重难点12 阅读综合强化：四大语篇突破（重难专练）（北京专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

重难点12 阅读综合强化：四大语篇突破 ( 内容导航 速度提升 技巧掌握 手感养成 重难考向聚焦 锁定目标 精准打击： 本专项核心考查四大核心语篇类型 ，其中 重 点考查 说明文的细节理解与主旨概括、记叙文的情感态度与推理判断、议论文的观点态度与论证逻辑、应用文的信息定位与细节匹配 ， 难点 为跨段推理题、词义猜测题（结合语境与逻辑）、主旨大意题（区分局部细节与全文主旨）、观点态度题（隐含观点的精准捕捉）。 重难技巧突破 授予利器 瓦解难点： 1.语篇定调，题型对焦（先判断语篇类型，再匹配解题策略） 2.定位关键词，回归原文句（细节题必用，避免主观臆断） 3.逻辑串段意，主旨藏首尾（主旨题核心，警惕细节干扰） 重难保分练 稳扎稳打 必拿分数 ： 聚焦 3 种类型可稳拿分数题目，确保重难点基础分值 重难抢分练 突破瓶颈 争夺高分： 聚焦 3 种类型中高难度题目，争夺关键分数 重难冲刺练 模拟实战 挑战顶尖： 挑战高考和模拟综合题型，养成稳定攻克难题的“题感”。 ) 考点 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势 考点1考查应用文 （5年5考） 2021北京卷—A篇; 2022北京卷—A篇; 2023北京卷—A篇; 2024北京卷—A篇; 2025北京卷—A篇。 1.语篇类型均衡化：说明文占比最高，但需全面掌握四大语篇解题逻辑。 2.话题贴近现实：聚焦社会热点（如人工智能、环保、社会比较）、个人成长（如挫折应对、自我认知）、文化传承（如非物质文化遗产、道德规范起源），凸显实用性与时代性。 3.推理题占比上升，强调对语篇深层逻辑与隐含信息的解读。 4.词义猜测题语境化：不再单纯考查词汇本义，而是结合上下文逻辑、语篇结构甚至文化背景推断。 5.主旨题聚焦核心观点：避免单一段落细节干扰，强调对全文论点、说明对象或叙事主线的把握。 6.语篇长度稳定化，注重信息密度与阅读速度的平衡，要求快速抓取核心信息。 考点2考查记叙文 （5年5考） 2021北京卷—B篇; 2022北京卷—B篇; 2023北京卷—B篇; 2024北京卷—B篇; 2025北京卷—B篇。 考点3考查说明文 （5年5考） 2021北京卷—C篇; 2022北京卷—C篇; 2023北京卷—C篇; 2024北京卷—C篇; 2025北京卷—C篇。 考点4考查议论文 （5年5考） 2021北京卷—D篇; 2022北京卷—D篇; 2023北京卷—D篇; 2024北京卷—D篇; 2025北京卷—D篇。 考点一：细节理解题的同义替换。 1.（2023·北京·高考真题）The International Olympic Committee(IOC)Young Leaders programme empowers talents to make a positive difference in their communities through sport. Twenty-five Young Leaders are being selected every two years for a four-year period. They promote the Olympic values, spreading the message of sport for good. To be an IOC Young Leader, you need to first complete the 4-Week Learning Sprint (冲刺). 4-Week Learning Sprint The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. Each week, participants will be asked to complete a topic﹣specific reflection task. The 4-Week Learning Sprint is open to anyone, with the target audience aged between 20 and 28. After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport﹣based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader. Requirements for the Applicants You have successfully completed the 4-Week Learning Sprint. You have completed your high school studies. You have at least one year of work experience. You have strong public speaking skills. You are self-motivated and committed. You are passionate about creating positive change in your community. You are open to being coached and advised by experts and peers (同伴). You are able to work with people from different backgrounds. In the 4-Week Learning Sprint, participants will ________. A．create change in their community B．attend a virtual learning programme C．meet people from different backgrounds D．promote the IOC Young Leaders project 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据4-Week Learning Sprint部分中“The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. (为期4周的学习冲刺是一个虚拟学习计划，将于2023年11月进行。这些会议可以现场观看，也可以在IOC频道播出后观看)”可知，在为期四周的学习冲刺中，参与者将参加虚拟学习课程。故选B。 2.（2025·北京东城·一模）Anyone with insomnia knows the impatience and frustration that accompanies sleeplessness. You long for a button that could instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea of a mental switch is not far-fetched. Most neuroscientists now agree that our wakefulness is coordinated by a tiny bundle of neurons (一小束神经元) known as the “locus coeruleus” (LC), Latin for “blue dot”. It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will “fire” with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area. According to the passage, what is the role of the LC? A．Producing receptors. B．Preserving cell sensitivity. C．Monitoring brain activity. D．Improving neural connectivity. 答案：D 解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area.(当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的突起将一束束这种神经递质传递到大脑的其他区域，增强该区域神经元之间的通信)”可知，蓝斑核（LC）的作用是改善神经连接，增强神经元之间的通信。故选D。 阅读理解正确选项与原文同义替换举例 一、词汇层面同义替换 1. 核心名词替换 题目（2025·北京·高考真题）：TransForm allows the teens to____________. 答案：D. attend hands-on sessions 原文对应：TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks, hands-on workshops, and off-site experiences. 替换逻辑：“sessions”与“workshops”为同义名词，均表示“课程、研习会”，核心含义一致。 题目（2024·北京·高考真题）：In the programme, students will _________. 答案：D. practise their language skills 原文对应：Students record short entries after each partner meeting noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed. 替换逻辑：“practise”（动词原形）与“practised”（过去分词作定语）为同源词替换，核心动作“练习语言技能”一致。 2. 动词及动词短语替换 题目（2025·北京东城·二模）：What do we know about SSP? 答案：C. It is open to high school students. 原文对应：It is designed to challenge and inspire talented and motivated high school students from around the world. 替换逻辑：“be open to”与“be designed to challenge and inspire”为功能同义替换，均表示“面向某一群体”。 题目（2024·北京·高考真题）：How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? 答案：B. Inspired. 原文对应：Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given... But now is the time to set the record straight. 替换逻辑：“Inspired”（受启发的）与“help expose... set the record straight”（帮助揭露问题并纠正）为情感与行为结果的同义对应，体现作者受到启发后的转变。 3. 形容词替换 题目（2025·北京西城·二模）：Who is most suitable for this program? 答案：C. A 19-year-old university student who is medically fit. 原文对应：you must also have your doctor sign our medical form confirming you are medically fit to participate. 替换逻辑：“medically fit”在答案与原文中完全一致，属于直接同义复用，同时“suitable”与“fit to participate”构成同义表达。 题目（2023·北京·高考真题第36题）：How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? 答案：A. Anxious. 原文对应：My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name... my vision blurred. 替换逻辑：“Anxious”（焦虑的）与“heart raced”（心跳加速）为情绪与生理反应的同义替换，均体现紧张焦虑的状态。 二、句式层面同义替换 1. 主动语态与被动语态转换 题目（2025·北京朝阳·一模）：The case studies to be submitted should ________. 答案：B. maximize public participation 原文对应：The case studies should be grounded in evidence-based research and involve the widest possible participation of the community, groups or individuals. 替换逻辑：主动表达“maximize public participation”与被动含义的“involve the widest possible participation”同义，均表示“最大化参与度”。 题目（2022·北京·高考真题）：The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. 答案：C. introduce the topic 原文对应：Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential. 替换逻辑：原文通过设问引出后续的“systems thinking”，答案“introduce the topic”是对这一写作目的的同义句式概括。 2. 同义句型转换 题目（2025·北京海淀·二模）：Which of the following highlights global consciousness? 答案：C. IB programs. 原文对应：The IB program offers college-level classes that stress developing your thinking skills and an awareness of global issues. 替换逻辑：“highlights global consciousness”（强调全球意识）与“stress... an awareness of global issues”（强调全球问题意识）为句型转换后的同义表达，核心含义一致。 题目（2021·北京·高考真题）：According to this passage，applicants are required to________． 答案：C. be fluent in either English or French 原文对应：You should have a good command of either English or French. 替换逻辑：“be fluent in”与“have a good command of”为同义句型，均表示“精通某语言”。 三、逻辑层面同义替换 1. 因果关系同义转换 题目（2025·北京东城·一模）：Why does the author mention bees? 答案：C. To draw out a comparison. 原文对应：It is unsettling to learn... I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect... The bees had learned to discriminate... between the two artists’ styles. 替换逻辑：原文通过蜜蜂的辨画能力与人类对比，答案“To draw out a comparison”是对这一因果目的的同义概括。 2. 目的关系同义转换 题目（2025·北京西城·一模）：Uday Bhatia’s experience in Bichpuri village influenced him to ________. 答案：B. create a low-cost, backup-based lightbulb 原文对应：When I learned that children were using flashlights and kerosene lamps to study, I wanted to find a solution... developed the Smart OutageGuard (OG), a low-cost backup lightbulb. 替换逻辑：“influenced him to create”与“wanted to find a solution... developed”为目的关系的同义转换，均体现“为解决问题而研发产品”的逻辑。 3. 条件关系同义转换 题目（2025·北京海淀·一模）：Through CVP, Community Volunteers will . 答案：D. learn how social issues are addressed 原文对应：Gain a deeper understanding of how organizations in Boston approach social issues in the communities. 替换逻辑：“learn how... are addressed”与“Gain a deeper understanding of how... approach”为条件结果的同义转换，均表示“通过参与项目获得对社会问题解决方式的认知”。 考点二：记叙文的推理判断。 一、题型识别：推理判断题常见标志 What can we infer from the passage? What does the author imply…? What can we learn about…? What is the purpose of…? What can be concluded from…? 北京高考记叙文特点 以个人经历、成长故事、温情小事、人物品格为主 重情感、态度、价值观，轻复杂逻辑 答案不直接在原文原句，但一定有据可依 二、核心原则 立足原文，不主观脑补 推理 = 原文信息 + 合理逻辑 ❌ 禁止：常识代入、个人经验、过度联想 就近推理，不跨段乱推 答案通常来自题干定位句的前后1–2句。 情感一致，态度同向 记叙文：人物情感、作者态度全程统一，不突然反转。 选“含蓄”，不选“直白” 原文原句原样复述 → 一般不是推理答案 同义改写、深层理解 → 才是推理答案 三、记叙文推理 4 大高频考点 1. 人物品格/性格推理 抓细节：动作、语言、神态、选择 主动帮助他人 → kind, helpful, warm-hearted 坚持不放弃 → determined, persistent 知错就改 → responsible, honest 默默付出 → selfless, caring 真题思路： 不要直接选形容词，要先考虑用行为证明品质。 2. 情感/心理推理 抓情绪词： sad, disappointed, relieved, proud, grateful, touched… 技巧： 情节转折前：多为 negative 情节转折后：多为 positive 结尾：温暖、成长、感悟 北京记叙文90%结尾向上。 3. 作者写作意图推理 记叙文常见意图： show kindness / love / friendship share a lesson / an experience inspire readers to… call on people to… 判断公式： 事件 + 情感/变化 = 写作目的 4. 后文预测/隐含信息推理 看最后一段的线索： 未解决的问题 人物的决定 明显的情感/态度倾向 答案一定顺着文章走向，不突兀。 四、解题步骤 定位：圈题干关键词，回原文定位 圈线索：划出情感词、动作词、态度词 排干扰： 绝对词一般错（only, never, always, completely） 原文原句一般不选 与主旨/情感相反必错 选同义：选择原文的同义改写、合理引申 五、干扰项特征 事实复述：原文直接有，不是推理 过度推断：推太远，文章没依据 常识正确但文章没提 情感/态度相反 绝对化表达 六、助记口诀 定位原文找细节，情感态度要对齐； 不推太远不脑补，同义改写是真理； 绝对直白都排除，含蓄合理是答案。 考点三：说明文语篇分析及高分策略。 一、核心语篇特征 （一）说明对象：聚焦三大类，贴合现实热点 北京高考说明文的说明对象始终围绕“实用、前沿、贴近生活”展开，主要分为三类，且高频重复出现： 科技发明/方法类：如无人机应用、智能技术、新型环保方案等，核心是介绍“功能-原理-优势”。 社会现象类：如食品浪费、线上办公趋势、环保意识普及等，常以“现象描述-原因分析-影响/建议”为脉络。 科研报告类：如动物行为研究、医学健康发现、社会科学实验等，突出“研究目的-过程-结果-结论”的逻辑链。 （二）结构模式：固定“总分”类框架，逻辑清晰可预判 北京真题说明文90%以上采用“总分”或“总分总”结构，段落功能明确： 首段：直接点明说明对象（如2023年真题通过设问“Can drones improve urban logistics efficiency?”引出主题，特征），或通过实例、数据引出核心话题（如2022年用“某中学数字阅读调查数据”切入青少年阅读现象）。 中间段：分点展开说明，每段围绕一个核心论据（如介绍技术时按“功能1-功能2-优势”分层，分析现象时按“个人原因-社会原因”分层），段落首句多为主题句。 尾段：总结意义、展望前景或补充注意事项（如2024年真题结尾提出“候鸟保护的实际建议”，2020年结尾强调“共享经济的规范方向”）。 （三）说明方法——解题关键线索 北京真题中反复出现的说明方法集中在四种，且与题目设置直接相关： 列数据/统计：出现具体数字（百分比、金额、时间），多用于支撑观点（如2021年真题用“68%的受访者认为运动提升记忆力”证明研究结论），常对应细节理解题。 举例说明：用“for example/instance”“such as”引出具体案例（如2022年用“某社区共享书柜运营案例”说明共享经济优势），帮助理解抽象概念，对应“段落主旨题”。 定义法：对专业术语进行解释（如2023年定义“intelligent logistics system”为“整合大数据与物联网的配送网络”），常对应词义猜测题。 对比/比较：通过“while”“however”对比不同事物（如2024年对比“人工迁徙保护”与“自然迁徙”的优劣），对应推理判断题。 （四）题目设置：聚焦四大题型，紧扣语篇核心 近五年北京真题说明文题目严格围绕“说明对象-逻辑结构-细节信息-主旨意图”展开，题型分布固定： 题型 占比 考查重点 细节理解题 40% 具体数据、功能、原因等直接信息 主旨大意/标题题 25% 说明对象及核心逻辑（如“为什么”“是什么”） 推理判断题 20% 基于原文的合理推断（态度、影响等） 词义猜测题 15% 专业术语、指代性词汇（如“this”“it”） 二、分题型解题思路 （一）第一步：30秒skim全文，锁定说明对象与结构 解题核心：先抓“骨架”再找“血肉”，避免盲目读题。 快速扫读首段和各段首句，圈画高频词（如2023年真题反复出现“drone”“logistics”，可确定说明对象为“无人机物流”）。 标注结构信号词：“firstly”“besides”“for one thing”等表示分点，“in conclusion”“overall”表示总结，预判段落功能。 目标：明确“说明对象是什么”“文章按什么逻辑展开”（如“功能-优势-前景”）。 （二）分题型精准突破 1. 细节理解题（占比最高，务必拿满分） 北京真题细节题答案多为原文信息的同义替换，解题三步走： 步骤1：题干圈画关键词（如“what is the function of intelligent logistics?”中的“function”“intelligent logistics”）。 步骤2：根据关键词定位到具体段落（主题句+后续解释部分），如2023年真题关键词“function”对应中间段首句“Intelligent logistics has three core functions”。 步骤3：比对选项与原文，排除“偷换概念”（如将“68%”改为“most”）、“无中生有”（原文未提的功能）选项，注意同义替换（如“improve efficiency”=“reduce delivery time”）。 2. 主旨大意/标题题（紧扣说明对象，拒绝片面选项） 北京真题标题题正确答案必包含“说明对象+核心逻辑”，解题技巧： 技巧1：排除只涉及局部细节的选项（如说明“无人机物流”的文章，排除仅讲“无人机配送速度”的选项）。 技巧2：优先选择“疑问式”或“概括式”标题（如2022年真题正确标题“Digital Reading: A New Trend for Teenagers”，既含对象“digital reading”，又含核心“new trend”）。 技巧3：结合首段和尾段提炼核心，如2024年真题首段讲“候鸟迁徙导航研究”，尾段讲“研究意义”，标题需涵盖两者。 3. 词义猜测题（依托说明方法，结合语境推断） 北京真题词义题多考查专业术语或指代词，解题依赖语篇线索： 若为专业术语：找后文定义解释（如2023年“intelligent logistics system”后接“which integrates big data and IoT to optimize delivery”，可推断为“智能物流系统”）。 若为指代词（this/it/that）：指代前文核心内容（如2022年“this phenomenon”指代前文“青少年数字阅读时长增长”）。 结合说明方法：若该词后有举例，可通过案例反推词义（如“sustainable development”后举“太阳能利用”案例，可推断为“可持续发展”）。 4. 推理判断题（基于原文，不做过度推断） 北京真题推理题答案需“有据可依”，避免主观臆断： 技巧1：定位原文相关段落，找“隐含逻辑”（如数据支撑的结论、对比得出的差异），如2021年通过“运动组记忆力测试得分高于对照组”，推断“运动对记忆力有积极影响”。 技巧2：关注作者态度词（如“promising”“necessary”“challenging”），2020年真题用“effective but needs regulation”，推断作者对共享经济的态度是“支持但需规范”。 技巧3：排除“绝对化表述”（如“must”“never”）和“无依据猜测”（如原文未提“未来普及程度”，则排除“will be widely used”选项）。 三、高分技巧 重视“数据类信息”：北京真题常以数据为考点，遇到数字立即圈画，注意“百分比与绝对数”“增长率与基数”的区别（如2021年“30%的人选择共享交通”≠“大多数人”）。 关注“逻辑连接词”：“however”“therefore”“in addition”后的内容常为命题点，如2023年“however, drones still face regulatory challenges”对应“推理题”（推断无人机物流的限制）。 避免“过度解读”：说明文以客观说明为主，作者态度多中立，推理题不选“极端态度”选项（如“完全支持”“彻底否定”）。 考点四：议论文结构的把握。 议论文特点及解题思路总结 议论文是以观点为核心的文体，核心围绕三要素展开，有固定的结构类型和论证方式，解题需紧扣“找中心、抓细节”的核心策略。 一、议论文三要素 1. 论点（Argument / Main Idea） 定义：作者的态度、观点、立场、主张。 特征：有主观判断、有情感/态度词、有建议（should/need to/it’s better to…）。 → 典型论点：有态度、有建议、有立场。 定位规律： 标题 首段尾句 / 尾段首句 段首主题句（topic sentence） 2. 论据（Evidence / Supporting Details） 定义：用来证明观点的事实、数据、例子、研究、调查。 特征：客观、可验证、无主观评价。 Eg： A recent survey shows 65% of teenagers spend over 3 hours a day on social media. 最近一项调查显示65%的青少年每天花3小时以上在社交媒体上。 → 典型论据：数据、调查、事实。 3. 论证（Argumentation） 高考英语最常考 4种论证方式： ① 举例论证（Example / Illustration） 标志词：for example, for instance, such as, take…as an example 例句： Many people achieve success through hard work. For example, Edison invented the light bulb after thousands of failures. → 用爱迪生的例子证明“努力成功”。 ② 对比论证（Comparison & Contrast） 标志词：but, however, while, on the other hand, compared with 例句： Online study is convenient, but it lacks face-to-face communication. → 正反对比，突出在线学习的优缺点。 ③ 道理论证 / 引用权威（Quote / Authority） 标志词：a study shows, experts believe, according to… 例句： Experts believe reading widely can improve students’ language ability. → 引用专家观点，增强说服力。 二、议论文结构 高考英语议论文90%是以下3种： 1. 总—分—总 结构：提出观点 → 分点/举例/对比论证 → 总结/重申观点 eg： 1.Para 1: We should read more books.（总：提出论点） 2.Para 2: Reading enriches our knowledge.（分论点1） 3.Para 3: Reading shapes our personality.（分论点2） 4.Para 4: In short, reading is very important.（总：总结） 2. 总—分 开头亮观点 → 下文只论证，不再总结 3. 分—总 先摆现象/例子/问题 → 最后一段得出结论/观点 （主旨题最常在这里设答案） 三、开篇方式 以故事/现象/例子开头（高考必考作用题） 3大作用： 1.introduce the topic / lead to the main idea 引出主题 2.attract readers’ interest 吸引读者兴趣 3.serve as an example to support the argument 作为论据支持论点 Eg： A boy succeeded by never giving up. This story tells us persistence is the key to success. 作用：引出主题、吸引兴趣、支撑论点。 四、高考英语议论文 解题思路 1. 主旨题 / 标题题 · 解题思路 题干： What is the main idea of the passage? What is the best title for the text? 步骤： 1.先看首尾段 + 各段首句 2.找重复出现的主题词 3.选覆盖全文、不片面、不细节的选项 避坑： 只讲某一段内容 → 错（too narrow） 完全没提到 → 错（not mentioned） 太泛、太大 → 错（too general） 真题式正确选项： The importance of reading（覆盖全文） 错误选项： A story of a famous reader（只是例子，片面） 2. 细节理解题 · 解题思路 题干：what/why/how/when… 思路： 1.圈关键词（人名、地名、数字、大写、名词） 2.回原文定位原句 3.答案多为同义替换，很少完全照搬 真题示例： 原文：65% of teens are addicted to social media. 选项：Most teenagers spend much time on social media. → 同义替换，正确。 3. 推理判断题 · 解题思路 题干：What can we infer? / What does the author suggest? 黄金规则： 忠于原文，不主观脑补 可推出 = 原文必然隐含 推太远、太绝对 → 必错 错误标志词：only, never, always, completely, all 正确标志词：may, might, possible, probably, tend to 4. 写作手法 / 论证作用题 题干： Why does the author mention the example? What is the purpose of Paragraph 3? 万能答案模板： 1.To support/show/prove the author’s view/argument. 2.To draw attention to the topic. 3.To make the argument more convincing. eg： Why does the author mention Edison? → To prove that success comes from hard work. 5. 作者态度题 常见态度词： supportive 支持的 objective 客观的 critical 批判的 doubtful 怀疑的 concerned 担忧的 positive 积极的 / negative 消极的 判断方法： 看形容词、副词、转折词： however, but 后往往是真实态度。 五、议论文答题口诀 1.先看首尾定中心，论点藏在显眼处。 2.事实论据客观真，观点态度有倾向。 3.举例引用为证明，对比突出更鲜明。 4.主旨不选小细节，推理原文不脑补。 5.作用题就三句话：引主题、吸兴趣、证观点。 （建议用时：25分钟） 【类型一：应用文】 （2025·北京东城·一模）The app store is flooded with astronomy-based apps that can help guide you towards celestial (天体的) wonders. But what if you’re ready to look deeper into the night sky using a telescope? Nobody wants to make a big investment, and then aimlessly scan the stars trying to find an object. Help is needed. Thankfully, there is a solution to that. Celestar is a leader in the world of telescopes and its StarSmart Explorer app and dock have been designed to run on its telescopes. The free StarSmart Explorer app uses information based on precise location and time to tell you which stars and planets can be seen in the night sky.How it works Connect the phone with the telescope and select your intended celestial target. The phone will be held over an integrated mirror, so that star patterns can reflect off the mirror and into the phone’s camera. StarSmart Explorer processes the information and your telescope will adjust accordingly, placing the target in the middle. As well as locating your desired target, StarSmart Explorer holds detailed information about your chosen object. Listen to an audio presentation while you observe. The app will even give you observing tips on how to get the best view.Why it’s special Most astronomy apps use a smartphone’s compass to estimate its position. The pointing accuracy of a smartphone has margin for error. Precision matters when it comes to stargazing. StarSmart Explorer is the only astronomy app to use modern plate solving technology to find its target, and it claims a typical pointing accuracy of 0.25°. The app takes a picture of the night sky and matches the star pattern within the image to its internal database. It’s similar, in essence, to facial recognition. Plate solving would normally require specialised technology, such as sensitive imaging camera, lens and astronomical software, all at great cost. The StarSmart Explorer app is free and works well with StarSmart Explorer telescopes, starting from £299.99. If you’re ready to take a deeper dive into astronomy, Celestar’s StarSmart Explorer technology will make a fine companion. You can discover more at www.celestar.com/starsmart. 1．StarSmart Explorer can help ________. A．decide observation duration B．locate stars precisely C．record information on stars D．find unknown planets 2．StarSmart Explorer is unique because________ A．it matches different types of telescopes B．it uses a smartphone’s built-in compass C．it is powered by advanced technology D．it is equipped with the latest database 3．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce a set of equipment. B．To promote a stargazing product. C．To recommend a science project. D．To present an astronomical discovery. 【类型二：记叙文】 （2025·北京东城·一模）I was in a tiny plane with skydivers in their 70s and 80s, and I was distracted. The reporter in me was trying to remember everything: the preflight rituals (仪式); the jokes; the way the jumpers checked their instruments. The rest of me was focused on the fact that in a few minutes, I would jump out of a plane flying 12,500 feet above the ground. I was reporting on West Ways, a group of skydivers in their late 50s to early 90s. The group was started in 1987 by Ms. West and her husband, and members have jumped together about once a month ever since. This Sunday, they were celebrating their holiday party, which included a gift exchange and a 28-point formation in free fall. As we reached altitude, Mr. West went over the jump formation once more before leading the group in a cheer for my jump. It was time. One by one they jumped. In the air, they grabbed hold of one another, forming the shape of a snowflake. Then it was my turn. Mr. Diaz edged me forward. I took a deep breath. And on the count of three, we leaped into free fall. I had never been so aware of my senses: I felt the cold air against my face and the wind pushing back my arms and legs. After a few seconds, I was able to look around. After a few minutes, we landed. The members of West Ways cheered and clapped me on the back as I tried to catch my breath. Over the next six hours, I interviewed them as they did two more jumps. (I stayed firmly on the ground.) I heard tales about first kisses in free fall and parachuting (跳伞) into weddings. What struck me wasn’t the extraordinary physical accomplishment, but how a long-standing, active community offers a way for those in it to age gracefully. I don’t know whether I’ll skydive again. But I hope that when I’m 80, I can regularly experience a suspension of time with people I’ve known for decades, before we parachute back down to earth. 1．What do we know about West Ways? A．They make jumping a routine. B．They are well trained professionals. C．They set an age limit to new members. D．They are famous for their diving patterns. 2．Why did the author join West Ways that day? A．To celebrate a holiday. B．To try a sport. C．To care for the elderly. D．To cover a story. 3．What impressed the author most about West Ways? A．Their optimistic attitude. B．Their lifelong bond. C．Their physical achievements. D．Their remarkable skills. 【类型三：说明文和议论文】 （2025·北京朝阳·一模）In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept. From a philosophical standpoint, the debate around free will has continued intensely for centuries. Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework. In contrast, incompatibilists maintain free will and determinism are mutually exclusive. Hard determinists view the universe as a closed system governed by strict laws of nature, where every event, including human actions, is predetermined. In this view, the idea of free will is an illusion (幻觉). Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity. Studies on the brain’s reward system and neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine (多巴胺), further challenge the nature of free will. Addictive behaviors, for instance, can be strongly influenced by the brain’s response to dopamine. A person struggling with addiction may feel they lack the free will to resist it, as their brain chemistry has been altered in a way that forces them into acting. The scientific evidence is not conclusive, though. Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made. Additionally, the complexity of the human brain and the fact that much of its functioning is still not fully understood leave room for the possibility of free will. If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too. 1．Which of the following situations reflects the compatibilists’ view? A．Driven by dopamine, Tim keeps checking his social media. B．Lucy speaks first after being randomly selected by software. C．Exposed to a sudden blinding light, Lily quickly shuts her eyes. D．Jerry shifts between companies of shared bikes based on discounts. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The altered brain chemistry enhances free will. B．Conscious decisions are independent of neural activities. C．Hard determinists see free will vital to moral accountability. D．Neuroscientists’ views on the causes of human actions differ. 3．As for the existence of free will, the author is ________. A．neutral B．disapproving C．positive D．doubtful 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Does Neuroscience Threaten Free Will? B．Why the Arguments Against Free Will Fail C．Exploration into the Complexity of Free Will D．Free Will: Bridging Neuroscience and Philosophy （建议用时：25分钟） 【类型一：应用文】 （2025·北京东城·二模）The Summer Science Program (SSP) is a unique immersion experience with a strong culture that has evolved over more than half a century. It is designed to challenge and inspire talented and motivated high school students from around the world. Here, young people discover their limits, and then overcome them by working together. Through informal interactions with faculty, participants receive guidance on college and major selection, helping them become more reflective applicants. There is no application fee. While a program fee exists, need-based aid funded by our generous donors allows participants from lower-income families to attend at a fee they can afford.◆ What to Expect Unlike traditional coursework, the program offers hands-on opportunities, allowing participants to do science, not just learn about it. Working in teams of three, they tackle real-world challenges while developing critical skills like time management. Classroom and lab sessions are scheduled six days a week. Classroom time centers on building a foundation in experimental science and the team’s specific research topic. Each team studies its own target, performing the research from data collection to final reporting. The program also includes a Guest Lecture Series, featuring presentations by renowned scientists and trained professionals who offer valuable scientific insights and experiences. Upon completion, the program provides a letter of participation (not an evaluation), though participants may request recommendations from faculty. The program operates under a Code of Honor, with no tests or grades.◆ How to Apply Once you begin your application, we recommend considering the following: Online submission of final research track choice by deadline Full participation without other programs during the program A statement of research expectations demonstrating your personal motivation for the program and outlining what you hope to gain from it The only academic precondition is to complete specific courses needed for the program for a grade and credit by June 2025. We do not require AP or advanced level classes and self-study does not qualify. We will not collect or consider standardized test scores for admission for 2025(including PSAT, ACT/SAT, and APs). If you have any questions, please read our FAQ or visit our website www.ourssp.org. 1．What do we know about SSP? A．It is free of charge. B．It is famous for its long history. C．It is open to high school students. D．It is aimed at cultural communication. 2．What do participants in SSP do? A．Do research in pairs. B．Learn science by doing. C．Take tests on a regular basis. D．Cooperate with guest lecturers. 3．To apply for the program, one should ______. A．pass standardized tests B．submit a research proposal C．finish the required course D．provide a recommendation letter 【类型二：记叙文】 （2025·北京朝阳·二模）Writing is a bug, and I caught it very early on in life. When my parents cleared their storage room out recently, they found The Story Book Special I wrote when I was nine years old. I couldn’t believe my imagination was so wild. Reading it reminded me of how special words had been to me at an early age. It’s a feeling that has lasted, through my school years and far, far beyond. At the age of 18, I joined Kent Police and spent twelve years living every little boy’s dream of driving cars fast and playing cops and robbers for real. It’s safe to say it’s a career I’d still be in now, if not for what happened when I was 28. I was a fit man when, unexpectedly, I was diagnosed with an incurable heart disease. It’s the disease you hear of when a sportsperson suddenly drops dead on the field of play. But, you know what, it’s one of the best things to have happened to me. When this happened, I made a to-do list. At the top of it was to write a full-length, “proper” book. I wrote the first draft of my first novel in three months and loved every minute of the process. I knew this was what I wanted to do, more than anything, and getting into publishing can’t be that hard... right? Wrong! As every author knows, brick walls are everywhere, and when you knock one down, there’s another one. After a few false starts, I coupled with my wonderful agent, Nicky. We spent eight solid months editing and sent the manuscript off. Once again, we received some dressed-up “no’s”, until Rachel, an editor I’d really wanted to work with, read it. Her vision for the book is exactly consistent with mine! Now my first novel is optioned for television, and is in the hands of a wonderful production team both here in London, and in Australia where it will be filmed. Writing is what I love, and seeing my little story book from when I was nine really drove it home to me. We don’t often get another chance in life, but I was given one when I survived something tragically fatal. Now, with my second chance, I’m giving it the best go I can. 1．How did the author feel when reading The Story Book Special? A．Nervous. B．Relieved. C．Proud. D．Ashamed. 2．After being told he had heart disease, the author decided to ___________. A．get a job in publishing B．continue working as a policeman C．pick up a new hobby D．pursue his passion for words 3．What happened when the author acted on his to-do list? A．His first novel was turned down many times. B．He adapted his novel and filmed it in Australia. C．He worked with a co-author to improve the draft. D．His continuous efforts earned Rachel’s appreciation. 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Two heads are better than one. B．A little bit more sums up success. C．It’s hard to change one’s nature. D．A setback is a setup for a comeback. 【类型三：说明文和议论文】 （2025·北京朝阳·二模）Books are about to become a little less “Impressive!”, “Appealing!” and “Spellbinding!”. Fewer still will offer a “tour de force” (whatever one of those might be). That is because Simon & Schuster, an American publisher, has decided to stop doing book blurbs ( also called “puffs” in Britain) — those invited comments from other authors on the back of books. They are, says Sean Manning, the company’s publisher, “very awkward”. The problem with blurbs is that there is always a need to publicly evaluate books. It is a fact in the life of a writer that if one publicly publishes, one is going to be publicly judged. When negative, such judgments can be painful, when stupid, it can be maddening, but when positive, it can also be a joyful, supportive moment. However, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) responses. The style of a puff is, as the name suggests, breathless. Someone might declare a book “authoritative”; another, “unputdownable”; and a third, “If you can read this book without screaming with excitement, your soul is dead”. You feel guilty, wrote George Orwell, when you are in the library and “fail to scream with delight”. Also, in theory blurbs are testament to an author’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament to their social ones: they often reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry. Literary heavyweights hate giving them. “We would as soon sell our tears for lemon-drops”, wrote Nathaniel Parker Willis, a poet, than thus “spoil one of the truthful adjectives in the world”. New authors struggle to get blurbs, which is partly why Simon & Schuster is giving them up. Blurbs more often exemplify the very bad writing. Many are less written than pieced up from stock phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdownable page-turner!” — with an exclamation mark at the end. This makes them exhausting to read! There has been honest copy on dust jackets — T. S. Eliot’s description of Louis MacNeice, a fellow poet, informed readers that “His work is accessible but unpopular” — but it is too rare. It turns out that the habit of using words like “unputdownable” is itself quite putdownable. Mr. Manning says his editors will use the time they save on chasing quotes to instead produce good books. Not, note, “charming” or “absorbing” books but simply “the best books possible”. It is an admirably modest aim. 1．What can we learn about blurbs? A．They serve the interest of book writers. B．They guarantee legitimate responses. C．New authors are sick of writing them. D．Readers feel guilty after reading them. 2．The author uses Eliot’s example mainly to ____________. A．advocate the originality in blurbs B．clarify a misconception about blurbs C．distinguish the various types of current blurbs D．suggest the widespread presence of dishonest blurbs 3．What can we infer from the passage? A．Blurbs are self-defeating. B．There is no need for blurbs. C．Blurbs promote social skills. D．Established authors favor blurbs. （建议用时：25分钟） Passage 1 （2025·北京海淀·二模）When I arrived at the Sign Language Center in Manhattan for my first American Sign Language (ASL) class, a man took one look at my hesitant posture and held up some fingers. One? Two? I put up one finger, and he directed me to the Level 1 class. It was disorienting: Class time was strictly “voices off” to encourage immersive learning and to show respect to the deaf teachers. Without the power of speech, all my classmates and I could do was smile and nod at one another as we took in the new vocabulary. Learning ASL in the early weeks was a culture shock and a bruise to my ego. As a writer, I pride myself on a certain facility with language. I was taught that there’s a perfect combination of words that can most precisely communicate any thought. With ASL, I expected to feel similarly, and thought fluency would come once I collected a critical mass of signs. The first thing you learn in ASL class is the alphabet. As my classmates and I asked and answered questions using words we didn’t have the signs for, those early weeks were filled with laborious spelling. It was embarrassing: Seeing a dozen politely smiling faces watching me as I slowly spelled, misspelled and restarted spelling words— often multiple times— was its own kind of torture. Over time, I picked up on new conventions, like waving a hand or stomping on the ground to get someone’s attention. My fingers stalled as they reached for new shapes, and I struggled to differentiate very similar looking signs. Eventually I realized that when you’re communicating in sign language, diction (措词) is not as important as the way you embody what you’re communicating. I once asked a teacher how to sign the word “desperate”. “ASL doesn’t have a direct translation of every English word,” he told me. “If you want to sign ‘desperate’, you might just sign the word ‘want’, but with the appropriate facial and body posturing to show your desperation. It doesn’t make sense to sign ‘frustrated’ if your face doesn’t look at all frustrated,” he added — it’s like speaking in a deadpan monotone while claiming you’re angry. I’ve been attending ASL classes for almost two years. Initially, my reason was trivial: a childhood fascination with “secret languages”. While ASL may not wholly share a vocabulary with English, that doesn’t mean it lacks precision. Its precision, I’ve learned, lies in the common language of the body. 1．How did the author feel in the first ASL class? A．Frustrated. B．Confused. C．Anxious. D．Hesitant. 2．What made the author embarrassed when learning the alphabet? A．Putting on smiling facial expressions. B．Being made fun of in front of the class. C．Waving a hand to get someone’s attention. D．Misspelling and respelling words repeatedly. 3．According to the passage, what can we learn about ASL? A．It’s a universal language system across cultures. B．It conveys more emotions than verbal language. C．It requires a combination of signs and emotions. D．It has a direct translation of signs for every word. 4．What has the author learned from her learning experience? A．The body is what gives language life. B．Diction is what gives language flavour. C．Fluency comes from the mastery of signs. D．ASL prioritizes precision over communication. Passage 2 （2025·北京海淀·一模）Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. One subset of AI, large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn about the individual user and adapt accordingly. For example, if you’re a super fan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates, ads, and videos tailored to your interests 24 hours a day. Some algorithms may even learn your schedule, pushing information at you during precisely those times when you’re most likely to be looking. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes, or even fake articles,feeding you conspiracy theories about rival teams. This is a miserable reality for at least two reasons.For one, there are neither computational methods or ethical incentives (激励) in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer live with an accurate understanding of football team that is fully compatible with anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of institutions that have more direct social consequences?Education? Politics? With the fall of the press and polarization of everything,conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of authenticity; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conservations that speakers cared enough to have. Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. 1．The author mentions The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 to . A．make a comparison B．illustrate a situation C．support an argument D．propose a suggestion 2．According to the passage, personalized AI agents may . A．isolate individuals in false realities B．confirm the credibility of the content C．discourage the companies’ ethical incentives D．improve user behavior by feeding targeted ads 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Algorithms have raised concerns over privacy. B．LLMs are in great need of computational upgrade. C．Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D．Technology development results in polarized society. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and the Future of Human Interaction B．AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C．The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D．Algorithmic Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations Passage 3 （2025·北京海淀·一模）If you find yourself with several million dollars more than you need, how should you spend the money? One answer might be to do whatever you want, within the bounds of the law. Another is to donate it to a charity. You may also support an organization that is working to reduce existential risks. The history of philosophy consists of attempts to shed light on such questions. However, philosophy’s open secret is that these attempts don’t add up to anything decisive. When it comes to what we ought to do in any given situation, different ethical systems offer different guidance. Conflict is baked into questions like, “What ought I to do?” Or is it? An awareness of difference is certainly crucial to such an inquiry. But this needn’t become a conflict until you’re forced to pick a side. Some philosophers have sought to eliminate the conflict between ethical systems. Derek Parfit, one of the most respected philosophers of the past fifty years, devoted the second half of his life to precisely this task. Unfortunately, the position that different ethical positions can be reconciled (和解) is itself a position others may not accept. Parfit believed people could have a good reason to act morally,independent of their knowledge or beliefs. If you find yourself in a position to alleviate (减轻) others’ suffering without significantly inconveniencing yourself, then you should act. It is just a moral fact that there is a right thing that you ought to do. By contrast, Bernard Williams argued it made no sense to talk about people’s reasons independently from their motivations. Someone cannot have a reason to do something that they have no desire to do-because however wrong-headed their preferences may be, subjectivity is the ground truth for “having a reason”. As in Peter Singer’s parable (寓言) of a child drowning in a shallow pond, it self-evidently seems immoral not to save this child if the only cost for you is a pair of new trainers. This is as clear as a philosophical argument can get. However, as with all moral reasoning, you are free to reject the logic or assumptions behind Singer’s argument, regardless of its clarity. Parfit was a philosopher’s philosopher. Yet he suffered from the fact that irreconcilable ethical systems exist. Why? Because one conclusion that follows from this is that, if the differences between such systems cannot be resolved by philosophical means, conflict of a literal kind will always exist beneath their differences. As Karl Popper puts it, “ If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.” This is the rub. Philosophy is of the world as well as of the page-and even the gentlest words may, sooner or later, need an army to defend them. “We should therefore claim,” Popper continued, “in the name of the tolerance, the right not to tolerate the intolerant.” I’m not surprised that Parfit felt despair at the limits of his persuasiveness. What’s amazing is that more philosophers don’t feel the same way. 1．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Phiosophy can help resolve ethical conflicts. B．Ethical inquiries aid in serving the public good. C．Conflicting views exist between ethical systems. D．Accepting conflicts is the basis of philosophical inquiry. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Philosophers stress logic over subjectivity. B．Williamns holds moral reasoning forces acceptance. C．Parfit believes moral acts require personal sacrifice. D．Reconciling ethical systems has real-world implications. 3．According to Karl Popper, we can learn that . A．intolerance originates in absolute tolerance B．unlimited tolerance invites self-destruction C．tolerance is for people who share the same values D．philosophical ideals sometimes require military defense 4．How does the author feel towards Parfit’s pursuit? A．Sympathetic. B．Hopeless. C．Skeptical. D．Astonished. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 重难点12 阅读综合强化：四大语篇突破 ( 内容导航 速度提升 技巧掌握 手感养成 重难考向聚焦 锁定目标 精准打击： 本专项核心考查四大核心语篇类型 ，其中 重 点考查 说明文的细节理解与主旨概括、记叙文的情感态度与推理判断、议论文的观点态度与论证逻辑、应用文的信息定位与细节匹配 ， 难点 为跨段推理题、词义猜测题（结合语境与逻辑）、主旨大意题（区分局部细节与全文主旨）、观点态度题（隐含观点的精准捕捉）。 重难技巧突破 授予利器 瓦解难点： 1.语篇定调，题型对焦（先判断语篇类型，再匹配解题策略） 2.定位关键词，回归原文句（细节题必用，避免主观臆断） 3.逻辑串段意，主旨藏首尾（主旨题核心，警惕细节干扰） 重难保分练 稳扎稳打 必拿分数 ： 聚焦 3 种类型可稳拿分数题目，确保重难点基础分值 重难抢分练 突破瓶颈 争夺高分： 聚焦 3 种类型中高难度题目，争夺关键分数 重难冲刺练 模拟实战 挑战顶尖： 挑战高考和模拟综合题型，养成稳定攻克难题的“题感”。 ) 考点 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势 考点1考查应用文 （5年5考） 2021北京卷—A篇; 2022北京卷—A篇; 2023北京卷—A篇; 2024北京卷—A篇; 2025北京卷—A篇。 1.语篇类型均衡化：说明文占比最高，但需全面掌握四大语篇解题逻辑。 2.话题贴近现实：聚焦社会热点（如人工智能、环保、社会比较）、个人成长（如挫折应对、自我认知）、文化传承（如非物质文化遗产、道德规范起源），凸显实用性与时代性。 3.推理题占比上升，强调对语篇深层逻辑与隐含信息的解读。 4.词义猜测题语境化：不再单纯考查词汇本义，而是结合上下文逻辑、语篇结构甚至文化背景推断。 5.主旨题聚焦核心观点：避免单一段落细节干扰，强调对全文论点、说明对象或叙事主线的把握。 6.语篇长度稳定化，注重信息密度与阅读速度的平衡，要求快速抓取核心信息。 考点2考查记叙文 （5年5考） 2021北京卷—B篇; 2022北京卷—B篇; 2023北京卷—B篇; 2024北京卷—B篇; 2025北京卷—B篇。 考点3考查说明文 （5年5考） 2021北京卷—C篇; 2022北京卷—C篇; 2023北京卷—C篇; 2024北京卷—C篇; 2025北京卷—C篇。 考点4考查议论文 （5年5考） 2021北京卷—D篇; 2022北京卷—D篇; 2023北京卷—D篇; 2024北京卷—D篇; 2025北京卷—D篇。 考点一：细节理解题的同义替换。 1.（2023·北京·高考真题）The International Olympic Committee(IOC)Young Leaders programme empowers talents to make a positive difference in their communities through sport. Twenty-five Young Leaders are being selected every two years for a four-year period. They promote the Olympic values, spreading the message of sport for good. To be an IOC Young Leader, you need to first complete the 4-Week Learning Sprint (冲刺). 4-Week Learning Sprint The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. Each week, participants will be asked to complete a topic﹣specific reflection task. The 4-Week Learning Sprint is open to anyone, with the target audience aged between 20 and 28. After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport﹣based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader. Requirements for the Applicants You have successfully completed the 4-Week Learning Sprint. You have completed your high school studies. You have at least one year of work experience. You have strong public speaking skills. You are self-motivated and committed. You are passionate about creating positive change in your community. You are open to being coached and advised by experts and peers (同伴). You are able to work with people from different backgrounds. In the 4-Week Learning Sprint, participants will ________. A．create change in their community B．attend a virtual learning programme C．meet people from different backgrounds D．promote the IOC Young Leaders project 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据4-Week Learning Sprint部分中“The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. (为期4周的学习冲刺是一个虚拟学习计划，将于2023年11月进行。这些会议可以现场观看，也可以在IOC频道播出后观看)”可知，在为期四周的学习冲刺中，参与者将参加虚拟学习课程。故选B。 2.（2025·北京东城·一模）Anyone with insomnia knows the impatience and frustration that accompanies sleeplessness. You long for a button that could instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea of a mental switch is not far-fetched. Most neuroscientists now agree that our wakefulness is coordinated by a tiny bundle of neurons (一小束神经元) known as the “locus coeruleus” (LC), Latin for “blue dot”. It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will “fire” with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area. According to the passage, what is the role of the LC? A．Producing receptors. B．Preserving cell sensitivity. C．Monitoring brain activity. D．Improving neural connectivity. 答案：D 解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area.(当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的突起将一束束这种神经递质传递到大脑的其他区域，增强该区域神经元之间的通信)”可知，蓝斑核（LC）的作用是改善神经连接，增强神经元之间的通信。故选D。 阅读理解正确选项与原文同义替换举例 一、词汇层面同义替换 1. 核心名词替换 题目（2025·北京·高考真题）：TransForm allows the teens to____________. 答案：D. attend hands-on sessions 原文对应：TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks, hands-on workshops, and off-site experiences. 替换逻辑：“sessions”与“workshops”为同义名词，均表示“课程、研习会”，核心含义一致。 题目（2024·北京·高考真题）：In the programme, students will _________. 答案：D. practise their language skills 原文对应：Students record short entries after each partner meeting noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed. 替换逻辑：“practise”（动词原形）与“practised”（过去分词作定语）为同源词替换，核心动作“练习语言技能”一致。 2. 动词及动词短语替换 题目（2025·北京东城·二模）：What do we know about SSP? 答案：C. It is open to high school students. 原文对应：It is designed to challenge and inspire talented and motivated high school students from around the world. 替换逻辑：“be open to”与“be designed to challenge and inspire”为功能同义替换，均表示“面向某一群体”。 题目（2024·北京·高考真题）：How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? 答案：B. Inspired. 原文对应：Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given... But now is the time to set the record straight. 替换逻辑：“Inspired”（受启发的）与“help expose... set the record straight”（帮助揭露问题并纠正）为情感与行为结果的同义对应，体现作者受到启发后的转变。 3. 形容词替换 题目（2025·北京西城·二模）：Who is most suitable for this program? 答案：C. A 19-year-old university student who is medically fit. 原文对应：you must also have your doctor sign our medical form confirming you are medically fit to participate. 替换逻辑：“medically fit”在答案与原文中完全一致，属于直接同义复用，同时“suitable”与“fit to participate”构成同义表达。 题目（2023·北京·高考真题第36题）：How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? 答案：A. Anxious. 原文对应：My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name... my vision blurred. 替换逻辑：“Anxious”（焦虑的）与“heart raced”（心跳加速）为情绪与生理反应的同义替换，均体现紧张焦虑的状态。 二、句式层面同义替换 1. 主动语态与被动语态转换 题目（2025·北京朝阳·一模）：The case studies to be submitted should ________. 答案：B. maximize public participation 原文对应：The case studies should be grounded in evidence-based research and involve the widest possible participation of the community, groups or individuals. 替换逻辑：主动表达“maximize public participation”与被动含义的“involve the widest possible participation”同义，均表示“最大化参与度”。 题目（2022·北京·高考真题）：The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. 答案：C. introduce the topic 原文对应：Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential. 替换逻辑：原文通过设问引出后续的“systems thinking”，答案“introduce the topic”是对这一写作目的的同义句式概括。 2. 同义句型转换 题目（2025·北京海淀·二模）：Which of the following highlights global consciousness? 答案：C. IB programs. 原文对应：The IB program offers college-level classes that stress developing your thinking skills and an awareness of global issues. 替换逻辑：“highlights global consciousness”（强调全球意识）与“stress... an awareness of global issues”（强调全球问题意识）为句型转换后的同义表达，核心含义一致。 题目（2021·北京·高考真题）：According to this passage，applicants are required to________． 答案：C. be fluent in either English or French 原文对应：You should have a good command of either English or French. 替换逻辑：“be fluent in”与“have a good command of”为同义句型，均表示“精通某语言”。 三、逻辑层面同义替换 1. 因果关系同义转换 题目（2025·北京东城·一模）：Why does the author mention bees? 答案：C. To draw out a comparison. 原文对应：It is unsettling to learn... I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect... The bees had learned to discriminate... between the two artists’ styles. 替换逻辑：原文通过蜜蜂的辨画能力与人类对比，答案“To draw out a comparison”是对这一因果目的的同义概括。 2. 目的关系同义转换 题目（2025·北京西城·一模）：Uday Bhatia’s experience in Bichpuri village influenced him to ________. 答案：B. create a low-cost, backup-based lightbulb 原文对应：When I learned that children were using flashlights and kerosene lamps to study, I wanted to find a solution... developed the Smart OutageGuard (OG), a low-cost backup lightbulb. 替换逻辑：“influenced him to create”与“wanted to find a solution... developed”为目的关系的同义转换，均体现“为解决问题而研发产品”的逻辑。 3. 条件关系同义转换 题目（2025·北京海淀·一模）：Through CVP, Community Volunteers will . 答案：D. learn how social issues are addressed 原文对应：Gain a deeper understanding of how organizations in Boston approach social issues in the communities. 替换逻辑：“learn how... are addressed”与“Gain a deeper understanding of how... approach”为条件结果的同义转换，均表示“通过参与项目获得对社会问题解决方式的认知”。 考点二：记叙文的推理判断。 一、题型识别：推理判断题常见标志 What can we infer from the passage? What does the author imply…? What can we learn about…? What is the purpose of…? What can be concluded from…? 北京高考记叙文特点 以个人经历、成长故事、温情小事、人物品格为主 重情感、态度、价值观，轻复杂逻辑 答案不直接在原文原句，但一定有据可依 二、核心原则 立足原文，不主观脑补 推理 = 原文信息 + 合理逻辑 ❌ 禁止：常识代入、个人经验、过度联想 就近推理，不跨段乱推 答案通常来自题干定位句的前后1–2句。 情感一致，态度同向 记叙文：人物情感、作者态度全程统一，不突然反转。 选“含蓄”，不选“直白” 原文原句原样复述 → 一般不是推理答案 同义改写、深层理解 → 才是推理答案 三、记叙文推理 4 大高频考点 1. 人物品格/性格推理 抓细节：动作、语言、神态、选择 主动帮助他人 → kind, helpful, warm-hearted 坚持不放弃 → determined, persistent 知错就改 → responsible, honest 默默付出 → selfless, caring 真题思路： 不要直接选形容词，要先考虑用行为证明品质。 2. 情感/心理推理 抓情绪词： sad, disappointed, relieved, proud, grateful, touched… 技巧： 情节转折前：多为 negative 情节转折后：多为 positive 结尾：温暖、成长、感悟 北京记叙文90%结尾向上。 3. 作者写作意图推理 记叙文常见意图： show kindness / love / friendship share a lesson / an experience inspire readers to… call on people to… 判断公式： 事件 + 情感/变化 = 写作目的 4. 后文预测/隐含信息推理 看最后一段的线索： 未解决的问题 人物的决定 明显的情感/态度倾向 答案一定顺着文章走向，不突兀。 四、解题步骤 定位：圈题干关键词，回原文定位 圈线索：划出情感词、动作词、态度词 排干扰： 绝对词一般错（only, never, always, completely） 原文原句一般不选 与主旨/情感相反必错 选同义：选择原文的同义改写、合理引申 五、干扰项特征 事实复述：原文直接有，不是推理 过度推断：推太远，文章没依据 常识正确但文章没提 情感/态度相反 绝对化表达 六、助记口诀 定位原文找细节，情感态度要对齐； 不推太远不脑补，同义改写是真理； 绝对直白都排除，含蓄合理是答案。 考点三：说明文语篇分析及高分策略。 一、核心语篇特征 （一）说明对象：聚焦三大类，贴合现实热点 北京高考说明文的说明对象始终围绕“实用、前沿、贴近生活”展开，主要分为三类，且高频重复出现： 科技发明/方法类：如无人机应用、智能技术、新型环保方案等，核心是介绍“功能-原理-优势”。 社会现象类：如食品浪费、线上办公趋势、环保意识普及等，常以“现象描述-原因分析-影响/建议”为脉络。 科研报告类：如动物行为研究、医学健康发现、社会科学实验等，突出“研究目的-过程-结果-结论”的逻辑链。 （二）结构模式：固定“总分”类框架，逻辑清晰可预判 北京真题说明文90%以上采用“总分”或“总分总”结构，段落功能明确： 首段：直接点明说明对象（如2023年真题通过设问“Can drones improve urban logistics efficiency?”引出主题，特征），或通过实例、数据引出核心话题（如2022年用“某中学数字阅读调查数据”切入青少年阅读现象）。 中间段：分点展开说明，每段围绕一个核心论据（如介绍技术时按“功能1-功能2-优势”分层，分析现象时按“个人原因-社会原因”分层），段落首句多为主题句。 尾段：总结意义、展望前景或补充注意事项（如2024年真题结尾提出“候鸟保护的实际建议”，2020年结尾强调“共享经济的规范方向”）。 （三）说明方法——解题关键线索 北京真题中反复出现的说明方法集中在四种，且与题目设置直接相关： 列数据/统计：出现具体数字（百分比、金额、时间），多用于支撑观点（如2021年真题用“68%的受访者认为运动提升记忆力”证明研究结论），常对应细节理解题。 举例说明：用“for example/instance”“such as”引出具体案例（如2022年用“某社区共享书柜运营案例”说明共享经济优势），帮助理解抽象概念，对应“段落主旨题”。 定义法：对专业术语进行解释（如2023年定义“intelligent logistics system”为“整合大数据与物联网的配送网络”），常对应词义猜测题。 对比/比较：通过“while”“however”对比不同事物（如2024年对比“人工迁徙保护”与“自然迁徙”的优劣），对应推理判断题。 （四）题目设置：聚焦四大题型，紧扣语篇核心 近五年北京真题说明文题目严格围绕“说明对象-逻辑结构-细节信息-主旨意图”展开，题型分布固定： 题型 占比 考查重点 细节理解题 40% 具体数据、功能、原因等直接信息 主旨大意/标题题 25% 说明对象及核心逻辑（如“为什么”“是什么”） 推理判断题 20% 基于原文的合理推断（态度、影响等） 词义猜测题 15% 专业术语、指代性词汇（如“this”“it”） 二、分题型解题思路 （一）第一步：30秒skim全文，锁定说明对象与结构 解题核心：先抓“骨架”再找“血肉”，避免盲目读题。 快速扫读首段和各段首句，圈画高频词（如2023年真题反复出现“drone”“logistics”，可确定说明对象为“无人机物流”）。 标注结构信号词：“firstly”“besides”“for one thing”等表示分点，“in conclusion”“overall”表示总结，预判段落功能。 目标：明确“说明对象是什么”“文章按什么逻辑展开”（如“功能-优势-前景”）。 （二）分题型精准突破 1. 细节理解题（占比最高，务必拿满分） 北京真题细节题答案多为原文信息的同义替换，解题三步走： 步骤1：题干圈画关键词（如“what is the function of intelligent logistics?”中的“function”“intelligent logistics”）。 步骤2：根据关键词定位到具体段落（主题句+后续解释部分），如2023年真题关键词“function”对应中间段首句“Intelligent logistics has three core functions”。 步骤3：比对选项与原文，排除“偷换概念”（如将“68%”改为“most”）、“无中生有”（原文未提的功能）选项，注意同义替换（如“improve efficiency”=“reduce delivery time”）。 2. 主旨大意/标题题（紧扣说明对象，拒绝片面选项） 北京真题标题题正确答案必包含“说明对象+核心逻辑”，解题技巧： 技巧1：排除只涉及局部细节的选项（如说明“无人机物流”的文章，排除仅讲“无人机配送速度”的选项）。 技巧2：优先选择“疑问式”或“概括式”标题（如2022年真题正确标题“Digital Reading: A New Trend for Teenagers”，既含对象“digital reading”，又含核心“new trend”）。 技巧3：结合首段和尾段提炼核心，如2024年真题首段讲“候鸟迁徙导航研究”，尾段讲“研究意义”，标题需涵盖两者。 3. 词义猜测题（依托说明方法，结合语境推断） 北京真题词义题多考查专业术语或指代词，解题依赖语篇线索： 若为专业术语：找后文定义解释（如2023年“intelligent logistics system”后接“which integrates big data and IoT to optimize delivery”，可推断为“智能物流系统”）。 若为指代词（this/it/that）：指代前文核心内容（如2022年“this phenomenon”指代前文“青少年数字阅读时长增长”）。 结合说明方法：若该词后有举例，可通过案例反推词义（如“sustainable development”后举“太阳能利用”案例，可推断为“可持续发展”）。 4. 推理判断题（基于原文，不做过度推断） 北京真题推理题答案需“有据可依”，避免主观臆断： 技巧1：定位原文相关段落，找“隐含逻辑”（如数据支撑的结论、对比得出的差异），如2021年通过“运动组记忆力测试得分高于对照组”，推断“运动对记忆力有积极影响”。 技巧2：关注作者态度词（如“promising”“necessary”“challenging”），2020年真题用“effective but needs regulation”，推断作者对共享经济的态度是“支持但需规范”。 技巧3：排除“绝对化表述”（如“must”“never”）和“无依据猜测”（如原文未提“未来普及程度”，则排除“will be widely used”选项）。 三、高分技巧 重视“数据类信息”：北京真题常以数据为考点，遇到数字立即圈画，注意“百分比与绝对数”“增长率与基数”的区别（如2021年“30%的人选择共享交通”≠“大多数人”）。 关注“逻辑连接词”：“however”“therefore”“in addition”后的内容常为命题点，如2023年“however, drones still face regulatory challenges”对应“推理题”（推断无人机物流的限制）。 避免“过度解读”：说明文以客观说明为主，作者态度多中立，推理题不选“极端态度”选项（如“完全支持”“彻底否定”）。 考点四：议论文结构的把握。 议论文特点及解题思路总结 议论文是以观点为核心的文体，核心围绕三要素展开，有固定的结构类型和论证方式，解题需紧扣“找中心、抓细节”的核心策略。 一、议论文三要素 1. 论点（Argument / Main Idea） 定义：作者的态度、观点、立场、主张。 特征：有主观判断、有情感/态度词、有建议（should/need to/it’s better to…）。 → 典型论点：有态度、有建议、有立场。 定位规律： 标题 首段尾句 / 尾段首句 段首主题句（topic sentence） 2. 论据（Evidence / Supporting Details） 定义：用来证明观点的事实、数据、例子、研究、调查。 特征：客观、可验证、无主观评价。 Eg： A recent survey shows 65% of teenagers spend over 3 hours a day on social media. 最近一项调查显示65%的青少年每天花3小时以上在社交媒体上。 → 典型论据：数据、调查、事实。 3. 论证（Argumentation） 高考英语最常考 4种论证方式： ① 举例论证（Example / Illustration） 标志词：for example, for instance, such as, take…as an example 例句： Many people achieve success through hard work. For example, Edison invented the light bulb after thousands of failures. → 用爱迪生的例子证明“努力成功”。 ② 对比论证（Comparison & Contrast） 标志词：but, however, while, on the other hand, compared with 例句： Online study is convenient, but it lacks face-to-face communication. → 正反对比，突出在线学习的优缺点。 ③ 道理论证 / 引用权威（Quote / Authority） 标志词：a study shows, experts believe, according to… 例句： Experts believe reading widely can improve students’ language ability. → 引用专家观点，增强说服力。 二、议论文结构 高考英语议论文90%是以下3种： 1. 总—分—总 结构：提出观点 → 分点/举例/对比论证 → 总结/重申观点 eg： 1.Para 1: We should read more books.（总：提出论点） 2.Para 2: Reading enriches our knowledge.（分论点1） 3.Para 3: Reading shapes our personality.（分论点2） 4.Para 4: In short, reading is very important.（总：总结） 2. 总—分 开头亮观点 → 下文只论证，不再总结 3. 分—总 先摆现象/例子/问题 → 最后一段得出结论/观点 （主旨题最常在这里设答案） 三、开篇方式 以故事/现象/例子开头（高考必考作用题） 3大作用： 1.introduce the topic / lead to the main idea 引出主题 2.attract readers’ interest 吸引读者兴趣 3.serve as an example to support the argument 作为论据支持论点 Eg： A boy succeeded by never giving up. This story tells us persistence is the key to success. 作用：引出主题、吸引兴趣、支撑论点。 四、高考英语议论文 解题思路 1. 主旨题 / 标题题 · 解题思路 题干： What is the main idea of the passage? What is the best title for the text? 步骤： 1.先看首尾段 + 各段首句 2.找重复出现的主题词 3.选覆盖全文、不片面、不细节的选项 避坑： 只讲某一段内容 → 错（too narrow） 完全没提到 → 错（not mentioned） 太泛、太大 → 错（too general） 真题式正确选项： The importance of reading（覆盖全文） 错误选项： A story of a famous reader（只是例子，片面） 2. 细节理解题 · 解题思路 题干：what/why/how/when… 思路： 1.圈关键词（人名、地名、数字、大写、名词） 2.回原文定位原句 3.答案多为同义替换，很少完全照搬 真题示例： 原文：65% of teens are addicted to social media. 选项：Most teenagers spend much time on social media. → 同义替换，正确。 3. 推理判断题 · 解题思路 题干：What can we infer? / What does the author suggest? 黄金规则： 忠于原文，不主观脑补 可推出 = 原文必然隐含 推太远、太绝对 → 必错 错误标志词：only, never, always, completely, all 正确标志词：may, might, possible, probably, tend to 4. 写作手法 / 论证作用题 题干： Why does the author mention the example? What is the purpose of Paragraph 3? 万能答案模板： 1.To support/show/prove the author’s view/argument. 2.To draw attention to the topic. 3.To make the argument more convincing. eg： Why does the author mention Edison? → To prove that success comes from hard work. 5. 作者态度题 常见态度词： supportive 支持的 objective 客观的 critical 批判的 doubtful 怀疑的 concerned 担忧的 positive 积极的 / negative 消极的 判断方法： 看形容词、副词、转折词： however, but 后往往是真实态度。 五、议论文答题口诀 1.先看首尾定中心，论点藏在显眼处。 2.事实论据客观真，观点态度有倾向。 3.举例引用为证明，对比突出更鲜明。 4.主旨不选小细节，推理原文不脑补。 5.作用题就三句话：引主题、吸兴趣、证观点。 （建议用时：25分钟） 【类型一：应用文】 （2025·北京东城·一模）The app store is flooded with astronomy-based apps that can help guide you towards celestial (天体的) wonders. But what if you’re ready to look deeper into the night sky using a telescope? Nobody wants to make a big investment, and then aimlessly scan the stars trying to find an object. Help is needed. Thankfully, there is a solution to that. Celestar is a leader in the world of telescopes and its StarSmart Explorer app and dock have been designed to run on its telescopes. The free StarSmart Explorer app uses information based on precise location and time to tell you which stars and planets can be seen in the night sky.How it works Connect the phone with the telescope and select your intended celestial target. The phone will be held over an integrated mirror, so that star patterns can reflect off the mirror and into the phone’s camera. StarSmart Explorer processes the information and your telescope will adjust accordingly, placing the target in the middle. As well as locating your desired target, StarSmart Explorer holds detailed information about your chosen object. Listen to an audio presentation while you observe. The app will even give you observing tips on how to get the best view.Why it’s special Most astronomy apps use a smartphone’s compass to estimate its position. The pointing accuracy of a smartphone has margin for error. Precision matters when it comes to stargazing. StarSmart Explorer is the only astronomy app to use modern plate solving technology to find its target, and it claims a typical pointing accuracy of 0.25°. The app takes a picture of the night sky and matches the star pattern within the image to its internal database. It’s similar, in essence, to facial recognition. Plate solving would normally require specialised technology, such as sensitive imaging camera, lens and astronomical software, all at great cost. The StarSmart Explorer app is free and works well with StarSmart Explorer telescopes, starting from £299.99. If you’re ready to take a deeper dive into astronomy, Celestar’s StarSmart Explorer technology will make a fine companion. You can discover more at www.celestar.com/starsmart. 1．StarSmart Explorer can help ________. A．decide observation duration B．locate stars precisely C．record information on stars D．find unknown planets 2．StarSmart Explorer is unique because________ A．it matches different types of telescopes B．it uses a smartphone’s built-in compass C．it is powered by advanced technology D．it is equipped with the latest database 3．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce a set of equipment. B．To promote a stargazing product. C．To recommend a science project. D．To present an astronomical discovery. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了Celestar的StarSmart Explorer应用程序及其功能。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The free StarSmart Explorer app uses information based on precise location and time to tell you which stars and planets can be seen in the night sky.(免费的StarSmart Explorer应用程序使用基于精确位置和时间的信息来告诉你哪些恒星和行星可以在夜空中看到)”以及第六段中“StarSmart Explorer is the only astronomy app to use modern plate solving technology to find its target, and it claims a typical pointing accuracy of 0.25°.(StarSmart Explorer是唯一一款使用现代板解技术来寻找目标的天文应用程序，它声称典型的指向精度为0.25°)”可知，StarSmart Explorer可以帮助精确地定位恒星。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据Why it’s special标题下第二段“StarSmart Explorer is the only astronomy app to use modern plate solving technology to find its target(StarSmart Explorer 是唯一一款使用现代星图识别技术来找到目标的天文应用程序)”以及第三段“Plate solving would normally require specialised technology, such as sensitive imaging camera, lens and astronomical software, all at great cost. The StarSmart Explorer app is free and works well with StarSmart Explorer telescopes(星图识别通常需要专业技术，如灵敏的成像相机、镜头和天文软件，所有这些都成本高昂。而 StarSmart Explorer 应用程序是免费的，并且与 StarSmart Explorer 望远镜配合得很好)” 可知，StarSmart Explorer的独特之处在于它使用了先进的技术。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If you’re ready to take a deeper dive into astronomy, Celestar’s StarSmart Explorer technology will make a fine companion. You can discover more at www.celestar.com/starsmart.(如果你准备更深入地探索天文学，Celestar 的 StarSmart Explorer 技术将是一个很好的伙伴。你可以在www.celestar.com/starsmart上了解更多信息)”结合文章主要介绍了Celestar的StarSmart Explorer天文观测应用的特点和优势，可推知，这篇文章的目的是推广一款观星产品。故选B。 【类型二：记叙文】 （2025·北京东城·一模）I was in a tiny plane with skydivers in their 70s and 80s, and I was distracted. The reporter in me was trying to remember everything: the preflight rituals (仪式); the jokes; the way the jumpers checked their instruments. The rest of me was focused on the fact that in a few minutes, I would jump out of a plane flying 12,500 feet above the ground. I was reporting on West Ways, a group of skydivers in their late 50s to early 90s. The group was started in 1987 by Ms. West and her husband, and members have jumped together about once a month ever since. This Sunday, they were celebrating their holiday party, which included a gift exchange and a 28-point formation in free fall. As we reached altitude, Mr. West went over the jump formation once more before leading the group in a cheer for my jump. It was time. One by one they jumped. In the air, they grabbed hold of one another, forming the shape of a snowflake. Then it was my turn. Mr. Diaz edged me forward. I took a deep breath. And on the count of three, we leaped into free fall. I had never been so aware of my senses: I felt the cold air against my face and the wind pushing back my arms and legs. After a few seconds, I was able to look around. After a few minutes, we landed. The members of West Ways cheered and clapped me on the back as I tried to catch my breath. Over the next six hours, I interviewed them as they did two more jumps. (I stayed firmly on the ground.) I heard tales about first kisses in free fall and parachuting (跳伞) into weddings. What struck me wasn’t the extraordinary physical accomplishment, but how a long-standing, active community offers a way for those in it to age gracefully. I don’t know whether I’ll skydive again. But I hope that when I’m 80, I can regularly experience a suspension of time with people I’ve known for decades, before we parachute back down to earth. 1．What do we know about West Ways? A．They make jumping a routine. B．They are well trained professionals. C．They set an age limit to new members. D．They are famous for their diving patterns. 2．Why did the author join West Ways that day? A．To celebrate a holiday. B．To try a sport. C．To care for the elderly. D．To cover a story. 3．What impressed the author most about West Ways? A．Their optimistic attitude. B．Their lifelong bond. C．Their physical achievements. D．Their remarkable skills. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者参与跳伞并采访老年跳伞团体的经历，并感悟其成员间深厚情谊的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“The group was started in 1987 by Ms. West and her husband, and members have jumped together about once a month ever since. (这个团体是1987年由韦斯特女士和她的丈夫创立的，从那以后，成员们大约每月一起跳伞一次。)” 可知，West Ways把跳伞作为了一种常规活动。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The reporter in me was trying to remember everything (我作为记者的那部分自我努力记住一切)”以及第三段“I was reporting on West Ways, a group of skydivers in their late 50s to early 90s. (我正在报道West Ways，一个由 50 多岁到 90 岁出头的跳伞者组成的团体。)”以及后文对跳伞活动的详细描述可知，作者那天加入West Ways是为了报道一个故事。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“What struck me wasn’t the extraordinary physical accomplishment, but how a long-standing, active community offers a way for those in it to age gracefully. (让我印象深刻的不是他们非凡的身体成就，而是一个长期活跃的社区如何为其中的成员提供一种优雅老去的方式。)”以及最后一段中“But I hope that when I’m 80, I can regularly experience a suspension of time with people I’ve known for decades, before we parachute back down to earth. (但我希望当我 80 岁的时候，我能经常和我认识了几十年的人一起体验时间的暂停，然后我们再跳伞回到地面。)”可知，作者最印象深刻的是West Ways成员之间那种终生的联系和情谊。故选B。 【类型三：说明文和议论文】 （2025·北京朝阳·一模）In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept. From a philosophical standpoint, the debate around free will has continued intensely for centuries. Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework. In contrast, incompatibilists maintain free will and determinism are mutually exclusive. Hard determinists view the universe as a closed system governed by strict laws of nature, where every event, including human actions, is predetermined. In this view, the idea of free will is an illusion (幻觉). Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity. Studies on the brain’s reward system and neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine (多巴胺), further challenge the nature of free will. Addictive behaviors, for instance, can be strongly influenced by the brain’s response to dopamine. A person struggling with addiction may feel they lack the free will to resist it, as their brain chemistry has been altered in a way that forces them into acting. The scientific evidence is not conclusive, though. Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made. Additionally, the complexity of the human brain and the fact that much of its functioning is still not fully understood leave room for the possibility of free will. If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too. 1．Which of the following situations reflects the compatibilists’ view? A．Driven by dopamine, Tim keeps checking his social media. B．Lucy speaks first after being randomly selected by software. C．Exposed to a sudden blinding light, Lily quickly shuts her eyes. D．Jerry shifts between companies of shared bikes based on discounts. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The altered brain chemistry enhances free will. B．Conscious decisions are independent of neural activities. C．Hard determinists see free will vital to moral accountability. D．Neuroscientists’ views on the causes of human actions differ. 3．As for the existence of free will, the author is ________. A．neutral B．disapproving C．positive D．doubtful 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Does Neuroscience Threaten Free Will? B．Why the Arguments Against Free Will Fail C．Exploration into the Complexity of Free Will D．Free Will: Bridging Neuroscience and Philosophy 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework.(相容论者认为，自由意志可以与决定论共存，只要我们的行为是出于我们自己的欲望和动机。例如，出于热情而选择音乐事业，在这个框架下就被视为一种自由的选择)”可知，兼容论者认为只要我们的行为是自身欲望和动机的结果，自由意志就可以与决定论共存。D选项“Jerry根据折扣在共享单车公司之间转换”符合相容论者的观点，即行为是基于个人欲望和动机的自由选择。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity.(神经科学在解码大脑方面取得了显著进展，揭示出许多行为在发生之前都会有神经活动)”和第四段的“Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made.(有些人认为，在做出有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能并非该行为的原因，而是仍为自由做出的决定所做的准备过程的一部分)”可知，神经科学表明很多行为先有神经活动，但有些人认为有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能不是行为的原因，而是自由做出决定的准备过程的一部分。这说明神经科学家对于人类行为的原因存在不同的观点。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too.(如果自由意志是一种幻觉，那么它就会挑战我们关于道德责任的基本观念。我们赞扬或责备他人的行为，是因为我们相信他们本可以做出不同的选择。如果他们从未真正拥有自由选择其他行为的能力，我们又如何能让个人对自己的行为负责呢？没有自由意志，我们社会的基本道德框架将会崩塌，陷入混乱与冷漠。只有当你也认为自由意志是幻觉时，它才真正是幻觉)”可知，作者认为如果自由意志是幻觉，会挑战我们的道德责任观念，没有自由意志社会的道德框架会崩溃，最后说 “自由意志只有在你也是幻觉时才是幻觉”，暗示作者认为自由意志是存在的，态度是积极的。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept.(在哲学与神经科学相交汇的领域，几乎没有哪个问题能像自由意志这一概念那样，既深深吸引着人类，又让人类感到困惑。乍一看，我们拥有做出非预定选择的能力这一想法似乎是直觉上的。然而，更深入的探究揭示了一个由哲学论点和科学发现交织而成的复杂网络，这些论点和发现挑战了这一看似简单的概念)”可知，文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议，包括相容论者与不相容论者的观点、神经科学对自由意志的挑战以及科学证据的不确定性等。C选项“对自由意志复杂性的探索”最能概括文章的主旨大意。故选C。 （建议用时：25分钟） 【类型一：应用文】 （2025·北京东城·二模）The Summer Science Program (SSP) is a unique immersion experience with a strong culture that has evolved over more than half a century. It is designed to challenge and inspire talented and motivated high school students from around the world. Here, young people discover their limits, and then overcome them by working together. Through informal interactions with faculty, participants receive guidance on college and major selection, helping them become more reflective applicants. There is no application fee. While a program fee exists, need-based aid funded by our generous donors allows participants from lower-income families to attend at a fee they can afford.◆ What to Expect Unlike traditional coursework, the program offers hands-on opportunities, allowing participants to do science, not just learn about it. Working in teams of three, they tackle real-world challenges while developing critical skills like time management. Classroom and lab sessions are scheduled six days a week. Classroom time centers on building a foundation in experimental science and the team’s specific research topic. Each team studies its own target, performing the research from data collection to final reporting. The program also includes a Guest Lecture Series, featuring presentations by renowned scientists and trained professionals who offer valuable scientific insights and experiences. Upon completion, the program provides a letter of participation (not an evaluation), though participants may request recommendations from faculty. The program operates under a Code of Honor, with no tests or grades.◆ How to Apply Once you begin your application, we recommend considering the following: Online submission of final research track choice by deadline Full participation without other programs during the program A statement of research expectations demonstrating your personal motivation for the program and outlining what you hope to gain from it The only academic precondition is to complete specific courses needed for the program for a grade and credit by June 2025. We do not require AP or advanced level classes and self-study does not qualify. We will not collect or consider standardized test scores for admission for 2025(including PSAT, ACT/SAT, and APs). If you have any questions, please read our FAQ or visit our website www.ourssp.org. 1．What do we know about SSP? A．It is free of charge. B．It is famous for its long history. C．It is open to high school students. D．It is aimed at cultural communication. 2．What do participants in SSP do? A．Do research in pairs. B．Learn science by doing. C．Take tests on a regular basis. D．Cooperate with guest lecturers. 3．To apply for the program, one should ______. A．pass standardized tests B．submit a research proposal C．finish the required course D．provide a recommendation letter 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了暑期科学项目(SSP)是一个非营利组织，为即将申请大学的高中毕业生提供实验科学体验。短文介绍了关于它的相关信息。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段的“It is designed to challenge and inspire talented and motivated high school students from around the world.(它旨在挑战和激励来自世界各地有才华和上进的高中生)”可知，SSP针对的是高中生。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Unlike traditional coursework, the program offers hands-on opportunities, allowing participants to do science, not just learn about it.(与传统的课程不同，该项目提供了动手的机会，让参与者做科学，而不仅仅是学习)”可知，参与者在实践中学习科学。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“The only academic precondition is to complete specific courses needed for the program for a grade and credit by June 2025.(唯一的学术前提条件是在2025年6月之前完成该计划所需的特定课程以获得成绩和学分)”可知，要申请这个项目，必须完成特定课程。故选C。 【类型二：记叙文】 （2025·北京朝阳·二模）Writing is a bug, and I caught it very early on in life. When my parents cleared their storage room out recently, they found The Story Book Special I wrote when I was nine years old. I couldn’t believe my imagination was so wild. Reading it reminded me of how special words had been to me at an early age. It’s a feeling that has lasted, through my school years and far, far beyond. At the age of 18, I joined Kent Police and spent twelve years living every little boy’s dream of driving cars fast and playing cops and robbers for real. It’s safe to say it’s a career I’d still be in now, if not for what happened when I was 28. I was a fit man when, unexpectedly, I was diagnosed with an incurable heart disease. It’s the disease you hear of when a sportsperson suddenly drops dead on the field of play. But, you know what, it’s one of the best things to have happened to me. When this happened, I made a to-do list. At the top of it was to write a full-length, “proper” book. I wrote the first draft of my first novel in three months and loved every minute of the process. I knew this was what I wanted to do, more than anything, and getting into publishing can’t be that hard... right? Wrong! As every author knows, brick walls are everywhere, and when you knock one down, there’s another one. After a few false starts, I coupled with my wonderful agent, Nicky. We spent eight solid months editing and sent the manuscript off. Once again, we received some dressed-up “no’s”, until Rachel, an editor I’d really wanted to work with, read it. Her vision for the book is exactly consistent with mine! Now my first novel is optioned for television, and is in the hands of a wonderful production team both here in London, and in Australia where it will be filmed. Writing is what I love, and seeing my little story book from when I was nine really drove it home to me. We don’t often get another chance in life, but I was given one when I survived something tragically fatal. Now, with my second chance, I’m giving it the best go I can. 1．How did the author feel when reading The Story Book Special? A．Nervous. B．Relieved. C．Proud. D．Ashamed. 2．After being told he had heart disease, the author decided to ___________. A．get a job in publishing B．continue working as a policeman C．pick up a new hobby D．pursue his passion for words 3．What happened when the author acted on his to-do list? A．His first novel was turned down many times. B．He adapted his novel and filmed it in Australia. C．He worked with a co-author to improve the draft. D．His continuous efforts earned Rachel’s appreciation. 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Two heads are better than one. B．A little bit more sums up success. C．It’s hard to change one’s nature. D．A setback is a setup for a comeback. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者从小热爱写作，患病后坚持写作并取得成果的经历。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I couldn’t believe my imagination was so wild. Reading it reminded me of how special words had been to me at an early age.(我不敢相信我的想象力如此丰富。阅读它让我想起在很小的时候，文字对我来说是多么特别)”可知，作者读自己九岁时写的《特别故事书》时感到很自豪。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“When this happened, I made a to-do list. At the top of it was to write a full-length, ‘proper’ book.(当这一切发生时，我列了一个待办事项清单。排在首位的是写一本完整的、‘像样的’书)”可知，在被诊断出患有心脏病后，作者决定追求他对文字的热爱。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“After a few false starts, I coupled with my wonderful agent, Nicky. We spent eight solid months editing and sent the manuscript off. Once again, we received some dressed-up ‘no’s’, until Rachel, an editor I’d really wanted to work with, read it.(在几次失败的尝试后，我和我出色的经纪人尼基合作。我们花了整整八个月的时间进行编辑，然后把稿子寄了出去。我们再次收到了一些委婉的拒绝，直到我想合作的编辑雷切尔读了它)”可知，当作者按照待办事项清单行事时，他的第一部小说被多次拒绝。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We don’t often get another chance in life, but I was given one when I survived something tragically fatal. Now, with my second chance, I’m giving it the best go I can.(我们一生中往往没有第二次机会，但当我在一场致命的悲剧中幸存下来时，我得到了第二次机会。现在，有了第二次机会，我会尽我所能去争取)”可知，我们能从这篇文章中学到挫折是东山再起的铺垫。故选D。 【类型三：说明文和议论文】 （2025·北京朝阳·二模）Books are about to become a little less “Impressive!”, “Appealing!” and “Spellbinding!”. Fewer still will offer a “tour de force” (whatever one of those might be). That is because Simon & Schuster, an American publisher, has decided to stop doing book blurbs ( also called “puffs” in Britain) — those invited comments from other authors on the back of books. They are, says Sean Manning, the company’s publisher, “very awkward”. The problem with blurbs is that there is always a need to publicly evaluate books. It is a fact in the life of a writer that if one publicly publishes, one is going to be publicly judged. When negative, such judgments can be painful, when stupid, it can be maddening, but when positive, it can also be a joyful, supportive moment. However, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) responses. The style of a puff is, as the name suggests, breathless. Someone might declare a book “authoritative”; another, “unputdownable”; and a third, “If you can read this book without screaming with excitement, your soul is dead”. You feel guilty, wrote George Orwell, when you are in the library and “fail to scream with delight”. Also, in theory blurbs are testament to an author’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament to their social ones: they often reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry. Literary heavyweights hate giving them. “We would as soon sell our tears for lemon-drops”, wrote Nathaniel Parker Willis, a poet, than thus “spoil one of the truthful adjectives in the world”. New authors struggle to get blurbs, which is partly why Simon & Schuster is giving them up. Blurbs more often exemplify the very bad writing. Many are less written than pieced up from stock phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdownable page-turner!” — with an exclamation mark at the end. This makes them exhausting to read! There has been honest copy on dust jackets — T. S. Eliot’s description of Louis MacNeice, a fellow poet, informed readers that “His work is accessible but unpopular” — but it is too rare. It turns out that the habit of using words like “unputdownable” is itself quite putdownable. Mr. Manning says his editors will use the time they save on chasing quotes to instead produce good books. Not, note, “charming” or “absorbing” books but simply “the best books possible”. It is an admirably modest aim. 1．What can we learn about blurbs? A．They serve the interest of book writers. B．They guarantee legitimate responses. C．New authors are sick of writing them. D．Readers feel guilty after reading them. 2．The author uses Eliot’s example mainly to ____________. A．advocate the originality in blurbs B．clarify a misconception about blurbs C．distinguish the various types of current blurbs D．suggest the widespread presence of dishonest blurbs 3．What can we infer from the passage? A．Blurbs are self-defeating. B．There is no need for blurbs. C．Blurbs promote social skills. D．Established authors favor blurbs. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国出版商西蒙与舒斯特决定停止在书籍背面使用其他作者的书评式推荐语的现象及原因。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“However, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) responses.(然而，当作家得到预先安排好的评论时，这会降低合法回应的价值)”可知，预先安排好的书评式推荐语（blurbs）损害了读者对书籍的真正评价，即它们并不能保证书籍得到合理的回应，反而是服务于书籍出版商或作者的利益。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Many are less written than pieced up from stock phrases — “A heartbreaking, unputdownable page-turner!” — with an exclamation mark at the end. This makes them exhausting to read! There has been honest copy on dust jackets — T. S. Eliot’s description of Louis MacNeice, a fellow poet, informed readers that “His work is accessible but unpopular” — but it is too rare.(许多评语与其说是写出来的，不如说是用陈词滥调拼凑起来的 ——“一本令人心碎、令人爱不释手的引人入胜的书！”—— 结尾还带有一个感叹号。这让它们读起来很累！在书的护封上也有诚实的评语 ——T. S. Eliot对同为诗人的路易斯・麦克尼斯的描述告诉读者“他的作品易懂但不受欢迎”—— 但这样的评语太少见了)” 可知，T. S. Eliot的例子是为了说明诚实的评语很少见，也就是不诚实的评语广泛存在。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“However, when a writer gets prearranged remarks, it devalues legitimate (合情合理的) responses.(然而，当作家得到预先安排好的评论时，这会降低合法回应的价值)”以及第三段中“Also, in theory blurbs are testament to an author’s narrative skills. In truth they are a testament to their social ones: they often reflect arm-twisting rather than artistry.(此外，从理论上讲，书评式推荐语是作者叙事能力的证明。事实上，它们是他们社交能力的证明：它们往往反映的是胁迫，而不是艺术性)”和最后一段中“Mr. Manning says his editors will use the time they save on chasing quotes to instead produce good books.(曼宁表示，他的编辑们将把节省下来寻找引语的时间用来出版好书)”可推知，书评式推荐语（blurbs）往往不是基于书籍的真实质量，而是受到出版商或作者社交手段的影响，它们并不能真实反映书籍的价值，甚至可能损害书籍的声誉，因此可以说是自毁的。故选A。 （建议用时：25分钟） Passage 1 （2025·北京海淀·二模）When I arrived at the Sign Language Center in Manhattan for my first American Sign Language (ASL) class, a man took one look at my hesitant posture and held up some fingers. One? Two? I put up one finger, and he directed me to the Level 1 class. It was disorienting: Class time was strictly “voices off” to encourage immersive learning and to show respect to the deaf teachers. Without the power of speech, all my classmates and I could do was smile and nod at one another as we took in the new vocabulary. Learning ASL in the early weeks was a culture shock and a bruise to my ego. As a writer, I pride myself on a certain facility with language. I was taught that there’s a perfect combination of words that can most precisely communicate any thought. With ASL, I expected to feel similarly, and thought fluency would come once I collected a critical mass of signs. The first thing you learn in ASL class is the alphabet. As my classmates and I asked and answered questions using words we didn’t have the signs for, those early weeks were filled with laborious spelling. It was embarrassing: Seeing a dozen politely smiling faces watching me as I slowly spelled, misspelled and restarted spelling words— often multiple times— was its own kind of torture. Over time, I picked up on new conventions, like waving a hand or stomping on the ground to get someone’s attention. My fingers stalled as they reached for new shapes, and I struggled to differentiate very similar looking signs. Eventually I realized that when you’re communicating in sign language, diction (措词) is not as important as the way you embody what you’re communicating. I once asked a teacher how to sign the word “desperate”. “ASL doesn’t have a direct translation of every English word,” he told me. “If you want to sign ‘desperate’, you might just sign the word ‘want’, but with the appropriate facial and body posturing to show your desperation. It doesn’t make sense to sign ‘frustrated’ if your face doesn’t look at all frustrated,” he added — it’s like speaking in a deadpan monotone while claiming you’re angry. I’ve been attending ASL classes for almost two years. Initially, my reason was trivial: a childhood fascination with “secret languages”. While ASL may not wholly share a vocabulary with English, that doesn’t mean it lacks precision. Its precision, I’ve learned, lies in the common language of the body. 1．How did the author feel in the first ASL class? A．Frustrated. B．Confused. C．Anxious. D．Hesitant. 2．What made the author embarrassed when learning the alphabet? A．Putting on smiling facial expressions. B．Being made fun of in front of the class. C．Waving a hand to get someone’s attention. D．Misspelling and respelling words repeatedly. 3．According to the passage, what can we learn about ASL? A．It’s a universal language system across cultures. B．It conveys more emotions than verbal language. C．It requires a combination of signs and emotions. D．It has a direct translation of signs for every word. 4．What has the author learned from her learning experience? A．The body is what gives language life. B．Diction is what gives language flavour. C．Fluency comes from the mastery of signs. D．ASL prioritizes precision over communication. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在纽约曼哈顿的手语中心学习美国手语的经历，以及在这个过程中对语言和沟通方式的新认识。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It was disorienting: Class time was strictly ‘voices off’ to encourage immersive learning and to show respect to the deaf teachers. Without the power of speech, all my classmates and I could do was smile and nod at one another as we took in the new vocabulary.(这让人感到困惑：课堂时间严格要求“禁止说话”，以鼓励沉浸式学习并尊重聋人教师。没有说话的能力，我的同学们和我所能做的只是微笑和点头，同时吸收新词汇)”可知，作者在第一堂课上感到困惑。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It was embarrassing: Seeing a dozen politely smiling faces watching me as I slowly spelled, misspelled and restarted spelling words— often multiple times— was its own kind of torture.(这很尴尬：看到十几张礼貌地微笑的脸看着我，我慢慢地拼写、拼错并重新拼写单词——通常多次——这本身就是一种折磨)”可知，作者在学习字母表时，因为反复拼错和重新拼写单词而感到尴尬。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Eventually I realized that when you’re communicating in sign language, diction (措词) is not as important as the way you embody what you’re communicating. I once asked a teacher how to sign the word ‘desperate’. ‘ASL doesn’t have a direct translation of every English word,’ he told me. ‘If you want to sign ‘desperate’, you might just sign the word ‘want’, but with the appropriate facial and body posturing to show your desperation. It doesn’t make sense to sign ‘frustrated’ if your face doesn’t look at all frustrated,’ he added— it’s like speaking in a deadpan monotone while claiming you’re angry.(最终我意识到，当你用手语交流时，措词不如你如何体现你所传达的内容重要。我曾问一位老师如何用手语表达‘绝望’。‘ASL并没有每个英语单词的直接翻译，’他告诉我。‘如果你想用手语表达‘绝望’，你可能只需要用手语表达‘想要’，但要通过适当的面部和身体姿势来表达你的绝望。如果你的脸上一点也没有表现出沮丧，那么用手语表达‘沮丧’是没有意义的，’他补充说——这就像用单调的语调说话，却声称你很生气)”可知，ASL需要结合手势和情感来传达信息。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“While ASL may not wholly share a vocabulary with English, that doesn’t mean it lacks precision. Its precision, I’ve learned, lies in the common language of the body.(尽管ASL可能并不完全与英语共享词汇，但这并不意味着它缺乏精确性。我学到的是，它的精确性在于肢体语言)”可知，作者从学习经历中学到的是，肢体语言在手语中很重要，即身体是赋予语言生命的。故选A项。 Passage 2 （2025·北京海淀·一模）Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. One subset of AI, large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn about the individual user and adapt accordingly. For example, if you’re a super fan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates, ads, and videos tailored to your interests 24 hours a day. Some algorithms may even learn your schedule, pushing information at you during precisely those times when you’re most likely to be looking. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes, or even fake articles,feeding you conspiracy theories about rival teams. This is a miserable reality for at least two reasons.For one, there are neither computational methods or ethical incentives (激励) in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer live with an accurate understanding of football team that is fully compatible with anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of institutions that have more direct social consequences?Education? Politics? With the fall of the press and polarization of everything,conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of authenticity; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conservations that speakers cared enough to have. Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. 1．The author mentions The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 to . A．make a comparison B．illustrate a situation C．support an argument D．propose a suggestion 2．According to the passage, personalized AI agents may . A．isolate individuals in false realities B．confirm the credibility of the content C．discourage the companies’ ethical incentives D．improve user behavior by feeding targeted ads 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Algorithms have raised concerns over privacy. B．LLMs are in great need of computational upgrade. C．Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D．Technology development results in polarized society. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and the Future of Human Interaction B．AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C．The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D．Algorithmic Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. (想象一下不太遥远的未来，我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中，这个泡沫是专门为我们打造的，旨在服务企业利益。这个未来类似于1998年的电影《楚门的世界》，在电影中，主角在不知情的情况下，在一档由制作工作室设计的真人秀节目中度过了他的一生。)”可知，作者在第一段提到《楚门的世界》是为了说明一种可能出现的情况，即我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. (相反，个性化的AI代理威胁着将我们每个人困在一个个性化和虚幻的不真实世界中，从我们的数字活动中获利，并将我们与真正的联系隔离开来)”可知，个性化的AI代理可能会将个人隔离在虚假现实中。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. (尽管现状可能很糟糕，但更陌生的时代还在前方，让我们怀念今天的信息茧房。很快，我们的泡沫将越来越小，直到我们的数字世界只包含我们自己在一个由AI介导的未来，每个人都将生活在一个私人的《楚门的世界》中。作为一个社会，我们将完全无法做出富有成效的集体决策，因为我们将对世界没有共同的理解)”可知，信息茧房会削弱集体决策能力。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. (否则，《楚门的世界》的前提就会成为我们的现实，我们会在不知不觉中生活在一个虚假的世界里，我们的每一次经历都是为了盈利而设计的。更让人感到存在上的疏离呢？生活在一个《楚门的世界》里，导演、制片人和唯一的观众都是人工智能。)”可知，文章主要论述了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题，就像《楚门的世界》一样。B选项“AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show (人工智能将把我们的生活变成《楚门的世界》)”最符合文章主旨。故选B。 Passage 3 （2025·北京海淀·一模）If you find yourself with several million dollars more than you need, how should you spend the money? One answer might be to do whatever you want, within the bounds of the law. Another is to donate it to a charity. You may also support an organization that is working to reduce existential risks. The history of philosophy consists of attempts to shed light on such questions. However, philosophy’s open secret is that these attempts don’t add up to anything decisive. When it comes to what we ought to do in any given situation, different ethical systems offer different guidance. Conflict is baked into questions like, “What ought I to do?” Or is it? An awareness of difference is certainly crucial to such an inquiry. But this needn’t become a conflict until you’re forced to pick a side. Some philosophers have sought to eliminate the conflict between ethical systems. Derek Parfit, one of the most respected philosophers of the past fifty years, devoted the second half of his life to precisely this task. Unfortunately, the position that different ethical positions can be reconciled (和解) is itself a position others may not accept. Parfit believed people could have a good reason to act morally,independent of their knowledge or beliefs. If you find yourself in a position to alleviate (减轻) others’ suffering without significantly inconveniencing yourself, then you should act. It is just a moral fact that there is a right thing that you ought to do. By contrast, Bernard Williams argued it made no sense to talk about people’s reasons independently from their motivations. Someone cannot have a reason to do something that they have no desire to do-because however wrong-headed their preferences may be, subjectivity is the ground truth for “having a reason”. As in Peter Singer’s parable (寓言) of a child drowning in a shallow pond, it self-evidently seems immoral not to save this child if the only cost for you is a pair of new trainers. This is as clear as a philosophical argument can get. However, as with all moral reasoning, you are free to reject the logic or assumptions behind Singer’s argument, regardless of its clarity. Parfit was a philosopher’s philosopher. Yet he suffered from the fact that irreconcilable ethical systems exist. Why? Because one conclusion that follows from this is that, if the differences between such systems cannot be resolved by philosophical means, conflict of a literal kind will always exist beneath their differences. As Karl Popper puts it, “ If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.” This is the rub. Philosophy is of the world as well as of the page-and even the gentlest words may, sooner or later, need an army to defend them. “We should therefore claim,” Popper continued, “in the name of the tolerance, the right not to tolerate the intolerant.” I’m not surprised that Parfit felt despair at the limits of his persuasiveness. What’s amazing is that more philosophers don’t feel the same way. 1．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Phiosophy can help resolve ethical conflicts. B．Ethical inquiries aid in serving the public good. C．Conflicting views exist between ethical systems. D．Accepting conflicts is the basis of philosophical inquiry. 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Philosophers stress logic over subjectivity. B．Williamns holds moral reasoning forces acceptance. C．Parfit believes moral acts require personal sacrifice. D．Reconciling ethical systems has real-world implications. 3．According to Karl Popper, we can learn that . A．intolerance originates in absolute tolerance B．unlimited tolerance invites self-destruction C．tolerance is for people who share the same values D．philosophical ideals sometimes require military defense 4．How does the author feel towards Parfit’s pursuit? A．Sympathetic. B．Hopeless. C．Skeptical. D．Astonished. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文主要讨论了伦理体系之间的差异和冲突，以及哲学家们对于如何解决这些冲突的不同观点。文章还通过卡尔·波普尔的话强调了宽容的限度，指出无限制的宽容可能导致自我毁灭。最后，作者对帕菲特因无法说服更多人而感到绝望表示同情。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“However, philosophy’s open secret is that these attempts don’t add up to anything decisive. When it comes to what we ought to do in any given situation, different ethical systems offer different guidance. (然而，哲学的一个公开的秘密是，这些尝试并没有得出任何决定性的结论。当谈到我们在任何给定的情况下应该做什么时，不同的伦理体系提供了不同的指导。)”可知，在给定的情况下，不同的伦理提供不同的指导，因此从前三段中可以了解到伦理体系之间存在相互冲突的观点。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Unfortunately, the position that different ethical positions can be reconciled is itself a position others may not accept. (不幸的是，认为不同的伦理立场可以和解的观点本身就是一种可能不被其他人接受的观点。)”以及后文对于伦理体系和解的讨论，可以推断出，调和伦理体系具有现实意义，但并非所有人都会接受。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“As Karl Popper puts it, “If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.”(正如卡尔·波普尔所说，“如果我们甚至对那些不容忍的人也表现出无限的宽容，那么宽容的人将被摧毁，连同他们的宽容一起。”)”可知，根据卡尔·波普尔的观点，无限的宽容会导致自我毁灭。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“I’m not surprised that Parfit felt despair at the limits of his persuasiveness. What’s amazing is that more philosophers don’t feel the same way. (我对帕菲特因自己说服力有限而感到绝望并不感到惊讶。令人惊讶的是，更多的哲学家并没有同样的感受。)”可知，作者对于帕菲特的追求是持同情的态度。故选A项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $