专题01 构词法及其在语篇中的运用（复习讲义）（北京专用）2026年中考英语一轮复习讲练测

专题01 构词法及其在语篇中的运用 目录 01 考情剖析·命题前瞻 1 02 思维导图·网络构建 2 03 考点通关·靶向突破 2 ★ 考点一 派生法 2 ★ 考点二 合成法 4 考点三 转化法 6 04 优题精选·练能提分 7 考点 课标要求 复习目标 识别单词 能识别常见构词法（合成、派生、转化）构成的单词 1. 掌握三大基本构词法的核心规则； 2. 能运用构词法快速推测语篇中生词词义； 3. 能在解题中精准运用构词法技巧突破词汇障碍 词义猜测‌ 能根据构词法和上下文语境推测生词词义 词汇运用‌ 能在写作中初步运用构词法拓展词汇表达 命题预测 1.核心素养导向：更注重在真实语篇语境中考查构词法运用，强调“词形-词性-语义”的关联。 2.语篇载体多元：命题语篇将涵盖议论文、说明文、记叙文等多种文体，生词多通过构词法构成，且常与核心话题（科技、环保、成长、人际关系）结合。 3.考查深度提升：不仅考查单一构词法，还可能出现“派生+转化”“合成+派生”的复合构词考查，需结合语境综合判断。 4.跨题型渗透：除传统词义猜测题外，其他题型如完形填空中的词汇辨析等对构词法的依赖度将进一步提升。 解题锦囊 锦囊1：根据“词根词缀” 先判断构词类型→拆解词根词缀→结合上下文语境→验证语义是否通顺。 锦囊2：根据“构词规则” 明确目标词性→确定构词规则（如名词变形容词加“-ful/-less”，动词变名词加“-ment/-tion”等）。 考点一 派生法 1.（2023北京中考阅读C） It is unusual for teenagers to spend so much time on volunteer work. 青少年花大量时间做志愿工作是____________。 2.（2022北京中考完形）The old man is inactive because of his illness. 老人因病____________。 构词类型 核心规则 例词（中考高频） 前缀（改变语义，不换词性） un-：表否定（happy→unhappy） in-：表否定（possible→impossible） dis-：表否定/相反（like→dislike；appear→disappear） en-：表“使……”（large→enlarge；rich→enrich） mis-（表“错误、坏”，修饰动词/过去分词） unhappy（不开心的）、impolite（不礼貌的）、discover（发现）、encourage（鼓励） im-（词根以b/p/m开头）：impossible（不可能的）、impolite（不礼貌的） il-（词根以l开头）：illegal（非法的）、illogical（不合逻辑的） ir-（词根以r开头）：irregular（不规则的）、irresponsible（不负责任的） dishonest（不诚实的）、disagree（不同意） 后缀（改变词性，语义相关） 名词后缀（高频：-ment/-ion/-ness/-er/-or/-ity）： -ment（develop→development） -tion（invent→invention） -ness（kind→kindness） 形容词后缀（高频：-ful/-less/-y/-al/-ive）： -ful（care→careful） -less（hope→hopeless） -y（rain→rainy） 副词后缀： -ly（quick→quickly） development（发展）、happiness（幸福）、careless（粗心的）、slowly（慢慢地） 【易错提醒】 1. in-在以p/b/m开头的词前变im-（possible→impossible）； 2. un-多用于形容词/副词前，dis-多用于动词前； 3. 动词变名词：以e结尾去e加-tion（invite→invitation）； 4. 部分形容词变副词需变y为i加-ly（happy→happily） （2025·北京）we need to take increasing care to read our principles into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge What does the word “diverge” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Improve. B．Appear. C．Separate. D．Repeat. 考点二 合成法 合成类型 构成方式 中考高频例词 语义特点 合成名词 名词+名词 homework（家庭作业）、newspaper（报纸）、website（网站） 、notice（通知）+ board（板）→ noticeboard（布告栏） 语义=前词+后词（home+work=家庭作业） 合成形容词 形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted（热心的）、blue-eyed（蓝眼睛的） 多描述人或事物的特征 合成动词 副词+动词 download（下载）、uplift（提升）、well（好）+ known（知道的）→ well-known（著名的） 动作与“方向/方式”相关 （2024·北京） Every summer, Serena spent two weeks at Green Farm’s horseback riding camp. Last year, Serena and her favorite horse Piper finished second in the obstacle course (障碍赛赛道) race. “I can’t wait to ride Piper,” Serena told Rose, her coach. Rose smiled and said, “Sorry, but we need to save Piper for our newer ... this year. She’s one of the best-behaved horses. How about you try riding Harley?” Serena felt ____ and was a little scared at the sight of Harley, the tallest horse. A．stupid B．disappointed C．comfortable D．lucky 考点三 转化法 原词性 转化后词性 中考高频例词 语境示例 名词 动词 book（书→预订）、 plant（植物→种植） He booked a ticket online.（2024北京中考完形） 动词 名词 walk（走→散步）、 look（看→表情） She took a walk after dinner.（2023北京中考阅读） 形容词 动词 empty（空的→清空）、 open（开着的→打开） Please empty the box.（2025朝阳二模完形） （2023·北京）When people are open to appreciating such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation (EA). 解析步骤： 1.构词分析：“appreciate”（动词，欣赏）→转化为名词“appreciation”（欣赏），通过后缀“-tion”实现词性转化。 2.解题关键：判断“appreciation”为名词，作call的宾语，结合前文“appreciating such experiences”，可推测语义为“体验式欣赏”。 3.应用：在词义猜测题中，可通过词性转化快速关联已知词义，降低理解难度。 1.Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor. Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don’t want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate, then group training is an even better choice for you. It’s a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision (监管) of a fitness instructor. If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track. Don’t let fitness frighten you! The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”. A．cheerful B．average C．serious D．popular 2.2025·浙江·模拟预测Three years later, Jane and her mother arrived at Gombe National Park in Tanzania (坦桑尼亚). Jane faced many challenges as she began her work. It took months for the chimps to accept her. Little by little, she was able to enter their world. At first, she was able to watch the chimps from far-away. As time passed, she was able to move her observation (观察) point closer to them. Finally, she was able to sit among them, touching and even feeding them, which was a breakthrough in the study of chimps in the wild. Which word has the closest meaning to the underlined word breakthrough in Paragraph 2? A．dream B．problem C．magic D．development 3.2025·浙江·一模Unless they’re too big or heavy, containers are portable. This allows you to move your plants inside if necessary. Or you can move your plants into a dark place on terribly hot days. Containers allow you to place your plants wherever they’ll grow best. What does the underlined word “portable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Easy to move. B．Hard to find. C．Expensive to buy. D．Difficult to carry. 4. 2025·黑龙江哈尔滨·三模Although the climate change may be detrimental to our mental health, we can do something to reduce the harm. Keep in touch with nature and spend more time in green space. People use that as a way to deal with stress. Social connection is a really good way as well. We are not only connected to the world around us, but also to one another. The underlined (划线的) word “detrimental” in the passage means “________” in English. A. harmful B．difficult C．useful 5.2025·辽宁铁岭·三模Yeah, I’ve been thinking about it too. I want to get fitter, but I usually find exercising a bit boring. I need something exciting to keep me motivated, and it’d be great if I could bring some friends along. Plus, tracking progress weekly would be wonderful. What does the underlined word “motivated” in Liang Riqian’s words probably mean? A．Interested in doing something new. B．Encouraged to keep doing something. C．Tired of doing something regularly. D．Forced to stop doing something. 6.Nowadays，many people like shared bikes. They are uncomplicated and cheap. People can use their phones to unlock the bikes and ride them to school，work or parks. When they finish riding，they just leave the bikes in proper places. A. Not difficult to use B. Not easy to carry C. Not cheap to buy D. Not safe to ride 7.2025·湖北宜昌·模拟预测Positive thinking is good for our health. Studies show that happy people are usually healthier. When we think positively, our bodies make things that can keep us away from illness. For example, happy patients often recover faster. Also, positive people like to exercise and eat healthy food, so they stay healthy. What does the underlined word “recover” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Hide carefully. B．Become better. C．Change quickly. D．Cover again. 8.2025·山东青岛·模拟预测 You might see loneliness as someone (usually an old person) sits alone, staring into the distance or out of a window. Such images are deceptive. Researchers have actually found that those who report experiencing loneliness the most are young people, and such images of solitude (孤独) don’t match the experience of loneliness during youth. Those years are typically spent surrounded by other people, at school or at work. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “deceptive” in paragraph 1? A．Unrelated. B．Unfortunate. C．Shameful. D．Misleading. 9.2025·江苏连云港·模拟预测In the years that followed, Huang and several other top engineers led the research. In 1970, they developed the first Type 091, making China the fifth nation to have nuclear submarines. Huang’s name remained secret until 1987, when a magazine in Shanghai was allowed to publish a report revealing only his family name. What does the underlined word “revealing” probably mean in paragraph 7? A．Changing. B．Forgetting. C．Opening. D．Showing. 10.2025·湖南衡阳·三模To stay healthy, students should pay more attention to their diet. They should eat a mix of foods, including fruits, vegetables, and foods like eggs, meat, or beans for strength. It’s also important to drink plenty of water and avoid too many sugary drinks. Parents and schools can help by offering healthy meals and teaching students about good nutrition. By making better food choices, students can feel healthier and have more energy every day. What does the word "nutrition" most likely mean? A.the food helping growth and health B.the time of rest and sleep C. the cost of daily life D. the way of doing exercise 21 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 构词法及其在语篇中的运用 目录 01 考情剖析·命题前瞻 1 02 思维导图·网络构建 2 03 考点通关·靶向突破 2 ★ 考点一 派生法 2 ★ 考点二 合成法 4 考点三 转化法 6 04 优题精选·练能提分 7 考点 课标要求 复习目标 识别单词 能识别常见构词法（合成、派生、转化）构成的单词 1. 掌握三大基本构词法的核心规则； 2. 能运用构词法快速推测语篇中生词词义； 3. 能在解题中精准运用构词法技巧突破词汇障碍 词义猜测‌ 能根据构词法和上下文语境推测生词词义 词汇运用‌ 能在写作中初步运用构词法拓展词汇表达 命题预测 1.核心素养导向：更注重在真实语篇语境中考查构词法运用，强调“词形-词性-语义”的关联。 2.语篇载体多元：命题语篇将涵盖议论文、说明文、记叙文等多种文体，生词多通过构词法构成，且常与核心话题（科技、环保、成长、人际关系）结合。 3.考查深度提升：不仅考查单一构词法，还可能出现“派生+转化”“合成+派生”的复合构词考查，需结合语境综合判断。 4.跨题型渗透：除传统词义猜测题外，其他题型如完形填空中的词汇辨析等对构词法的依赖度将进一步提升。 解题锦囊 锦囊1：根据“词根词缀” 先判断构词类型→拆解词根词缀→结合上下文语境→验证语义是否通顺。 锦囊2：根据“构词规则” 明确目标词性→确定构词规则（如名词变形容词加“-ful/-less”，动词变名词加“-ment/-tion”等）。 考点一 派生法 1.（2023北京中考阅读C） It is unusual for teenagers to spend so much time on volunteer work. 青少年花大量时间做志愿工作是不寻常的。 2.（2022北京中考完形）The old man is inactive because of his illness. 老人因病不活跃。 构词类型 核心规则 例词（中考高频） 前缀（改变语义，不换词性） un-：表否定（happy→unhappy） in-：表否定（possible→impossible） dis-：表否定/相反（like→dislike；appear→disappear） en-：表“使……”（large→enlarge；rich→enrich） mis-（表“错误、坏”，修饰动词/过去分词） unhappy（不开心的）、impolite（不礼貌的）、discover（发现）、encourage（鼓励） im-（词根以b/p/m开头）：impossible（不可能的）、impolite（不礼貌的） il-（词根以l开头）：illegal（非法的）、illogical（不合逻辑的） ir-（词根以r开头）：irregular（不规则的）、irresponsible（不负责任的） dishonest（不诚实的）、disagree（不同意） 后缀（改变词性，语义相关） 名词后缀（高频：-ment/-ion/-ness/-er/-or/-ity）： -ment（develop→development） -tion（invent→invention） -ness（kind→kindness） 形容词后缀（高频：-ful/-less/-y/-al/-ive）： -ful（care→careful） -less（hope→hopeless） -y（rain→rainy） 副词后缀： -ly（quick→quickly） development（发展）、happiness（幸福）、careless（粗心的）、slowly（慢慢地） 【易错提醒】 1. in-在以p/b/m开头的词前变im-（possible→impossible）； 2. un-多用于形容词/副词前，dis-多用于动词前； 3. 动词变名词：以e结尾去e加-tion（invite→invitation）； 4. 部分形容词变副词需变y为i加-ly（happy→happily） （2025·北京）we need to take increasing care to read our principles into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge What does the word “diverge” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Improve. B．Appear. C．Separate. D．Repeat. 解题步骤： 1.构词分析：“diverge”=前缀“di-”（表“分开”）+词根“verge”（表“倾向”）→核心语义“分开、偏离”。 2.语境验证：原文“we need to take increasing care to read our principles into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge”（我们需要更加注意将原则融入行动记录，而不是让两者____），结合“rather than”表对比，“diverge”与“read into”（融入）相反，推测为“分离”。 答案：C 考点二 合成法 合成类型 构成方式 中考高频例词 语义特点 合成名词 名词+名词 homework（家庭作业）、newspaper（报纸）、website（网站） 、notice（通知）+ board（板）→ noticeboard（布告栏） 语义=前词+后词（home+work=家庭作业） 合成形容词 形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted（热心的）、blue-eyed（蓝眼睛的） 多描述人或事物的特征 合成动词 副词+动词 download（下载）、uplift（提升）、well（好）+ known（知道的）→ well-known（著名的） 动作与“方向/方式”相关 （2024·北京） Every summer, Serena spent two weeks at Green Farm’s horseback riding camp. Last year, Serena and her favorite horse Piper finished second in the obstacle course (障碍赛赛道) race. “I can’t wait to ride Piper,” Serena told Rose, her coach. Rose smiled and said, “Sorry, but we need to save Piper for our newer ... this year. She’s one of the best-behaved horses. How about you try riding Harley?” Serena felt ____ and was a little scared at the sight of Harley, the tallest horse. A．stupid B．disappointed C．comfortable D．lucky 解析步骤： 1.构词分析：选项中“disappointed”=前缀“dis-”（否定）+词根“appoint”（任命）+后缀“-ed”（形容词后缀）→“失望的”。 2.语境匹配：前文Serena想骑Piper，但教练让她骑Harley，结合“was a little scared”，可知她的情绪是“失望的”。 3.答案：B 考点三 转化法 原词性 转化后词性 中考高频例词 语境示例 名词 动词 book（书→预订）、 plant（植物→种植） He booked a ticket online.（2024北京中考完形） 动词 名词 walk（走→散步）、 look（看→表情） She took a walk after dinner.（2023北京中考阅读） 形容词 动词 empty（空的→清空）、 open（开着的→打开） Please empty the box.（2025朝阳二模完形） （2023·北京）When people are open to appreciating such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation (EA). 解析步骤： 1.构词分析：“appreciate”（动词，欣赏）→转化为名词“appreciation”（欣赏），通过后缀“-tion”实现词性转化。 2.解题关键：判断“appreciation”为名词，作call的宾语，结合前文“appreciating such experiences”，可推测语义为“体验式欣赏”。 3.应用：在词义猜测题中，可通过词性转化快速关联已知词义，降低理解难度。 1.Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor. Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don’t want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate, then group training is an even better choice for you. It’s a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision (监管) of a fitness instructor. If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track. Don’t let fitness frighten you! The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”. A．cheerful B．average C．serious D．popular 【答案】A 【解析】定位原文文中句子： If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track. 可知，厌倦独自锻炼的人可以参加 “upbeat” 课程以保持动力。所以此处 “upbeat” 应表示积极、有活力的氛围，与 “cheerful（愉快的）” 含义最接近。 逻辑线索 前面说：在健身房里闲逛、浪费时间、感到无聊（becoming bored） 后面说：参加一个 upbeat 的团体健身课，能让你的锻炼步入正轨 由此可知，upbeat 与 bored（无聊、乏味） 是相反、对立的含义。 2.2025·浙江·模拟预测Three years later, Jane and her mother arrived at Gombe National Park in Tanzania (坦桑尼亚). Jane faced many challenges as she began her work. It took months for the chimps to accept her. Little by little, she was able to enter their world. At first, she was able to watch the chimps from far-away. As time passed, she was able to move her observation (观察) point closer to them. Finally, she was able to sit among them, touching and even feeding them, which was a breakthrough in the study of chimps in the wild. Which word has the closest meaning to the underlined word breakthrough in Paragraph 2? A．dream B．problem C．magic D．development 【答案】D 【解析】根据 “Finally, she was able to sit among them, touching and even feeding them” 可知，珍妮能融入黑猩猩群体的这一成果，是野外黑猩猩研究中的重要进展；“breakthrough” 意为 “突破、进展”，与 “development（进展）” 意思最接近。故选 D。 3.2025·浙江·一模Unless they’re too big or heavy, containers are portable. This allows you to move your plants inside if necessary. Or you can move your plants into a dark place on terribly hot days. Containers allow you to place your plants wherever they’ll grow best. What does the underlined word “portable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Easy to move. B．Hard to find. C．Expensive to buy. D．Difficult to carry. 【答案】A 【解析】 根据 “Unless they’re too big or heavy, containers are portable. This allows you to move your plants inside if necessary.” 可知，除非容器太大或太重，否则它们是便于移动的，这样你就可以在必要时把植物移到室内。由此可推测 “portable” 意为 “便于移动的”。故选 A。 4. 2025·黑龙江哈尔滨·三模Although the climate change may be detrimental to our mental health, we can do something to reduce the harm. Keep in touch with nature and spend more time in green space. People use that as a way to deal with stress. Social connection is a really good way as well. We are not only connected to the world around us, but also to one another. The underlined (划线的) word “detrimental” in the passage means “________” in English. A. harmful B．difficult C．useful 【答案】A 【解析】 根据 “we can do something to reduce the harm” 可知，detrimental 与 harm “伤害” 为近义词，表示 “有害的”。故选 A。 5.2025·辽宁铁岭·三模Yeah, I’ve been thinking about it too. I want to get fitter, but I usually find exercising a bit boring. I need something exciting to keep me motivated, and it’d be great if I could bring some friends along. Plus, tracking progress weekly would be wonderful. What does the underlined word “motivated” in Liang Riqian’s words probably mean? A．Interested in doing something new. B．Encouraged to keep doing something. C．Tired of doing something regularly. D．Forced to stop doing something. 【答案】B 【解析】 词义猜测题。根据 “I want to get fitter, but I usually find exercising a bit boring. I need something exciting to keep me motivated, and it’d be great if I could bring some friends along.” 可知，他认为锻炼有点无聊，所以需要一些东西鼓励和刺激他坚持下去，motivated 意为 “有积极性的，有动机的”，故选 B。 6.Nowadays，many people like shared bikes. They are uncomplicated and cheap. People can use their phones to unlock the bikes and ride them to school，work or parks. When they finish riding，they just leave the bikes in proper places. A. Not difficult to use B. Not easy to carry C. Not cheap to buy D. Not safe to ride 【答案】A 【解析】原文后面提到：use phones to unlock 用手机开锁、ride to school 骑去学校、finish riding, leave the bikes 用完停好就行，都在说共享单车很方便、很简单、很便宜。对比选项 A. Not difficult to use 不难用 B. Not easy to carry 不好带 C. Not cheap to buy 不便宜 D. Not safe to ride 不安全。只有 A 符合 “简单、好用”。 7.2025·湖北宜昌·模拟预测Positive thinking is good for our health. Studies show that happy people are usually healthier. When we think positively, our bodies make things that can keep us away from illness. For example, happy patients often recover faster. Also, positive people like to exercise and eat healthy food, so they stay healthy. What does the underlined word “recover” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Hide carefully. B．Become better. C．Change quickly. D．Cover again. 【答案】B 【解析】 词义猜测题。根据 “When we think positively, our bodies make things that can keep us away from illness. For example, happy patients often recover faster.” 可知，当我们积极思考时，我们的身体会产生一些物质，使我们远离疾病。由此推测快乐的人病好得快，“recover” 意为 “变好”。故选 B。 8.2025·山东青岛·模拟预测 You might see loneliness as someone (usually an old person) sits alone, staring into the distance or out of a window. Such images are deceptive. Researchers have actually found that those who report experiencing loneliness the most are young people, and such images of solitude (孤独) don’t match the experience of loneliness during youth. Those years are typically spent surrounded by other people, at school or at work. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “deceptive” in paragraph 1? A．Unrelated. B．Unfortunate. C．Shameful. D．Misleading. 【答案】D 【解析】 根据 “Researchers have actually found that those who report experiencing loneliness the most are young people, and such images of solitude (孤独) don’t match the experience of loneliness during youth.” 可知，我们通常认为孤独是老人独自坐着的场景，但事实上研究表明年轻人更容易感到孤独，所以这是具有误导性的。故选 D。 9.2025·江苏连云港·模拟预测In the years that followed, Huang and several other top engineers led the research. In 1970, they developed the first Type 091, making China the fifth nation to have nuclear submarines. Huang’s name remained secret until 1987, when a magazine in Shanghai was allowed to publish a report revealing only his family name. What does the underlined word “revealing” probably mean in paragraph 7? A．Changing. B．Forgetting. C．Opening. D．Showing. 【答案】D 【解析】 词义猜测题。根据语境 “a magazine in Shanghai was allowed to publish a report revealing only his family name” 可知，此前黄旭华的名字保密，杂志报道仅 “透露” 了他的姓氏。“revealing” 意为 “展示、透露”，与 showing 含义相近。故选 D。 10.2025·湖南衡阳·三模To stay healthy, students should pay more attention to their diet. They should eat a mix of foods, including fruits, vegetables, and foods like eggs, meat, or beans for strength. It’s also important to drink plenty of water and avoid too many sugary drinks. Parents and schools can help by offering healthy meals and teaching students about good nutrition. By making better food choices, students can feel healthier and have more energy every day. What does the word "nutrition" most likely mean? A.the food helping growth and health B.the time of rest and sleep C. the cost of daily life D. the way of doing exercise 【答案】A 【解析】 整段话都在围绕 “饮食” 和 “健康” 展开：提到要吃水果、蔬菜、鸡蛋、肉类等食物。强调多喝水，避免含糖饮料。最后一句提到 “通过更好的食物选择，学生可以感觉更健康，每天更有活力”。这些都指向了与食物和健康相关的概念。 21 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $