专题12 主谓一致、非谓语动词考点归纳-2026届中考英语总复习（人教版）

专题10 主谓一致、非谓语动词考点归纳 主谓一致 主谓一致是指句子的谓语与其主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。主谓一致遵循三原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。 一、语法一致原则——主语、谓语在语法形式上保持一致 主语 谓语形式 示例 不可数名词、可数名词单数、第三人称代词单数he/she/it 单数形式 The boy was interested in English. He doesn't think it is a good idea. 动词不定式、动词的-ing形式 单数形式 Reading is learning. one/each/each one/...或every one/each one/one/each of+复数名词/复数代词 单数形式 Each one has a gift. Each of the answers is worth 20 points. 复合不定代词anyone、somebody、everything、nobody等 单数形式 Is everything all right? none/neither of+复数名词/复数代词 单数/复数形式 None of us has/have been to Beijing. 复数名词、复数代词 复数形式 These apples are Mike's. and或both...and...连接的并列主语 复数形式 Tom and Mike are good friends. Both Lucy and Lily are students. 拓展1 “A+with/along with/together with/as well as+B”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数由前面的A的单复数形式决定。如: Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing. 拓展2 shoes、clothes、trousers、scissors、glasses、shorts、jeans、chopsticks、gloves等作主语时，谓语动词须用复数形式。但如果这些名词被a pair/kind of 修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。 1.—How many students are there in your school? —________ the students in our school ________ over 1,500. A． The number of; is B．The number of; are C．A number of; is D．A number of; are 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——你们学校有多少学生？——我们学校的学生人数超过1500人。 考查主谓一致。the number of……的数目；a number of许多。根据“...the students in our school ... over 1,500.”可知，此处强调学生数目，用the number of，排除CD；此处强调总数，be动词用is。故选A。 2.Neither Jim nor Tom ________ France before, but they know the country very well. A．has gone to B．has been to C．have gone to D．have been to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：吉姆和汤姆以前都没去过法国，但他们对这个国家非常了解。 考查现在完成时和主谓一致。has gone to去了某地，主语为第三人称单数；has been to去过某地，主语是第三人称单数；have gone to去了某地，主语为第一人称或者是复数；have been to去过某地，主语为第一人称或者是复数。根据“Neither Jim nor Tom ... France before”可知，吉姆和汤姆以前没去过法国，表示“去过某地”应用have/has been to；“neither... nor...”连接两个主语时，遵循“就近原则”，Tom是第三人称单数，所以助动词用has。故选B。 3.The population in some European countries ________ these years. Many young people are moving to big cities. A．are getting smaller B．is getting smaller C．is getting less D．are getting larger 【答案】B 【详解】句意：近年来，一些欧洲国家的人口正在减少。许多年轻人正在搬到大城市。 考查主谓一致。The population作主语，谓语动词用单数，根据“Many young people are moving to big cities.”可知，是人口变少了，用small的比较级smaller。故选B。 二、意义一致原则——主语、谓语在意义上保持一致关系 类别 谓语形式 示例 表示金钱、价格、时间、长度等的复数名词或词组作主语时，一般看作一个整体 单数形式 Three years is a long time. 集体名词,如family、team、class、group等作主语 表示整体概念 单数形式 His family is going to move.（强调整个家庭） 表示各个成员 复数形式 His family are all eating.（强调家庭成员） police、people等作主语时 复数形式 The police are helping a girl look for her mother. 拓展1 all、any、enough、half、more、most、some作主语或修饰主语时，若主语表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式；若主语表示单数意义或是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式。如： All of the apples are rotten.（所有的苹果都腐烂了。） All of the apple is rotten.（整个苹果都腐烂了。） 拓展2 主语为“分数/百分数+of+名词”时，其后的谓语形式取决于of后的名词的单复数。如： About 60% of the students in our school are boys. About 60% of the work is done. 1.It is reported that half of the China’s population __________ working in cities in 2015 to make money． A．are B．is C．was D．were 【答案】D 【详解】句意：据报道，2015年中国有一半的人口在城市上班挣钱。 考查主谓一致及时态。population常与定冠词the连用。作主语用时，谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。当主语是表示人口百分之几时，谓语用复数。再由in 2015可知应用一般过去时。故选D。 2.—There are so many swimmers swimming in the swimming pool. —Yes, and sixty percent children. A．is B．are C．was D．were 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——在游泳池里有那么多游泳者正在游泳。——是的，而且百分之六十是孩子。根据谓语are可知此处用一般现在时，故排除CD两项。此处的sixty percent代指的是百分之六十的游泳者，故谓语用复数形式，故选B。 3.Half of the class _______ done most of the work. The left ________ rather difficult. A．has; is B．have; is C．have; are D．has; are 【答案】C 【详解】句意：班上有一半人完成了大部分工作。剩下的稍微难点。考查动词时态辨析题。half of the class班上一半的学生，是复数人称，需用have+done构成现在完成时，可排除AD两项。the left剩下的（另一半），也是复数人称，系词需用are，可排除AB选项。根据句意语境，可知选C。 三、就近一致原则——谓语的单复数取决于离谓语最近的主语的单复数形式 类别 谓语形式 示例 There be结构中 be动词常与离它近的主语在数上保持一致 There is a table and three chairs in Tom's room. either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but （also）...、not...but...连接两个并列主语时 谓语动词与离它较近的主语在人称和数上保持一致 Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle. 1.Neither Millie nor Shirley ________ Australia before, but they know the country very well. A．has gone to B．has been to C．have gone to D．have been to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：Millie和Shirley以前都没有去过澳大利亚，但是她们对那个国家非常了解。 考查现在完成时和主谓一致。have gone to去了某地（还没回来）；have been to去过某地（回来了）。根据句意可知，这里表示“去过某地”，Neither…nor连接并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式应根据就近原则，与Shirley一致，用单数。故选B。 2.—Mum, I am hungry. —There ________ some bread and two eggs on the table. A．are B．is C．have D．has 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——妈妈，我饿了。 ——桌上有一些面包和两个鸡蛋。 考查主谓一致。该句为“there be”句型，遵循“就近原则”，空后主语“bread”为不可数名词，be动词应用is。故选B。 3.Try to be the master of your life. Life is a horse and ________ you ride it ________ it rides you. A．neither; nor B．either; or C．both; and D．not only; but also 【答案】B 【详解】句意：试着做自己生活的主人。生活就像一匹马，要么你驾驭它，要么它驾驭你。 考查连词辨析。neither...nor既不……也不……；either...or...要么……要么……；both...and两者都；not only...but also...不但……而且……。根据“...you ride it...it rides you”可知，要么你驾驭它，要么它驾驭你。故选B。 综合训练 1．Although our （meal）look better,large amounts of sugar are often added. 【答案】meals 2．Chinese Language Day （fall）on April 20th every year. 【答案】falls 3．Xinzhou ancient city in Shanxi,with a history of more than 1,800 years, （have）over 500 stores and restaurants. 【答案】has 4．A recent study shows that letter writing （make）the writer happy. 【答案】makes 5．Neither Lily nor her parents （be）outdoors when the rainstorm came. 【答案】were 6．This is my good friend,Lucy.Not only she but also I （be）good at recycling.We often make some toys out of waste. 【答案】am 7．Reading novels （be）her favorite way to relax. 【答案】is 8．There a big tree behind the shop.You can see many birds in it. 【答案】is 9．The centre of the hurricane（飓风）is called the eye.Winds in the eye （be）not very strong. 【答案】are 10．There （be）some good advice and ways about how to use the Internet correctly and wisely. 【答案】is 11．Each of them （receive）a gift from the school every year. 【答案】receives 12．Three years （be）a short time in one's life. 【答案】is 13．Either you or he （be）responsible for the mistake. 【答案】is 动词的非谓语形式（没有人称和数的变化） 一、动词不定式 动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to，其否定式为“not+动词不定式”。具体用法见下表： 功能 位置与常见用法 示例 作主语 放句首，谓语动词用单数 To see is to believe.（to believe作表语） 通常用it作形式主语，真正的主语，即不定式则被后置： it+is+adj.（+for/of sb.）+to do sth. it takes sb.+一段时间+to do sth.（做某事花费某人多少时间） It is important for us to work hard in order to have a better life. It takes me half an hour to walk to school every day. 作宾语 一些动词后常用不定式作宾语： afford/agree/want/hope/decide/wish/learn/expect/fail/ plan/promise/refuse/wait/...+to do sth. They can't afford to buy a house. He decided to visit the family on Saturday evening. 有些动词后接动词不定式作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语，即不定式后置：find/think+it+adj.+to do sth. I found it difficult to find a job in the city. 动词不定式可以和疑问词连用作宾语： what/which/when/where/how+to do Nobody told us what to do next. We don't know where to go. 作状语 位于表示情绪、状态等的形容词后：be+adj.+to do sth. I am proud to stand with you. 表目的：to do/in order to do... A friend came to see me last night. To learn English well, you must study hard. 表结果：too+adj.+to do sth.（太……而不能做某事） adj./adv.+enough+to do sth.（足够……做某事） He is too young to go to school. He is old enough to go to school. 作宾语补足语 位于宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明： advise/allow/ask/encourage/force/invite/order/require/ want/warn/teach/...+sb.（变被动后依然接to do）+to do sth. 注意：动词不定式在使役动词（make、let、have等）和感官动词（feel、hear等）后作宾语补足语时，通常省略to She encouraged me to write. My mom advises me to do my homework first. All the students were asked to complete a questionnaire（问卷）. 作定语 动词不定式作定语时要后置： something/anything/nothing/物/人+to do I have some clothes to wash. I want something to eat. He has no place to live. 1.We need stricter laws ____________（protect） our river. [答案]to protect [解析]考查动词不定式。句意：我们需要更严格的法律来保护我们的河流。不定式表目的，故填to protect。 2.It also encourages young people ____________（achieve） their dreams. [答案]to achieve [解析]考查动词不定式。句意：它还鼓励年轻人实现他们的梦想。encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事。故填to achieve。 3.The 21-year-old girl has been teaching other students ______________（practice） for over three years. [答案]to practice [解析]考查动词不定式。此处指这位21岁的女孩已经教其他学生练习了三年多。teach sb. to do sth.教某人做某事。故填to practice。 4.The boss told John ________（wait） a second, and he called Bobby to go and find anyone selling watermelons in the market. [答案]to wait [解析]考查动词不定式。此处指老板让约翰稍等片刻。tell sb. to do sth.意为“告诉某人做某事”，故填to wait。 5.Many university graduates go to work in the countryside ________（help） villagers live a better life. [答案]to help [解析]考查动词不定式。句意:为了帮助村民们过上更好的日子,许多大学毕业生到农村去工作。本空应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to help。 二、动词的-ing形式 动词的-ing形式为在动词原形后加-ing构成；其否定形式为“not+动词的-ing形式”。动词的-ing形式可以和助动词be一起构成进行时，还可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。具体用法见下表： 功能 位置与常见用法 示例 作主语 放句首，谓语动词用单数 Swimming is good for health. 作宾语 一些动词（enjoy/practice/finish/mind/miss/keep/suggest/ imagine/consider/avoid/...）后接动词的-ing形式 He practices speaking English every day. When playing in the hallways, students should avoid pushing each other. 介词（of/to（to为介词时，后面接动词的-ing形式，如be used to/look forward to+doing...）/for/after/by/about/...）后接动词的-ing形式 He helped me realize that travel is about learning cultures. 作表语 My favourite hobby is collecting stamps. 作定语 They found another hiding place.（作前置定语） a highway leading into the mountains（作后置定语） 作状语 She was in the kitchen preparing supper. 作宾语补足语 I can't imagine Grandma riding a motorbike. 1.]In order to remember Zu, some mathematicians suggest ________（call） pi（圆周率） “Zu Lv”. [答案]calling [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。句意：为了记住祖（冲之），一些数学家建议称pi为“祖率”。suggest doing sth.建议做某事。故填calling。 2.—How can I improve my pronunciation, Madam? —Keep on ____________（practice） and you’ll make progress. [答案]practicing [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。句意:——女士,怎样才能改进我的发音?——坚持练习,你就会取得进步。keep on doing sth.意为“继续做某事”。故填practicing。 3.When playing in the hallways students should avoid ________（push） each other. [答案]pushing [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。根据句意可知，在走廊玩耍的时候要避免互相推搡。avoid doing sth.避免做某事。故填pushing。 4.Many students practice ________（run） in the morning because of the P.E. exam. [答案]running [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。practice doing sth.为固定搭配,意为“练习做某事”,故填running。 5.—Is Lucy in the classroom? —Yeah. She is still there watching Mr. Li ________（draw）. [答案]drawing [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。根据语境可知,露西正在教室看着李先生画画,watch sb. doing sth.看着某人正在做某事。故填drawing。 6.My grandfather used to ______（watch） TV at home after dinner, but now he is used to ______（go） out for a walk. [答案]watch；going [解析]考查动词的非谓语形式。句意:我爷爷过去在晚饭后常在家看电视,但是现在他习惯（晚饭后）散步。used to do sth.过去常常做某事；be used to doing sth.习惯做某事。故答案为watch；going。 7.It helped kill their neck and back pain after ________（work） for long hours at home while not requiring much effort, time and space. [答案]working [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。设空处前为介词after，后接动词的-ing形式working。故填working。 8.Body confidence is about ____________（accept） our bodies fully and understanding what they can do for us. [答案]accepting [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。句意：身体自信是指充分接受我们的身体，并了解它们能为我们做什么。about为介词，后接动词的-ing形式。 三、动词的-ed形式 动词的-ed形式也叫过去分词，除了可以与助动词be一起构成被动语态，与have/has一起构成现在完成时，还可以在句中作表语、定语、宾语补足语或状语。具体用法见下表： 功能 示例 作表语 He is not interested in research. 作定语 She had a pleased look on her face. 作宾语补足语 We all wished the problem settled.（希望问题被解决） 作状语 Mr. Brown, deeply moved, thanked him again and again.（被深深地感动） 综合训练 一．填空题 1.You could do what you can （help）everyone get out of the door on time. [答案]to help 2.Tony's sister enjoys （listen）to music and she often goes to concerts. [答案]listening [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。enjoy doing sth.表示“喜欢做某事”。故填listening。 3.Write down the things you need to do in a notebook,or use an online tool （create）a“to-do”list. [答案]to create [解析]考查动词不定式。根据语境可知，此处表示使用在线工具的目的是创建待办清单，应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to create。 4.The local artists worked with historians （make）sure the projections show the big events in the history correctly. [答案]to make 5.Let your grandparents help you improve your skills,like （teach）you how to fish. [答案]teaching [解析]考查动词的-ing形式。like为介词，其后的动词应用-ing形式。故填teaching。 6.I think the best way （value）time is to live in the present. [答案]to value 7.Eric's been working hard to make Yunnan coffee （become）better. [答案]become 8.I must ask my father to give up （smoke）since it's bad for his lungs. [答案]smoking 9.With a little patience,planning and understanding,you can help （create）a great home for your pets. [答案]（to）create [解析]考查动词不定式。help（to）do sth.意为“帮助做某事”，其中to可省略。故填（to）create。 10.Companies might soon use AI （find）out where you've traveled. [答案]to find 二．阅读下面短文，填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。2025杭州模拟改编 Like many beginners, I learned to ride a bike during the summer vacation. The only difference was that I was 30 years old. When I was a kid, my father bought a bicycle for my brother and me 1 （share）, but he was too busy 2 （teach） us. When I grew older, the other kids laughed at me because I couldn't ride a bike. That made me 3 （give） up learning finally. After I moved to a town, bikes were popular there. I wanted 4 （learn） how to ride a bike. By then, I was 12 years old. However, I was soon busy with my schoolwork, and later with my job. I almost forgot about it. At the age of 30, I joined a women's bike-riding club. The members met to practice 5 （ride） every Saturday in Renmin Park. As for me, I stood there and decided 6 （overcome） my fear. Although I fell off the bike many times, I told myself 7 （be） brave. Before long, I could ride well. It wasn't simply a bike. It was the chance I had lost at an early age. [答案]1．to share2．to teach3．give4．to learn5．riding6．to overcome7．to be [解析] 2．考查动词不定式。固定搭配too...to...表示“太……而不能……”，to do作结果状语。故填to teach。 3．考查省略to的动词不定式。固定搭配make sb. do sth.表示“让某人做某事”，故填give。 5．考查动词的-ing形式。固定搭配practice doing sth. 表示“练习做某事”，故填 riding。 三．将方框中所给词的适当形式填入短文中，每词仅用一次。 keep ache start make take stand Lena was a shy girl who always found it hard 1 friends. Every time someone spoke to her， she would worry about being laughed at. One rainy afternoon，while walking home from school，she noticed a small dog 2 under a tree. It looked lost and scared， just like how she felt whenever she tried 3 a conversation. Lena slowly moved closer to it. The dog waved its tail softly. Something in its trusting eyes made Lena's heart 4 . She decided 5 it home. Her parents agreed 6 it while searching for its owner. Lena named the dog “Shadow（影子）” because it followed her everywhere, just like her own shadow. [答案]1．to make2．standing3．to start4．ache5．to take6．to keep [解析] 1．考查动词不定式。根据固定结构“find it+adj.+to do sth.”可知，空处应用动词不定式。故填to make。 2．考查动词的-ing形式。此处表示她注意到一只小狗正站在树下，应用“notice sb./sth. doing sth.”结构，空处应用动词的-ing形式。故填standing。 四．短文填空综合练 Our community library decided 1. （run） a painting class. I told my friend Ella, and we both signed up. On the big day, our first task was to paint a white vase of cheerful yellow sunflowers against a blue background.We were asked 2. （paint） our canvas （画布） blue. It was easy 3. （follow） the instructor to move the brush. Although I had never painted before, I could tell I was a natural. I started 4. （think） about where I would hang my new masterpiece. Immediately after that, however, I began 5. （have） problems. The first curved （弯曲的） line of my vase looked perfect, but when I painted the line on the opposite side, my hand slipped （打滑）. I tried to cover that white streak （条痕） with blue paint, but it didn't work. While I was busy 6. （fix） my messy painting, the instructor explained how to paint the sunflower leaves. Things went downhill fast after that. My leaves looked like fat, green caterpillars （毛毛虫）. When I failed 7. （clean） my paintbrush, I accidentally made the sunflowers green. I felt upset when I saw how good others' paintings looked. Ella sweetly praised my sunflowers, perhaps 8. （feel） sorry for me. When I said that hers was much better, she looked surprised. “No, it isn't. I messed up in at least five places.” After a few seconds, she asked, “Want to trade paintings?” Until that moment, I had only disliked my painting. And yet, for some reason, 9. （give） it away made me feel wrong. It wasn't a perfect painting, but it was mine—the first one I had ever created. I knew Ella must have realized that she felt the same way when she suddenly shook her head and said, “Never mind.” My sunflower painting still hangs directly above my bed. I often look at it. Every time I look at it, it makes me 10. （smile）. It always brightens my day and brings warmth to my room. I really like it now. [答案]1．to run2．to paint3．to follow4．thinking/to think5．to have/having6．fixing7．to clean8．feeling 9．giving10．smile 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题10 主谓一致、非谓语动词考点归纳 主谓一致 主谓一致是指句子的谓语与其主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。主谓一致遵循三原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。 一、语法一致原则——主语、谓语在语法形式上保持一致 主语 谓语形式 示例 不可数名词、可数名词单数、第三人称代词单数he/she/it 单数形式 The boy was interested in English. He doesn't think it is a good idea. 动词不定式、动词的-ing形式 单数形式 Reading is learning. one/each/each one/...或every one/each one/one/each of+复数名词/复数代词 单数形式 Each one has a gift. Each of the answers is worth 20 points. 复合不定代词anyone、somebody、everything、nobody等 单数形式 Is everything all right? none/neither of+复数名词/复数代词 单数/复数形式 None of us has/have been to Beijing. 复数名词、复数代词 复数形式 These apples are Mike's. and或both...and...连接的并列主语 复数形式 Tom and Mike are good friends. Both Lucy and Lily are students. 拓展1 “A+with/along with/together with/as well as+B”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数由前面的A的单复数形式决定。如: Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing. 拓展2 shoes、clothes、trousers、scissors、glasses、shorts、jeans、chopsticks、gloves等作主语时，谓语动词须用复数形式。但如果这些名词被a pair/kind of 修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。 1.—How many students are there in your school? —________ the students in our school ________ over 1,500. A． The number of; is B．The number of; are C．A number of; is D．A number of; are 2.Neither Jim nor Tom ________ France before, but they know the country very well. A．has gone to B．has been to C．have gone to D．have been to 3.The population in some European countries ________ these years. Many young people are moving to big cities. A．are getting smaller B．is getting smaller C．is getting less D．are getting larger 二、意义一致原则——主语、谓语在意义上保持一致关系 类别 谓语形式 示例 表示金钱、价格、时间、长度等的复数名词或词组作主语时，一般看作一个整体 单数形式 Three years is a long time. 集体名词,如family、team、class、group等作主语 表示整体概念 单数形式 His family is going to move.（强调整个家庭） 表示各个成员 复数形式 His family are all eating.（强调家庭成员） police、people等作主语时 复数形式 The police are helping a girl look for her mother. 拓展1 all、any、enough、half、more、most、some作主语或修饰主语时，若主语表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式；若主语表示单数意义或是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式。如： All of the apples are rotten.（所有的苹果都腐烂了。） All of the apple is rotten.（整个苹果都腐烂了。） 拓展2 主语为“分数/百分数+of+名词”时，其后的谓语形式取决于of后的名词的单复数。如： About 60% of the students in our school are boys. About 60% of the work is done. 1.It is reported that half of the China’s population __________ working in cities in 2015 to make money． A．are B．is C．was D．were 2.—There are so many swimmers swimming in the swimming pool. —Yes, and sixty percent children. A．is B．are C．was D．were 3.Half of the class _______ done most of the work. The left ________ rather difficult. A．has; is B．have; is C．have; are D．has; are 三、就近一致原则——谓语的单复数取决于离谓语最近的主语的单复数形式 类别 谓语形式 示例 There be结构中 be动词常与离它近的主语在数上保持一致 There is a table and three chairs in Tom's room. either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but （also）...、not...but...连接两个并列主语时 谓语动词与离它较近的主语在人称和数上保持一致 Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle. 1.Neither Millie nor Shirley ________ Australia before, but they know the country very well. A．has gone to B．has been to C．have gone to D．have been to 2.—Mum, I am hungry. —There ________ some bread and two eggs on the table. A．are B．is C．have D．has 3.Try to be the master of your life. Life is a horse and ________ you ride it ________ it rides you. A．neither; nor B．either; or C．both; and D．not only; but also 综合训练 1．Although our （meal）look better,large amounts of sugar are often added. 2．Chinese Language Day （fall）on April 20th every year. 3．Xinzhou ancient city in Shanxi,with a history of more than 1,800 years, （have）over 500 stores and restaurants. 4．A recent study shows that letter writing （make）the writer happy. 5．Neither Lily nor her parents （be）outdoors when the rainstorm came. 6．This is my good friend,Lucy.Not only she but also I （be）good at recycling.We often make some toys out of waste. 7．Reading novels （be）her favorite way to relax. 8．There a big tree behind the shop.You can see many birds in it. 9．The centre of the hurricane（飓风）is called the eye.Winds in the eye （be）not very strong. 10．There （be）some good advice and ways about how to use the Internet correctly and wisely. 11．Each of them （receive）a gift from the school every year. 12．Three years （be）a short time in one's life. 13．Either you or he （be）responsible for the mistake. 动词的非谓语形式（没有人称和数的变化） 一、动词不定式 动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to，其否定式为“not+动词不定式”。具体用法见下表： 功能 位置与常见用法 示例 作主语 放句首，谓语动词用单数 To see is to believe.（to believe作表语） 通常用it作形式主语，真正的主语，即不定式则被后置： it+is+adj.（+for/of sb.）+to do sth. it takes sb.+一段时间+to do sth.（做某事花费某人多少时间） It is important for us to work hard in order to have a better life. It takes me half an hour to walk to school every day. 作宾语 一些动词后常用不定式作宾语： afford/agree/want/hope/decide/wish/learn/expect/fail/ plan/promise/refuse/wait/...+to do sth. They can't afford to buy a house. He decided to visit the family on Saturday evening. 有些动词后接动词不定式作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语，即不定式后置：find/think+it+adj.+to do sth. I found it difficult to find a job in the city. 动词不定式可以和疑问词连用作宾语： what/which/when/where/how+to do Nobody told us what to do next. We don't know where to go. 作状语 位于表示情绪、状态等的形容词后：be+adj.+to do sth. I am proud to stand with you. 表目的：to do/in order to do... A friend came to see me last night. To learn English well, you must study hard. 表结果：too+adj.+to do sth.（太……而不能做某事） adj./adv.+enough+to do sth.（足够……做某事） He is too young to go to school. He is old enough to go to school. 作宾语补足语 位于宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明： advise/allow/ask/encourage/force/invite/order/require/ want/warn/teach/...+sb.（变被动后依然接to do）+to do sth. 注意：动词不定式在使役动词（make、let、have等）和感官动词（feel、hear等）后作宾语补足语时，通常省略to She encouraged me to write. My mom advises me to do my homework first. All the students were asked to complete a questionnaire（问卷）. 作定语 动词不定式作定语时要后置： something/anything/nothing/物/人+to do I have some clothes to wash. I want something to eat. He has no place to live. 1.We need stricter laws ____________（protect） our river. 2.It also encourages young people ____________（achieve） their dreams. 3.The 21-year-old girl has been teaching other students ______________（practice） for over three years. 4.The boss told John ________（wait） a second, and he called Bobby to go and find anyone selling watermelons in the market. 5.Many university graduates go to work in the countryside ________（help） villagers live a better life. 二、动词的-ing形式 动词的-ing形式为在动词原形后加-ing构成；其否定形式为“not+动词的-ing形式”。动词的-ing形式可以和助动词be一起构成进行时，还可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。具体用法见下表： 功能 位置与常见用法 示例 作主语 放句首，谓语动词用单数 Swimming is good for health. 作宾语 一些动词（enjoy/practice/finish/mind/miss/keep/suggest/ imagine/consider/avoid/...）后接动词的-ing形式 He practices speaking English every day. When playing in the hallways, students should avoid pushing each other. 介词（of/to（to为介词时，后面接动词的-ing形式，如be used to/look forward to+doing...）/for/after/by/about/...）后接动词的-ing形式 He helped me realize that travel is about learning cultures. 作表语 My favourite hobby is collecting stamps. 作定语 They found another hiding place.（作前置定语） a highway leading into the mountains（作后置定语） 作状语 She was in the kitchen preparing supper. 作宾语补足语 I can't imagine Grandma riding a motorbike. 1.]In order to remember Zu, some mathematicians suggest ________（call） pi（圆周率） “Zu Lv”. 2.—How can I improve my pronunciation, Madam? —Keep on ____________（practice） and you’ll make progress. 3.When playing in the hallways students should avoid ________（push） each other. 4.Many students practice ________（run） in the morning because of the P.E. exam. 5.—Is Lucy in the classroom? —Yeah. She is still there watching Mr. Li ________（draw）. 6.My grandfather used to ______（watch） TV at home after dinner, but now he is used to ______（go） out for a walk. 7.It helped kill their neck and back pain after ________（work） for long hours at home while not requiring much effort, time and space. 8.Body confidence is about ____________（accept） our bodies fully and understanding what they can do for us. 三、动词的-ed形式 动词的-ed形式也叫过去分词，除了可以与助动词be一起构成被动语态，与have/has一起构成现在完成时，还可以在句中作表语、定语、宾语补足语或状语。具体用法见下表： 功能 示例 作表语 He is not interested in research. 作定语 She had a pleased look on her face. 作宾语补足语 We all wished the problem settled.（希望问题被解决） 作状语 Mr. Brown, deeply moved, thanked him again and again.（被深深地感动） 综合训练 一．填空题 1.You could do what you can （help）everyone get out of the door on time. 2.Tony's sister enjoys （listen）to music and she often goes to concerts. 3.Write down the things you need to do in a notebook,or use an online tool （create）a“to-do”list. 4.The local artists worked with historians （make）sure the projections show the big events in the history correctly. 5.Let your grandparents help you improve your skills,like （teach）you how to fish. 6.I think the best way （value）time is to live in the present. 7.Eric's been working hard to make Yunnan coffee （become）better. 8.I must ask my father to give up （smoke）since it's bad for his lungs. 9.With a little patience,planning and understanding,you can help （create）a great home for your pets. 10.Companies might soon use AI （find）out where you've traveled. 二．阅读下面短文，填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。2025杭州模拟改编 Like many beginners, I learned to ride a bike during the summer vacation. The only difference was that I was 30 years old. When I was a kid, my father bought a bicycle for my brother and me 1 （share）, but he was too busy 2 （teach） us. When I grew older, the other kids laughed at me because I couldn't ride a bike. That made me 3 （give） up learning finally. After I moved to a town, bikes were popular there. I wanted 4 （learn） how to ride a bike. By then, I was 12 years old. However, I was soon busy with my schoolwork, and later with my job. I almost forgot about it. At the age of 30, I joined a women's bike-riding club. The members met to practice 5 （ride） every Saturday in Renmin Park. As for me, I stood there and decided 6 （overcome） my fear. Although I fell off the bike many times, I told myself 7 （be） brave. Before long, I could ride well. It wasn't simply a bike. It was the chance I had lost at an early age. 三．将方框中所给词的适当形式填入短文中，每词仅用一次。 keep ache start make take stand Lena was a shy girl who always found it hard 1 friends. Every time someone spoke to her， she would worry about being laughed at. One rainy afternoon，while walking home from school，she noticed a small dog 2 under a tree. It looked lost and scared， just like how she felt whenever she tried 3 a conversation. Lena slowly moved closer to it. The dog waved its tail softly. Something in its trusting eyes made Lena's heart 4 . She decided 5 it home. Her parents agreed 6 it while searching for its owner. Lena named the dog “Shadow（影子）” because it followed her everywhere, just like her own shadow. 四．短文填空综合练 Our community library decided 1. （run） a painting class. I told my friend Ella, and we both signed up. On the big day, our first task was to paint a white vase of cheerful yellow sunflowers against a blue background.We were asked 2. （paint） our canvas （画布） blue. It was easy 3. （follow） the instructor to move the brush. Although I had never painted before, I could tell I was a natural. I started 4. （think） about where I would hang my new masterpiece. Immediately after that, however, I began 5. （have） problems. The first curved （弯曲的） line of my vase looked perfect, but when I painted the line on the opposite side, my hand slipped （打滑）. I tried to cover that white streak （条痕） with blue paint, but it didn't work. While I was busy 6. （fix） my messy painting, the instructor explained how to paint the sunflower leaves. Things went downhill fast after that. My leaves looked like fat, green caterpillars （毛毛虫）. When I failed 7. （clean） my paintbrush, I accidentally made the sunflowers green. I felt upset when I saw how good others' paintings looked. Ella sweetly praised my sunflowers, perhaps 8. （feel） sorry for me. When I said that hers was much better, she looked surprised. “No, it isn't. I messed up in at least five places.” After a few seconds, she asked, “Want to trade paintings?” Until that moment, I had only disliked my painting. And yet, for some reason, 9. （give） it away made me feel wrong. It wasn't a perfect painting, but it was mine—the first one I had ever created. I knew Ella must have realized that she felt the same way when she suddenly shook her head and said, “Never mind.” My sunflower painting still hangs directly above my bed. I often look at it. Every time I look at it, it makes me 10. （smile）. It always brightens my day and brings warmth to my room. I really like it now. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $