家养老院工作。（不 涉及她现在是否还在那里工作。) I have watched the movie before.我以前看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的 内容。) I watched the movie last week.我上星期看了这部电影。（只说明上星期看了 这部电影，不涉及现在的情况。) Grammar165 五、动词不定式(Infinitives) 1.动词不定式的构成 动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化， 在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保留动词的语义特点，可以有自己的宾语和 状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语，如to make new friends、to reach the top much faster等。 2.动词不定式的用法 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语、宾语、 宾语补足语、定语和状语等。此处重点呈现动词不定式作宾语、目的状语和宾语 补足语三种用法。 表6动词不定式的句法作用 句法作用 例句 Do you want to visit the Great Wall? 作宾语 I like to play badminton in my free time. On Saturday,James decided to make fried chicken. What do you do to pass the time? 作目的状语 Allen ran to the living room to get the fire extinguisher. Do not stand up to reach for food across the table. My instructor encouraged me to get back up whenever I fell 作宾语补足语 My parents told me not to push myself too hard Doctor Cooper asked him to be more careful in the future. 3.动词不定式的否定式 动词不定式的否定形式由“ot+动词不定式”构成。例如： I would prefer not to talk about it.It's private. "Try not to make any noise when you eat,"his mother said. This book has taught me not to give up or doubt myself. 4.“疑问词+不定式”结构 动词不定式可以和what、which、how、where、when等连用。例如： He didn't know what to say to Ella. I have no idea which book to choose for my book report. 166 教材笔记英语八年级下册 She asked me how to use the washing machine The tour guide will tell you where to go next. 5.不带o的动词不定式 有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词主要有两类： 一类是感官动词，如see、hear、watch、feel、notice等；另一类是使役动词，如 let、make、have等。例如： The referee saw Matt push the other player. He heard someone walk down the stairway. I noticed him take a quick look at his watch. If you have any questions,please let me know Hobbies can make you feel good about yourself. 六、连词(Conjunctions) 用来连接单词、短语或句子的虚词叫连词。连词在句中不能单独作句子成分， 一般不重读。按其性质，连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。 1.并列连词 并列连词是指用以连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子的连词。常见的并列 连词有and、but、for、or、both.and.、not only..but also..等。例如： You can fool some of the people all of the time,and all of the people some of the time,but you cannot fool all of the people all of the time. To be,or not to be,that is the question Both the Nile and the Yellow River helped ancient civilizations to develop. Thank you so much for being not only my teacher but also my friend. 2.从属连词 从属连词是指用以引导复合句中从句的连词。常见的从属连词有when、 while、as、before、after、until、if、because、although、though、than、so that、 so..that、unless、as soon as等。例如： He started programming when he was 10. If you run after two hares,you will catch neither. You are braver than you believe,stronger than you seem,and smarter than you think. Grammar 167 How about writing them a letter so that you can get your message across clearly? Please give me a call as soon as you arrive in Beijing. 注：在同一个句子中，though(although)与but不可同时使用，because与 so也不可同时使用。例如： (×)Although you were so busy,but you took the time to help me..(应删去 but,或者删去although。) (x )Because Zhuge Liang is so clever and has a plan for everything,so I admire him.（应删去because,或者删去so。） 七、状语从句(Adverbial Clauses) 在复合句中，用作状语的从句叫作状语从句。根据所表达的意思，状语从句 可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、结果、目的和让步等类型。 表7不同类型的状语从句 类型 引导连词 例句 As the front door opened,James heard the before、after、when、while、 sound of Allen singing. 时间 as、as soon as、since、 You won't know if you can do it until you try. not.until、whenever等 I like to write about my feelings in my diary whenever I feel bad or sad. 地点 where、wherever等 Keep the dictionary where you can see it. I bring a book wherever I go. Alice can't reach the key on the table because she's too small. Chinese people love the ginkgo tree,as it is a 原因 because、as、since等 symbol of hope and long life. Since he has returned,you could now ask for his help. 168 教材笔记英语八年级下册 续表 类型 引导连词 例句 If you don't want to forget your resolutions, 条件 if、unless等 write them down. Nothing is impossible unless you think it is. I was so hungry that I ate a big bowl of 结果 so...that noodles and a big plate of dumplings. We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better. 目的 so、so that等 You can write to your parents so that they'll know how you feel. Although my guitar is old,it means a lot to me. 让步 although、even though等 Tom felt proud of their team,even though they lost. 注：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示一般将来时。 例如： Please say hello for me when you see her next week.下周见到她时，请代我向她 问好。 If it doesn't rain tomorrow,we'll go for a picnic.如果明天不下雨，我们就去野餐。 Grammar169