Unit 8 Green Living（单元自测·北京专用）英语北师大版必修第三册

2025-2026学年高一英语必修第三册单元自测 （北京专用） Unit 8·培优卷（参考答案） 第一部分知识运用(共两节,30分) 第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分) 1．C 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B 第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分) 11．have dropped 12．stored 13．into 14．to record 15．when 16．will survive 17．which 18．endangered 19．filtering 20．what 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节, 38分) 第一节(共14小题; 每小题2分, 共28分) 21．B 22．C 23．A 24．B 25．C 26．D 27．A 28．D 29．C 30．C 31．B 32．C 33．C 34．A 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,共10分) 35．D 36．B 37．G 38．A 39．E 第三部分 书面表达(共两节, 32分) 第一节(共4小题; 第40、41题各2分, 第42题3分, 第43题5分, 共12分) 40． People pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant. 41． Because meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains, and food production emits greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. 42． Plant-based food can adapt to more types of lands than meat, but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food. According to the article, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources compared to meat. 43．As high school students, we can protect the environment by adopting a more sustainable lifestyle. We can reduce waste by reusing and recycling items, and choose eco-friendly products. Additionally, we can participate in environmental protection activities and raise awareness among our peers and community about the importance of protecting the environment. 第二节(20分) 44. Dear Jim, How’s it going? I’m writing to invite you to join our school environmental club’s activity named “Reduce Plastic, Protect the Earth” on April 22, Earth Day. The activity will start at 9 a.m. on the school playground. First, an environmental expert will give a 40-minute talk, explaining how plastic waste harms ecosystems and sharing practical tips like using reusable bags and bottles. Then, we’ll have a “plastic recycling DIY” session, where we can turn waste plastic bottles into pen holders or flower pots. In the afternoon, we’ll go around the neighborhood to promote low-plastic lifestyles to residents. This activity not only raises awareness of plastic pollution but also encourages us to take concrete actions. As a green activist, you’ll surely love it. Looking forward to your reply! Yours, Li Hua 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $………………○………………外………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○……………… ………………○………………内………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○……………… 此卷只装订不密封 ………………○………………内………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○……………… ………………○………………外………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○……………… … 学校：______________姓名：_____________班级：_______________考号：______________________ 2025-2026学年高一英语必修第三册单元自测 （北京专用） Unit 8·培优卷 学校:___________班级：___________姓名：___________分数：___________ （时间：90分钟，满分：100分） 注意事项： 1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。 3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分知识运用(共两节,30分) 第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分) 阅读下面短文, 掌握其大意, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Production of bottled water has grown over the past thirty years from nothing into a $16 billion-per-year business. However, more and more people have been against bottled water use, and environmentalists are 1 people to go back to the tap. The first reason why you should seriously think about 2 bottled water, they say, is that it’s bad for the environment. Producing plastic bottles 3 vast quantities of oil. As a result, factories create poisonous waste and send it into the environment. What is more, the vast majority of plastic water bottles aren’t 4 . In almost every part of the world, unwanted water bottles take up landfills and send dangerous gases into air and water when they are burned. In other words, bottled water is a major 5 to global warming. Secondly, the 6 of bottled water requires a lot of fuel. In the USA alone, one billion bottles of water are moved around each week in trucks, giving off polluting gases. In fact, some high-priced water is 7 from one side of the planet to the other. Finally, bottled water isn’t even better for your health. Tap water rules in many countries are far 8 than those for bottled water. Furthermore, tap water contains fluoride, which is added to help build strong teeth and prevent tooth decay(龋齿). Consequently, as the use of bottled water has 9 , tooth decay has become more serious. To sum up, by stopping the use of bottled water, and encouraging others to do so, you will be doing the planet an enormous 10 and benefiting your own health as well. 1．A．allowing B．training C．calling on D．commanding 2．A．giving up B．turning to C．preparing for D．believing in 3．A．creates B．attracts C．requires D．shares 4．A．sold B．recycled C．found D．limited 5．A．answer B．solution C．contributor D．service 6．A．test B．design C．competition D．transportation 7．A．shipped B．wasted C．developed D．collected 8．A．older B．fewer C．stricter D．simpler 9．A．dropped B．changed C．increased D．disappointed 10．A．contribution B．favor C．help D．assistance 第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Over the last half century, shark and ray (鳐) populations 11 (drop) 71 percent, largely due to increased fishing pressure. This isn’t just bad news for sharks — it threatens the balance of entire ocean ecosystems. By targeting weak fish, sharks help keep schools strong and, in turn, support ocean health. Sharks also help keep more carbon 12 (store) deep within the ocean, which human activities are releasing 13 the atmosphere, fueling climate change. B 阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 The research on the monarch’s behaviour has led to a greater awareness of this creature. People have been working together with researchers 14 (record) its migration and make sure that there are enough plants for it to feed on. If this works, there may come a time 15 the number of monarch butterflies increases once again. The more we know about this lovely creature, the greater the chance it 16 (survive) in the natural world in the future. C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Wetlands, 17 are lands covered by water for part or all of the year, are vital ecosystems that support diverse life, including 18 (endanger) species and migratory birds. They perform crucial functions: 19 (filter) pollutants and carbon from the environment, preventing floods by absorbing excess water, and providing food like fish and rice. However, many people do not realize that they are essential to the environment and wetlands face severe threats from urban development and pollution. Governments should take action to protect these areas and 20 individuals do is also important for the preservation of these areas. 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节, 38分) 第一节(共14小题; 每小题2分, 共28分) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Some environmentalists claim that attempts to create a recycling economy for plastics are sure to fail, but the arguments can be not true. In 1980, Disney World in Orlando. Florida, started to work on a new way to generate power for the theme park, cutting its use of oil, the price of which had increased. The Solid Waste Energy Conversion Plant took rubbish, including plastic, and used a method called pyrolysis (热解) to turn it into burnable gases. It opened in 1982, but closed a year later, as the cost of running it went up. Today, environmentalists are mentioning the Disney story to damage the reputation of a set of new technologies, well known as advanced recycling, which take plastic waste and turn it back into brand new plastic. Their argument is false. The failure of Disney’s plant had more to do with a later fall in oil prices than technological or environmental problems. Pyrolysis has improved a lot since the 1980s. And in any case, Disney’s plant was designed to produce fuel, which isn’t classed as advanced recycling. As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version by breaking it down to its molecular constituents (分子成分). The goal is a recycling economy. In this case, there is no longer any need to make “virgin” plastic from oil. It isn’t a magic recipe. There are problems around such plants generating toxic (有毒的) waste, their energy use and the continuation of traditional plastics ahead of newer, greener alternatives (替代物). Environmentalists are right to argue that we would be better off gradually getting rid of plastics altogether. But practical considerations mean they aren’t going away any time soon, and most advanced recycling technologies are better for the environment than the alternatives. There is a serious discussion to be had around advanced recycling, not least whether it should be factored into an upcoming global agreement on plastic pollution. Let’s just make sure it is based on the facts, not Disney stories. 21．As for refusing the new tech with the Disney story, the author is . A．worried B．disapproving C．uncertain D．unconcerned 22．What can we learn from this passage? A．Plastics would be soon stopped using. B．Plants with new tech don’t produce toxic waste. C．The new tech features recycling all plastics. D．Disney’s plant turned plastic waste into new plastic. 23．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To argue for advanced recycling. B．To stress benefits of reducing plastics. C．To present failure of recycling economy. D．To discuss the problems of reusing waste. B When Alex Lin was 11 years old, he read an alarming article in the newspaper which said that people were burying old computers in backyards, throwing TVs into streams, and dumping (丟弃) cell phones in the garbage. This was dangerous because e-waste contains harmful chemicals that can leak into the environment, getting into crops, animals, water supplies — and people. Alex was really worried and decided to make it next project for WIN-the Westerly Innovations Network. Alex and six of his friends had formed this organization to help solve community problems two years before. But what could they do about this project with e-waste? The team spent several weeks gathering information about the harmful chemicals in e-waste and their effects on humans. They learned how to dispose (处置) of e-waste properly and how it could be recycled. Then, they sent out a survey and found only one in eight knew what e-waste was, let alone how to properly dispose of it. Alex and his friends went into action. They advertised in the local newspaper and distributed notices to students, asking residents to bring their unwanted electronics to the school parking lot. The drive lasted two days, and they collected over 9,500 kilograms of e-waste. The next step was to set up a long-term e-waste drop-off center for the town. After some research, they’d learned that reusing is the best way to deal with electronic devices and it is seven times more efficient than recycling. So, they began learning to refurbish (翻新) computers themselves and distributed them to students who didn’t have their own. In this way, they could help students in the area and protect the environment at the same time. For a lasting solution to e-waste, the drop-off center wasn’t enough. Laws would have to be passed. In 2016, WIN helped push for an e-waste bill in their town, which required companies that manufactured or sold electronics to take back e-waste. The bill clearly forbids the dumping of e-waste. Because of the work of WIN, more and more people, like Alex and his team, are getting the message about safe disposal of e-waste. As Alex says, “Today’s technology should not become tomorrow’s harmful garbage.” 24．What was Alex’s worry after he read the article? A．The recycling of plastic. B．The littering of e-waste. C．The change of environment. D．The overuse of old computers. 25．What did Alex do to start the project? A．Set up WIN. B．Carry out a survey. C．Collect information. D．Ask friends for help. 26．Which can best describe the way Alex and his team did their work? A．Traditional. B．Independent. C．Theoretical. D．Scientific. 27．What can we learn from this passage? A．Young people can make a big difference. B．There is no end to perfection. C．Success comes through failure. D．Every positive attitude has a reward. C Baleen whales play a vital role in ecosystems. To communicate across vast distances and find each other, baleen whales depend critically on the production of sounds that travels far in dark oceans. However, since whale songs were first discovered more than 50 years ago, it remained unknown how baleen whales produce their complex vocalizations (发音). A new study in the journal Nature reports that baleen whales developed unique structures in their larynx (喉) that enable their low-frequency vocalizations, but also limit their communication range. The study was led by voice scientists Professor Coen Elemans and Professor Tecumseh Fitch. “The toothed whales and baleen whales were initially land animals that had a larynx serving two functions: protecting the airways and sound production. However, their switching to living in the water placed new and strict demands on the larynx to prevent choking underwater,” says Tecumseh Fitch. The study shows that baleen whales nevertheless can still produce sound with their larynx, but they have developed new structures to do so, which only exists in baleen whales. “This is probably to keep a rigid open airway when they have to move huge amounts of air in and out during explosive surface breathing,” states Fitch. “We found that this U-shaped structure pushes against a big fatty cushion (垫) on the inside of the larynx. When the whales push air from their lungs past this cushion, it starts to shake and this generates very low frequency underwater sounds,” says Elemans. To understand how muscle activity could change the calls, the researchers built a computational model of the entire whale larynx. The model predicted the natural vocalizations of the whales very well. However, these newly discovered features that allowed whales to successfully communicate in the vast oceans also poses huge physiological (生理的) limits for many baleen whales. Combining experiments and models, the researchers provide the first evidence that baleen whales are physiologically incapable of escaping noise caused by humans, because it covers up their voices, and thus limits their communication range. “Unfortunately, the main frequency and depth of man-made noise caused by shipping traffic cover the frequency range and maximum communication depth of 100 meters that we predicted,” Elemans says. The first voice recordings of a certain whale song by Roger and Katy Payne in 1970 attracted global interest in sea conservation efforts. The Payne’s made people aware how quiet the seas were before humans started the widespread use of machine ships. Elemans adds: “Compared to the seventies, our oceans are now even more filled with human-made noise, which affects the whales, because they are dependent on sound for communication. Now we show that despite their amazing physiology, they literally cannot escape the noise humans make in the oceans.” 28．What can we know about baleen whales’ vocalization system? A．Their airways are closed during explosive surface breath. B．Their larynx has difficulty preventing choking underwater. C．Their vocalization system changed when they were land animals. D．Their fatty cushion shakes to make low frequency underwater sounds. 29．The researchers’ experiments and models show that ______. A．baleen whales are incapable of recognizing humans’ noise B．the muscle activity is related to the vocalizations of the whales C．human-made noises disturb baleen whales’ communication range D．the bodily features in baleen whales limit their communication depth 30．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Sea conservation efforts used to be better than now. B．The special structure protects Baleen whales from noises. C．Actions should be taken to regulate human activities at sea. D．The application of technology contributes to sea conservation. D Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash. A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 31．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph? A．Share an apartment with you. B．Join you in what you’re doing. C．Transform your way of living. D．Help you to make the decision. 32．What can we learn about the author’s early zero-waste experience? A．It’s vital to communicate in time to clear misunderstandings. B．It’s worthwhile to encourage everyone to start with small things. C．It’s possible to encounter criticism when changing one’s lifestyle. D．It’s necessary to use reusable containers for environmental protection. 33．To practice a zero-waste lifestyle, the author ________. A．debated with her family when questioned B．managed the waste for the entire household C．embraced simple living to foster sustainability D．encouraged her family to use eco-friendly products 34．Which of the following best describes the author? A．Determined and strategic. B．Persistent and cooperative. C．Kind-hearted and enthusiastic. D．Empathetic and innovative. 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,共10分) 根据短文内容, 从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Considering they are the world’s most numerous areas of water, it is surprising that ponds are poorly understood. There are millions — possibly billions — of them. 35 This neglect might not have mattered if it were not for increasing evidence that ponds are extremely important habitats for wildlife as they have rich, diverse and distinctive communities with varied rare and endangered species. Across many landscapes, they are being shown to support far greater variation of species than rivers and streams. 36 It allows them to have a wider range of conditions compared with rivers and streams where flowing water tends to homogenise (同质化) water chemistry. So why have we failed to notice such a vital part of the natural world? A key reason appears to be what freshwater scientist John Downing has called “a saliency error”: the misjudgment where we humans naturally assume that if something is small, it can’t be all that important. 37 We don’t realise that these waters have a deeply ancient origin and have existed on Earth as long as there has been land and water. These misunderstandings within freshwater science have had a big impact on our ability to protect their wildlife. In Europe, for example, the Water Framework Directive mostly excludes any bodies of water smaller than 50 hectares. 38 Last year, the Ramsar Convention, an international agreement, introduced a resolution on small wetlands, including ponds, giving crucial recognition to them. And the European Union-funded PONDERFUL project is gathering data on Europe’s ponds. However, there remains much to do. As the effects of climate change deepen, plants and animals will increasingly need to move across the landscape to survive. 39 They are easy to make and they colonize rapidly, which can help freshwater species adapt over short timescales. A．Viewpoints are changing, fortunately, to the benefit of ponds. B．This biodiversity seems to be partly due to the small size of ponds. C．A study shows they make up much of the global water environment. D．Yet for a century or so, scientists have paid them very little attention. E．We can create ponds in considerable numbers as one of the few habitats. F．There is increasing evidence of the importance of ponds for biodiversity. G．Most of us also devalued ponds because we regard them as artificial habitats. 第三部分 书面表达(共两节, 32分) 第一节(共4小题; 第40、41题各2分, 第42题3分, 第43题5分, 共12分) 阅读下面短文, 根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Your Food Choices Affect the Earth’s Climate Every action has a cost, even for growing food and delivering it to your dinner plate. A team of researchers has found that meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains. Their calculations suggest that people could do a lot to slow global warming if they limited how much meat they eat. There are plenty of “costs” of food. As to the visible costs, people pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant. However, producing foods also takes resources, for example, the water used to irritate (灌溉) crop fields or the fertilizer and chemicals used to promote plant growth and fight pests. Peter Scarborough at the University of Oxford in England decided to calculate some of the less-visible pollution created by food production. His team focused on greenhouse gases emitted through the production of our food, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (甲烷) and the nitrous oxide. All three gases are important. While CO2 is the greenhouse gas released in the highest volume, methane and nitrous oxide stay in the atmosphere far longer than CO2 does. As such, they are more powerful in warm the earth’s atmosphere. They used a computer to change the methane and nitrous-oxide emissions for each person’s diet into its carbon dioxide “equivalent. ” That’s the amount of CO2 needed to warm Earth’s atmosphere by the same amount as the methane or nitrous oxide would. As for the calculations of the carbon dioxide “equivalent (等量)” , in the 1990s, a survey asked 65,000 adults what they typically had eaten throughout the past year. Scarborough’s team fed those data into a computer and then included the amount of green house gases linked with producing nearly 100 common foods. Then the computer matched those green house-gas amounts to the mix of foods each person had reported eating. It shows that the diet of someone whose meals included an average of 50 to 99 grams of meat each day would be responsible for the daily release of 5.6 kilograms of CO2 equivalent while those vegans had the lowest diet-linked greenhouse-gas emissions <u><span leftindent quesindex="40">40</span>．</u> kg of CO2 equivalent. Its authors conclude that reducing the intake of meat and other animal-based products can make a valuable contribution to climate change reduction. And compared to meat, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources. In places where many people are going hungry, raising meat may make it harder to ensure that everyone gets enough to eat. 40．What are the visible costs of food mentioned in the article? 41．According to the author, why can our food choices affect the earth’s climate? 42．Please underline the inappropriate part in the following statement and explain why. Plant-based food can adapt to more types of lands than meat, but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food. 43．As high school students, how should we protect the environment in addition to what is described in this article? (Put forward his own opinion, no less than 40 words) 第二节(20分) 44．假设你是红星中学高二学生李华。学校环保社团将举办“减塑行动，共护地球”活动，请你写信邀请你热衷环保的留学生朋友Jim来参加。 内容包括：1. 活动的安排； 2. 举办该活动的意义。 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours, Li Hua 试题 第3页（共8页） 试题 第4页（共8页） 试题 第5页（共8页） 试题 第6页（共8页） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2025-2026学年高一英语必修第三册单元自测 （北京专用） Unit 8·培优卷 学校:___________班级：___________姓名：___________分数：___________ （时间：90分钟，满分：100分） 注意事项： 1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。 3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分知识运用(共两节,30分) 第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分) 阅读下面短文, 掌握其大意, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Production of bottled water has grown over the past thirty years from nothing into a $16 billion-per-year business. However, more and more people have been against bottled water use, and environmentalists are 1 people to go back to the tap. The first reason why you should seriously think about 2 bottled water, they say, is that it’s bad for the environment. Producing plastic bottles 3 vast quantities of oil. As a result, factories create poisonous waste and send it into the environment. What is more, the vast majority of plastic water bottles aren’t 4 . In almost every part of the world, unwanted water bottles take up landfills and send dangerous gases into air and water when they are burned. In other words, bottled water is a major 5 to global warming. Secondly, the 6 of bottled water requires a lot of fuel. In the USA alone, one billion bottles of water are moved around each week in trucks, giving off polluting gases. In fact, some high-priced water is 7 from one side of the planet to the other. Finally, bottled water isn’t even better for your health. Tap water rules in many countries are far 8 than those for bottled water. Furthermore, tap water contains fluoride, which is added to help build strong teeth and prevent tooth decay(龋齿). Consequently, as the use of bottled water has 9 , tooth decay has become more serious. To sum up, by stopping the use of bottled water, and encouraging others to do so, you will be doing the planet an enormous 10 and benefiting your own health as well. 1．A．allowing B．training C．calling on D．commanding 2．A．giving up B．turning to C．preparing for D．believing in 3．A．creates B．attracts C．requires D．shares 4．A．sold B．recycled C．found D．limited 5．A．answer B．solution C．contributor D．service 6．A．test B．design C．competition D．transportation 7．A．shipped B．wasted C．developed D．collected 8．A．older B．fewer C．stricter D．simpler 9．A．dropped B．changed C．increased D．disappointed 10．A．contribution B．favor C．help D．assistance 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．D 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，阐述了人们应该停止使用瓶装水的原因，包括对环境的危害、运输过程中的能源消耗以及对健康并非更有益等方面，呼吁人们回归使用自来水。 1．考查动词（短语）辨析。句意：然而，越来越多的人反对使用瓶装水，环保主义者正在呼吁人们回归使用自来水。A. allowing允许；B. training训练；C. calling on呼吁；D. commanding命令。根据上文“more and more people have been against bottled water use”可知上文说的是越来越多的人反对使用瓶装水，可推理出环保主义者应是呼吁人们不再使用瓶装水，故选C项。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们说，你应该认真考虑放弃瓶装水的第一个原因是它对环境有害。A. giving up放弃；B. turning to转向，求助于；C. preparing for为……做准备；D. believing in相信。根据上文“more and more people have been against bottled water use”可知上文说的是越来越多的人反对使用瓶装水，可推理出这里是说要考虑放弃使用瓶装水，故选A项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：生产塑料瓶需要大量的石油。A. creates创造；B. attracts吸引；C. requires需要；D. shares分享。根据下文“As a result, factories create poisonous waste and send it into the environment”可知工厂制造出有毒废物并排放到环境中，可推理出生产塑料瓶会带来一些环境问题，而这是在生产过程中需要大量石油的情况下产生的，也就是说生产塑料瓶对石油有需求，故选C项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：更重要的是，绝大多数塑料水瓶没有被回收利用。A. sold出售；B. recycled回收利用；C. found发现；D. limited限制。根据下文“In almost every part of the world, unwanted water bottles take up landfills and send dangerous gases into air and water when they are burned”可知在世界几乎每个地方，不需要的水瓶占据着垃圾填埋场，并且在燃烧时会向空气和水中排放危险气体，这些水瓶没有得到合理的处理，而是被丢弃或焚烧了，由此可推断出它们没有被回收利用，故选B项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，瓶装水是全球变暖的一个主要促成因素。A. answer答案；B. solution解决方案；C. contributor促成因素，贡献者；D. service服务。根据上文“In almost every part of the world, unwanted water bottles take up landfills and send dangerous gases into air and water when they are burned”可知，瓶装水的瓶子在处理过程中会对环境造成危害，从而成为全球变暖的一个影响因素，文中对水瓶处理产生危害的描述可作为瓶装水是全球变暖促成因素的依据，故选C项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其次，瓶装水的运输需要大量的燃料。A. test测试；B. design设计；C. competition竞争；D. transportation运输。根据下文“In the USA alone, one billion bottles of water are moved around each week in trucks, giving off polluting gases”可知下文提到了每周就有十亿瓶水用卡车运输，可推理出这里讲的是瓶装水在运输过程中的情况，故选D项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，一些高价水是从地球的一端运到另一端。A. shipped运输；B. wasted浪费；C. developed发展；D. collected收集。根据下文“from one side of the planet to the other”可知这里继续在说瓶装水的运输情况，故选 A 项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的自来水规则比瓶装水的规则要严格得多。A. older更旧的；B. fewer更少的；C. stricter更严格的；D. simpler更简单的。根据下文“Furthermore, tap water contains fluoride, which is added to help build strong teeth and prevent tooth decay (龋齿).”可知，自来水在成分等方面有相关规定且有有益添加物，可推断出其规则是比较严格的，文中对自来水有益添加物的描述可作为自来水规则严格的一方面依据，故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，随着瓶装水使用量的增加，龋齿问题变得更加严重。A. dropped下降；B. changed改变；C. increased增加；D. disappointed使失望。根据上文“Finally, bottled water isn’t even better for your health.”以及下文“tooth decay has become more serious”可知，随着瓶装水使用增多，对健康不利的情况更明显，即，龋齿更严重，文中对瓶装水不利于健康及龋齿更严重的描述可作为瓶装水使用量变化趋势的推断依据，故选C项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：总而言之，通过停止使用瓶装水，并鼓励他人也这样做，你将对地球大有裨益，同时也有益于你自己的健康。A. contribution贡献；B. favor恩惠，益处；C. help帮助；D. assistance援助。根据上文“To sum up, by stopping the use of bottled water, and encouraging others to do so”以及下文“benefiting your own health as well”可知，停止使用瓶装水对地球和自身健康都有好处，“benefiting your own health as well”可作为对地球有好处（即做了对地球有益之事）的类比依据，这里 “favor”更符合语境，故选B项。 第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Over the last half century, shark and ray (鳐) populations 11 (drop) 71 percent, largely due to increased fishing pressure. This isn’t just bad news for sharks — it threatens the balance of entire ocean ecosystems. By targeting weak fish, sharks help keep schools strong and, in turn, support ocean health. Sharks also help keep more carbon 12 (store) deep within the ocean, which human activities are releasing 13 the atmosphere, fueling climate change. 【答案】11．have dropped 12．stored 13．into 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了过去半个世纪以来鲨鱼和鳐鱼数量大幅下降的情况，以及这种现象对海洋生态系统和气候变化带来的负面影响。 11．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的半个世纪里，鲨鱼和鳐鱼的数量下降了71%，这主要是由于捕鱼压力的增加。此处为句子谓语动词，根据时间状语Over the last half century（在过去的半个世纪里），可知此处应用现在完成时，表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态；主语shark and ray populations为复数概念，谓语动词也应用复数形式，drop的过去分词为dropped。故填have dropped。 12．考查非谓语动词。句意：鲨鱼还有助于将更多的碳储存在海洋深处，而人类活动正将这些碳释放到大气中，加剧了气候变化。此处为“keep+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，carbon“碳”与store“储存”之间为被动关系，即碳被储存，所以应用过去分词作宾语补足语，store的过去分词为stored。故填stored。 13．考查介词。句意：鲨鱼还有助于将更多的碳储存在海洋深处，而人类活动正将这些碳释放到大气中，加剧了气候变化。根据句意，此处表示“将……释放到……中”，固定搭配为release...into...，所以此处应用介词into。故填into。 B 阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 The research on the monarch’s behaviour has led to a greater awareness of this creature. People have been working together with researchers 14 (record) its migration and make sure that there are enough plants for it to feed on. If this works, there may come a time 15 the number of monarch butterflies increases once again. The more we know about this lovely creature, the greater the chance it 16 (survive) in the natural world in the future. 【答案】14．to record 15．when 16．will survive 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了对帝王蝶行为的研究提高了人们的保护意识。 14．考查动词不定式。句意：人们正与研究人员携手合作，记录其迁徙情况，并确保有足够的植物供其食用。根据句意可知，此处为动词不定式to record 作目的状语，表示人们合作的目的，符合语境。故填to record。 15．考查定语从句。句意：如果这种方法奏效，那么也许有一天帝王蝶的数量会再次增加。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是“a time”（一段时间）。从句“the number of monarch butterflies increases once again”结构完整，不缺主语或宾语，先行词在从句中作时间状语，因此需要用关系副词when引导。故填when。 16．考查动词时态。句意：我们对这种可爱的生物了解得越多，它在未来能够在自然环境中生存下来的机会就越大。根据时间状语“in the future”，可知此处应用一般将来时。故填will survive。 C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Wetlands, 17 are lands covered by water for part or all of the year, are vital ecosystems that support diverse life, including 18 (endanger) species and migratory birds. They perform crucial functions: 19 (filter) pollutants and carbon from the environment, preventing floods by absorbing excess water, and providing food like fish and rice. However, many people do not realize that they are essential to the environment and wetlands face severe threats from urban development and pollution. Governments should take action to protect these areas and 20 individuals do is also important for the preservation of these areas. 【答案】17．which 18．endangered 19．filtering 20．what 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了湿地的重要性、功能以及面临的威胁，并呼吁政府和个人采取行动保护湿地。 17．考查定语从句。句意：湿地是指一年中部分或全部时间被水覆盖的土地，是支持多种生物的重要生态系统，包括濒危物种和候鸟。空白处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Wetlands，指物，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。 18．考查形容词。句意：湿地是指一年中部分或全部时间被水覆盖的土地，是支持多种生物的重要生态系统，包括濒危物种和候鸟。空白处作定语修饰名词species，表示“濒危的”，用形容词endangered作定语。故填endangered。 19．考查非谓语动词。句意：它们发挥着至关重要的作用：过滤环境中的污染物和碳，通过吸收多余的水来防止洪水，并提供鱼和稻米等食物。空白处表示列举，且与preventing和providing并列，所以用现在分词形式。故填filtering。 20．考查主语从句。句意：政府应该采取行动保护这些地区，而个人所做的对于这些地区的保护也很重要。空白处引导主语从句，在从句中作do的宾语，表示物，所以用连接代词what引导。故填what。 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节, 38分) 第一节(共14小题; 每小题2分, 共28分) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Some environmentalists claim that attempts to create a recycling economy for plastics are sure to fail, but the arguments can be not true. In 1980, Disney World in Orlando. Florida, started to work on a new way to generate power for the theme park, cutting its use of oil, the price of which had increased. The Solid Waste Energy Conversion Plant took rubbish, including plastic, and used a method called pyrolysis (热解) to turn it into burnable gases. It opened in 1982, but closed a year later, as the cost of running it went up. Today, environmentalists are mentioning the Disney story to damage the reputation of a set of new technologies, well known as advanced recycling, which take plastic waste and turn it back into brand new plastic. Their argument is false. The failure of Disney’s plant had more to do with a later fall in oil prices than technological or environmental problems. Pyrolysis has improved a lot since the 1980s. And in any case, Disney’s plant was designed to produce fuel, which isn’t classed as advanced recycling. As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version by breaking it down to its molecular constituents (分子成分). The goal is a recycling economy. In this case, there is no longer any need to make “virgin” plastic from oil. It isn’t a magic recipe. There are problems around such plants generating toxic (有毒的) waste, their energy use and the continuation of traditional plastics ahead of newer, greener alternatives (替代物). Environmentalists are right to argue that we would be better off gradually getting rid of plastics altogether. But practical considerations mean they aren’t going away any time soon, and most advanced recycling technologies are better for the environment than the alternatives. There is a serious discussion to be had around advanced recycling, not least whether it should be factored into an upcoming global agreement on plastic pollution. Let’s just make sure it is based on the facts, not Disney stories. 21．As for refusing the new tech with the Disney story, the author is . A．worried B．disapproving C．uncertain D．unconcerned 22．What can we learn from this passage? A．Plastics would be soon stopped using. B．Plants with new tech don’t produce toxic waste. C．The new tech features recycling all plastics. D．Disney’s plant turned plastic waste into new plastic. 23．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To argue for advanced recycling. B．To stress benefits of reducing plastics. C．To present failure of recycling economy. D．To discuss the problems of reusing waste. 【答案】21．B 22．C 23．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章的主旨是支持先进塑料回收技术并强调其在解决全球塑料危机方面的重要性。作者指出先进塑料回收技术有可能将大量被丢弃的塑料废物转化为全新、清洁的塑料，并探讨了这一技术的环境益处。文章还提及了对环境的影响和未来发展方向，最终呼吁基于事实进行关于先进塑料回收技术的讨论。 21．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Today, environmentalists are mentioning the Disney story to damage the reputation of a set of new technologies, well known as advanced recycling, which take plastic waste and turn it back into brand new plastic.( 今天，环保人士提到迪士尼的故事，试图败坏一套出名的先进回收的新技术的声誉，该技术将塑料废物转化为全新的塑料)” 和第四段中“Their argument is false.( 他们的论点是错误的)”可推知，文章中提到环保主义者引用迪士尼故事来破坏新技术的声誉，作者指出这种论点是错误的，表明作者对拒绝新技术是持不赞同的态度。故选B项。 22．细节理解题。根据第五段中“As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version(正如我们报道的“可以永远循环利用所有塑料的令人难以置信的新技术”，先进回收是一个能够有助于解决全球塑料危机的游戏变革。它有可能将数百万吨被丢弃的塑料，其中大部分最终被填埋或污染环境，转化为干净、全新的塑料版本) ”可知，本文章中提到新技术有可能将数百万吨被丢弃的塑料废物转化为全新的、干净的版本，这意味着新技术可以回收所有的塑料。故选C项。 23．推理判断题。通读全文并结合第四段中“As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version by breaking it down to its molecular constituents (分子成分). The goal is a recycling economy. In this case, there is no longer any need to make “virgin” plastic from oil.(正如我们报道的“不可思议的新技术，可以永远回收所有塑料”，先进的回收是一个游戏规则改变者，可以帮助解决全球塑料危机。它有可能将数百万吨的废弃塑料(其中大部分最终被填埋或丢弃在环境中)分解成分子成分，将其转化为干净、新鲜的塑料。目标是循环经济。在这种情况下，不再需要从石油中制造“原始”塑料)”可知，文章主要论证先进回收技术有望解决全球塑料危机，并探讨了先进回收技术的重要性和环境益处，因此文章主张采用先进回收技术。故选A项。 B When Alex Lin was 11 years old, he read an alarming article in the newspaper which said that people were burying old computers in backyards, throwing TVs into streams, and dumping (丟弃) cell phones in the garbage. This was dangerous because e-waste contains harmful chemicals that can leak into the environment, getting into crops, animals, water supplies — and people. Alex was really worried and decided to make it next project for WIN-the Westerly Innovations Network. Alex and six of his friends had formed this organization to help solve community problems two years before. But what could they do about this project with e-waste? The team spent several weeks gathering information about the harmful chemicals in e-waste and their effects on humans. They learned how to dispose (处置) of e-waste properly and how it could be recycled. Then, they sent out a survey and found only one in eight knew what e-waste was, let alone how to properly dispose of it. Alex and his friends went into action. They advertised in the local newspaper and distributed notices to students, asking residents to bring their unwanted electronics to the school parking lot. The drive lasted two days, and they collected over 9,500 kilograms of e-waste. The next step was to set up a long-term e-waste drop-off center for the town. After some research, they’d learned that reusing is the best way to deal with electronic devices and it is seven times more efficient than recycling. So, they began learning to refurbish (翻新) computers themselves and distributed them to students who didn’t have their own. In this way, they could help students in the area and protect the environment at the same time. For a lasting solution to e-waste, the drop-off center wasn’t enough. Laws would have to be passed. In 2016, WIN helped push for an e-waste bill in their town, which required companies that manufactured or sold electronics to take back e-waste. The bill clearly forbids the dumping of e-waste. Because of the work of WIN, more and more people, like Alex and his team, are getting the message about safe disposal of e-waste. As Alex says, “Today’s technology should not become tomorrow’s harmful garbage.” 24．What was Alex’s worry after he read the article? A．The recycling of plastic. B．The littering of e-waste. C．The change of environment. D．The overuse of old computers. 25．What did Alex do to start the project? A．Set up WIN. B．Carry out a survey. C．Collect information. D．Ask friends for help. 26．Which can best describe the way Alex and his team did their work? A．Traditional. B．Independent. C．Theoretical. D．Scientific. 27．What can we learn from this passage? A．Young people can make a big difference. B．There is no end to perfection. C．Success comes through failure. D．Every positive attitude has a reward. 【答案】24．B 25．C 26．D 27．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。为了解决电子垃圾可能危害环境的问题，Alex和他的朋友们创立了组织WIN，帮助人们正确处理电子垃圾并合理利用，甚至还帮助推进了他们镇上的电子垃圾法案。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段“When Alex Lin was 11 years old, he read an alarming article in the newspaper which said that people were burying old computers in backyards, throwing TVs into streams, and dumping (丟弃) cell phones in the garbage. (当亚历克斯·林11岁时，他在报纸上读到一篇令人震惊的文章，文中提到人们把旧电脑埋在后院，把电视扔进河流，把手机扔进垃圾桶。)”可推知，Alex读完文章后担心的是电子垃圾的丢弃。故选B。 25．细节理解题。根据第三段“The team spent several weeks gathering information about the harmful chemicals in e-waste and their effects on humans. (该团队花费了数周时间收集有关电子废弃物中有害化学物质及其对人体影响的相关信息)”可知，Alex开始项目的第一步就是收集信息。故选C。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段“The team spent several weeks gathering information about the harmful chemicals in e-waste and their effects on humans. They learned how to dispose (处置) of e-waste properly and how it could be recycled. (该团队花费了数周时间收集有关电子废弃物中有害化学物质及其对人体影响的信息。他们了解了如何正确处理电子废弃物以及如何对其进行回收利用。)”可知，Alex和他团队的工作是科学的。故选D。 27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When Alex Lin was 11 years old, he read an alarming article in the newspaper which said that people were burying old computers in backyards, throwing TVs into streams, and dumping (丟弃) cell phones in the garbage. (当亚历克斯·林11岁时，他在报纸上读到一篇令人震惊的文章，文中提到人们把旧电脑埋在后院，把电视扔进河流，把手机扔进垃圾桶。)”以及最后一段“Because of the work of WIN, more and more people, like Alex and his team, are getting the message about safe disposal of e-waste. As Alex says, “Today’s technology should not become tomorrow’s harmful garbage.” (由于“WIN”组织的努力，越来越多的人，比如亚历克斯及其团队，开始了解到如何安全处理电子废弃物。正如亚历克斯所说：“今天的科技不应成为明日的有害垃圾。”)”以及本文主要讲了一群十几岁的年轻人自发组织解决电子垃圾危害环境的问题，甚至通过努力帮助推进了镇子上电子垃圾相关的立法。因此可以看出这篇文章传递的信息是：年轻人可以产生重大的影响。故选A。 C Baleen whales play a vital role in ecosystems. To communicate across vast distances and find each other, baleen whales depend critically on the production of sounds that travels far in dark oceans. However, since whale songs were first discovered more than 50 years ago, it remained unknown how baleen whales produce their complex vocalizations (发音). A new study in the journal Nature reports that baleen whales developed unique structures in their larynx (喉) that enable their low-frequency vocalizations, but also limit their communication range. The study was led by voice scientists Professor Coen Elemans and Professor Tecumseh Fitch. “The toothed whales and baleen whales were initially land animals that had a larynx serving two functions: protecting the airways and sound production. However, their switching to living in the water placed new and strict demands on the larynx to prevent choking underwater,” says Tecumseh Fitch. The study shows that baleen whales nevertheless can still produce sound with their larynx, but they have developed new structures to do so, which only exists in baleen whales. “This is probably to keep a rigid open airway when they have to move huge amounts of air in and out during explosive surface breathing,” states Fitch. “We found that this U-shaped structure pushes against a big fatty cushion (垫) on the inside of the larynx. When the whales push air from their lungs past this cushion, it starts to shake and this generates very low frequency underwater sounds,” says Elemans. To understand how muscle activity could change the calls, the researchers built a computational model of the entire whale larynx. The model predicted the natural vocalizations of the whales very well. However, these newly discovered features that allowed whales to successfully communicate in the vast oceans also poses huge physiological (生理的) limits for many baleen whales. Combining experiments and models, the researchers provide the first evidence that baleen whales are physiologically incapable of escaping noise caused by humans, because it covers up their voices, and thus limits their communication range. “Unfortunately, the main frequency and depth of man-made noise caused by shipping traffic cover the frequency range and maximum communication depth of 100 meters that we predicted,” Elemans says. The first voice recordings of a certain whale song by Roger and Katy Payne in 1970 attracted global interest in sea conservation efforts. The Payne’s made people aware how quiet the seas were before humans started the widespread use of machine ships. Elemans adds: “Compared to the seventies, our oceans are now even more filled with human-made noise, which affects the whales, because they are dependent on sound for communication. Now we show that despite their amazing physiology, they literally cannot escape the noise humans make in the oceans.” 28．What can we know about baleen whales’ vocalization system? A．Their airways are closed during explosive surface breath. B．Their larynx has difficulty preventing choking underwater. C．Their vocalization system changed when they were land animals. D．Their fatty cushion shakes to make low frequency underwater sounds. 29．The researchers’ experiments and models show that ______. A．baleen whales are incapable of recognizing humans’ noise B．the muscle activity is related to the vocalizations of the whales C．human-made noises disturb baleen whales’ communication range D．the bodily features in baleen whales limit their communication depth 30．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Sea conservation efforts used to be better than now. B．The special structure protects Baleen whales from noises. C．Actions should be taken to regulate human activities at sea. D．The application of technology contributes to sea conservation. 【答案】28．D 29．C 30．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了须鲸由于喉部的特殊结构可以在水下发出低频的声音，但交流范围有限，而来自人类的噪音远远超过了须鲸的声音，使它们彼此之间不能进行交流甚至交配，从而威胁了须鲸的数量。 28．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We found that this U-shaped structure pushes against a big fatty cushion (垫) on the inside of the larynx. When the whales push air from their lungs past this cushion, it starts to shake and this generates very low frequency underwater sounds”（我们发现这个U形结构在喉部内部推动一个大的脂肪垫。当鲸鱼从他们的肺部推动空气经过这个垫子时，它开始震动，这产生了非常低频的水下声音）可知，鲸鱼的脂肪垫震动以产生低频水下声音。故选D。 29．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Combining experiments and models, the researchers provide the first evidence that baleen whales are physiologically incapable of escaping noise caused by humans, because it covers up their voices, and thus limits their communication range.”（通过结合实验和模型，研究人员提供了第一个证据，即鲸鱼在生理上无法逃避人类造成的噪音，因为它掩盖了他们的声音，从而限制了他们的通信范围。）可知，人类制造的噪音干扰了鲸鱼的通信范围。故选C。 30．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Now we show that despite their amazing physiology, they literally cannot escape the noise humans make in the oceans.”（现在我们表明，尽管他们的生理结构令人惊叹，但他们实际上无法逃避人类在海洋中制造的噪音。）可推知，应该采取行动来规范海上的人类活动。故选C。 D Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash. A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 31．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph? A．Share an apartment with you. B．Join you in what you’re doing. C．Transform your way of living. D．Help you to make the decision. 32．What can we learn about the author’s early zero-waste experience? A．It’s vital to communicate in time to clear misunderstandings. B．It’s worthwhile to encourage everyone to start with small things. C．It’s possible to encounter criticism when changing one’s lifestyle. D．It’s necessary to use reusable containers for environmental protection. 33．To practice a zero-waste lifestyle, the author ________. A．debated with her family when questioned B．managed the waste for the entire household C．embraced simple living to foster sustainability D．encouraged her family to use eco-friendly products 34．Which of the following best describes the author? A．Determined and strategic. B．Persistent and cooperative. C．Kind-hearted and enthusiastic. D．Empathetic and innovative. 【答案】31．B 32．C 33．C 34．A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者分享了自己践行零浪费生活时，因家人不支持而经历的困惑与挑战。她通过在个人空间实践、以行动影响他人等方式应对，并建议受外界质疑时重在行动而非争论，鼓励读者在家庭不支持的情况下仍坚持自己的环保理念。 31．词句猜测题。根据划线部分前文“Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to (如果你想过一种更可持续的生活方式，可能不是你周围的每个人都准备好)”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. (在这个过程中，我学到了一些东西，我希望如果你在一个不总是支持你的家庭中尽最大努力去弄清楚如何做出改变，你会感到鼓舞。)”可知，如果你想过一种更可持续的生活方式，可能不是你周围的每个人都准备好加入这一运动。由此推知，划线词组与B选项“Join you in what you’re doing .(加入你正在做的事情。)”符合题意。故选B。 32．推理判断题。根据第三段“I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. (我记得我给父母看了一段Bea Johnson的视频，分享了我认为用罐子买杂货、垃圾这么少有多酷。几天后，我带着我的第一批零浪费杂货罐子回来了，我爸爸评论说，我到处带着罐子是多么愚蠢。这有点令人沮丧。)”可知，作者在改变生活方式时，遭到了父亲的批评，由此可推测出，在改变生活方式时，可能会遇到批评。故选C项。 33．细节理解题。根据第四段“Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. (然而，随着几个月的减少浪费，我尽我所能做到自己力所能及的事情。我有自己的卧室，所以我开始清理我不需要的东西。因为我有自己的洗漱用品，所以我能够开始个性化我的日常习惯，使其更可持续。我还偶尔主动做饭，所以我在橱柜里留出一部分放我自己的零浪费杂货。)”可知，为了践行零浪费的生活方式，作者接受了简单的生活，以促进可持续性。故选C项。 34．推理判断题。根据第二段“I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. (不过，在这一过程中我学到了一些东西，我希望如果你在努力想办法在一个并不总是支持你的家庭中做出改变，你会从中受到鼓舞。)”以及最后一段“So here is my advice: Lead by action. (所以我的建议是：以身作则。)”可知，作者在面对家人不支持自己过零浪费生活方式时，没有放弃，而是继续坚持，并且给出了自己的建议，由此可推测出作者是坚定的且有策略的。A选项“Determined and strategic. (坚定且有策略的。)”符合题意。故选A项。 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,共10分) 根据短文内容, 从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Considering they are the world’s most numerous areas of water, it is surprising that ponds are poorly understood. There are millions — possibly billions — of them. 35 This neglect might not have mattered if it were not for increasing evidence that ponds are extremely important habitats for wildlife as they have rich, diverse and distinctive communities with varied rare and endangered species. Across many landscapes, they are being shown to support far greater variation of species than rivers and streams. 36 It allows them to have a wider range of conditions compared with rivers and streams where flowing water tends to homogenise (同质化) water chemistry. So why have we failed to notice such a vital part of the natural world? A key reason appears to be what freshwater scientist John Downing has called “a saliency error”: the misjudgment where we humans naturally assume that if something is small, it can’t be all that important. 37 We don’t realise that these waters have a deeply ancient origin and have existed on Earth as long as there has been land and water. These misunderstandings within freshwater science have had a big impact on our ability to protect their wildlife. In Europe, for example, the Water Framework Directive mostly excludes any bodies of water smaller than 50 hectares. 38 Last year, the Ramsar Convention, an international agreement, introduced a resolution on small wetlands, including ponds, giving crucial recognition to them. And the European Union-funded PONDERFUL project is gathering data on Europe’s ponds. However, there remains much to do. As the effects of climate change deepen, plants and animals will increasingly need to move across the landscape to survive. 39 They are easy to make and they colonize rapidly, which can help freshwater species adapt over short timescales. A．Viewpoints are changing, fortunately, to the benefit of ponds. B．This biodiversity seems to be partly due to the small size of ponds. C．A study shows they make up much of the global water environment. D．Yet for a century or so, scientists have paid them very little attention. E．We can create ponds in considerable numbers as one of the few habitats. F．There is increasing evidence of the importance of ponds for biodiversity. G．Most of us also devalued ponds because we regard them as artificial habitats. 【答案】35．D 36．B 37．G 38．A 39．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了池塘在生物多样性中的重要性及其长期以来被忽视的原因。 35．上文“Considering they are the world’s most numerous areas of water, it is surprising that ponds are poorly understood. There are millions — possibly billions — of them.(考虑到池塘是世界上数量最多的水域，令人惊讶的是，人们对池塘知之甚少。池塘有数百万甚至数十亿个)”讲述了池塘的数量非常多，但人们对它们了解不多，下文“This neglect might not have mattered if it were not for increasing evidence that ponds are extremely important habitats for wildlife as they have rich, diverse and distinctive communities with varied rare and endangered species.(如果不是因为越来越多的证据表明池塘是极其重要的野生动物栖息地，这种忽视可能无关紧要)”表明科学家经常忽视池塘的重要性，D项“然而，大约一个世纪以来，科学家们很少关注它们。”承上启下，paid them very little attention与下文This neglect相呼应，符合语境。故选D项。 36．上文“Across many landscapes, they are being shown to support far greater variation of species than rivers and streams.(在许多景观中，它们被证明支持的物种变异远大于河流和溪流)”表明池塘对生物多样性的重要性，下文“It allows them to have a wider range of conditions compared with rivers and streams where flowing water tends to homogenise water chemistry.(这使得它们能够拥有比河流和溪流更广泛的变化条件，因为在河流和溪流中，流动的水往往会使得水质化学变得同质化)”解释了池塘能够支持多样性的原因。B项“这种生物多样性部分归因于池塘的小尺寸。”说明了池塘的小尺寸是其生物多样性的一个重要原因，承上启下，下文的It指代the small size of ponds，符合语境。故选B项。 37．上文“So why have we failed to notice such a vital part of the natural world? A key reason appears to be what freshwater scientist John Downing has called “a saliency error”: the misjudgment where we humans naturally assume that if something is small, it can’t be all that important.(那么，为什么我们未能注意到自然世界如此重要的一部分呢？一个关键原因似乎是淡水科学家约翰·唐宁所说的“显著性错误”：人类自然地假设，如果某物很小，就不会那么重要)”讲述了人们忽视池塘的原因，下文“We don’t realise that these waters have a deeply ancient origin and have existed on Earth as long as there has been land and water.(我们没有意识到这些水域有着悠久的历史，自地球上有了陆地和水以来就一直存在)”进一步解释了人们对池塘的误解，G项“我们大多数人也因为认为池塘是人工栖息地而低估了它们的价值。”提到了人们低估池塘价值的另一个原因，与上文是并列关系，且引出下文，符合语境。故选G项。 38．下文“Last year, the Ramsar Convention, an international agreement, introduced a resolution on small wetlands, including ponds, giving crucial recognition to them. And the European Union-funded PONDERFUL project is gathering data on Europe’s ponds.(去年，国际湿地公约引入了一项关于小湿地(包括池塘)的决议，给予它们至关重要的认可。欧盟资助的PONDERFUL项目正在收集有关欧洲池塘的数据)”讲述了国际上对池塘的认识和支持，A项“幸运的是，人们的观点正在向对池塘有益的方向改变。”概述人们对池塘的看法正在改变，下文是具体的措施，符合语境。故选A项。 39．上文“However, there remains much to do. As the effects of climate change deepen, plants and animals will increasingly need to move across the landscape to survive.(然而，还有很多工作要做。随着气候变化的影响加深，植物和动物将越来越需要在景观中移动以生存)”表明建造池塘的必要性，下文“They are easy to make and they colonize rapidly, which can help freshwater species adapt over short timescales.(池塘很容易建造，且迅速被生物占据，这可以帮助淡水物种在短时间内适应)”讲述了池塘在应对气候变化中的作用。E项“我们可以建造大量的池塘，作为为数不多的栖息地之一。”说明了池塘作为一种栖息地的潜力，承上启下，符合语境。故选E项。 第三部分 书面表达(共两节, 32分) 第一节(共4小题; 第40、41题各2分, 第42题3分, 第43题5分, 共12分) 阅读下面短文, 根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Your Food Choices Affect the Earth’s Climate Every action has a cost, even for growing food and delivering it to your dinner plate. A team of researchers has found that meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains. Their calculations suggest that people could do a lot to slow global warming if they limited how much meat they eat. There are plenty of “costs” of food. As to the visible costs, people pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant. However, producing foods also takes resources, for example, the water used to irritate (灌溉) crop fields or the fertilizer and chemicals used to promote plant growth and fight pests. Peter Scarborough at the University of Oxford in England decided to calculate some of the less-visible pollution created by food production. His team focused on greenhouse gases emitted through the production of our food, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (甲烷) and the nitrous oxide. All three gases are important. While CO2 is the greenhouse gas released in the highest volume, methane and nitrous oxide stay in the atmosphere far longer than CO2 does. As such, they are more powerful in warm the earth’s atmosphere. They used a computer to change the methane and nitrous-oxide emissions for each person’s diet into its carbon dioxide “equivalent. ” That’s the amount of CO2 needed to warm Earth’s atmosphere by the same amount as the methane or nitrous oxide would. As for the calculations of the carbon dioxide “equivalent (等量)” , in the 1990s, a survey asked 65,000 adults what they typically had eaten throughout the past year. Scarborough’s team fed those data into a computer and then included the amount of green house gases linked with producing nearly 100 common foods. Then the computer matched those green house-gas amounts to the mix of foods each person had reported eating. It shows that the diet of someone whose meals included an average of 50 to 99 grams of meat each day would be responsible for the daily release of 5.6 kilograms of CO2 equivalent while those vegans had the lowest diet-linked greenhouse-gas emissions <u><span leftindent quesindex="40">40</span>．</u> kg of CO2 equivalent. Its authors conclude that reducing the intake of meat and other animal-based products can make a valuable contribution to climate change reduction. And compared to meat, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources. In places where many people are going hungry, raising meat may make it harder to ensure that everyone gets enough to eat. 40．What are the visible costs of food mentioned in the article? 41．According to the author, why can our food choices affect the earth’s climate? 42．Please underline the inappropriate part in the following statement and explain why. Plant-based food can adapt to more types of lands than meat, but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food. 43．As high school students, how should we protect the environment in addition to what is described in this article? (Put forward his own opinion, no less than 40 words) 【答案】 40． People pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant. 41． Because meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains, and food production emits greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. 42． Plant-based food can adapt to more types of lands than meat, but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food. According to the article, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources compared to meat. 43．As high school students, we can protect the environment by adopting a more sustainable lifestyle. We can reduce waste by reusing and recycling items, and choose eco-friendly products. Additionally, we can participate in environmental protection activities and raise awareness among our peers and community about the importance of protecting the environment. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了食物选择对地球气候的影响及应对建议。 40．考查细节理解。根据第二段中“As to the visible costs, people pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant.(至于可见的成本，人们要为食物以及将食品杂货运到商店或餐馆所需的燃料付钱)”可知，文章中提到的食物的可见成本包括购买食物的费用以及将食品杂货运到商店或餐馆所需的燃料费用。故答案为：People pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant. 41．考查细节理解。根据第一段中“A team of researchers has found that meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains. Their calculations suggest that people could do a lot to slow global warming if they limited how much meat they eat.(一组研究人员发现，肉类生产比生产水果、蔬菜、坚果和谷物释放的导致气候变暖的污染更多。他们的计算表明，如果人们限制吃肉的数量，就可以为减缓全球变暖做很多事情)”以及第三段中“His team focused on greenhouse gases emitted through the production of our food, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (甲烷) and the nitrous oxide.(他的团队关注的是食品生产过程中排放的温室气体，包括二氧化碳、甲烷和一氧化二氮)”可知，我们的食物选择会影响地球气候，因为肉类生产比生产水果、蔬菜、坚果和谷物释放的导致气候变暖的污染更多，食品生产过程中会排放二氧化碳、甲烷和一氧化二氮等温室气体。故答案为：Because meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains, and food production emits greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. 42．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中“And compared to meat, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources.(与肉类相比，更多的植物性食物热量可以在更多的土地上用更少的水和其他资源种植)”可知，与肉类相比，植物性食物可以在更多的土地上用更少的水和其他资源种植，所以“but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food”表述错误。故答案为：Plant-based food can adapt to more types of lands than meat, but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food. According to the article, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources compared to meat. 43．考查开放性题目。本题为开放性试题，要求学生以高中生的身份，提出除文章中描述的内容外，我们应该如何保护环境，不少于40个单词，言之有理即可。例如：作为高中生，我们可以通过采取更可持续的生活方式来保护环境。我们可以通过重复使用和回收物品来减少浪费，并选择环保产品。此外，我们可以参加环保活动，提高同龄人和社区对保护环境重要性的认识。故答案为：As high school students, we can protect the environment by adopting a more sustainable lifestyle. We can reduce waste by reusing and recycling items, and choose eco-friendly products. Additionally, we can participate in environmental protection activities and raise awareness among our peers and community about the importance of protecting the environment. 第二节(20分) 44．假设你是红星中学高二学生李华。学校环保社团将举办“减塑行动，共护地球”活动，请你写信邀请你热衷环保的留学生朋友Jim来参加。 内容包括：1. 活动的安排； 2. 举办该活动的意义。 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours, Li Hua 【答案】参考范文 Dear Jim, How’s it going? I’m writing to invite you to join our school environmental club’s activity named “Reduce Plastic, Protect the Earth” on April 22, Earth Day. The activity will start at 9 a.m. on the school playground. First, an environmental expert will give a 40-minute talk, explaining how plastic waste harms ecosystems and sharing practical tips like using reusable bags and bottles. Then, we’ll have a “plastic recycling DIY” session, where we can turn waste plastic bottles into pen holders or flower pots. In the afternoon, we’ll go around the neighborhood to promote low-plastic lifestyles to residents. This activity not only raises awareness of plastic pollution but also encourages us to take concrete actions. As a green activist, you’ll surely love it. Looking forward to your reply! Yours, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给热衷环保的留学生朋友Jim写一封邀请信，邀请他参加学校环保社团举办的“减塑行动，共护地球”活动。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 解释：explain → interpret 实用的：practical → useful 促进：promote → advocate 意识：awareness → consciousness 2. 句式拓展 同义句 原句：First, an environmental expert will give a 40-minute talk, explaining how plastic waste harms ecosystems and sharing practical tips. 拓展句：First, an environmental expert will give a 40-minute talk, which explains how plastic waste harms ecosystems and shares practical tips like using reusable bags. 【点睛】【高分句型1】First, an environmental expert will give a 40-minute talk, explaining how plastic waste harms ecosystems and sharing practical tips.（运用了现在分词explaining和sharing作伴随状语，how引导宾语从句） 【高分句型2】Then, we’ll have a “plastic recycling DIY” session, where we can turn waste plastic bottles into pen holders or flower pots.（运用了where引导的非限制性定语从句） 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2025-2026学年高一英语必修第三册单元自测 （北京专用） Unit 8·培优卷 学校:___________班级：___________姓名：___________分数：___________ （时间：90分钟，满分：100分） 注意事项： 1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。 3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分知识运用(共两节,30分) 第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分) 阅读下面短文, 掌握其大意, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Production of bottled water has grown over the past thirty years from nothing into a $16 billion-per-year business. However, more and more people have been against bottled water use, and environmentalists are 1 people to go back to the tap. The first reason why you should seriously think about 2 bottled water, they say, is that it’s bad for the environment. Producing plastic bottles 3 vast quantities of oil. As a result, factories create poisonous waste and send it into the environment. What is more, the vast majority of plastic water bottles aren’t 4 . In almost every part of the world, unwanted water bottles take up landfills and send dangerous gases into air and water when they are burned. In other words, bottled water is a major 5 to global warming. Secondly, the 6 of bottled water requires a lot of fuel. In the USA alone, one billion bottles of water are moved around each week in trucks, giving off polluting gases. In fact, some high-priced water is 7 from one side of the planet to the other. Finally, bottled water isn’t even better for your health. Tap water rules in many countries are far 8 than those for bottled water. Furthermore, tap water contains fluoride, which is added to help build strong teeth and prevent tooth decay(龋齿). Consequently, as the use of bottled water has 9 , tooth decay has become more serious. To sum up, by stopping the use of bottled water, and encouraging others to do so, you will be doing the planet an enormous 10 and benefiting your own health as well. 1．A．allowing B．training C．calling on D．commanding 2．A．giving up B．turning to C．preparing for D．believing in 3．A．creates B．attracts C．requires D．shares 4．A．sold B．recycled C．found D．limited 5．A．answer B．solution C．contributor D．service 6．A．test B．design C．competition D．transportation 7．A．shipped B．wasted C．developed D．collected 8．A．older B．fewer C．stricter D．simpler 9．A．dropped B．changed C．increased D．disappointed 10．A．contribution B．favor C．help D．assistance 第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Over the last half century, shark and ray (鳐) populations 11 (drop) 71 percent, largely due to increased fishing pressure. This isn’t just bad news for sharks — it threatens the balance of entire ocean ecosystems. By targeting weak fish, sharks help keep schools strong and, in turn, support ocean health. Sharks also help keep more carbon 12 (store) deep within the ocean, which human activities are releasing 13 the atmosphere, fueling climate change. B 阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 The research on the monarch’s behaviour has led to a greater awareness of this creature. People have been working together with researchers 14 (record) its migration and make sure that there are enough plants for it to feed on. If this works, there may come a time 15 the number of monarch butterflies increases once again. The more we know about this lovely creature, the greater the chance it 16 (survive) in the natural world in the future. C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Wetlands, 17 are lands covered by water for part or all of the year, are vital ecosystems that support diverse life, including 18 (endanger) species and migratory birds. They perform crucial functions: 19 (filter) pollutants and carbon from the environment, preventing floods by absorbing excess water, and providing food like fish and rice. However, many people do not realize that they are essential to the environment and wetlands face severe threats from urban development and pollution. Governments should take action to protect these areas and 20 individuals do is also important for the preservation of these areas. 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节, 38分) 第一节(共14小题; 每小题2分, 共28分) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Some environmentalists claim that attempts to create a recycling economy for plastics are sure to fail, but the arguments can be not true. In 1980, Disney World in Orlando. Florida, started to work on a new way to generate power for the theme park, cutting its use of oil, the price of which had increased. The Solid Waste Energy Conversion Plant took rubbish, including plastic, and used a method called pyrolysis (热解) to turn it into burnable gases. It opened in 1982, but closed a year later, as the cost of running it went up. Today, environmentalists are mentioning the Disney story to damage the reputation of a set of new technologies, well known as advanced recycling, which take plastic waste and turn it back into brand new plastic. Their argument is false. The failure of Disney’s plant had more to do with a later fall in oil prices than technological or environmental problems. Pyrolysis has improved a lot since the 1980s. And in any case, Disney’s plant was designed to produce fuel, which isn’t classed as advanced recycling. As we report “the incredible new tech that can recycle all plastics forever”, advanced recycling is a game changer that could help to solve the global plastics crisis. It has the possibility to take millions of tonnes of thrown-away plastic, most of which ends up in landfill or the environment, and turn it back into a clean, fresh version by breaking it down to its molecular constituents (分子成分). The goal is a recycling economy. In this case, there is no longer any need to make “virgin” plastic from oil. It isn’t a magic recipe. There are problems around such plants generating toxic (有毒的) waste, their energy use and the continuation of traditional plastics ahead of newer, greener alternatives (替代物). Environmentalists are right to argue that we would be better off gradually getting rid of plastics altogether. But practical considerations mean they aren’t going away any time soon, and most advanced recycling technologies are better for the environment than the alternatives. There is a serious discussion to be had around advanced recycling, not least whether it should be factored into an upcoming global agreement on plastic pollution. Let’s just make sure it is based on the facts, not Disney stories. 21．As for refusing the new tech with the Disney story, the author is . A．worried B．disapproving C．uncertain D．unconcerned 22．What can we learn from this passage? A．Plastics would be soon stopped using. B．Plants with new tech don’t produce toxic waste. C．The new tech features recycling all plastics. D．Disney’s plant turned plastic waste into new plastic. 23．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To argue for advanced recycling. B．To stress benefits of reducing plastics. C．To present failure of recycling economy. D．To discuss the problems of reusing waste. B When Alex Lin was 11 years old, he read an alarming article in the newspaper which said that people were burying old computers in backyards, throwing TVs into streams, and dumping (丟弃) cell phones in the garbage. This was dangerous because e-waste contains harmful chemicals that can leak into the environment, getting into crops, animals, water supplies — and people. Alex was really worried and decided to make it next project for WIN-the Westerly Innovations Network. Alex and six of his friends had formed this organization to help solve community problems two years before. But what could they do about this project with e-waste? The team spent several weeks gathering information about the harmful chemicals in e-waste and their effects on humans. They learned how to dispose (处置) of e-waste properly and how it could be recycled. Then, they sent out a survey and found only one in eight knew what e-waste was, let alone how to properly dispose of it. Alex and his friends went into action. They advertised in the local newspaper and distributed notices to students, asking residents to bring their unwanted electronics to the school parking lot. The drive lasted two days, and they collected over 9,500 kilograms of e-waste. The next step was to set up a long-term e-waste drop-off center for the town. After some research, they’d learned that reusing is the best way to deal with electronic devices and it is seven times more efficient than recycling. So, they began learning to refurbish (翻新) computers themselves and distributed them to students who didn’t have their own. In this way, they could help students in the area and protect the environment at the same time. For a lasting solution to e-waste, the drop-off center wasn’t enough. Laws would have to be passed. In 2016, WIN helped push for an e-waste bill in their town, which required companies that manufactured or sold electronics to take back e-waste. The bill clearly forbids the dumping of e-waste. Because of the work of WIN, more and more people, like Alex and his team, are getting the message about safe disposal of e-waste. As Alex says, “Today’s technology should not become tomorrow’s harmful garbage.” 24．What was Alex’s worry after he read the article? A．The recycling of plastic. B．The littering of e-waste. C．The change of environment. D．The overuse of old computers. 25．What did Alex do to start the project? A．Set up WIN. B．Carry out a survey. C．Collect information. D．Ask friends for help. 26．Which can best describe the way Alex and his team did their work? A．Traditional. B．Independent. C．Theoretical. D．Scientific. 27．What can we learn from this passage? A．Young people can make a big difference. B．There is no end to perfection. C．Success comes through failure. D．Every positive attitude has a reward. C Baleen whales play a vital role in ecosystems. To communicate across vast distances and find each other, baleen whales depend critically on the production of sounds that travels far in dark oceans. However, since whale songs were first discovered more than 50 years ago, it remained unknown how baleen whales produce their complex vocalizations (发音). A new study in the journal Nature reports that baleen whales developed unique structures in their larynx (喉) that enable their low-frequency vocalizations, but also limit their communication range. The study was led by voice scientists Professor Coen Elemans and Professor Tecumseh Fitch. “The toothed whales and baleen whales were initially land animals that had a larynx serving two functions: protecting the airways and sound production. However, their switching to living in the water placed new and strict demands on the larynx to prevent choking underwater,” says Tecumseh Fitch. The study shows that baleen whales nevertheless can still produce sound with their larynx, but they have developed new structures to do so, which only exists in baleen whales. “This is probably to keep a rigid open airway when they have to move huge amounts of air in and out during explosive surface breathing,” states Fitch. “We found that this U-shaped structure pushes against a big fatty cushion (垫) on the inside of the larynx. When the whales push air from their lungs past this cushion, it starts to shake and this generates very low frequency underwater sounds,” says Elemans. To understand how muscle activity could change the calls, the researchers built a computational model of the entire whale larynx. The model predicted the natural vocalizations of the whales very well. However, these newly discovered features that allowed whales to successfully communicate in the vast oceans also poses huge physiological (生理的) limits for many baleen whales. Combining experiments and models, the researchers provide the first evidence that baleen whales are physiologically incapable of escaping noise caused by humans, because it covers up their voices, and thus limits their communication range. “Unfortunately, the main frequency and depth of man-made noise caused by shipping traffic cover the frequency range and maximum communication depth of 100 meters that we predicted,” Elemans says. The first voice recordings of a certain whale song by Roger and Katy Payne in 1970 attracted global interest in sea conservation efforts. The Payne’s made people aware how quiet the seas were before humans started the widespread use of machine ships. Elemans adds: “Compared to the seventies, our oceans are now even more filled with human-made noise, which affects the whales, because they are dependent on sound for communication. Now we show that despite their amazing physiology, they literally cannot escape the noise humans make in the oceans.” 28．What can we know about baleen whales’ vocalization system? A．Their airways are closed during explosive surface breath. B．Their larynx has difficulty preventing choking underwater. C．Their vocalization system changed when they were land animals. D．Their fatty cushion shakes to make low frequency underwater sounds. 29．The researchers’ experiments and models show that ______. A．baleen whales are incapable of recognizing humans’ noise B．the muscle activity is related to the vocalizations of the whales C．human-made noises disturb baleen whales’ communication range D．the bodily features in baleen whales limit their communication depth 30．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Sea conservation efforts used to be better than now. B．The special structure protects Baleen whales from noises. C．Actions should be taken to regulate human activities at sea. D．The application of technology contributes to sea conservation. D Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash. A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 31．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph? A．Share an apartment with you. B．Join you in what you’re doing. C．Transform your way of living. D．Help you to make the decision. 32．What can we learn about the author’s early zero-waste experience? A．It’s vital to communicate in time to clear misunderstandings. B．It’s worthwhile to encourage everyone to start with small things. C．It’s possible to encounter criticism when changing one’s lifestyle. D．It’s necessary to use reusable containers for environmental protection. 33．To practice a zero-waste lifestyle, the author ________. A．debated with her family when questioned B．managed the waste for the entire household C．embraced simple living to foster sustainability D．encouraged her family to use eco-friendly products 34．Which of the following best describes the author? A．Determined and strategic. B．Persistent and cooperative. C．Kind-hearted and enthusiastic. D．Empathetic and innovative. 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,共10分) 根据短文内容, 从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Considering they are the world’s most numerous areas of water, it is surprising that ponds are poorly understood. There are millions — possibly billions — of them. 35 This neglect might not have mattered if it were not for increasing evidence that ponds are extremely important habitats for wildlife as they have rich, diverse and distinctive communities with varied rare and endangered species. Across many landscapes, they are being shown to support far greater variation of species than rivers and streams. 36 It allows them to have a wider range of conditions compared with rivers and streams where flowing water tends to homogenise (同质化) water chemistry. So why have we failed to notice such a vital part of the natural world? A key reason appears to be what freshwater scientist John Downing has called “a saliency error”: the misjudgment where we humans naturally assume that if something is small, it can’t be all that important. 37 We don’t realise that these waters have a deeply ancient origin and have existed on Earth as long as there has been land and water. These misunderstandings within freshwater science have had a big impact on our ability to protect their wildlife. In Europe, for example, the Water Framework Directive mostly excludes any bodies of water smaller than 50 hectares. 38 Last year, the Ramsar Convention, an international agreement, introduced a resolution on small wetlands, including ponds, giving crucial recognition to them. And the European Union-funded PONDERFUL project is gathering data on Europe’s ponds. However, there remains much to do. As the effects of climate change deepen, plants and animals will increasingly need to move across the landscape to survive. 39 They are easy to make and they colonize rapidly, which can help freshwater species adapt over short timescales. A．Viewpoints are changing, fortunately, to the benefit of ponds. B．This biodiversity seems to be partly due to the small size of ponds. C．A study shows they make up much of the global water environment. D．Yet for a century or so, scientists have paid them very little attention. E．We can create ponds in considerable numbers as one of the few habitats. F．There is increasing evidence of the importance of ponds for biodiversity. G．Most of us also devalued ponds because we regard them as artificial habitats. 第三部分 书面表达(共两节, 32分) 第一节(共4小题; 第40、41题各2分, 第42题3分, 第43题5分, 共12分) 阅读下面短文, 根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 Your Food Choices Affect the Earth’s Climate Every action has a cost, even for growing food and delivering it to your dinner plate. A team of researchers has found that meat production releases more climate-warming pollution than it does when producing fruits, vegetables, nuts and grains. Their calculations suggest that people could do a lot to slow global warming if they limited how much meat they eat. There are plenty of “costs” of food. As to the visible costs, people pay money for the food as well as the fuel needed to get groceries to the store or restaurant. However, producing foods also takes resources, for example, the water used to irritate (灌溉) crop fields or the fertilizer and chemicals used to promote plant growth and fight pests. Peter Scarborough at the University of Oxford in England decided to calculate some of the less-visible pollution created by food production. His team focused on greenhouse gases emitted through the production of our food, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (甲烷) and the nitrous oxide. All three gases are important. While CO2 is the greenhouse gas released in the highest volume, methane and nitrous oxide stay in the atmosphere far longer than CO2 does. As such, they are more powerful in warm the earth’s atmosphere. They used a computer to change the methane and nitrous-oxide emissions for each person’s diet into its carbon dioxide “equivalent. ” That’s the amount of CO2 needed to warm Earth’s atmosphere by the same amount as the methane or nitrous oxide would. As for the calculations of the carbon dioxide “equivalent (等量)” , in the 1990s, a survey asked 65,000 adults what they typically had eaten throughout the past year. Scarborough’s team fed those data into a computer and then included the amount of green house gases linked with producing nearly 100 common foods. Then the computer matched those green house-gas amounts to the mix of foods each person had reported eating. It shows that the diet of someone whose meals included an average of 50 to 99 grams of meat each day would be responsible for the daily release of 5.6 kilograms of CO2 equivalent while those vegans had the lowest diet-linked greenhouse-gas emissions <u><span leftindent quesindex="40">40</span>．</u> kg of CO2 equivalent. Its authors conclude that reducing the intake of meat and other animal-based products can make a valuable contribution to climate change reduction. And compared to meat, more plant-based food calories can be grown on more lands with less water and other resources. In places where many people are going hungry, raising meat may make it harder to ensure that everyone gets enough to eat. 40．What are the visible costs of food mentioned in the article? 41．According to the author, why can our food choices affect the earth’s climate? 42．Please underline the inappropriate part in the following statement and explain why. Plant-based food can adapt to more types of lands than meat, but they may have a higher requirement of water and other resources, which can be a disadvantage of such food. 43．As high school students, how should we protect the environment in addition to what is described in this article? (Put forward his own opinion, no less than 40 words) 第二节(20分) 44．假设你是红星中学高二学生李华。学校环保社团将举办“减塑行动，共护地球”活动，请你写信邀请你热衷环保的留学生朋友Jim来参加。 内容包括：1. 活动的安排； 2. 举办该活动的意义。 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours, Li Hua 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $