专题03 阅读理解词义猜测题 （复习讲义）（天津专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题03 词义猜测题 01 析·考点精解 1 02 构·知能架构 2 03 破·考点攻坚 2 考点一 利用上下文语境猜测词义 3 考点二 利用逻辑关系猜测词义 12 考点三 利用构词法猜测词义 22 考点四 利用语法关系猜测词义 31 01 析·考点精解 命题轨迹透视 词义猜测题是天津高考英语阅读理解的核心题型，难度较高，主要考查考生对文章中语境的正确分析与认知。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 首考 2025 二考 2024 首考 2024 二考 2023 首考 2023 二考 2022 首考 2022 二考 2021 首考 2021 二考 A篇 无 无 无 无 无 B篇 42 46 42 43 C篇 47 D篇 2026命题预测 结合近年天津高考真题，此类题目常围绕利用上下文语境、逻辑关系、构词法、语法关系猜测词义。 02 构·知能架构 03 破·考点攻坚 近三年高考的设问方式 1. What does the underlined word in paragraph X mean? 2. What does the underlined word in paragraph X refer to? 3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word? 词义猜测的考察角度 1. 猜测划线单词的含义 2. 猜测短语或句意的含义 3. 猜测代词指代含义 正确选项的特点 1. 对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它代入回原文，则符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂。 2. 对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词新义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义。 干扰项的特点 1.字面意思：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规含义。 2.无关意思：除了字面意思，出题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其它意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意思带入原文，不符合逻辑就能够排除。 考点一 利用上下文语境猜测词义 （2021·天津·高考真题）About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months. The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special. “Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried. My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table! Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday. Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance. The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind. Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new. Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin. 1．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1? A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off. C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing. 2．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday? A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings. C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake. 3．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept. C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background. 4．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as . A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity 5．What does the author most likely want to tell us? A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things. C．We should move on no matter what happens. D．Past experiences should be treasured. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取家庭困境中借蜥蜴蜕皮、乔丹退役获得人生感悟的温情励志情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的普通叙事或说理话题。该情境贴合高考英语 “关注个体成长、传递生活智慧、渗透立德树人” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与家庭变故、自我调整、告别过去、拥抱新生等现实话题结合，要求考生在理解作者情感变化与思想升华的基础上精准把握语篇寓意，体现语言学习与心理成长、生命教育的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实生活与情感语境中考查思维品质” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解、原因推断、写作意图、词义猜测、主旨概括综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题目由浅入深，从事实信息定位，到词句含义理解，再到段落作用与全文主旨提炼，强调逻辑推理与情感体悟，而非机械翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的语篇结构分析能力、深层寓意理解能力与情感态度判断能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重主旨” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从 “生活小事触发思考 — 家庭困境铺垫情绪 — 典型事例深化主题 — 人生哲理升华” 的记叙文结构角度设题，层层递进。命题人通过设置事实错位、概念偷换、主旨偏离等干扰项，强化对逻辑判断与整体把握的考查；从读懂细节、读懂情感，到读懂手法、读懂主旨，全面考查 “读懂故事 — 读懂道理 — 读懂人生” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨升华” 的三重要求，体现 “以小见大、以文育人” 的命题思路。 （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 6．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 7．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 8．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 9．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 10．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons 一、主题与立场锁定（核心：用文章大方向锁死单词小意思） 1. 先抓文章话题域 快速判断文章属于哪一类话题：科技、环保、教育、文化、社会现象、个人成长、健康、商业等。 任何生词的意思，不可能跳出这篇文章的话题范围。 话题决定词义的大致方向：是正面 / 负面？是专业概念？是行为？是评价？ 2. 再抓作者立场与态度 判断作者是支持、反对、中立、批评、赞扬、担忧、客观介绍。 生词的情感色彩必须和作者态度一致： 文章偏褒 → 生词大概率褒义 / 中性 文章偏贬 → 生词大概率贬义 / 中性 凡是情感色彩和全文立场冲突的选项，直接排除。 3. 用主旨缩小词义范围 文章中心思想 = 词义的大边界。 生词一定服务于段落 / 全文要表达的观点，不会突然跑偏。 若选项含义和文章主旨无关、相反、超出话题，一律排除。 4. 最终作用 不看细节，先靠话题 + 态度 + 主旨，把四选一缩成二选一甚至一选一。 这一步是最快排错，比抠句子更高效。 二、选项代入验证（核心：把单词放回去，看逻辑是否 “不打架”） 1. 替换原则：只换词，不换义 把选项词直接代入原句，替换划线词。 要求： 句子语法通顺 语义自然 不产生新的逻辑矛盾 不改变原文本来的意思 2. 三层逻辑检查 句内逻辑 和本句的主谓宾、修饰成分、连接词是否匹配。 句间逻辑 和前一句、后一句是否顺承、转折、因果、解释。 段落逻辑 放入后是否符合整段的中心。 3. 正确选项的标准 替换后： 读起来自然流畅 逻辑连贯不突兀 观点和原文一致 不需要额外脑补就能成立 4. 错误选项的典型特征 替换后句意扭曲 逻辑断裂 和上下文冲突 需要强行脑补才能说得通 （2026·天津·一模）In a recent article, Markham Heid shares with us an unusual life crisis. At 41, he has built what many would regard as the good life: he has a family; he is healthy, productive, and creative; he has time to travel, read, exercise, and see friends. Yet, he feels that “something is off.” To fight against this feeling, some of his friends have turned to special retreats, while others try to solve it through fitness. What makes Heid’s problem somewhat odd is that it does not seem to arise from anything specific. If he had lost his job, had no time for himself, or was struggling in his marriage, the feeling would be understandable. In the history of philosophy, there have been many attempts to understand such a powerful but objectless feeling. Boredom, anxiety, depression and despair are some of the descriptions this mood has received. Heid ends up attributing his crisis to the lack of new experiences. The Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard calls this the “illusion of crop rotation”, the idea that changing the environment frequently can save us from this mood. The German philosopher Martin Heidegger also describes a similar state: one may still be surrounded by the same people and activities, but these no longer engage us as they used to. He calls it a kind of “anxiety” created by nothing in particular. No wonder the psychologist Sigmund Freud once described anxiety as a “riddle.” But what really drives this mood is not the need for new experiences. It is not even the particulars of our individual lives or the cultures we belong to, but that we have been given a life to live in the first place, the taste of possibility that comes with being alive. This mood is not due to doubts like “Do I have enough hobbies?” or “Have I achieved my goal?” It is related to the more fundamental questions like “What does it mean to be human?” “What am I supposed to do with the fact that I was given a life?” and “What kind of life is possible for me?” This is why this mood is likely to appear frequently in our life. This is why once many of our life goals are fulfilled, we begin to wonder what life itself is for. These questions never have a final answer and they can always leave us with a great sense of anguish about who we are and how we should go on. Nevertheless, recognizing that these doubts are there, and that they matter, can at least allow us to know what may be missing, even when everything is good. 1．What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A．To show Markham Heid’s perfect life is envied by many people B．To introduce a confusing life crisis that lacks a specific cause C．To suggest special retreats and fitness are the best ways to solve the crisis D．To prove that a family and some leisure activities can never bring happiness 2．The author shares Markham Heid’s crisis mainly to________. A．present an argument B．introduce a topic C．make an assumption D．evaluate an event 3．According to the author, how can the crisis in the passage be dealt with? A．By studying philosophy. B．By developing new hobbies. C．By going travelling frequently. D．By embracing the objectless feeling. 4．What does the word “anguish” underlined in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Pain. B．Wonder. C．Direction. D．Achievement. 5．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．What leads to a Life Crisis B．Letting Go of Dark Moods C．Boredom Makes Us Human D．Anxiety Gives Us Life Goals （25-26高二上·天津·期中）My life experience is anything but ordinary. Raised by my hardworking single mother on Australia's Gold Coast, I was encouraged to pursue higher education. Though I ranked top academically, my passion was cooking, a path my mother hesitated to support due to its challenges. To please her, I attended university while working part-time as a chef. However, my love for the kitchen soon surpassed my studies, and I dropped out to pursue cooking full-time. Over the next 12 years, I climbed the ranks as a chef, landing head chef positions in North Queensland. Life seemed perfect — I was engaged, had great friends and enjoyed stability. Yet, a lingering restlessness (挥之不去的焦躁感) grew within me. A trip to Bali became a turning point. I realized I desired something beyond conventional (守旧) existence. Despite guilt, I walked away from my settled life, returning to my mother's home on the Gold Coast. Soon, I fell back into old patterns — working in kitchens and feeling unfulfilled. Then, Instagram changed everything. As an early user, I poured my creativity into the platform, discovering a talent for photography and storytelling. By 2012, my audience grew to 200,000 followers, and tourism boards began reaching out. Recognizing the opportunity, I quit my job to pursue travel photography and social media full-time. The early days were tough. I created a “solo influencer package”, offering brands social media content, photography and campaign reports. As a pioneer in Australia's influencer market, my services became highly popular. I traveled on and on-50 trips a year at my peak-while expanding into consulting, public speaking, and project management. Now, I run a multifaceted (多层面) business, including photography, social media, and travel. I co-founded the Travel Bootcamp, teaching others to build careers in the industry, and launched an online photography course for beginners. Next year, I'll lead my first photography tour in Zimbabwe, my wife's homeland, combining my passions with conservation and community support. My journey has been challenging yet deeply fulfilling. Money is no longer the main driver — instead, I seek meaningful experiences and opportunities to inspire others. What began as a small idea has grown into a life of adventure, creativity and purpose. 6．What does the underlined word “surpassed” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Went beyond. B．Broke up. C．Continued. D．Improved. 7．Why did the author quit his job in North Queensland? A．He wanted to make a trip to Bali. B．He didn't enjoy working in the kitchen. C．He was eager to experience more in life. D．He preferred to live a conventional life. 8．How did the author's mother treat his choice of career? A．She eventually accepted her son's choice of career. B．She never supported her son's interest in cooking. C．She encouraged him to continue his university studies. D．She was the reason why he gave up his job in Queensland. 9．What is the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Why Instagram changed the author's mindset. B．Why followers liked to read the author's posts. C．How Internet benefited millions of online users. D．How the author started a career as a solo influencer. 10．What message does the text convey? A．Big results require big ambitions. B．The future is built on great ideas. C．Bravery never goes out of fashion. D．Your heart is the birthplace of dreams. （2021·天津河西·二模）The damage that aging does to a body extends all the way down to the cellular level. But the damage increased by cells in older muscles is especially severe, because the cells do not reproduce easily and they become weaker as their mitochondria (线粒体), which produce energy, reduce in energy and number. A study, however, suggests that certain sorts of exercise may remove some of what time can do to our mitochondria. Exercise is good for people, as everyone knows. But scientists have surprisingly little understanding of its cellular impacts and how those might vary by activity and the age of the exerciser. So researchers recently conducted an experiment on the cells of 72 healthy but sedentary (久坐的) men and women who were 30 or younger or older than 64. After baseline measures were established for their aerobic (有氧的) fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells, the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise program. Some of them did weight training several times a week; some did interval training three times a week on exercise bicycles; some rode exercise bikes at a appropriate pace for 30 minutes a few times a week and lifted weights lightly on other days. A fourth group, the control, did not exercise. After 12 weeks, the lab tests were repeated. In general, everyone experienced improvements in fitness and an ability io regulate blood sugar. But more unexpected results were found in the biopsies (活组织检查) muscle cells. Among the younger subjects who went through interval training, the activity levels had changed in 274 genes, compared with 170 genes for those who exercised more appropriately and 74 for the weight lifters. Among the older group, almost 400 genes were working differently now, compared with 33 for the weight lifters and only 19 for the appropriate exercisers. It seems exercise could help contain the decline in the cellular health of muscles associated with aging, especially if it was intense, says Dr. Sreekumaran Nair, the study's senior author. In fact, older people's cells responded in some ways more strongly to intense exercise than the cells of the young did - suggesting, he says, that it is never too late to benefit from exercise. 11．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Exercise Might Benefit Aging Muscles. B．Exercise Might Increase Aging Muscles. C．Exercise Might Do Harm to Mitochondria. D．Aging Mainly Occurs in the Cellular Level. 12．What can we know about the experiment mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．Volunteers can  not be good at exercising. B．All volunteers must have the same baseline. C．It was carried out among the youth of different sexes. D．Volunteers received a random particular exercise program. 13．How does the author develop Paragraph 3? A．By analyzing every group's different data. B．By comparing every group's training time. C．By listing every group's different training. D．By describing every group's training results. 14．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4? A．The experiment did not get expected results. B．Riding exercise bikes has no influence on the volunteers. C．Weight lifting is the most useful training among these exercises. D．Interval training brings stronger influence to the elder than to the youth. 15．Which can replace the underlined word ''contain''? A．Change. B．Stop. C．Record. D．Cause. 考点二 利用逻辑关系猜测词义 （2016·天津·高考真题）When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier. These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. ＂Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,＂ said George Vaillant, the psychologist(心理学家) who made the discovery. ＂And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.＂ Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25,31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems. The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working — at any age — is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence — the underpinnings(基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, ＂One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.＂ 1．What do we know about John? A．He enjoyed his career and marriage. B．He had few childhood playmates. C．He received little love from his family. D．He was envied by others in his childhood. 2．Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as　　　　. A．a description of personal values and social values B．an analysis of how work was related to competence C．an example for parents’ expectations of their children D．an explanation why some boys grew into happy men 3．Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by　　　　. A．recording the boys’ effort in school B．evaluating the men’s mental health C．comparing different sets of scores D．measuring the men’s problem solving ability 4．What does the underlined word ＂sharp＂ probably mean in Paragraph 4? A．Quick to react. B．Having a thin edge. C．Clear and definite. D．Sudden and rapid. 5．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Competent adults know more about love than work. B．Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life. C．Love brings more joy to people than work does. D．Independence is the key to one’s success. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取童年劳动与成年幸福人生关联的社科研究类情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的人物故事、日常叙事等常见场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “立足科学研究、关注青少年成长、渗透劳动教育与心理健康” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与劳动价值、能力培养、幸福感来源等成长核心话题结合，要求考生在理解 40 年追踪研究结论的基础上把握语篇逻辑与主旨，体现语言学习与科学思维、成长教育的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研与成长语境中考查阅读理解与思辨能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解 + 段落作用 + 研究方法 + 词义猜测 + 推理判断的综合考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖议论文与科研文高频考点：事实细节、引用目的、研究过程、词义推断、主旨推理。考生需通过梳理研究逻辑、辨析段落功能、结合语境猜词、归纳全文主旨解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的逻辑分析能力、研究思路理解能力与深层推理能力，契合高考 “重逻辑、重实证、重主旨” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从个案引入 — 研究发现 — 过程说明 — 数据论证 — 主旨升华的科研议论文结构角度设题，五道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、功能混淆、词义望文生义、主旨片面化等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础信息提取，到研究方法识别、词句含义推断，再到段落意图与全文主旨推理，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂逻辑 — 读懂主旨” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 逻辑推理 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学研究、引导劳动成长、以文育人” 的命题思路。 （2008·天津·高考真题）We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively（被动地）. We achieve it actively by direct experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning． We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else．Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive. Conditioned as we are to passive learning, it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers． Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem．It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay and rumor（谣言）． Did you ever play the game Rumor? It begins when one person writes down a message but doesn’t show it to anyone．Then the person whispers it, word for word, to another person．That person, in turn, whispers it to still another, and so on, through all the people playing the game．The last person writes down the message word for word as he or she hears it．Then the two written statements are compared．Typically, the original message has changed． That’s what happens in daily life．The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes the story．Then, too, most people listen imperfectly．And many enjoy adding their own creative touch to a story, trying to improve on it, stamping（打上标记）it with their own personal style．Yet those who hear it think they know． This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion by one writer may be restated as a fact by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts． 6．According to the passage, passive learning may occur in _______． A．doing a medical experiment B．solving a math problem C．visiting an exhibition D．doing scientific reasoning 7．The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to _____． A．active learning B．knowledge C．communication D．passive learning 8．The author mentions the game Rumor to show that _____． A．a message may be changed when being passed on B．a message should be delivered in different ways C．people may have problems with their sense of hearing D．people tend not to believe in what they know as rumor 9．What can we infer from the passage? A．Active learning is less important． B．Passive learning may not be reliable． C．Active learning occurs more frequently． D．Passive learning is not found among scholars． 利用逻辑关系猜测词义 （2021·天津河西·一模）The story of a voyage bearing witness to plastic pollution in the oceans. Junk Raft, based on facts, is an exciting book. Science educator and researcher Marcus Eriksen's navigational feat(航海壮举）is holding readers’ attention and interest — 88 days crossing some 4,000 kilometers of open ocean, on a raft(筏子) made of 15.000 plastic bottles wrapped in fishing nets. But it is more. Two equally fascinating story lines are made up through the written records of a series of events: Eriksen’s evolution from soldier to research director of the environmental non-profit 5 Gyres Institute, and the journey we all need to take towards a more sustainable use of plastics. Around 15% of all the liner in our oceans is plastic, and a calculated 5 million tons of plastic waste enter the seas annually. Unavoidably, it is now present at the sea surface and on shorelines, in Arctic seas and on the sea bed at depths of 3,500 metres. Around 700 sea species are known to come into contact with pieces of waste plastic material and can be harmed or killed by taking in it or becoming twisted and caught in it. This environmental challenge has attracted increasing scientific, media and societal attention in recent years, yet few accounts have conveyed the wider picture accessibly Junk Raft does just this while exposing our frustratingly slow progress on an issue of major importance to fisheries, tourism and, finally, the health of the world's oceans. Eriksen lists the issues associated with the accumulation of sea plastic: the causes, consequences and potential solutions. Our single use culture is the main offender. For more than 60 years, society and industry have been producing more and more throwaway items particularly packaging. Eriksen takes the crisis into consideration together with a timeline of scientific discovery and advancement since the 1970s. Eriksen believes that the troubles of industry and policy involvement is because people lack correct consciousness of the problem. We are brought back to the realities of life aboard the raft, with Eriksen's fellow sailor Joel Paschal. This is both fascinating and eventful, from their blow, occasionally very dangerous progress to the moments when it seems the raft will break up into pieces, littering the ocean with the waste material, Eriksen is trying so hard to fight against. Junk Raft is filled with adventure, romance, a sense of optimism and important truths that will be needed by the thousands of groups. It serves as a reflection of the choices and journeys that each of us makes and helps us understand how plastic in the oceans is closely connected with the future of human life. 1．What makes the book Junk Raft attractive to readers? A．Eriksen's fellow sailor Joel Paschal. B．Efforts made to put an end to the use of plastics. C．Erisken's adventures on the plastic ocean on a raft. D．Kriksen's soldierly service and environmental study. 2．What has raised people's concern according to the passage? A．More rubbish being poured into the oceans. B．Plastics accumulating in rare species of fish. C．Many species in the oceans suffering from shock. D．The waters of the oceans being polluted by plastics. 3．What does the underlined word "this" in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Making accounts accessible. B．Listing the environmental issues. C．Taking the pollution into account. D．Facing the environmental challenge. 4．What is the main reason for sea plastic pollution? A．The overuse of household items. B．The wasteful throwaway culture. C．The production of more materials. D．The failure to find potential solutions. 5．According to the passage, the trouble of industry and policy engagement is that    . A．the current policy is yet to be further perfected B．people turn a blind eye to the plastics industry C．people lack correct awareness of the problem D．the market need for plastics is enlarging on land 6．What is the author’s attitude toward Eriksen’s work? A．Cautious. B．Ambiguous. C．Doubtful. D．Appreciative. （2021·天津河西·一模）Last year, a popular restaurant released a live stream of a family dining in it, without asking their permission. After finding out what the restaurant was doing, the family showed their objection, but the restaurant ignored it and insisted that they had the right to do it. Moreover, they tried to silence the family, saying that their behavior was damaging the restaurant's image. This event has caused a debate on the violation of privacy and portrait rights by webcasts. It doesn't bother some people when their images are unconsciously recorded by cameras and shown through live streams on different online platforms. They may even enjoy appearing on screens and cooperate with some businesses. In that way, the restaurant can have more public exposure and thus attract more customers, which is their purpose of webcasting. However, others including the family mentioned above, are against it. The family thought that their portrait rights were violated, considering no one had asked if it was okay to use the images of them. They found intolerable that their actions captured by the camera were webcast live to millions of viewers, not to mention the fact that some of them were not so decent. Thus they demanded an apology from restaurant. People may behave in a relaxed way when eating or resting, and they don't want others to see them in this way. Thus, from a legal perspective, if businesses webcast their customers for commercial reasons, they have violated customers portrait rights. Webcasting someone without his or her consent amounts to a violation of portrait rights, which is getting increasingly common these days as cellphone webcasting is growing in popularity for technical convenience, However, public awareness of privacy protection is still falling behind. More should be done to make sure webcasting is developing sustainably, without violating people's legal rights. 7．What is the major issue argued in the passage? A．A famous restaurant published a live stream of a family dining in it. B．The family showed their objection to the famous restaurant's webcast. C．The restaurant ignored the objection and insisted they had the right to do it. D．The restaurant claimed that the family was damaging the restaurant's image. 8．What does the underlined word "that" in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Customers enjoy appearing on screens. B．Customers cooperate with some businesses. C．Customers are shown through live streams online. D．Customers are unconsciously recorded by cameras. 9．Which of the following behaviors may violate customers' privacy and portrait rights? A．Businesses webcast customers live according to their agreement. B．Businesses webcast customers for commercial reasons and pay them. C．Businesses webcast customers improper actions with their permission. D．Businesses webcast customers behaving in a relaxed way without informing them. 10．What is the best title for the passage? A．Public awareness of privacy protection is increasing B．A famous restaurant released a live stream of a family C．How can people behave in a relaxed way when having a rest D．A debate on whether webcasts violate privacy and portrait rights 11．What is the author's attitude toward webcasts? A．Objective. B．Negative. C．Positive. D．Subjective. （2020·天津南开·三模）Eric Attayi, owner of the Urban Bicycle Gallery in Houston, Texas, has watched the pandemic transform his shop in a way most businesses can only dream of. Bicycles are selling before he has time to assemble them for display. Attayi said he'd matched his 2019 sales by the start of May. He's had to hire new employees to meet demand, and hasn't taken a day off since February. Attayi said now the phone doesn't stop ringing and his guys get overwhelmed. He'd given raises and started buying lunch for his stressed staff. As unemployment reaches record levels and small businesses scramble to survive, bike shops have been an exception. They're thriving whether they're in car-dominated cities like Houston or more traditional biking areas like New York. Keeping enough bikes in stock, and finishing repairs in a timely manner, has become a challenge. Customers are being turned away, in some cases. New customers are looking for ways to be active and outdoors. Bike shop owners say that the closing of gyms and yoga studios during the pandemic has contributed. Others say customers are looking for a commuting alternative to public transportation. Social spacing is easiest on individual modes of transportation, like cars and bikes. In March 2020, US cycling sales increased 39% when compared with March 2019, according to a survey. "Bikes are like the new toilet paper," Attayi said. "If it's available, buy it." Robert Keating, owner of the Triathlon Lab outside Los Angeles, said he's never seen anything like the current bicycle boom in the 37 years he's worked in bike shops. He's shifted his shop from a focus on high-end bicycles to affordable bikes people are likely to ride in their neighborhood. Beach cruisers have been especially popular, he said. Bike shop owners are also wondering how long the current boom will last. Some said customers were more interested in biking because with less car traffic, roads felt safer. Their interest may decrease as traffic returns. But some cities have begun to reallocate street space to bike lanes, which could lead to more biking in the long term. Phil Koopman, owner of BicycleSpace in Washington DC, compared the current bicycle boom to 1999, when many people bought computers to prepare for Y2K. "Then those companies didn't sell a lot of computers for a few years because everyone already had one," Koopman said. "That's the big question. Is this a one-time thing or is it something sustainable?" 12．What can we learn from Para l and Para 2? A．Most businesses have experienced the same development as Attayi's shop. B．Attayi's 2019 sales were as many as those of the start of May. C．Bikes are flying off shelves, overwhelming shops. D．The staff's wages were raised because they had no day off since February. 13．What does the underlined word They in Para 4 refer to? A．Unemployment levels. B．Small businesses. C．Bike shops D．Stressed staff 14．What is the challenge for bike shops? A．Jo attract customers when they are not keen on biking. B．To survive in car-dominated ciles. C．To promote their sales in traditional biking cities. D．To prepare enough bikes for sale and do repairs quickly. 15．Which is not the reason why more customers are turning to bikes during the pandemic? A．They can spend much less on qualified goods. B．They cannot go to gyms and yoga studios. C．They prefer biking to public transportation. D．They are trying to find an active way in the open air. 16．We can infer from para7 and para8 that _______? A．The current bicycle boom was totally within Keating's expectations. B．Triathlon Lab used to mainly sell bikes that were unaffordable for most people. C．Roads feel dangerous when there are more bikers. D．People lose interest in biking because there is no bike lane. 17．What is Phil Koopman's attitude towards the bike boom? A．Short-sighted. B．Unconcerned. C．Skeptical. D．Optimistic （2020·天津河北·一模）When people learn to play video games, they are learning a new literacy. Of course, this is not the way the word “literacy” is normally used. Traditionally, people think of literacy as the ability to read and write. Why, then, should we think of literacy more broadly? Nowadays, language is not the only important communication system. Images, graphs, diagrams and many other visual symbols are particularly significant. Thus, the idea of different types of “visual literacy” would seem to be an important one. For example, being able to read the images in advertising is one type of visual literacy. Furthermore, very often today words and images of various sorts are juxtaposed in a variety of ways. In newspapers and magazines as well as in textbooks, images take up more and more of the space alongside words. In fact, in many modern high school and college textbooks, images not only take up more space, they now carry meanings that are independent of the words in the text. If you can’t read these images, you will not be able to understand their meanings from the words in the text as was more usual in the past. Now there are different ways to read different types of texts. Literacy is multiple, then, in the sense that the legal literacy needed for reading law books is not the same as the literacy needed for reading physics texts or cartoon books. And we should not be too quick to dismiss the latter form of literacy. Many cartoon books are full of images that would make a modern literary critic’s heart beat fast and confuse any otherwise normal adult. Once we see this multiplicity of literacy, we realize that when we think about reading and writing, we have to think beyond print. Reading and writing in any field, whether it is law, rap songs, academic essays or cartoon books, are not the only ways of decoding(解密) print. Video games are a new form of art. They will not replace books; they will sit beside them, interact with them, and change them and their role in society in various ways, as, indeed, they are already doing strongly with movies. We have no idea yet how people “read” video games, what meanings they make from them. Still less do we know how they will “read” them in the future. 18．What is the broad meaning of literacy? A．The ability to read, write and view. B．The ability to read, listen and play. C．The ability to speak, write and think. D．The ability to listen, speak and think. 19．What does the underlined word “juxtaposed” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Put together. B．Pulled out. C．Taken away. D．Replaced with. 20．How would cartoon books probably make a modern literary critic feel? A．Proud. B．Upset. C．Grateful. D．Curious. 21．The author says that video games _______________. A．are too violent to risk experimenting with for the purposes of understanding literacy B．are unrealistic and should not fall into the same categories as the other texts he describes C．are not yet entirely understood in terms of literacy, but are already impacting other forms of expression such as filmmaking D．are irrelevant in academic discussion because no one has yet determined how to explain the ways that people understand them 22．What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph? A．A historical explanation of the very first video game and its evolution. B．A technological definition of video games, how they are made, and how they are played. C．Examples of the way that some people currently interpret video games and what they mean to them. D．A price comparison of video game consoles and whether or not quality has a direct impact on literacy. 23．In which section of a magazine may this text appear? A．Education. B．Health. C．Advertisement. D．Traveling. 考点三 利用构词法猜测词义 （2020·江苏·高考真题）For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health. To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue. Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking. Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue. Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting. But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted. The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first. 1．The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”. A．digest the meal easily B．manage without breakfast C．decide wisely what to eat D．eat whatever is offered 2．Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment? A．Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people. B．Their lack of exercise led to overweight. C．They could walk at an average speed. D．They had slow metabolic rates. 3．What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise? A．They successfully lost weight. B．They consumed a bit more calories. C．They burned more fat on average. D．They displayed higher insulin levels. 4．What could be learned from the research? A．A workout after breakfast improves gene performances. B．Too much workout often slows metabolic rates. C．Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise. D．Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取早餐前锻炼与健康关系的科学实验研究情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的日常叙事、人物故事或抽象说理场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “聚焦前沿科研、普及健康知识、强调实证探究” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与饮食规律、运动健身、代谢健康等现代生活热点结合，要求考生在理解实验设计、数据对比与科研结论的基础上精准把握语篇信息，体现语言学习与科学素养、健康生活的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研语境中考查信息获取与逻辑理解能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用词义猜测 + 细节理解 + 实验结果比对 + 主旨推断的综合考法，打破了单纯信息定位与查找的浅层考查模式。题干围绕实验类文本核心考点设题：短语含义、样本选择原因、实验数据差异、全文研究结论。考生需通过定位实验目的、梳理对照流程、辨析结果差异、归纳主旨观点解题，而非机械翻译原文。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、逻辑推理能力与科研文本解读能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重实证” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从提出观点 — 实验设计 — 过程操作 — 数据对比 — 深层机制 — 结论升华的科研说明文结构角度设题，四道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置望文生义干扰、信息错位干扰、结果颠倒干扰、主旨偏离干扰，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础短语理解、样本原因分析，到实验结果辨析，再到全文主旨提炼，全面考查 “读懂现象 — 读懂实验 — 读懂结论” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 逻辑推理 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学实验、培养理性思维、以文育人” 的命题思路。 （2020·新高考全国I卷·高考真题）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds. Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin. For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I? 5．What is the recent study mainly about? A．Food safety. B．Movie viewership. C．Consumer demand. D．Eating behavior. 6．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons. C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons. 7．Why did the researchers hire the actor? A．To see how she would affect the participants. B．To test if the participants could recognize her. C．To find out what she would do in the two tests. D．To study why she could keep her weight down. 8．On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph? A．How hungry we are. B．How slim we want to be. C．How we perceive others. D．How we feel about the food. 可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。构词法主要有以下三种： 合成法 合成法是指由两个或更多的词合成一个复合词。它们当中有的用连字符号“–”连接（如：well-being），有的直接写在一起（如：hotline)，还有的由分开的两个词构成（night owl）。复合词包括复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词等。  猜一猜：2021年高考全国甲卷阅读理解七选五中最长的合成词 So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? 一、写出以下词汇的中文含义 1.Eco-machine 2.park-goer 3.Greenhouse-like 4.self-repair 5.High-quality 6. attractant-free 7. head-spinning 8.fast-paced 9.e-reader 10.off-line 11. human-nature 12.shooting spot 二、写出下列下列的英语词汇 1.自信心 2.深远的 3.低收入的 4.致癌的 5.看上去疯狂的 6. 全方面的 7.附加 8.跨城市的 9.夺人眼球的 10. 低收入的 派生法 通过在词根上添加前缀或后缀构造新词。一般讲前缀改变词义不变词性，后缀改变词性不变词义。 Common profixes Common sufixes in/im- : incorrect impossible mini- : miniskirt, minibus re- : rewrite, reuse, reconsider dis-: disagree, dislike, disappear, mis-: misunderstand, mislead fore-: foretell, forecast over-: overwork, overcoat, overuse ... -er teacher, worker, container -or visitor, sailor ,instructor -tion education, satisfaction -ment development, movement -ion action, solution, conclusion -ous dangerous, humorous -ful helpful，careful -able comfortable, acceptable … （2026·天津南开·三模）I used to believe that only words could catch the essence of the human soul. The literary works contained such distinct stories that they shaped the way we saw the world. Words were what composed the questions we sought to uncover and the answers to those questions themselves. Words were everything. That belief changed. In an ordinary math class, my teacher posed a simple question: What’s 0.99 rounded to the nearest whole number? Easy. When rounded to the nearest whole number, 0.99=1. Somehow, I thought even though 0.99 is only 0.01 away from 1, there’s still a 0.01 difference. That means even if two things are only a little different, they are still different, so doesn’t that make them completely different? My teacher answered my question by presenting another equation: 1=0.9, which could also be expressed as 1=0.99999... repeating itself without ever ending. There was something mysterious but attractive about the equation. The left side was unchangeable, objective: it contained a number that ended. On the right was something endless. number repeating itself limitless times. Yet, somehow, these two opposed things were connected by an equal sign. Lying in bed, I thought about how much the equation mirrored our existence. The left side of the equation represents that sometimes life itself is so unchangeable and so clear. The concrete, whole number of the day when you were born and the day when you would die. But then there is that gap in between life and death. The right side means a time and space full of limitless possibilities, and endless opportunities into the open future. So that’s what life is. Objective but imaginative. Unchangeable but limitless. Life is an equation with two sides that balances itself out. Still, we can’t ever truly seem to put the perfect words to it. So possibly numbers can express ideas as equally well as words can. For now, let’s leave it at that: 1=0.99999... and live a life like it. 1．What does the author emphasize about words in paragraph 1? A．Their wide variety. B．Their literary origins. C．Their unique composition D．Their expressive power. 2．What made the author find the equation attractive? A．The repetition of the number. B．The difference between the two numbers. C．The question the teacher raised. D．The way two different numbers are equal. 3．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “mirrored” in paragraph 6? A．Measured. B．Paralleled. C．Composed. D．Influenced. 4．In what way does the author map mathematical concepts onto life? A．Life is fully expressible only through words. B．Life is a predictable and controllable journey. C．Life is a balance between certainty and possibilities. D．Life can be reduced to a simple numerical calculation. 5．What does the author want to get across in the last paragraph? A．Life is never perfect and it’s unwise to accept it as it is. B．Imperfections and infinite possibilities are what life really is. C．Language and number can equally express the meaning of life. D．Human beings have the power to perfectly define life with words. （2021·天津·一模）This week my client asked me whether I will be working between Christmas and the New Year. I did not know. I had been charging full speed ahead and had not thought about it. I am grateful to my client for motivating me to look up from my computer and take a moment to reflect on 2020 ending and 2021 approaching. The end of December is a time when people share their reflections on how the last year has gone, and set resolutions in the hope that they will do better in the New Year. However, considering the uncertainty of carrying out resolutions, I invite you to consider the idea of setting intentions now. Take a moment to reflect on how resolutions work for you. The Cambridge dictionary defines resolutions as ‘a promise to yourself to do or to not do something’. The first thing that comes to mind when I read this is: what happens when we break the promise to ourselves? This is typically how it goes for me: Throughout January I am going strong with those resolutions. Then comes mid-February, the novelty (新鲜劲) of the resolutions fades, with the increased demands of life. At last, those resolutions start to take a backseat. This brings a frustration or disappointment at “not succeeding” and a gradual abandonment of the resolutions as though they were never really important. By the next New Year, I would have forgotten what my resolutions were in the first place. If setting New Year resolutions works for you, then go tor it. Setting intentions What if we try setting intentions instead? Intentions are based on what our values are, i.e., what is important to us in different areas of our life such as our physical health, mental health, career, hobbies and relationships with family, friends, partners and education. They have a broader focus on the present moment and on how we act now. They give us a direction and determination that empower us to achieve goals and meanwhile live a meaningful life in the present. 6．Why did the author mention his conversation with the client? A．To summarize the whole text. B．To introduce the topic he'll discuss. C．To show what a busy life he lived. D．To inform the New Year is coming. 7．What can we learn about the author's resolution? A．He didn't make it. B．He forgets it on purpose. C．He likes to make it big. D．He often fails to realize it. 8．Which can be seen as an example of setting intentions? A．David determines to pass TOEFL next year. B．Cathy hopes to be cheerful at the party today. C．Tom aims to have his own car after graduation. D．Elizabeth promises to lose weight in one year. 9．What does the underlined word “empower” in the last paragraph mean? A．Enable. B．Force. C．Persuade D．Order 10．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Reflecting On the Past, a Good Habit? B．Setting New Year Resolutions, Difficult? C．Carrying Out Resolutions, a Piece of Cake? D．Setting New Year Resolutions or Living with Intentions Now? （2020·天津滨海新·一模）I hear some actors keep a sad thought or memory tucked away to help them with scenes where they might need to cry. I think we should each try to find the opposite; a happy memory, something to lift us up on those inevitable down days. I’m saying this because I think I just found mine! I had some work in Glasgow today. I was on a really tight schedule, which meant I would have no time for myself (or my own work) all day. I was having one of those days, the train was completely packed out and the conversation going on around me seemed to be particularly inane. On top of all that, I had a bit of a headache. Walking briskly across the concourse, I fished some change from my pocket. There was usually someone at the exit selling The Big Issue (a magazine that helps homeless folk earn a living). As the crowd parted ways at the bottom of the concourse, I saw someone selling the Big Issue. You had to be homeless to sell the Big Issue. She really looked like she’d been sleeping rough. Her clothes were ragged and she obviously hadn’t had a scrub up for quite a while. As I approached the exit, I saw that she was also rocking from side to side. At first I thought maybe she was trying to keep warm against the biting wind. But she wasn’t, she was moving in time to a tune. I couldn’t hear her, but I could see her lips moving. As I got closer, I saw a white cane hanging from her elbow and noticed that she had sunken eyes. She was blind, dirty and living on the streets. I came closer and through the noise of the traffic and the commuters I heard her sing the immortal line, “… and I think to myself, what a wonderful world!” I bought her last magazine for twice what I’d originally intended. She thanked me, then she picked up her stuff and went tapping off along the pavement - still singing! So, I have my happy memory for the day. And I think it will stay with me a long, long time. Feel free to borrow it if you like. 11．Why do some actors keep a sad thought or memory according to the passage? A．Because some of them always feel unhappy B．because they are scolded by the director C．Because it helps meet the needs of their roles D．Because they can’t find a happy memory 12．What does the underlined word “fished” in para3 refer to? A．Made B．exchanged C．pull into D．took out 13．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Only those homeless people can sell the magazine B．The author heard her singing as he came close to the exit C．The girl selling the magazines was blind, dirty and homeless D．The author never heard what the girl was singing 14．It can be inferred from the passage that_________ A．the author had a headache because of his busy work B．the author bought more magazines than planned to C．the girl went away as soon as she sold out magazines D．the author felt unhappy because he missed his train 15．What’s the best title for the passage? A．A happy Memory to Lift You Up B．An Unforgettable Day I Experienced C．The Roses in Her Hand: the Flavor in Mine D．A Bird in the Hand is Worth than Two in the Bush. 考点四 利用语法关系猜测词义 （2020·天津·高考真题）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine. Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored. The transition （过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing. It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years. 1．According to Para. l, what is happening in air transport? A．New explorations of the sky are being launched. B．Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled. C．Efforts are being made to make air travel greener. D．Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively. 2．Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights? A．It runs short route B．It has a strong partner. C．Its planes can land on the sea. D．It has planes with powerful engines. 3．The expression "added bonus" refers to the fact that electric planes___________. A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional ones 4．What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying? A．To improve the ground service for e-planes. B．To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry. C．To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes. D．To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes. 5．What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight? A．To produce new electric components. B．To increase battery consumption. C．To use mixed-power technology. D．To expand the landing field. 6．What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying? A．Short-sighted. B．Wait-and-see. C．Optimistic. D．Skeptical. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取电动飞机助力航空业绿色发展的前沿科技与环保情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的日常叙事、人物故事或普通科普话题。该情境贴合高考英语 “聚焦生态环保、关注科技创新、倡导绿色发展” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与航空减排、新能源应用、可持续发展等时代热点结合，要求考生在理解技术优势、现存挑战与未来前景的基础上精准把握语篇信息，体现语言学习与科技素养、生态意识的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实前沿科技语境中考查阅读理解与思辨能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解、原因分析、词义指代、细节推断、过渡方案、态度判断的综合考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖科技说明文高频考点：事实细节、指代猜测、难题定位、过渡措施、作者态度。考生需通过梳理技术优势、辨析核心矛盾、把握行文情感、归纳全文主旨解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、逻辑推理能力与态度判断能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重态度” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从提出问题 — 案例介绍 — 优势分析 — 技术挑战 — 过渡方案 — 未来展望的科技说明文结构角度设题，六道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、概念偷换、望文生义、态度混淆等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础信息提取，到细节比对、词义推断，再到难题识别、过渡方案理解与态度判断，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂逻辑 — 读懂态度” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨态度” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科技创新、聚焦生态环保、以文育人” 的命题思路。 （2017·天津·高考真题）This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo. 7．What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 8．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 9．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 10．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________. A．Singapore B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 11．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 利用语法关系猜测词义 （20-21高三上·天津和平·期末）Professor Stephen Hawking recently came out with a serious warning for people. While at the Starmus Festival, a festival in Trondheim, Norway, celebrating science and the arts, Hawking warned people that the human race is in serious danger. Hawking criticized President Donald Trump for denying climate change. Then the physicist warned the audience, “I am not denying the importance of fighting climate change and global warming, unlike Donald Trump, who may just have taken the most serious, and wrong, decision on climate change this world has seen.” Hawking proposed that the leading countries should send astronauts to the Moon before 2020 to restart a movement of more exploration in space. BBC reported that Hawking suggested that we “build a lunar base in 30 years’ time and send people to Mars by 2025.” According to BBC, Professor Hawking said, “Spreading out into space will completely change the future of humanity.” He continued, “I hope it would unite competitive nations in a single goal, to face the common challenge for us all.” The physicist shared more ideas to motivate the younger generation to continue exploring space. Hawking stated, “a new and ambitious space program would excite (young people), and stimulate interest in other areas, such as astrophysics and cosmology.” Hawking also revealed his vision for other forms of energy that could move us to a new planet. He warned the audience, “The Earth is under threat from so many areas that it is difficult for me to be positive.” He continued, “Our natural resources are being drained, at an alarming rate. We have given our planet the disastrous gifts of climate change, rising temperatures, reduction of the polar ice caps, deforestation, and decimation (大量毁灭) of animal species. We can be ignorant, unthinking lot (人).” The professor warned the audience that doing nothing would lead nowhere. He said, “If we succeed, we will send a probe (航天探测器) to Alpha Centauri within the lifetime of some of you alive today. It is clear we are entering a new space age. We are standing at the threshold (起点) of a new era. Human colonization and moving to other planets is no longer science fiction, and it can be science fact.” Hawking advised the audience to move to other worlds because we are running out of space. 1．According to Hawking, what is the first step for humans to spread out into space? A．To build a lunar base. B．To send people to Mars. C．To send astronauts to the Moon. D．To change the future of humanity. 2．What does the underlined phrase “a single goal” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Spreading out into space. B．Facing the common challenge of humans. C．Stimulating young people’s interest in other areas. D．Motivating the younger generation to explore space. 3．The underlined word “drained” in Paragraph 5 can be replaced by “ _____ ”. A．speeded up B．stored C．used up D．explored 4．What is Hawking’s attitude towards the Earth’s future? A．Worried. B．Confused. C．Positive. D．Indifferent. 5．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．To warn the audience that humans are in danger. B．To predict what will happen to the earth in future. C．To stress that humans are entering a new space age. D．To encourage the audience to move to other planets. 6．The reason why humans must leave earth soon is that . A．the Earth is under threat and the human race is in serious danger B．a new and ambitious space program would excite young people C．astronauts have found a better world in the space than the Earth D．humans have found other forms of energy to move to a new planet （20-21高三上·天津和平·期末）Smartphones are our constant companions. For many of us, their glowing screens are a ubiquitous (十分普遍的) presence, drawing us in with endless distractions. They are in our hands as soon as we wake, and command our attention until the final moments before we fall asleep. Steve Jobs would not approve. In 2007, Jobs took the stage and introduced the world to the iPhone. If you watch the full speech, you will be surprised by how he imagined our relationship should be with this iconic invention. This vision is so different from the way most of us use these devices now. In his remarks, Jobs spent an extended amount of time demonstrating how the device utilized (应用) the touch screen before detailing the many ways Apple engineers had improved the age-old process of making phone calls. It’s the best iPod we’ve ever made,” Jobs exclaimed at one point. “The killer app is making calls,” he later added. Both lines drew thunderous applause. The presentation confirms that Jobs imagined a simpler iPhone experience than the one we actually have more than a decade later. For example, there was no App Store when the iPhone was first introduced, and this was by design. Jobs was convinced that the phone’s carefully-designed native features were enough. He did not seek to completely change the rhythm of users’ daily lives. He simply wanted to take experiences we had already found important－listening to music, placing calls, generating directions－and make them better. The minimalist (简约主义者) vision for the iPhone Jobs offered in 2007 is unrecognizable today－and that is a shame. Under what I call the “constant companion model,” we now see our smartphones as always-on portals (通道) to information. We have become so used to it over the past decade that it is easy to forget the novelty (新奇之处) of the device. It seems increasingly clear to me that Jobs probably got it right from the very beginning: Many of us would be better-off returning to his original minimalist vision for our phones. Practically speaking, to be a minimalist smartphone user means only using your device for a small number of features that do things of value to you. Otherwise, you simply put it away outside of these activities. This approach dethrones (废黜) this device from the position of a constant companion down to a luxury object, such as a fancy bike, that gives you great pleasure when you use it but does not dominate your entire day. Early in his 2007 keynote, Jobs said, “Today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone.” What he didn’t add, however, was the follow-up promise: “Tomorrow we’re going to reinvent your life.” The smartphone is fantastic, but it was never meant to be the foundation for a new form of existence. If you return this innovation to its original role, you will get more out of both your phone and your life. 7．The underlined word “it” in the last but two paragraphs probably refers to . A．information B．the smartphone C．the always-on portal D．the constant companion model 8．According to Steve Jobs, what was the main selling point of Apple’s first iPhone? A．It allowed the users to have access to the internet. B．It was actually an iPod that could make phone calls. C．It was installed with applications by third-party developers. D．It could fulfill people’s desire to multitask in their daily lives. 9．According to the article, a minimalist smartphone user tends to . A．expect to reinvent his life with the device B．buy the latest model of iPhone and see it as a luxury C．remove all the unnecessary applications from the device D．spend more time working than playing with his device 10．The author’s purpose in writing the article is to . A．tell readers why Steve Job created the iPhone B．remind readers not to be addicted to their smartphones C．show readers that smartphones can greatly change our lives D．encourage readers to block internet access on their smartphones （2021·天津河西·二模）Predictions about higher education's future often result in two very different visions about what is next for colleges and universities. In one camp: those who paint a rosy picture of an economy that will continue to demand higher levels of education for an increasing share of the workforce. In the other: those who believe fewer people will enroll in college as tuition costs go out of control and alternatives to the traditional degree emerge. "We are living in an age for learning, when there's so much knowledge available, that one would think that this is good news for higher education." Bryan Alexander told me recently, Alexander writes often about the future of higher education and is finishing a book on the subject for Johns Hopkins University Press. "Yet we've seen enrollment in higher education drop for six years." Alexander believes that for some colleges and universities to survive, they need to shift from their historical mission of serving one type of student (usually a teenager fresh out of high school) for a specific period of time. "We're going to see many different ways through higher education in the future" Alexander said' "from closer ties between secondary and postsecondary( 放学后) schools to new options for adults. The question is, which institutions adopt new models and which try desperately to hang on to what they have? “The fact is that to maintain affordability, accessibility and excellence, something needs to change," Rafael Bras, Georgia Tech's provost (院长), told me when he unveiled the report at the Milken Institute Global Conference this past spring.. The commission's report includes many impressive ideas, but three point to the possibility of a very different future for colleges and universities. (1) College for life, rather than just four years. The primary recommendation of the Georgia Tech report is that the university turns itself into a place for lifelong learning that allows students to “associate rather than enroll.” (2) A network advisers and coaches for a career. If education never ends, Georgia Tech predicts, neither should the critical advising function that colleges provide to students. (3) A distributed presence around the world. Colleges and universities operate campuses and require students to come to them. In the past couple of decades, online education has grown greatly, but for the most part, higher education is still about face-to-face interactions. Georgia Tech imagines a future in which the two worlds are blended in what it calls the "atrium"—a place that share space with entrepreneurs and become gathering places for students and alumni. In some ways, as the report noted, the atrium idea is a nod to the past, when universities had agricultural and engineering experiment stations with services closer to where people in the state needed them. Whether Georgia Tech's ideas will become real is, of course, unclear. But as Alexander told me after reading it, "There is a strong emphasis on flexibility and transformation so they can meet emergent trends.” This is clear: colleges and universities are about to undergo a period of deep change—whether they want to or not—as the needs of students and the economy shift. 11．What can we learn from the two camps' opinions about future colleges? A．Future workforce will have high levels of education. B．The expensive traditional degree is losing its appeal. C．Traditional higher education is not practical D．Declining enrollment in college results from easy learning. 12．What should traditional colleges do according to Alexander? A．They should provide new options for adults to enter colleges. B．They should strengthen the lies between secondary and postsecondary schools. C．They should abandon what they have and change their historical mission. D．They should offer more freedom to students throughout their life. 13．The underlined words "two worlds" refer to ________. A．basic education and higher education B．entrepreneurs and students , C．virtual education and real classes D．present education and future education 14．What does the author think of atrium idea? A．It corresponds to the past idea in some way B．It is hard to realize despite its flexibility. C．It makes some industries more accessible. D．It is a practical solution to the declining enrollment. 15．The passage mainly talks about ________. A．a reflection on the drawbacks of current higher education B．the key factors which determine higher education's future C．two camps' opposite opinions about higher education's future D．a comparison between traditional and future higher education 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司21 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 词义猜测题 01 析·考点精解 1 02 构·知能架构 2 03 破·考点攻坚 2 考点一 利用上下文语境猜测词义 3 考点二 利用逻辑关系猜测词义 18 考点三 利用构词法猜测词义 34 考点四 利用语法关系猜测词义 46 01 析·考点精解 命题轨迹透视 词义猜测题是天津高考英语阅读理解的核心题型，难度较高，主要考查考生对文章中语境的正确分析与认知。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 首考 2025 二考 2024 首考 2024 二考 2023 首考 2023 二考 2022 首考 2022 二考 2021 首考 2021 二考 A篇 无 无 无 无 无 B篇 42 46 42 43 C篇 47 D篇 2026命题预测 结合近年天津高考真题，此类题目常围绕利用上下文语境、逻辑关系、构词法、语法关系猜测词义。 02 构·知能架构 03 破·考点攻坚 近三年高考的设问方式 1. What does the underlined word in paragraph X mean? 2. What does the underlined word in paragraph X refer to? 3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word? 词义猜测的考察角度 1. 猜测划线单词的含义 2. 猜测短语或句意的含义 3. 猜测代词指代含义 正确选项的特点 1. 对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它代入回原文，则符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂。 2. 对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词新义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义。 干扰项的特点 1.字面意思：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规含义。 2.无关意思：除了字面意思，出题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其它意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意思带入原文，不符合逻辑就能够排除。 考点一 利用上下文语境猜测词义 （2021·天津·高考真题）About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it. I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months. The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special. “Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried. My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table! Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday. Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance. The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind. Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new. Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin. 1．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1? A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off. C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing. 2．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday? A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings. C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake. 3．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept. C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background. 4．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as . A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity 5．What does the author most likely want to tell us? A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things. C．We should move on no matter what happens. D．Past experiences should be treasured. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取家庭困境中借蜥蜴蜕皮、乔丹退役获得人生感悟的温情励志情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的普通叙事或说理话题。该情境贴合高考英语 “关注个体成长、传递生活智慧、渗透立德树人” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与家庭变故、自我调整、告别过去、拥抱新生等现实话题结合，要求考生在理解作者情感变化与思想升华的基础上精准把握语篇寓意，体现语言学习与心理成长、生命教育的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实生活与情感语境中考查思维品质” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解、原因推断、写作意图、词义猜测、主旨概括综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题目由浅入深，从事实信息定位，到词句含义理解，再到段落作用与全文主旨提炼，强调逻辑推理与情感体悟，而非机械翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的语篇结构分析能力、深层寓意理解能力与情感态度判断能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重主旨” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从 “生活小事触发思考 — 家庭困境铺垫情绪 — 典型事例深化主题 — 人生哲理升华” 的记叙文结构角度设题，层层递进。命题人通过设置事实错位、概念偷换、主旨偏离等干扰项，强化对逻辑判断与整体把握的考查；从读懂细节、读懂情感，到读懂手法、读懂主旨，全面考查 “读懂故事 — 读懂道理 — 读懂人生” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨升华” 的三重要求，体现 “以小见大、以文育人” 的命题思路。 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．C 【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.(第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第六段“Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.( Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。 4．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选C。 （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 6．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 7．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 8．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 9．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 10．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons 【答案】6．B 7．A 8．D 9．D 10．B 【分析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。 6．猜测词义题。根据上句learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知学习我们祖国的历史能更深、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去。此处指学历史着眼于大局，是从国家层面讲的，与之一致，可推知画线的where we are today指的是我们国家的现状。故选B。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.可知专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。有了祖先的信息，我们在处理生活中的挑战时会更有经验。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据第四段中It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures和History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.可知历史为跨文化的同理心提供了一个相当坚实的基础，历史有可能打破对未知事物的恐惧和憎恨，为我们提供洞悉整个世界的机会。由此推之历史帮助我们提高跨文化意识。故选D。 9．推理判断题。根据第五段标题是 History can inspire us to learn more:(历史可以激励我们学习更多),下面列举了阅读Oliver Twist的例子,通过Oliver Twist我们能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,还可能会学到一些关于现实主义的东西，会发现英国浪漫主义诗人的历史。作者通过这个例子是为了说明学习历史可以引起人们对其他领域的兴趣。故选D。 10．主旨大意题。根据第一段If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is a very good first step.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后一段总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。故Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文内容。故选B。 一、主题与立场锁定（核心：用文章大方向锁死单词小意思） 1. 先抓文章话题域 快速判断文章属于哪一类话题：科技、环保、教育、文化、社会现象、个人成长、健康、商业等。 任何生词的意思，不可能跳出这篇文章的话题范围。 话题决定词义的大致方向：是正面 / 负面？是专业概念？是行为？是评价？ 2. 再抓作者立场与态度 判断作者是支持、反对、中立、批评、赞扬、担忧、客观介绍。 生词的情感色彩必须和作者态度一致： 文章偏褒 → 生词大概率褒义 / 中性 文章偏贬 → 生词大概率贬义 / 中性 凡是情感色彩和全文立场冲突的选项，直接排除。 3. 用主旨缩小词义范围 文章中心思想 = 词义的大边界。 生词一定服务于段落 / 全文要表达的观点，不会突然跑偏。 若选项含义和文章主旨无关、相反、超出话题，一律排除。 4. 最终作用 不看细节，先靠话题 + 态度 + 主旨，把四选一缩成二选一甚至一选一。 这一步是最快排错，比抠句子更高效。 二、选项代入验证（核心：把单词放回去，看逻辑是否 “不打架”） 1. 替换原则：只换词，不换义 把选项词直接代入原句，替换划线词。 要求： 句子语法通顺 语义自然 不产生新的逻辑矛盾 不改变原文本来的意思 2. 三层逻辑检查 句内逻辑 和本句的主谓宾、修饰成分、连接词是否匹配。 句间逻辑 和前一句、后一句是否顺承、转折、因果、解释。 段落逻辑 放入后是否符合整段的中心。 3. 正确选项的标准 替换后： 读起来自然流畅 逻辑连贯不突兀 观点和原文一致 不需要额外脑补就能成立 4. 错误选项的典型特征 替换后句意扭曲 逻辑断裂 和上下文冲突 需要强行脑补才能说得通 （2026·天津·一模）In a recent article, Markham Heid shares with us an unusual life crisis. At 41, he has built what many would regard as the good life: he has a family; he is healthy, productive, and creative; he has time to travel, read, exercise, and see friends. Yet, he feels that “something is off.” To fight against this feeling, some of his friends have turned to special retreats, while others try to solve it through fitness. What makes Heid’s problem somewhat odd is that it does not seem to arise from anything specific. If he had lost his job, had no time for himself, or was struggling in his marriage, the feeling would be understandable. In the history of philosophy, there have been many attempts to understand such a powerful but objectless feeling. Boredom, anxiety, depression and despair are some of the descriptions this mood has received. Heid ends up attributing his crisis to the lack of new experiences. The Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard calls this the “illusion of crop rotation”, the idea that changing the environment frequently can save us from this mood. The German philosopher Martin Heidegger also describes a similar state: one may still be surrounded by the same people and activities, but these no longer engage us as they used to. He calls it a kind of “anxiety” created by nothing in particular. No wonder the psychologist Sigmund Freud once described anxiety as a “riddle.” But what really drives this mood is not the need for new experiences. It is not even the particulars of our individual lives or the cultures we belong to, but that we have been given a life to live in the first place, the taste of possibility that comes with being alive. This mood is not due to doubts like “Do I have enough hobbies?” or “Have I achieved my goal?” It is related to the more fundamental questions like “What does it mean to be human?” “What am I supposed to do with the fact that I was given a life?” and “What kind of life is possible for me?” This is why this mood is likely to appear frequently in our life. This is why once many of our life goals are fulfilled, we begin to wonder what life itself is for. These questions never have a final answer and they can always leave us with a great sense of anguish about who we are and how we should go on. Nevertheless, recognizing that these doubts are there, and that they matter, can at least allow us to know what may be missing, even when everything is good. 1．What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A．To show Markham Heid’s perfect life is envied by many people B．To introduce a confusing life crisis that lacks a specific cause C．To suggest special retreats and fitness are the best ways to solve the crisis D．To prove that a family and some leisure activities can never bring happiness 2．The author shares Markham Heid’s crisis mainly to________. A．present an argument B．introduce a topic C．make an assumption D．evaluate an event 3．According to the author, how can the crisis in the passage be dealt with? A．By studying philosophy. B．By developing new hobbies. C．By going travelling frequently. D．By embracing the objectless feeling. 4．What does the word “anguish” underlined in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Pain. B．Wonder. C．Direction. D．Achievement. 5．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．What leads to a Life Crisis B．Letting Go of Dark Moods C．Boredom Makes Us Human D．Anxiety Gives Us Life Goals 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了无明确诱因的生活危机及其本质与应对。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“In a recent article, Markham Heid shares with us an unusual life crisis. At 41, he has built what many would regard as the good life: he has a family; he is healthy, productive, and creative; he has time to travel, read, exercise, and see friends. Yet, he feels that “something is off.” To fight against this feeling, some of his friends have turned to special retreats, while others try to solve it through fitness. What makes Heid’s problem somewhat odd is that it does not seem to arise from anything specific. If he had lost his job, had no time for himself, or was struggling in his marriage, the feeling would be understandable.(在最近发表的一篇文章中，马克姆·海德向我们讲述了一种不同寻常的人生困境。41 岁的他，已然过上了许多人眼中的理想生活：拥有美满的家庭，身体健康，工作高效且富有创造力，还有时间旅行、阅读、健身以及和朋友相聚。然而，他却总觉得 “哪里不对劲”。为了摆脱这种心绪，他的一些朋友选择参加特色静修营，另一些人则试图通过健身来消解。海德的困扰有些特别之处——这种感觉并非源于任何具体的人和事。若是他失业在家、无暇自顾，或是婚姻陷入危机，那么产生这种情绪倒也情有可原。)”可知，第一段的主要目的是介绍一种缺乏特定原因的令人困惑的生活危机。故选B。 2．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“In a recent article, Markham Heid shares with us an unusual life crisis. At 41, he has built what many would regard as the good life: he has a family; he is healthy, productive, and creative; he has time to travel, read, exercise, and see friends. Yet, he feels that “something is off.” To fight against this feeling, some of his friends have turned to special retreats, while others try to solve it through fitness. What makes Heid’s problem somewhat odd is that it does not seem to arise from anything specific. If he had lost his job, had no time for himself, or was struggling in his marriage, the feeling would be understandable.(在最近发表的一篇文章中，马克姆・海德向我们讲述了一种不同寻常的人生困境。41岁的他，已然过上了许多人眼中的理想生活：拥有美满的家庭，身体健康，工作高效且富有创造力，还有时间旅行、阅读、健身以及和朋友相聚。然而，他却总觉得 “哪里不对劲”。为了摆脱这种心绪，他的一些朋友选择参加特色静修营，另一些人则试图通过健身来消解。海德的困扰有些特别之处 —— 这种感觉并非源于任何具体的人和事。若是他失业在家、无暇自顾，或是婚姻陷入危机，那么产生这种情绪倒也情有可原。)”、第二段中“In the history of philosophy, there have been many attempts to understand such a powerful but objectless feeling. Boredom, anxiety, depression and despair are some of the descriptions this mood has received. Heid ends up attributing his crisis to the lack of new experiences. The Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard calls this the “illusion of crop rotation”, the idea that changing the environment frequently can save us from this mood.(在哲学史上，学者们曾多次尝试剖析这种强烈却又无具体缘由的心境。人们将其描述为无聊、焦虑、消沉与绝望等种种状态。海德最终将自己的人生困境归咎于缺乏新鲜体验。丹麦哲学家索伦·克尔凯郭尔将这种现象称为“轮作的错觉”，其核心观点是：频繁更换生活环境，就能让我们摆脱这种心绪的困扰。)”可知，作者以马克姆·海德的经历开篇，进而展开哲学与心理学层面的分析，并探讨其深层根源与应对态度，显然是为了引出本文的主题。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Nevertheless, recognizing that these doubts are there, and that they matter, can at least allow us to know what may be missing, even when everything is good.(尽管如此，认识到这些怀疑的存在，并且它们很重要，至少可以让我们知道即使一切都好，也可能缺少什么。)”可知，作者认为，可以通过接受这种无客体的感觉来处理文章中的危机。故选D。 4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“These questions never have a final answer and they can always leave us with a great sense of anguish about who we are and how we should go on.(这些问题永远没有最终的答案，它们总是会让我们对自己是谁以及应该如何继续下去感到极大的anguish。)”可知，这些关于人生的问题没有最终答案，会让人感到痛苦，所以anguish意为“痛苦”。故选A。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中“In the history of philosophy, there have been many attempts to understand such a powerful but objectless feeling. Boredom, anxiety, depression and despair are some of the descriptions this mood has received. Heid ends up attributing his crisis to the lack of new experiences. The Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard calls this the “illusion of crop rotation”, the idea that changing the environment frequently can save us from this mood.(在哲学史上，学者们曾多次尝试剖析这种强烈却又无具体缘由的心境。人们将其描述为无聊、焦虑、消沉与绝望等种种状态。海德最终将自己的人生困境归咎于缺乏新鲜体验。丹麦哲学家索伦·克尔凯郭尔将这种现象称为“轮作的错觉”，其核心观点是：频繁更换生活环境，就能让我们摆脱这种心绪的困扰。)”、最后一段中“Nevertheless, recognizing that these doubts are there, and that they matter, can at least allow us to know what may be missing, even when everything is good.(尽管如此，认识到这些怀疑的存在，并且它们很重要，至少可以让我们知道即使一切都好，也可能缺少什么。)”可知，通过哲学与心理学视角，作者指出这种“无对象的焦虑”源于对生命意义的追问，而非外部环境。认识这种情绪本身，有助于理解生活的缺失与价值。所以，C选项“Boredom Makes Us Human(无聊使我们成为人类)”最符合文章标题。故选C。 （25-26高二上·天津·期中）My life experience is anything but ordinary. Raised by my hardworking single mother on Australia's Gold Coast, I was encouraged to pursue higher education. Though I ranked top academically, my passion was cooking, a path my mother hesitated to support due to its challenges. To please her, I attended university while working part-time as a chef. However, my love for the kitchen soon surpassed my studies, and I dropped out to pursue cooking full-time. Over the next 12 years, I climbed the ranks as a chef, landing head chef positions in North Queensland. Life seemed perfect — I was engaged, had great friends and enjoyed stability. Yet, a lingering restlessness (挥之不去的焦躁感) grew within me. A trip to Bali became a turning point. I realized I desired something beyond conventional (守旧) existence. Despite guilt, I walked away from my settled life, returning to my mother's home on the Gold Coast. Soon, I fell back into old patterns — working in kitchens and feeling unfulfilled. Then, Instagram changed everything. As an early user, I poured my creativity into the platform, discovering a talent for photography and storytelling. By 2012, my audience grew to 200,000 followers, and tourism boards began reaching out. Recognizing the opportunity, I quit my job to pursue travel photography and social media full-time. The early days were tough. I created a “solo influencer package”, offering brands social media content, photography and campaign reports. As a pioneer in Australia's influencer market, my services became highly popular. I traveled on and on-50 trips a year at my peak-while expanding into consulting, public speaking, and project management. Now, I run a multifaceted (多层面) business, including photography, social media, and travel. I co-founded the Travel Bootcamp, teaching others to build careers in the industry, and launched an online photography course for beginners. Next year, I'll lead my first photography tour in Zimbabwe, my wife's homeland, combining my passions with conservation and community support. My journey has been challenging yet deeply fulfilling. Money is no longer the main driver — instead, I seek meaningful experiences and opportunities to inspire others. What began as a small idea has grown into a life of adventure, creativity and purpose. 6．What does the underlined word “surpassed” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Went beyond. B．Broke up. C．Continued. D．Improved. 7．Why did the author quit his job in North Queensland? A．He wanted to make a trip to Bali. B．He didn't enjoy working in the kitchen. C．He was eager to experience more in life. D．He preferred to live a conventional life. 8．How did the author's mother treat his choice of career? A．She eventually accepted her son's choice of career. B．She never supported her son's interest in cooking. C．She encouraged him to continue his university studies. D．She was the reason why he gave up his job in Queensland. 9．What is the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Why Instagram changed the author's mindset. B．Why followers liked to read the author's posts. C．How Internet benefited millions of online users. D．How the author started a career as a solo influencer. 10．What message does the text convey? A．Big results require big ambitions. B．The future is built on great ideas. C．Bravery never goes out of fashion. D．Your heart is the birthplace of dreams. 【答案】6．A 7．C 8．A 9．D 10．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者不平凡的人生经历，从厨师长到创业者的华丽蜕变，告诉我们要勇敢追求梦想，创造精彩生活的人生道理。 6．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中划线词surpassed后文的内容“and I dropped out to pursue cooking full-time. (我辍学了去做全职厨师)”可知，划线词后文提到作者选择辍学了，去做全职厨师，故可推知划线词surpassed与A项“Went beyond(超过，超越)”意思相近，因为作者对厨房的热爱很快超过了学业，因此而选择辍学，做了全职厨师。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Life seemed perfect — I was engaged, had great friends and enjoyed stability. Yet, a lingering restlessness (挥之不去的焦躁感) grew within me. A trip to Bali became a turning point. I realized I desired something beyond conventional (守旧) existence. (生活似乎很完美——我订了婚，有很好的朋友，生活也很稳定。然而，我内心却越来越感到不安。去巴厘岛旅行成为了一个转折点。我意识到我渴望超越传统的生活方式。)”可知，作者辞去在昆士兰北部的工作是因为他渴望体验更多的人生即渴望超越传统的生活方式。故选C。 8．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Despite guilt, I walked away from my settled life, returning to my mother's home on the Gold Coast. (即使感到羞愧，但我还是离开了稳定的生活，回到了在黄金海岸的母亲的家。)”可知，作者的母亲最初希望他接受高等教育，并不支持他选择烹饪职业，但作者在放弃长期从事的烹饪职业后，回到了母亲家居住，由此可推知，作者与母亲的关系没有决裂，因此母亲最终同意了作者烹饪职业的选择。故选A。 9．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段中的“The early days were tough. I created a “solo influencer package”, offering brands social media content, photography and campaign reports. As a pioneer in Australia's influencer market, my services became highly popular. (早期很艰难。我创建了一个“个人网红套餐”，为品牌提供社交媒体内容、摄影和宣传活动报告。作为澳大利亚网红市场的先驱，我的服务变得非常受欢迎。)”可知，本段主要讲述了作者的网络生涯的经历，即是如何开始他的个人网红职业生涯的。故选D。 10．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“My journey has been challenging yet deeply fulfilling. Money is no longer the main driver — instead, I seek meaningful experiences and opportunities to inspire others. What began as a small idea has grown into a life of adventure, creativity and purpose. (我的旅程充满挑战却又意义深远。金钱不再是主要动力——相反，我寻求有意义的经历和机会来激励他人。一个小小的想法已经发展成为充满冒险、创造力和目标的一生。)”可知，本文传达的信息是因为作者内心渴望体验更多人生，尝试超越传统的生活方式，由此激发作者追求的人生旅程充满挑战但又极具成就感，不断地追求有意义的经历和机会。故D选项“Your heart is the birthplace of dreams. (你的内心是梦想的发源地。)”符合题意。故选D。 （2021·天津河西·二模）The damage that aging does to a body extends all the way down to the cellular level. But the damage increased by cells in older muscles is especially severe, because the cells do not reproduce easily and they become weaker as their mitochondria (线粒体), which produce energy, reduce in energy and number. A study, however, suggests that certain sorts of exercise may remove some of what time can do to our mitochondria. Exercise is good for people, as everyone knows. But scientists have surprisingly little understanding of its cellular impacts and how those might vary by activity and the age of the exerciser. So researchers recently conducted an experiment on the cells of 72 healthy but sedentary (久坐的) men and women who were 30 or younger or older than 64. After baseline measures were established for their aerobic (有氧的) fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells, the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise program. Some of them did weight training several times a week; some did interval training three times a week on exercise bicycles; some rode exercise bikes at a appropriate pace for 30 minutes a few times a week and lifted weights lightly on other days. A fourth group, the control, did not exercise. After 12 weeks, the lab tests were repeated. In general, everyone experienced improvements in fitness and an ability io regulate blood sugar. But more unexpected results were found in the biopsies (活组织检查) muscle cells. Among the younger subjects who went through interval training, the activity levels had changed in 274 genes, compared with 170 genes for those who exercised more appropriately and 74 for the weight lifters. Among the older group, almost 400 genes were working differently now, compared with 33 for the weight lifters and only 19 for the appropriate exercisers. It seems exercise could help contain the decline in the cellular health of muscles associated with aging, especially if it was intense, says Dr. Sreekumaran Nair, the study's senior author. In fact, older people's cells responded in some ways more strongly to intense exercise than the cells of the young did - suggesting, he says, that it is never too late to benefit from exercise. 11．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Exercise Might Benefit Aging Muscles. B．Exercise Might Increase Aging Muscles. C．Exercise Might Do Harm to Mitochondria. D．Aging Mainly Occurs in the Cellular Level. 12．What can we know about the experiment mentioned in Paragraph 2? A．Volunteers can  not be good at exercising. B．All volunteers must have the same baseline. C．It was carried out among the youth of different sexes. D．Volunteers received a random particular exercise program. 13．How does the author develop Paragraph 3? A．By analyzing every group's different data. B．By comparing every group's training time. C．By listing every group's different training. D．By describing every group's training results. 14．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4? A．The experiment did not get expected results. B．Riding exercise bikes has no influence on the volunteers. C．Weight lifting is the most useful training among these exercises. D．Interval training brings stronger influence to the elder than to the youth. 15．Which can replace the underlined word ''contain''? A．Change. B．Stop. C．Record. D．Cause. 【答案】11．A 12．D 13．C 14．D 15．B 【解析】本文为说明文。衰老对身体造成的损害一直延伸到细胞层面。实验证明运动特别是运动强度很大时似乎有助于抑制与衰老有关的肌肉健康细胞的下降。而老年人的细胞对高强度运动的反应比年轻人的细胞更强烈，运动可能有益于老化的肌肉。 11．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“A study, however, suggests that certain sorts of exercise may remove some of what time can do to our mitochondria. (然而，一项研究表明，某些运动可能会消除一些时间对我们线粒体的影响)”可知，这篇文章主要是关于这项研究的。接着介绍了相关的实验。最后一 段“It seems exercise could help contain the decline in the cellular health of muscles associated with aging, especially if it was intense, says Dr. Sreekumaran Nair, the study's senior author. (这项研究的资深作者Dr. Sreekumaran Nair提到，运动特别是当运动强度很大时似乎有助于抑制与衰老有关的肌肉细胞健康的下降) ”进一步证实研究结果，表明“运动可能有益于老化的肌肉”，故选A。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“After baseline measures were established for their aerobic (有氧的) fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells, the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise program. (在建立了有氧健身、血糖水平、肌肉细胞基因活性和线粒体健康的基线测量之后，志愿者被随机分配到一个特定的运动项目)”可知，这些志愿者接受了一个随机的特定的训练计划。故选D。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段的内容“Some of them did weight training several times a week; some did interval training three times a week on exercise bicycles; some rode exercise bikes at a appropriate pace for 30 minutes a few times a week and lifted weights lightly on other days. A fourth group, the control, did not exercise. (他们中的一些人每周进行几次举重训练；有些人每周骑健身自行车进行三次间歇训练；有些人每周几次以适当的配速骑30分钟的健身自行车，其他几天则轻量举重。第四组，对照组，没有运动)”可知，本段是通过列出每个小组的不同培训方式来组织段落的。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据第四段“Among the younger subjects who went through interval training, the activity levels had changed in 274 genes, compared with 170 genes for those who exercised more appropriately and 74 for the weight lifters. Among the older group, almost 400 genes were working differently now, compared with 33 for the weight lifters and only 19 for the appropriate exercisers. (在较年轻的试验对象中，进行了间歇训练的志愿者有274个基因出现了活性水平变化，相比之下，运动适中的志愿者出现变化的基因有170个，做举重运动的有74个。在年纪较大的组别内，有将近400个基因现已有活性的改变，相比之下，举重运动者有33个，运动适中者仅有19个) ”可推断出，间歇训练对老年人的影响大于对青年人的影响。故选D。 15．词句猜测题。根据第一段“A study, however, suggests that certain sorts of exercise may remove some of what time can do to our mitochondria. (然而，一项研究表明，某些运动可能会消除一些时间对我们线粒体的影响)”可知，研究结果表明了运动可以消除岁月对细胞的影响。最后一段是研究结果的总结，此段中划线单词contain的主语是 “exercise (运动)”宾语为“the decline in the cellular health of muscles associated with aging (与衰老有关的肌肉细胞健康的下降)”，可推断出“contain ”为阻止，运动阻止了与衰老有关的肌肉细胞健康的下降，说明即便年龄增加，运动却可以让健康细胞不随年龄增加而下降，这也进一步证实了研究结果，运动可以消除岁月对细胞的影响。所以，“contain”意为阻止。故选B。 考点二 利用逻辑关系猜测词义 （2016·天津·高考真题）When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier. These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. ＂Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,＂ said George Vaillant, the psychologist(心理学家) who made the discovery. ＂And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.＂ Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25,31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems. The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working — at any age — is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence — the underpinnings(基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, ＂One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.＂ 1．What do we know about John? A．He enjoyed his career and marriage. B．He had few childhood playmates. C．He received little love from his family. D．He was envied by others in his childhood. 2．Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as　　　　. A．a description of personal values and social values B．an analysis of how work was related to competence C．an example for parents’ expectations of their children D．an explanation why some boys grew into happy men 3．Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by　　　　. A．recording the boys’ effort in school B．evaluating the men’s mental health C．comparing different sets of scores D．measuring the men’s problem solving ability 4．What does the underlined word ＂sharp＂ probably mean in Paragraph 4? A．Quick to react. B．Having a thin edge. C．Clear and definite. D．Sudden and rapid. 5．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Competent adults know more about love than work. B．Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life. C．Love brings more joy to people than work does. D．Independence is the key to one’s success. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取童年劳动与成年幸福人生关联的社科研究类情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的人物故事、日常叙事等常见场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “立足科学研究、关注青少年成长、渗透劳动教育与心理健康” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与劳动价值、能力培养、幸福感来源等成长核心话题结合，要求考生在理解 40 年追踪研究结论的基础上把握语篇逻辑与主旨，体现语言学习与科学思维、成长教育的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研与成长语境中考查阅读理解与思辨能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解 + 段落作用 + 研究方法 + 词义猜测 + 推理判断的综合考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖议论文与科研文高频考点：事实细节、引用目的、研究过程、词义推断、主旨推理。考生需通过梳理研究逻辑、辨析段落功能、结合语境猜词、归纳全文主旨解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的逻辑分析能力、研究思路理解能力与深层推理能力，契合高考 “重逻辑、重实证、重主旨” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从个案引入 — 研究发现 — 过程说明 — 数据论证 — 主旨升华的科研议论文结构角度设题，五道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、功能混淆、词义望文生义、主旨片面化等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础信息提取，到研究方法识别、词句含义推断，再到段落意图与全文主旨推理，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂逻辑 — 读懂主旨” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 逻辑推理 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学研究、引导劳动成长、以文育人” 的命题思路。 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 5．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过John的例子结合一个研究发现说明童年时期帮助做一些家务的孩子长大后会更快乐，更成功。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段的句子He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier.，可知，他的工作满意度更高，婚姻更美满，身体也更健康。所以John对他的事业和婚姻很满意。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段的句子Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society可知，在家庭或社区工作的男孩获得足以过温饱生活的收入，并开始觉得自己是有价值的社会成员。由此判断出第二段Vaillant的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段的句子The researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores，可知，Vaillant的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故选C。 4．词义猜测题。根据第四段的Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid.可知，那些在男孩时期参加过最多活动的人，与各种各样的人保持亲密关系的可能性是其他人的两倍，获得高薪的可能性是其他人的五倍。所以这些人在孩子的时候做的事情和他们成人后是怎样的人之间的关联是确定），所以通过上下文的语境可以判断出，这里sharp的意思是明确的，一定的。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段的句子One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how too love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work，可知，如果一个人懂得如何工作，懂得如何去爱，懂得为所爱的人工作，懂得爱自己的工作，那么他就能在这个世界上活得很精彩。由此判断出情感健康对精彩的成年人的生活至关重要。故选B。 （2008·天津·高考真题）We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively（被动地）. We achieve it actively by direct experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning． We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else．Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive. Conditioned as we are to passive learning, it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers． Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem．It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay and rumor（谣言）． Did you ever play the game Rumor? It begins when one person writes down a message but doesn’t show it to anyone．Then the person whispers it, word for word, to another person．That person, in turn, whispers it to still another, and so on, through all the people playing the game．The last person writes down the message word for word as he or she hears it．Then the two written statements are compared．Typically, the original message has changed． That’s what happens in daily life．The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes the story．Then, too, most people listen imperfectly．And many enjoy adding their own creative touch to a story, trying to improve on it, stamping（打上标记）it with their own personal style．Yet those who hear it think they know． This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion by one writer may be restated as a fact by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts． 6．According to the passage, passive learning may occur in _______． A．doing a medical experiment B．solving a math problem C．visiting an exhibition D．doing scientific reasoning 7．The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to _____． A．active learning B．knowledge C．communication D．passive learning 8．The author mentions the game Rumor to show that _____． A．a message may be changed when being passed on B．a message should be delivered in different ways C．people may have problems with their sense of hearing D．people tend not to believe in what they know as rumor 9．What can we infer from the passage? A．Active learning is less important． B．Passive learning may not be reliable． C．Active learning occurs more frequently． D．Passive learning is not found among scholars． 【答案】6．C 7．D 8．A 9．B 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了被动获得知识所存在的一个严重的问题——被告知的可能是谣言。并用现实生活中简单的事例加以说明。 6．推理判断题。由文章第二段的“We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else．Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive.”（我们通过被其他人告知而被动地获得知识。大多数在教室里发生的学习以及我们通过看电视和阅读报纸获得知识的方式都是被动学习）可知，被动学习是指由别人告知所获得的知识。由此推知C项“参观展览”属于被动学习的范畴。故选C。 7．词义猜测题。根据划线部分所在句子“Conditioned as we are to passive learning, it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers．”可知，尽管我们习惯了被动学习，但在日常与朋友的及同事的交流中依靠它来学习并不奇怪。根据句意推知，it指代上文提到的passive learning“被动学习”。故选D。 8．推理判断题。分析段落结构可知，本段前面举例，最后一句总结。由此推知，列举game Rumor是为了说明最后一句话“Typically, the original message has changed．”（很显然，原始的含义改变了）即，信息在传递的过程中被改变了。故选A。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段“Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem．It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay and rumor（谣言）．”（不幸的是，被动学习有一个非常严重的问题。它让我们倾向于接受我们被告知的事情，即使它只不过是道听途说或者谣言。）可知，被动学习有时接受的是谣言或不真实的东西。由此推知，被动学习有时不可靠。故选B。 利用逻辑关系猜测词义 （2021·天津河西·一模）The story of a voyage bearing witness to plastic pollution in the oceans. Junk Raft, based on facts, is an exciting book. Science educator and researcher Marcus Eriksen's navigational feat(航海壮举）is holding readers’ attention and interest — 88 days crossing some 4,000 kilometers of open ocean, on a raft(筏子) made of 15.000 plastic bottles wrapped in fishing nets. But it is more. Two equally fascinating story lines are made up through the written records of a series of events: Eriksen’s evolution from soldier to research director of the environmental non-profit 5 Gyres Institute, and the journey we all need to take towards a more sustainable use of plastics. Around 15% of all the liner in our oceans is plastic, and a calculated 5 million tons of plastic waste enter the seas annually. Unavoidably, it is now present at the sea surface and on shorelines, in Arctic seas and on the sea bed at depths of 3,500 metres. Around 700 sea species are known to come into contact with pieces of waste plastic material and can be harmed or killed by taking in it or becoming twisted and caught in it. This environmental challenge has attracted increasing scientific, media and societal attention in recent years, yet few accounts have conveyed the wider picture accessibly Junk Raft does just this while exposing our frustratingly slow progress on an issue of major importance to fisheries, tourism and, finally, the health of the world's oceans. Eriksen lists the issues associated with the accumulation of sea plastic: the causes, consequences and potential solutions. Our single use culture is the main offender. For more than 60 years, society and industry have been producing more and more throwaway items particularly packaging. Eriksen takes the crisis into consideration together with a timeline of scientific discovery and advancement since the 1970s. Eriksen believes that the troubles of industry and policy involvement is because people lack correct consciousness of the problem. We are brought back to the realities of life aboard the raft, with Eriksen's fellow sailor Joel Paschal. This is both fascinating and eventful, from their blow, occasionally very dangerous progress to the moments when it seems the raft will break up into pieces, littering the ocean with the waste material, Eriksen is trying so hard to fight against. Junk Raft is filled with adventure, romance, a sense of optimism and important truths that will be needed by the thousands of groups. It serves as a reflection of the choices and journeys that each of us makes and helps us understand how plastic in the oceans is closely connected with the future of human life. 1．What makes the book Junk Raft attractive to readers? A．Eriksen's fellow sailor Joel Paschal. B．Efforts made to put an end to the use of plastics. C．Erisken's adventures on the plastic ocean on a raft. D．Kriksen's soldierly service and environmental study. 2．What has raised people's concern according to the passage? A．More rubbish being poured into the oceans. B．Plastics accumulating in rare species of fish. C．Many species in the oceans suffering from shock. D．The waters of the oceans being polluted by plastics. 3．What does the underlined word "this" in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Making accounts accessible. B．Listing the environmental issues. C．Taking the pollution into account. D．Facing the environmental challenge. 4．What is the main reason for sea plastic pollution? A．The overuse of household items. B．The wasteful throwaway culture. C．The production of more materials. D．The failure to find potential solutions. 5．According to the passage, the trouble of industry and policy engagement is that    . A．the current policy is yet to be further perfected B．people turn a blind eye to the plastics industry C．people lack correct awareness of the problem D．the market need for plastics is enlarging on land 6．What is the author’s attitude toward Eriksen’s work? A．Cautious. B．Ambiguous. C．Doubtful. D．Appreciative. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．C 6．D 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章围绕一本名为Junk Raft的书，讲述了其作者用塑料垃圾自制的筏子在太平洋上漂流，亲眼见证海洋的受污染情况，以其经历告诫人们提高对塑料垃圾的关注度，提醒读者要保护环境。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Science educator and researcher Marcus Eriksen's navigational feat(航海壮举）is holding readers’ attention and interest”（科学教育家和研究者马库斯·埃里克森的航海壮举吸引了读者的注意力和兴趣）可知，让读者感兴趣的就是书中描述的Eriksen乘垃圾筏在海上的航行。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Around 15% of all the liner in our oceans is plastic, and a calculated 5 million tons of plastic waste enter the seas annually. Unavoidably, it is now present at the sea surface and on shorelines, in Arctic seas and on the sea bed at depths of 3,500 metres. Around 700 sea species are known to come into contact with pieces of waste plastic material and can be harmed or killed by taking in it or becoming twisted and caught in it.”（海洋中大约15%的船只都是塑料，据计算，每年有500万吨塑料垃圾进入海洋。它现在不可避免地出现在海面和海岸线上，在北冰洋和3 500米深处的海床上。据了解，大约有700种海洋生物会与塑料废料接触，如果吸入塑料废料，或者被塑料废料扭曲和缠住，它们就会受到伤害或死亡。）可知，这一段描述的就是塑料垃圾对海洋影响的现状，一方面是在海洋中分布广泛，另一方面对海洋生物也造成极大危害，这些都是让人感到担忧的。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据第三段中划线词所在句“yet few accounts have conveyed the wider picture accessibly Junk Raft does just this while exposing our frustratingly slow progress on an issue of major importance to fisheries, tourism and, finally, the health of the world's oceans.”（然而，很少有报道能像《舢板》这样，在一个对渔业、旅游业以及最终对世界海洋健康至关重要的问题上，揭露我们令人沮丧的缓慢进展。）可知，鲜少有报告或描述如此详尽地传达了环境方面的挑战，但Junk Raft做到了，这里this指代的就是accounts have conveyed the wider picture accessibly这件事。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Our single use culture is the main offender. For more than 60 years, society and industry have been producing more and more throwaway items particularly packaging.” （我们的单一使用文化是罪魁祸首。60多年来，社会和工业生产越来越多的一次性物品，特别是包装。）可知，塑料污染的一大归因就是人类的一次性消费文化，许多塑料制品在我们用过一次后就会扔掉，这不仅浪费，而且会制造污染。故选B。 5．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Eriksen believes that the troubles of industry and policy involvement is because people lack correct consciousness of the problem.”（Eriksen认为，行业和政策介入的麻烦在于人们缺乏对问题的正确认识。）由此可知，行业和政策参与的问题是人们缺乏正确的意识问题。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Junk Raft is filled with adventure, romance, a sense of optimism and important truths that will be needed by the thousands of groups. It serves as a reflection of the choices and journeys that each of us makes and helps us understand how plastic in the oceans is closely connected with the future of human life.”（舢板充满了冒险，浪漫，乐观的感觉和重要的真理，将需要数以千计的团体。它反映了我们每个人的选择和旅程，并帮助我们理解海洋中的塑料与人类生活的未来是如何紧密相连的。）由此可知，作者对Eriksen的作品给予了相当的肯定，应该说是表示欣赏和承认其价值的。故选D。 （2021·天津河西·一模）Last year, a popular restaurant released a live stream of a family dining in it, without asking their permission. After finding out what the restaurant was doing, the family showed their objection, but the restaurant ignored it and insisted that they had the right to do it. Moreover, they tried to silence the family, saying that their behavior was damaging the restaurant's image. This event has caused a debate on the violation of privacy and portrait rights by webcasts. It doesn't bother some people when their images are unconsciously recorded by cameras and shown through live streams on different online platforms. They may even enjoy appearing on screens and cooperate with some businesses. In that way, the restaurant can have more public exposure and thus attract more customers, which is their purpose of webcasting. However, others including the family mentioned above, are against it. The family thought that their portrait rights were violated, considering no one had asked if it was okay to use the images of them. They found intolerable that their actions captured by the camera were webcast live to millions of viewers, not to mention the fact that some of them were not so decent. Thus they demanded an apology from restaurant. People may behave in a relaxed way when eating or resting, and they don't want others to see them in this way. Thus, from a legal perspective, if businesses webcast their customers for commercial reasons, they have violated customers portrait rights. Webcasting someone without his or her consent amounts to a violation of portrait rights, which is getting increasingly common these days as cellphone webcasting is growing in popularity for technical convenience, However, public awareness of privacy protection is still falling behind. More should be done to make sure webcasting is developing sustainably, without violating people's legal rights. 7．What is the major issue argued in the passage? A．A famous restaurant published a live stream of a family dining in it. B．The family showed their objection to the famous restaurant's webcast. C．The restaurant ignored the objection and insisted they had the right to do it. D．The restaurant claimed that the family was damaging the restaurant's image. 8．What does the underlined word "that" in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Customers enjoy appearing on screens. B．Customers cooperate with some businesses. C．Customers are shown through live streams online. D．Customers are unconsciously recorded by cameras. 9．Which of the following behaviors may violate customers' privacy and portrait rights? A．Businesses webcast customers live according to their agreement. B．Businesses webcast customers for commercial reasons and pay them. C．Businesses webcast customers improper actions with their permission. D．Businesses webcast customers behaving in a relaxed way without informing them. 10．What is the best title for the passage? A．Public awareness of privacy protection is increasing B．A famous restaurant released a live stream of a family C．How can people behave in a relaxed way when having a rest D．A debate on whether webcasts violate privacy and portrait rights 11．What is the author's attitude toward webcasts? A．Objective. B．Negative. C．Positive. D．Subjective. 【答案】7．C 8．C 9．D 10．D 11．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一家餐厅在未经顾客同意的情况下，把顾客吃饭的视频通过直播的形式传播到不同的网络平台，这一事件引发了一场关于网络直播侵犯隐私和肖像权的辩论。 7．细节理解题。根据第一段中“After finding out what the restaurant was doing, the family showed their objection, but the restaurant ignored it and insisted that they had the right to do it. Moreover, they tried to silence the family, saying that their behavior was damaging the restaurant's image.This event has caused a debate on the violation of privacy and portrait rights by webcasts.(在发现餐厅的所作所为后，这家人表达了他们的反对意见，但餐厅对此置之不理，坚持认为他们有权这么做。此外，他们还试图让这家人闭嘴，说他们的行为损害了餐厅的形象。这一事件引发了一场关于网络直播侵犯隐私权和肖像权的辩论)”可知，本文主要讲述了关于网络直播侵犯隐私权和肖像权的辩论。选项C. The restaurant ignored the objection and insisted they had the right to do it.(餐厅无视反对意见，坚持认为他们有权这么做)正是人们辩论的话题，符合文意。故选C。 8．词句猜测题。根据第二段第一句“It doesn't bother some people when their images are unconsciously recorded by cameras and shown through live streams on different online platforms.(当一些人的照片被相机无意识地记录下来，并在不同的网络平台上直播时，这并不会让他们感到困扰)”及“In that way, the restaurant can have more public exposure and thus attract more customers, which is their purpose of webcasting.(这样，餐厅可以有更多的公众曝光率，从而吸引更多的顾客，这就是他们网播的目的)”可推知，此处that指代的就是“通过直播形式把记录的东西上传到网络”，选项C.“Customers are shown through live streams online.(顾客被通过网络直播出现在网络上)”与文意相符。故选C。 9．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Thus, from a legal perspective, if businesses webcast their customers for commercial reasons, they have violated customers portrait rights.(因此，从法律的角度来看，如果企业出于商业原因对客户进行网络直播，就侵犯了顾客的肖像权)”可知，企业未经客户许可，出于商业目的，对顾客进行网络直播就侵犯了客户的肖像权。选项D.“Businesses webcast customers behaving in a relaxed way without informing them.(企业在没有通知顾客的情况下，通过网络直播他们放松的行为)”会侵犯顾客的隐私权和肖像权。故选D。 10．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“After finding out what the restaurant was doing, the family showed their objection, but the restaurant ignored it and insisted that they had the right to do it. Moreover, they tried to silence the family, saying that their behavior was damaging the restaurant's image. This event has caused a debate on the violation of privacy and portrait rights by webcasts.(在发现餐厅的所作所为后，这家人表达了他们的反对意见，但餐厅对此置之不理，坚持认为他们有权这么做。此外，他们还试图让这家人闭嘴，说他们的行为损害了餐厅的形象。这一事件引发了一场关于网络直播侵犯隐私权和肖像权的辩论)”可知，本文主要讲述了餐厅上传顾客吃饭的视频到网络上的事件引发了人们关于网路直播侵犯隐私和肖像权的辩论。由此可知，A debate on whether webcasts violate privacy and portrait rights(一场关于网络直播是否侵犯隐私权和肖像权的辩论)适合做本文最佳标题。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Webcasting someone without his or her consent amounts to a violation of portrait rights, which is getting increasingly common these days as cellphone webcasting is growing in popularity for technical convenience, However, public awareness of privacy protection is still falling behind. More should be done to make sure webcasting is developing sustainably, without violating people's legal rights.(在未经他人同意的情况下，网络直播他人相当于侵犯肖像权，随着手机网播技术的普及，这种现象越来越普遍，然而，公众对隐私保护的意识仍然落后。应该采取更多措施，确保网络直播的可持续发展，同时不侵犯人们的合法权利)”可知，作者在此处是客观地评价了网络直播应该所持有的原则，未曾阐述自己对网络直播的观点和态度。故选A。 （2020·天津南开·三模）Eric Attayi, owner of the Urban Bicycle Gallery in Houston, Texas, has watched the pandemic transform his shop in a way most businesses can only dream of. Bicycles are selling before he has time to assemble them for display. Attayi said he'd matched his 2019 sales by the start of May. He's had to hire new employees to meet demand, and hasn't taken a day off since February. Attayi said now the phone doesn't stop ringing and his guys get overwhelmed. He'd given raises and started buying lunch for his stressed staff. As unemployment reaches record levels and small businesses scramble to survive, bike shops have been an exception. They're thriving whether they're in car-dominated cities like Houston or more traditional biking areas like New York. Keeping enough bikes in stock, and finishing repairs in a timely manner, has become a challenge. Customers are being turned away, in some cases. New customers are looking for ways to be active and outdoors. Bike shop owners say that the closing of gyms and yoga studios during the pandemic has contributed. Others say customers are looking for a commuting alternative to public transportation. Social spacing is easiest on individual modes of transportation, like cars and bikes. In March 2020, US cycling sales increased 39% when compared with March 2019, according to a survey. "Bikes are like the new toilet paper," Attayi said. "If it's available, buy it." Robert Keating, owner of the Triathlon Lab outside Los Angeles, said he's never seen anything like the current bicycle boom in the 37 years he's worked in bike shops. He's shifted his shop from a focus on high-end bicycles to affordable bikes people are likely to ride in their neighborhood. Beach cruisers have been especially popular, he said. Bike shop owners are also wondering how long the current boom will last. Some said customers were more interested in biking because with less car traffic, roads felt safer. Their interest may decrease as traffic returns. But some cities have begun to reallocate street space to bike lanes, which could lead to more biking in the long term. Phil Koopman, owner of BicycleSpace in Washington DC, compared the current bicycle boom to 1999, when many people bought computers to prepare for Y2K. "Then those companies didn't sell a lot of computers for a few years because everyone already had one," Koopman said. "That's the big question. Is this a one-time thing or is it something sustainable?" 12．What can we learn from Para l and Para 2? A．Most businesses have experienced the same development as Attayi's shop. B．Attayi's 2019 sales were as many as those of the start of May. C．Bikes are flying off shelves, overwhelming shops. D．The staff's wages were raised because they had no day off since February. 13．What does the underlined word They in Para 4 refer to? A．Unemployment levels. B．Small businesses. C．Bike shops D．Stressed staff 14．What is the challenge for bike shops? A．Jo attract customers when they are not keen on biking. B．To survive in car-dominated ciles. C．To promote their sales in traditional biking cities. D．To prepare enough bikes for sale and do repairs quickly. 15．Which is not the reason why more customers are turning to bikes during the pandemic? A．They can spend much less on qualified goods. B．They cannot go to gyms and yoga studios. C．They prefer biking to public transportation. D．They are trying to find an active way in the open air. 16．We can infer from para7 and para8 that _______? A．The current bicycle boom was totally within Keating's expectations. B．Triathlon Lab used to mainly sell bikes that were unaffordable for most people. C．Roads feel dangerous when there are more bikers. D．People lose interest in biking because there is no bike lane. 17．What is Phil Koopman's attitude towards the bike boom? A．Short-sighted. B．Unconcerned. C．Skeptical. D．Optimistic 【答案】12．C 13．C 14．D 15．A 16．B 17．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。2020年流行病形势下，美国出现了自行车繁荣现象，文章主要分析了其原因。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“has watched the pandemic transform his shop in a way most businesses can only dream of(看到了流行病把他的店以一种大部分商人只能做梦才能做到的方式转变)”及第二段“Bicycles are selling before he has time to assemble them for display. Attayi said now the phone doesn't stop ringing and his guys get overwhelmed(自行车在组装好展示之前就被卖掉了，阿塔伊说，现在预购电话一直响个不停，他的员工都不知所措了)”可知，从第一段和第二段得知，自行车在商店里被一售而空，商店应接不暇。故选C项。 13．词义猜测题。画线词前一句提到As unemployment reaches record levels and small businesses scramble to survive, bike shops have been an exception.“当失业达到记录水平，小型企业艰难求生时，自行车商店成了一个例外”，画线词所在句意为“无论是在像休斯敦这样以汽车为主的城市或者像纽约这样更传统的自行车地区，它们都正处于繁荣的势头”，由此可推知，画线词“They”指代上一句中的“bike shops”。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Keeping enough bikes in stock, and finishing repairs in a timely manner, has become a challenge.(保持足够的自行车库存并及时完成维修，成为一个挑战。)”可知，对自行车商店来说，保持足够的售卖库存和快速维修是个挑战。故选D项。 15．细节理解题。根据第五段中“New customers are looking for ways to be active and outdoors. Bike shop owners say that the closing of gyms and yoga studios during the pandemic has contributed. Others say customers are looking for a commuting alternative to public transportation.(新顾客在寻找保持积极和户外运动的方式。自行车商店老板说健身房和瑜伽馆关闭也促成了这一现象。其他人说顾客在寻找一种代替公共交通的通勤方式。)”可知，B、C、D项都是顾客在流行病期间选择自行车的原因，故选A项。 16．推理判断题。根据第七段中“He's shifted his shop from a focus on high-end bicycles to affordable bikes people are likely to ride in their neighborhood.(他把他的商店从以高端自行车为主转向人们更愿意在附近骑的平价自行车。)”由此判断出Triathlon Lab以前主要售卖大多数人买不起的自行车。故选B项。 17．推理判断题。根据最后两段内容Phil Koopman, owner of BicycleSpace in Washington DC, compared the current bicycle boom to 1999, when many people bought computers to prepare for Y2K."Then those companies didn't sell a lot of computers for a few years because everyone already had one," Koopman said. "That's the big question. Is this a one-time thing or is it something sustainable?"可知，Phil Koopman把当今的自行车的繁荣和1999年很多人买电脑的现象相比，并说：“很多人几年都不买电脑因为每个人都有了一台，这是个大问题。这是一次性的事情还是持续的一件事呢”，由此可推测，Phil Koopman对自行车的繁荣持“怀疑的”态度。故选C项。 （2020·天津河北·一模）When people learn to play video games, they are learning a new literacy. Of course, this is not the way the word “literacy” is normally used. Traditionally, people think of literacy as the ability to read and write. Why, then, should we think of literacy more broadly? Nowadays, language is not the only important communication system. Images, graphs, diagrams and many other visual symbols are particularly significant. Thus, the idea of different types of “visual literacy” would seem to be an important one. For example, being able to read the images in advertising is one type of visual literacy. Furthermore, very often today words and images of various sorts are juxtaposed in a variety of ways. In newspapers and magazines as well as in textbooks, images take up more and more of the space alongside words. In fact, in many modern high school and college textbooks, images not only take up more space, they now carry meanings that are independent of the words in the text. If you can’t read these images, you will not be able to understand their meanings from the words in the text as was more usual in the past. Now there are different ways to read different types of texts. Literacy is multiple, then, in the sense that the legal literacy needed for reading law books is not the same as the literacy needed for reading physics texts or cartoon books. And we should not be too quick to dismiss the latter form of literacy. Many cartoon books are full of images that would make a modern literary critic’s heart beat fast and confuse any otherwise normal adult. Once we see this multiplicity of literacy, we realize that when we think about reading and writing, we have to think beyond print. Reading and writing in any field, whether it is law, rap songs, academic essays or cartoon books, are not the only ways of decoding(解密) print. Video games are a new form of art. They will not replace books; they will sit beside them, interact with them, and change them and their role in society in various ways, as, indeed, they are already doing strongly with movies. We have no idea yet how people “read” video games, what meanings they make from them. Still less do we know how they will “read” them in the future. 18．What is the broad meaning of literacy? A．The ability to read, write and view. B．The ability to read, listen and play. C．The ability to speak, write and think. D．The ability to listen, speak and think. 19．What does the underlined word “juxtaposed” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Put together. B．Pulled out. C．Taken away. D．Replaced with. 20．How would cartoon books probably make a modern literary critic feel? A．Proud. B．Upset. C．Grateful. D．Curious. 21．The author says that video games _______________. A．are too violent to risk experimenting with for the purposes of understanding literacy B．are unrealistic and should not fall into the same categories as the other texts he describes C．are not yet entirely understood in terms of literacy, but are already impacting other forms of expression such as filmmaking D．are irrelevant in academic discussion because no one has yet determined how to explain the ways that people understand them 22．What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph? A．A historical explanation of the very first video game and its evolution. B．A technological definition of video games, how they are made, and how they are played. C．Examples of the way that some people currently interpret video games and what they mean to them. D．A price comparison of video game consoles and whether or not quality has a direct impact on literacy. 23．In which section of a magazine may this text appear? A．Education. B．Health. C．Advertisement. D．Traveling. 【答案】18．A 19．A 20．B 21．C 22．C 23．A 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章指出因为如今的交流方式多种多样不仅限于文字，我们需要学习新的视觉上的“读写能力”。 18．细节理解题。第二段对于时下literacy的含义作了解释，它已不再局限于读写能力，根据“Thus, the idea of different types of “visual literacy” would seem to be an important one.”可知，视觉上的读写能力，也就是观看各种图片、照片、图表等视觉符号的能力也包含其中。故选A项。 19．词义猜测题。在第三段的描述中，图像正在占据越来越多的内容，而且传达的信息也独立于文字之外，可以推断出这里指文字和图像在很多地方已经可以并列、相提并论了，与alongside一词呼应。A选项意为“放到一起”，符合文意。故选A项。 20．推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“Many cartoon books are full of images that would make a modern literary critic’s heart beat fast and confuse any otherwise normal adult.”可知，本段表明欣赏不同的作品形式需要不同的方法，因此漫画书会使得现代文学批评家“心跳加快”，言下之意他们欣赏不了，B选项“沮丧的”可以描述这种心情。故选B项。 21．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“They will not replace books; they will sit beside them, interact with them, and change them and their role in society in various ways, as, indeed, they are already doing strongly with movies. We have no idea yet how people “read” video games, what meanings they make from them.”可知，作者认为电子游戏会与书本产生作用，而且已经对电影有了影响，但对于这种新的形式了解还不够充分，符合C选项的描述。故选C项。 22．推理判断题。总览全文，文章在一开始就提出了电子游戏是新的形式，从而引出了“读写能力”的新定义，在最后一段又写回了电子游戏这一新的艺术形式，下文有可能会将重点放在其上，描写相关内容，同时也不能脱离主题，C选项“举一些人的例子说明他们如何解释电子游戏以及电子游戏对于他们的意义”是比较有可能的一个方向。故选C项。 23．推理判断题。文章的关键词是“literacy”，全文也围绕着新的“读写能力”在展开，显然是一个教育类主题。故选A项。 考点三 利用构词法猜测词义 （2020·江苏·高考真题）For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health. To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue. Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking. Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue. Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting. But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted. The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first. 1．The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”. A．digest the meal easily B．manage without breakfast C．decide wisely what to eat D．eat whatever is offered 2．Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment? A．Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people. B．Their lack of exercise led to overweight. C．They could walk at an average speed. D．They had slow metabolic rates. 3．What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise? A．They successfully lost weight. B．They consumed a bit more calories. C．They burned more fat on average. D．They displayed higher insulin levels. 4．What could be learned from the research? A．A workout after breakfast improves gene performances. B．Too much workout often slows metabolic rates. C．Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise. D．Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取早餐前锻炼与健康关系的科学实验研究情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的日常叙事、人物故事或抽象说理场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “聚焦前沿科研、普及健康知识、强调实证探究” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与饮食规律、运动健身、代谢健康等现代生活热点结合，要求考生在理解实验设计、数据对比与科研结论的基础上精准把握语篇信息，体现语言学习与科学素养、健康生活的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研语境中考查信息获取与逻辑理解能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用词义猜测 + 细节理解 + 实验结果比对 + 主旨推断的综合考法，打破了单纯信息定位与查找的浅层考查模式。题干围绕实验类文本核心考点设题：短语含义、样本选择原因、实验数据差异、全文研究结论。考生需通过定位实验目的、梳理对照流程、辨析结果差异、归纳主旨观点解题，而非机械翻译原文。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、逻辑推理能力与科研文本解读能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重实证” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从提出观点 — 实验设计 — 过程操作 — 数据对比 — 深层机制 — 结论升华的科研说明文结构角度设题，四道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置望文生义干扰、信息错位干扰、结果颠倒干扰、主旨偏离干扰，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础短语理解、样本原因分析，到实验结果辨析，再到全文主旨提炼，全面考查 “读懂现象 — 读懂实验 — 读懂结论” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 逻辑推理 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学实验、培养理性思维、以文育人” 的命题思路。 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。 1．词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。因此可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段的As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。 （2020·新高考全国I卷·高考真题）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds. Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin. For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I? 5．What is the recent study mainly about? A．Food safety. B．Movie viewership. C．Consumer demand. D．Eating behavior. 6．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Big eaters. B．Overweight persons. C．Picky eaters. D．Tall thin persons. 7．Why did the researchers hire the actor? A．To see how she would affect the participants. B．To test if the participants could recognize her. C．To find out what she would do in the two tests. D．To study why she could keep her weight down. 8．On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph? A．How hungry we are. B．How slim we want to be. C．How we perceive others. D．How we feel about the food. 【答案】5．D 6．D 7．A 8．C 【分析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。 6．词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。 7．推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。 可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。构词法主要有以下三种： 合成法 合成法是指由两个或更多的词合成一个复合词。它们当中有的用连字符号“–”连接（如：well-being），有的直接写在一起（如：hotline)，还有的由分开的两个词构成（night owl）。复合词包括复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词等。  猜一猜：2021年高考全国甲卷阅读理解七选五中最长的合成词 So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? 一、写出以下词汇的中文含义 1.Eco-machine 2.park-goer 3.Greenhouse-like 4.self-repair 5.High-quality 6. attractant-free 7. head-spinning 8.fast-paced 9.e-reader 10.off-line 11. human-nature 12.shooting spot 二、写出下列下列的英语词汇 1.自信心 2.深远的 3.低收入的 4.致癌的 5.看上去疯狂的 6. 全方面的 7.附加 8.跨城市的 9.夺人眼球的 10. 低收入的 派生法 通过在词根上添加前缀或后缀构造新词。一般讲前缀改变词义不变词性，后缀改变词性不变词义。 Common profixes Common sufixes in/im- : incorrect impossible mini- : miniskirt, minibus re- : rewrite, reuse, reconsider dis-: disagree, dislike, disappear, mis-: misunderstand, mislead fore-: foretell, forecast over-: overwork, overcoat, overuse ... -er teacher, worker, container -or visitor, sailor ,instructor -tion education, satisfaction -ment development, movement -ion action, solution, conclusion -ous dangerous, humorous -ful helpful，careful -able comfortable, acceptable … （2026·天津南开·三模）I used to believe that only words could catch the essence of the human soul. The literary works contained such distinct stories that they shaped the way we saw the world. Words were what composed the questions we sought to uncover and the answers to those questions themselves. Words were everything. That belief changed. In an ordinary math class, my teacher posed a simple question: What’s 0.99 rounded to the nearest whole number? Easy. When rounded to the nearest whole number, 0.99=1. Somehow, I thought even though 0.99 is only 0.01 away from 1, there’s still a 0.01 difference. That means even if two things are only a little different, they are still different, so doesn’t that make them completely different? My teacher answered my question by presenting another equation: 1=0.9, which could also be expressed as 1=0.99999... repeating itself without ever ending. There was something mysterious but attractive about the equation. The left side was unchangeable, objective: it contained a number that ended. On the right was something endless. number repeating itself limitless times. Yet, somehow, these two opposed things were connected by an equal sign. Lying in bed, I thought about how much the equation mirrored our existence. The left side of the equation represents that sometimes life itself is so unchangeable and so clear. The concrete, whole number of the day when you were born and the day when you would die. But then there is that gap in between life and death. The right side means a time and space full of limitless possibilities, and endless opportunities into the open future. So that’s what life is. Objective but imaginative. Unchangeable but limitless. Life is an equation with two sides that balances itself out. Still, we can’t ever truly seem to put the perfect words to it. So possibly numbers can express ideas as equally well as words can. For now, let’s leave it at that: 1=0.99999... and live a life like it. 1．What does the author emphasize about words in paragraph 1? A．Their wide variety. B．Their literary origins. C．Their unique composition D．Their expressive power. 2．What made the author find the equation attractive? A．The repetition of the number. B．The difference between the two numbers. C．The question the teacher raised. D．The way two different numbers are equal. 3．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “mirrored” in paragraph 6? A．Measured. B．Paralleled. C．Composed. D．Influenced. 4．In what way does the author map mathematical concepts onto life? A．Life is fully expressible only through words. B．Life is a predictable and controllable journey. C．Life is a balance between certainty and possibilities. D．Life can be reduced to a simple numerical calculation. 5．What does the author want to get across in the last paragraph? A．Life is never perfect and it’s unwise to accept it as it is. B．Imperfections and infinite possibilities are what life really is. C．Language and number can equally express the meaning of life. D．Human beings have the power to perfectly define life with words. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者对数学等式的新认识及感悟。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“I used to believe that only words could catch the essence of the human soul. The literary works contained such distinct stories that they shaped the way we saw the world. Words were what composed the questions we sought to uncover and the answers to those questions themselves. Words were everything.(我曾以为，只有文字才能捕捉人类灵魂的精髓。文学作品蕴含着各式各样的故事，这些故事塑造了我们看待世界的方式。文字构成了我们试图探索的问题，以及这些问题的答案本身。文字就是一切。)”可知，作者在第一段强调了文字的表现力，即文字能够表达很多东西。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“There was something mysterious but attractive about the equation. The left side was unchangeable, objective: it contained a number that ended. On the right was something endless. number repeating itself limitless times. Yet, somehow, these two opposed things were connected by an equal sign.(这个等式神秘而迷人。等式左边是恒定不变的、客观的：它包含一个有尽头的数字。而右边则是无尽的，数字无限次地循环。然而，不知为何，这两个截然相反的事物却由一个等号连接了起来。)”可知，正是这种两个不同的数（一个有限一个无限）却相等的方式让作者觉得这个等式很有吸引力。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第六段“The left side of the equation represents that sometimes life itself is so unchangeable and so clear. The concrete, whole number of the day when you were born and the day when you would die. But then there is that gap in between life and death. The right side means a time and space full of limitless possibilities, and endless opportunities into the open future.(等式的左边代表着，有时生活本身是如此不可改变、如此清晰明了。你出生的具体日期、你离世的具体日期，这些如同整数一般确凿无疑。然而，在生与死之间却存在着一段间隔。等式的右边则意味着一个充满无限可能、无尽机遇，通向广阔未来的时空。)”可知，等式和我们的存在相似，mirrored的意思是“与……十分相似”，和paralleled意思相近。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“The left side of the equation represents that sometimes life itself is so unchangeable and so clear. The concrete, whole number of the day when you were born and the day when you would die. But then there is that gap in between life and death. The right side means a time and space full of limitless possibilities, and endless opportunities into the open future.(等式的左边代表着，有时生活本身是如此不可改变、如此清晰明了。你出生的具体日期、你离世的具体日期，这些如同整数一般确凿无疑。然而，在生与死之间却存在着一段间隔。等式的右边则意味着一个充满无限可能、无尽机遇，通向广阔未来的时空。)”可知，作者认为生活就像等式一样，一边是客观、不可改变的（确定性），另一边是富有想象力、无限可能的（可能性），是两者的平衡，故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So that’s what life is. Objective but imaginative. Unchangeable but limitless. Life is an equation with two sides that balances itself out. Still, we can’t ever truly seem to put the perfect words to it.(所以，这就是生活的真谛。客观却又富有想象力。不可改变却又无限可能。生活是一个两边相互平衡的等式。然而，我们似乎永远无法用最完美的文字来诠释它。)”可知，作者在最后一段想要传达的信息是不完美和无限的可能性才是生活的真正本质。故选B。 （2021·天津·一模）This week my client asked me whether I will be working between Christmas and the New Year. I did not know. I had been charging full speed ahead and had not thought about it. I am grateful to my client for motivating me to look up from my computer and take a moment to reflect on 2020 ending and 2021 approaching. The end of December is a time when people share their reflections on how the last year has gone, and set resolutions in the hope that they will do better in the New Year. However, considering the uncertainty of carrying out resolutions, I invite you to consider the idea of setting intentions now. Take a moment to reflect on how resolutions work for you. The Cambridge dictionary defines resolutions as ‘a promise to yourself to do or to not do something’. The first thing that comes to mind when I read this is: what happens when we break the promise to ourselves? This is typically how it goes for me: Throughout January I am going strong with those resolutions. Then comes mid-February, the novelty (新鲜劲) of the resolutions fades, with the increased demands of life. At last, those resolutions start to take a backseat. This brings a frustration or disappointment at “not succeeding” and a gradual abandonment of the resolutions as though they were never really important. By the next New Year, I would have forgotten what my resolutions were in the first place. If setting New Year resolutions works for you, then go tor it. Setting intentions What if we try setting intentions instead? Intentions are based on what our values are, i.e., what is important to us in different areas of our life such as our physical health, mental health, career, hobbies and relationships with family, friends, partners and education. They have a broader focus on the present moment and on how we act now. They give us a direction and determination that empower us to achieve goals and meanwhile live a meaningful life in the present. 6．Why did the author mention his conversation with the client? A．To summarize the whole text. B．To introduce the topic he'll discuss. C．To show what a busy life he lived. D．To inform the New Year is coming. 7．What can we learn about the author's resolution? A．He didn't make it. B．He forgets it on purpose. C．He likes to make it big. D．He often fails to realize it. 8．Which can be seen as an example of setting intentions? A．David determines to pass TOEFL next year. B．Cathy hopes to be cheerful at the party today. C．Tom aims to have his own car after graduation. D．Elizabeth promises to lose weight in one year. 9．What does the underlined word “empower” in the last paragraph mean? A．Enable. B．Force. C．Persuade D．Order 10．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Reflecting On the Past, a Good Habit? B．Setting New Year Resolutions, Difficult? C．Carrying Out Resolutions, a Piece of Cake? D．Setting New Year Resolutions or Living with Intentions Now? 【答案】6．B 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．D 【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章介绍和对比了两种方法——“新年决心”和“设定意图”，让读者按照自己的需要去选择。 6．目的意图题。根据第一段最后一句“I am grateful to my client for motivating me to look up from my computer and take a moment to reflect on 2020 ending and 2021 approaching. (我非常感谢我的客户激励我从电脑前抬起头来，花点时间回顾2020年底和2021年即将到来)”和第二段最后一句“However, considering the uncertainty of carrying out resolutions, I invite you to consider the idea of setting intentions now. (然而，考虑到执行决议的不确定性，我邀请你现在就考虑设定意图的想法)”可知，作者提到了他与客户的谈话是为了引出他要讨论的话题。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“The first thing that comes to mind when I read this is: what happens when we break the promise to ourselves? (当我读到这里时，我首先想到的是：当我们违背对自己的承诺时会发生什么？)”和第五段第一句“This is typically how it goes for me: Throughout January I am going strong with those resolutions. (对我来说通常是这样的:整个一月我都在坚持这些决心)”可知，this是指违背对自己的承诺，所以“我”经常违背对自己的承诺。由此可知，作者通常实现不了他的决心，但确实一开始是做了。故选D。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句“They have a broader focus on the present moment and on how we act now. They give us a direction and determination that empower us to achieve goals and meanwhile live a meaningful life in the present. (他们更广泛地关注现在的时刻以及我们现在如何行动。他们给了我们方向和决心，使我们能够实现目标，同时在现在过着有意义的生活)”可知，setting intentions更关注现在。故选B。 9．词句猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“direction and determination(方向和决心)”和“to achieve goals(实现目标)”可知，此处是指方向和决心能让我们实现目标。由此推知，划线词empower的意思是“使能够”。故选A。 10．主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句“However, considering the uncertainty of carrying out resolutions, I invite you to consider the idea of setting intentions now. (然而，考虑到执行决议的不确定性，我邀请你现在就考虑设定意图的想法)”，第三段“Take a moment to reflect on how resolutions work for you. (花点时间来反思一下决心是如何对你起作用的)”，倒数第四段“If setting New Year resolutions works for you, then go tor it. (如果新年决心对你有用，那就去做吧)”和倒第二段“What if we try setting intentions instead? (如果我们尝试设定意图呢？) ”可知，文章介绍和对比了两种方法——“新年决心”和“设定意图”，让读者按照自己的需要去选择。由此可知，D选项Setting New Year Resolutions or Living with Intentions Now?(是制定新年计划还是带着目标生活？)是最好的标题。故选D。 （2020·天津滨海新·一模）I hear some actors keep a sad thought or memory tucked away to help them with scenes where they might need to cry. I think we should each try to find the opposite; a happy memory, something to lift us up on those inevitable down days. I’m saying this because I think I just found mine! I had some work in Glasgow today. I was on a really tight schedule, which meant I would have no time for myself (or my own work) all day. I was having one of those days, the train was completely packed out and the conversation going on around me seemed to be particularly inane. On top of all that, I had a bit of a headache. Walking briskly across the concourse, I fished some change from my pocket. There was usually someone at the exit selling The Big Issue (a magazine that helps homeless folk earn a living). As the crowd parted ways at the bottom of the concourse, I saw someone selling the Big Issue. You had to be homeless to sell the Big Issue. She really looked like she’d been sleeping rough. Her clothes were ragged and she obviously hadn’t had a scrub up for quite a while. As I approached the exit, I saw that she was also rocking from side to side. At first I thought maybe she was trying to keep warm against the biting wind. But she wasn’t, she was moving in time to a tune. I couldn’t hear her, but I could see her lips moving. As I got closer, I saw a white cane hanging from her elbow and noticed that she had sunken eyes. She was blind, dirty and living on the streets. I came closer and through the noise of the traffic and the commuters I heard her sing the immortal line, “… and I think to myself, what a wonderful world!” I bought her last magazine for twice what I’d originally intended. She thanked me, then she picked up her stuff and went tapping off along the pavement - still singing! So, I have my happy memory for the day. And I think it will stay with me a long, long time. Feel free to borrow it if you like. 11．Why do some actors keep a sad thought or memory according to the passage? A．Because some of them always feel unhappy B．because they are scolded by the director C．Because it helps meet the needs of their roles D．Because they can’t find a happy memory 12．What does the underlined word “fished” in para3 refer to? A．Made B．exchanged C．pull into D．took out 13．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Only those homeless people can sell the magazine B．The author heard her singing as he came close to the exit C．The girl selling the magazines was blind, dirty and homeless D．The author never heard what the girl was singing 14．It can be inferred from the passage that_________ A．the author had a headache because of his busy work B．the author bought more magazines than planned to C．the girl went away as soon as she sold out magazines D．the author felt unhappy because he missed his train 15．What’s the best title for the passage? A．A happy Memory to Lift You Up B．An Unforgettable Day I Experienced C．The Roses in Her Hand: the Flavor in Mine D．A Bird in the Hand is Worth than Two in the Bush. 【答案】11．C 12．D 13．C 14．C 15．A 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己的快乐回忆的经历。 11．细节理解题。根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段第一句I hear some actors keep a sad thought or memory tucked away to help them with scenes where they might need to cry. 我听说有些演员把悲伤的想法或记忆藏起来，帮助他们处理那些他们可能需要哭泣的场景。据此可以得出，演员们把悲伤的想法或记忆藏起来是为了在需要哭泣的场景时帮助他们。选项C符合题意。故选C。 12．词义猜测题。根据关键词可以定位第三段第一句Walking briskly across the concourse, I fished some change from my pocket.结合第七段第一句I bought her last magazine for twice what I’d originally intended我花了两倍的价钱买了她的最后一本杂志。可知，此处应该知我从口袋里掏出零钱。选项D符合题意。故选D。 13．细节理解题。根据第六段第二句She was blind, dirty and living on the streets. 她又瞎又脏，流落街头。可知卖杂志的女人既瞎又脏，又是无家可归。选项C符合文意。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据第七段I bought her last magazine for twice what I’d originally intended. She thanked me, then she picked up her stuff and went tapping off along the pavement - still singing! 我花了两倍的价钱买了她的最后一本杂志。她谢过我，然后收拾好东西，沿着人行道走了——还在唱歌！可知，卖完杂质后，那个女人就走了。选项C符合题意。故选C。 15．最佳标题题。结合文章第一段第二、三句I think we should each try to find the opposite; a happy memory, something to lift us up on those inevitable down days. I’m saying this because I think I just found mine! 我想我们每个人都应该试着找到相反的东西，一个快乐的回忆，在那些不可避免的低落的日子里，能让我们振作起来的东西。 我这么说是因为我觉得我找到我的快乐的回忆了！之后，作者讲述了自己的这次经历。所以，文章的标题应该是一个让你振作起来的快乐记忆。选项A符合题意。故选A。 考点四 利用语法关系猜测词义 （2020·天津·高考真题）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine. Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored. The transition （过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing. It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years. 1．According to Para. l, what is happening in air transport? A．New explorations of the sky are being launched. B．Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled. C．Efforts are being made to make air travel greener. D．Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively. 2．Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights? A．It runs short route B．It has a strong partner. C．Its planes can land on the sea. D．It has planes with powerful engines. 3．The expression "added bonus" refers to the fact that electric planes___________. A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional ones 4．What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying? A．To improve the ground service for e-planes. B．To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry. C．To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes. D．To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes. 5．What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight? A．To produce new electric components. B．To increase battery consumption. C．To use mixed-power technology. D．To expand the landing field. 6．What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying? A．Short-sighted. B．Wait-and-see. C．Optimistic. D．Skeptical. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取电动飞机助力航空业绿色发展的前沿科技与环保情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的日常叙事、人物故事或普通科普话题。该情境贴合高考英语 “聚焦生态环保、关注科技创新、倡导绿色发展” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与航空减排、新能源应用、可持续发展等时代热点结合，要求考生在理解技术优势、现存挑战与未来前景的基础上精准把握语篇信息，体现语言学习与科技素养、生态意识的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实前沿科技语境中考查阅读理解与思辨能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解、原因分析、词义指代、细节推断、过渡方案、态度判断的综合考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖科技说明文高频考点：事实细节、指代猜测、难题定位、过渡措施、作者态度。考生需通过梳理技术优势、辨析核心矛盾、把握行文情感、归纳全文主旨解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、逻辑推理能力与态度判断能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重态度” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从提出问题 — 案例介绍 — 优势分析 — 技术挑战 — 过渡方案 — 未来展望的科技说明文结构角度设题，六道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、概念偷换、望文生义、态度混淆等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础信息提取，到细节比对、词义推断，再到难题识别、过渡方案理解与态度判断，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂逻辑 — 读懂态度” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨态度” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科技创新、聚焦生态环保、以文育人” 的命题思路。 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C 6．C 【分析】本文是说明文。为了使航空旅行更环保,出现了电动飞行。文章介绍了电动飞行的特点、优点、面临的挑战、解决措施和前景。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中 If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking. Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries(如果我们想要大的绿色天空解决方案，就需要蓝天思维。幸运的是，现在有很多这样的情况发生，尤其是靠电池供电的短途飞行)由此判断出，人们正在努力使航空旅行更加环保。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying30000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less uan30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines.可知，Harbour Air是北美最大的水上飞机航空公司，每年有40架水上飞机搭载3万次商业航班。值得注意的是，所有港口航线的飞行时间都不到30分钟，这使得它完全适合于电动引擎。也就是说 Harbour Air的飞行航线短使电动飞行成了可能。故选A。 3．猜测词义题。根据下文that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，电动飞机没有发动机的噪音，没有燃油的味道，只有环保的宁静等优点，因此为乘坐电动飞机的乘客提供更愉快的飞行体验。所以added bonus指的是乘客获得的更愉快飞行体验的额外收获。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段 A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft., where every bit of weight counts, this can' t just be ignored.可知电池不能提供足够的燃料, 而携带足够的电池会使飞机太重而无法起飞。在飞机上，每一点重量都很重要，不能忽视。由此推知平衡电动飞机电池的功率和重量是电动飞机面临的最大挑战。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The transition(过渡) from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity.可知从燃料飞行到电动飞行过渡过程中，可以使用燃料和电力混合动力技术。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to come a reality in the next few years.可知电动飞行无疑是激动人心的，电动飞行短途旅行将在 未来几年内成为现实。由此判断出作者对电动飞行的前景是乐观的。故选C。 （2017·天津·高考真题）This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo. 7．What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 8．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 9．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 10．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________. A．Singapore B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 11．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 【答案】7．D 8．B 9．D 10．C 11．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了德国交通部长对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。 7．猜测词义题。根据第二段内容The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.注意冒号的作用，就是对死亡谷的解释说明：death valley指的是制约着无人驾驶汽车未来的半自动化和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带即司机的角色不明朗的状况。A，B和C项内容文中根本就没有提到，故选D。 8．推理判断题。根据第二段的句子The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles:和第四段内容The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.可以判断出这个提议被提出是为了推动完全自动化的驾驶。故选B。 9．细节理解题。根据第七段内容But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” 可知消费者认为对于无人驾驶车辆的运行不应该牵涉到人的责任。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据最后一段That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可知接管无人驾驶汽车并将其视为公共产品的想法在美国绝对行不通，即公共交通工具中无人驾驶车在美国看不到未来。故选C。 11．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了德国交通部长的提议是为了促进无人驾驶车运行，界定了汽车制造方负责，由此在第五段引出全文的主题句:Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. 下面就此展开陈述。所以“自动化驾驶：谁的责任”可以概括全文，充当本文题目，故选A。 【点睛】这篇文章内容和每个人生活密切相关，讲的是谁对这种新型交通工具：无人驾驶的全自动化的车辆负责各国意见不一，学生应该有兴趣阅读，涉及到科技前沿，文章篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，还有词义辨析类的题目，对学生能力考查比较全面。 做词义辨析类的题目，要仔细阅读这个词所在的前后的句子，发现有没有关联的同义词，反义词或是这个词的定义，分析这篇阅读的1题，要求对含有这个短语的整个句子的正确理解以及标点符号的作用。 利用语法关系猜测词义 （20-21高三上·天津和平·期末）Professor Stephen Hawking recently came out with a serious warning for people. While at the Starmus Festival, a festival in Trondheim, Norway, celebrating science and the arts, Hawking warned people that the human race is in serious danger. Hawking criticized President Donald Trump for denying climate change. Then the physicist warned the audience, “I am not denying the importance of fighting climate change and global warming, unlike Donald Trump, who may just have taken the most serious, and wrong, decision on climate change this world has seen.” Hawking proposed that th$