专题一·考点九 阅读理解(热点话题类)-【创新大课堂】2026年高考英语五年真题分类汇编168优化重组卷

考点九阅读理解（热点话题类） 题组一 Passage1(2025·全国Ⅱ卷，10分) It should be noted that none of the items on Does your soul die a little every time you wastED's menu was technically made from throw away unused food?Mine does.Maybe that garbage.Instead,all the ingredients used feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, were examples of meat cuts and produce that where the phrase 'there are children starving in most restaurants would never consider serving. Africa'was more of an uncomfortable reminder of Things like kale ribs,fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes,and cucumber butts were all re- fact than a prayer at dinner time. appropriated and,with the help of a number of Food waste is a growing concern in the good chefs,turned into excellent cuisine. restaurant,supermarket,and supply chain industries. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it From technological solutions to educational was designed from the start as a short-lived campaigns,food producers and sellers are lookingexperiment;Blue Hill has since returned to its for ways to use more of what we're already regular menu.Nevertheless,it serves as a growing.But last month,one popular New York reminder that there are many ways to address City restaurant tried a different way:It changed problems of sustainability,and that you can make its menu to exclusively (offer food that an amazing meal out of almost anything. would otherwise be thrown away. 1.What can be inferred about the author's early For two weeks in March,Greenwich Village's life? Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED,and A.He witnessed food shortage. served items like fried skate cartilage,a juice pulp B.He enjoyed the local cuisine. burger,and a dumpster diver's vegetable salad. C.He donated food to Africans. D.He helped to cook at home. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness 2.Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? regarding food waste. A.To customize dishes for guests. A study by the Food Waste Alliance B.To make the public aware of food waste. determined that the average restaurant generates C.To test a food processing method. 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in D.To improve the UK's zero-waste systems. revenue(),and of that waste only 15.7%is3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about? donated or recycled.Up to 84.3%is simply A.Why the ingredients were used. thrown out.Restaurants like Silo in the UK have B.Which dishes were best liked. experimented with zero-waste systems,but C.What the dishes were made of. wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. D.Where the ingredients were bought. 56 4.What can we learn about wastED? Audio(音撷)and video can feel more engaging A.It has ended as planned. than text,and so university teachers increasingly B.It is creating new jobs. turn to these technologies -say,assigning an C.It has regained popularity. online talk instead of an article by the same person. D.It is criticized by top chefs. However,psychologists have demonstrated that Passage2(2024·新课标I卷，10分) when adults read news stories,they remember Is comprehension the same whether a person more of the content than if they listen to or view reads a text onscreen or on paper?And are identical pieces. I Digital texts,audio and video all have educational listening to and viewing content as effective as roles,especially when providing resources not available reading the written word when covering the same in print.However,for maximizing learning where material?The answers to both questions are often mental focus and reflection are called for,educators 堂 "no."The reasons relate to a variety of factors, shouldn't assume all media are the same,even including reduced concentration,an entertainment when they contain identical words. 即 mindset (and a tendeney to multitask while1.What does the underlincd phrase"shine through" consuming digital content. in Paragraph 2 mean? When reading texts of several hundred words A.Seem unlikely to last. or more,learning is generally more successful B.Seem hard to explain. when it's on paper than onscreen.A large amount C.Become ready to use. of research confirms this finding.The benefits of D.Become easy to notice. print reading particularly shine through when 2.What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? 带 experimenters move from posing simple tasks- A.Readers treat digital texts lightly. like identifying the main idea in a reading passage B.Digital texts are simpler to understand. 弥 to ones that require mental abstraction-such C.People select digital texts randomly. as drawing inferences from a text. D.Digital texts are suitable for social media. 梦 The differences between print and digital.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? 烂 reading results are partly related to paper's A.They can hold students'attention. physical properties.With paper,there is a literal B.They are more convenient to prepare. : laying on of hands,along with the visual C.They help develop advanced skills. geography of distinct pages.People often link D.They are more informative than text. 抵 their memory of what they've read to how far into :4.What does the author imply in the last paragraph? the book it was or where it was on the page. 蝶 A.Students should apply multiple learning tech- But equally important is the mental aspect. 郑 niques. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called B.Teachers should produce their own teaching ma- “shallowing hypothesis(假说).”According to terial. this theory,people approach digital texts with a C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in ed- 问 mindset suited to social media,which are often ucation. not so serious,and devote less mental effort than D.Education outside the classroom cannot be when they are reading print. ignored. 57 Passage3(2023·全国甲卷，8分) The Socrates Express is a fun,sharp book I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World.It was full and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on of ideas that were new to me,so I spent the sum- desire,loneliness,and aging.The invitation is mer with my head in and out of that book.Itear:Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea spoke to me and brought me into a world of phi- and sit down with this book.I encourage you to losophy(哲学). take his offer.It's worth your time,even if time That love for philosophy lasted until I got to is something we don't have a lot of. college.Nothing kills the love for philosophy fas- 1.Who opened the door to philosophy for the au- ter than people who think they understand Fou- thor? cault,Baudrillard,or Confucius better than you A.Foucault. B.Eric Weiner. -and then try to explain them. C.Jostein Gaarder. Eric Weiner's The Socrates Express:In D.A college teacher. Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers 2.Why does the author list great philosophers in reawakened my love for philosophy.It is not an Paragraph 4? explanation,but an invitation to think and expe- A.To compare Weiner with them. rience philosophy. B.To give examples of great works. Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a C.To praise their writing skills. train ride between cities and then frames each D.To help readers understand Weiner's book. philosopher's work in the context (of one 3.What does the author like about The Socrates thing they can help us do better.The end result is Express? a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, A.Its views on history are well-presented. see like Thoreau,listen like Schopenhauer,and B.Its ideas can be applied to daily life. have no regrets like Nietzsche.This,more than a C.It includes comments from readers. book about understanding philosophy,is a book D.It leaves an open ending. about learning to use philosophy to improve a 4.What does the author think of Weiner's book? life. A.Objective and plain. He makes philosophical thought an appealing ex- B.Daring and ambitious. ercise that improves the quality of our experiences,and he does so with plenty of humor.Weiner enters into C.Serious and hard to follow. conversation with some of the most important philoso- D.Humorous and straightforward. phers in history,and he becomes part of that crowd in Passage4(2022·新高考I卷，8分) the process by decoding (their messages and: Human speech contains more than 2,000 adding his own interpretation. !different sounds,from the common“m”and“a” 58 to the rare clicks of some southern African This research overturns the popular view languages.But why are certain sounds more that all human speech sounds were present when common than others?A ground-breaking,five-human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. year study shows that diet-related changes in"The set of speech sounds we use has not human bite led to new speech sounds that are necessarily remained stable since the appearance now found in half the world's languages. of human beings,but rather the huge variety of More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles speech sounds that we find today is the product of Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,a complex interplay of things like biological such as“f”and“v”,were more common in thechange and cultural evolution,”said Steven languages of societics that ate softer foods.Now a team Moran,a member of the research team. of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of1.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend Damian Blasi's research focus on? arose. A.Its variety. B.Its distribution. They discovered that the upper and lower C.Its quantity. D.Its development. fronth of ancient human adults were aligned.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults (对齐)，making it hard to produce labiodentals, to produce labiodentals? which are formed by touching the lower lip to the: A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. upper teeth.Later,our jaws changed to an B.They could not open and close their lips easily. overbite structure(结构)，making it easier to C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured. produce such sounds. D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough. The team showed that this change in bite 3.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? was connected with the development of A.Supporting evidence for the research results. agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food became B.Potential application of the research findings. easier to chew at this point.The jawbone didn't C.A further explanation of the research methods. have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be D.A reasonable doubt about the research process. so large. 4.What does Steven Moran say about the set of Analyses of a language database also confirmed human speech sounds？ that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age,with the use of "f": A.It is key to effective communication. and "v"increasing remarkably during the last few B.It contributes much to cultural diversity. thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the C.It is a complex and dynamic system. languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. D.It drives the evolution of human beings. 59 题组二 Passage1(2024·浙江卷1月，10分) One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is On September 7,1991,the costliest Chuck Doswell,a research scientist who just retired hailstorm(雹暴)in Canadian history hit from the University of Oklahoma."In 1999,I :personally saw significant tornadoes(龙卷风)fom Calgary's southern suburbs.As a result,since 、 from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,"Dr.Doswell 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent says."Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail moisture downwind?No one really knows,of course, Suppression Projeet.Airplanes seed threatening but the scding goes on." storm cells with a chemical to make small ice Given the degree of doubt,Mr.Stienwand crystals fall as rain before they can grow into suggests,"it would be wise to stop cloud dangerous hailstones.But farmers in east-central seeding.In practice,doubt has had the opposite Alberta-downwind of the hail project flights- effect.Due to the lack of scientific proof worry that precious moisture(水分)is being concerning their impacts,no one has succeeded in stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.Hence,private climate engineering seeding. can proceed in relative legal safety. Norman Stienwand,who farms in that area, 1.What does the project aim to do? has been addressing public meetings on this issue A.Conserve moisture in the soil. for years."Basically,the provincial government B.Prevent the formation of hailstones. is letting the insurance companies protect the C.Forecast disastrous hailstorms. Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,"Mr. D.Investigate chemical use in farming. Stienwand says,"but they're increasing drought 2.Who are opposed to the project? risk as far east as Saskatchewan. A.Farmers in east-central Alberta. The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry B.Managers of insurance companies. Krauss,a cloud physicist who works for Weather C.Provincial government officials. D.Residents of Calgary and Edmonton. Modification Inc.of Fargo,North Dakota."We 3.Why does Dr.Doswell mention the tornadoes affect only a very small percentage of the total he saw in 1999? moisture in the air,so we cannot be causing A.To compare different kinds of seeding methods. drought,”Dr.Krauss says.“In fact,we may be B.To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. helping increase the moisture downwind by C.To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. creating wetter ground. D.To show the link between storms and moisture. 60 4.What can we infer from the last paragraph? Here's the good news.In a wired world with A.Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right constant global communication,we're all positioned to B.Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. see flashes of genius wherever they appear.And the C.The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. more we look,the more we will see that social factors D.Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. (like gender,race,and class do not determine Passage2(2021·全国甲卷，8分) the appearance of genius.As a writer says,future Who is a genius?This question has greatly T geniuses come from those with "intelligence, interested humankind for centuries. Let's state clearly:Einstein was a genius. creativity,perseverance(毅力)，and simple good His face is almost the international symbol for fortune,who are able to change the world. 堂 genius.But we want to go beyond one man and 1.What does the author think of victors'standards for explore the nature of genius itself.Why is it that joining the genius club? p some people are so much more intelligent or A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative. creative than the rest of us?And who are they? C.They're objective.D.They're strict. In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses: 2.What can we infer about girls from the study in were most often white men,of European origin. Science? Perhaps this is not a surprise.It's said that history is 量 A.They think themselves smart. written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When B.They look up to great thinkers. contributions were made by geniuses outside the club C.They see gender differences earlier than boys. 抑 -women,or people of a different color or belief- D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs. they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. 3.Why are more geniuses known to the public? A study recently published by Science found A.Improved global communication. that as young as age six,girls are less likely than B.Less discrimination against women. boys to say that members of their gender(性别) 抵 C.Acceptance of victors'concepts. are "really,really smart.Even worse,the study D.Changes in people's social positions. found that girls act on that belief:Around age six 4.What is the best title for the text? 尔 they start to avoid activities said to be for A.Geniuses Think Alike children who are "really,really smart.Can our 问 planet afford to have any great thinkers become B.Genius Takes Many Forms discouraged and give up?It doesn't take a genius C.Genius and Intelligence to know the answer:absolutely not. D.Genius and Luck 61 Passage3(2021·浙江卷，7.5分) experience as a mother.But somewhere over the At the start of the 20th century,an American daily walk more about my son's day comes out.I engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions hear him making sense of friendship and its about life today.His predictions about slowing limits.This is the unexpected and rare parental population growth,mobile phones and increasing opportunity to hear more. height were close to the mark.But he was wrong in: Many primary schools support walking one prediction:that everybody would walk 10 miles school-bus routes ()with days of regular, a day. parent-accompanied walks.Doing just one of Today,in Australia,most children on average these a few times a week is better than nothing.It fall 2,000 steps short of the physical activity they need can be tough to begin and takes a little planning running shoes by the front door,lunches made the to avoid being overweight.In the early 1970s,40: night before,umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot percent of children walked to school,while in 2010,it ones-but it's certainly worth trying. was as low as 15 percent. 1.Why does the author mention Watkins'predictions The decline is not because we have all in the first paragraph? become lazy.Families are pressed for time,many A.To make comparisons. with both parents working to pay for their house, B.To introduce the topic. often working hours not of their choosing,living C.To support her argument. in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited D.To provide examples. public transport. 2.What has caused the decrease in Australian The other side of the coin is equally a children's physical activity? deprivation:for health and well-being,as well as: A.Plain laziness. B.Health problems. lost opportunities (for children to get to; C.Lack of time. D.Security concerns. know their local surroundings.And for parents3.Why does the author find walking with her son there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with worthwhile? their young scholar about their day. A.She can get relaxed after work. Most parents will have eagerly asked their B.She can keep physically fit. child about their day,only to meet with a"good", C.She can help with her son's study. quickly followed by "I'm hungry".This is also my D.She can know her son better. 62 题组三 Passage(2023·浙江1月，10分) pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. According to the Solar Energy Industries Conservation organizations put out pollinator- Association,the number of solar panels installed friendliness guidelines for home gardens,busi- ()has grown rapidly in the past decade,and nesses,schools,cities-and now there are guide- it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals.lines for solar farms. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, Over the past few years,many solar farm and though more and more people accept the developers have transformed the space under concept of solar energy,few like large solar their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds panels to be installed near them. of pollinators,resulting in soil improvement and Solar developers want to put up panels as carbon reduction."These pollinator-friendly solar quickly and cheaply as possible,so they haven't farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's given much thought to what they put under going on in the landscape,"says Macknick. them.Often,they'll end up filling the area with:1.What do solar developers often ignore? small stones and using chemicals to control A.The decline in the demand for solar energy. weeds.The result is that many communities,es- B.The negative impact of installing solar panels. pecially in farming regions,see solar farms as de- C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms. stroyers of the soil. D.The most recent advances in solar technology. "Solar projects need to be good neighbors,"2.What does InSPIRE aim to do? says Jordan Macknick,the head of the Innovative A.Improve the productivity of local farms. Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the B.Invent new methods for controlling weeds. Environment(InSPIRE)project."They need to be C.Make solar projects environmentally friendly. protectors of the land and contribute to the D.Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas. agricultural economy."InSPIRE is investigating 3.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in practical approaches to“low-impact”solar Paragraph 4? development,which focuses on establishing and A.To conserve pollinators. operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to B.To restrict solar development. the land.One of the easiest low-impact solar C.To diversify the economy. strategies is providing habitat for pollinators D.To ensure the supply of energy 粉昆虫). 4.Which of the following is the best title for the Habitat loss,pesticide use,and climate text? change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator A.Pollinators:To Leave or to Stay populations over the past couple of decades, B.Solar Energy:Hope for the Future which has damaged the U.S.agricultural econo- C.InSPIRE:A Leader in Agriculture my.Over 28 states have passed laws related to D.Solar Farms:A New Development 634.B[理解文章主旨要义阅读文章可知，第一段介绍了猫 的惊人的发声技能，第二段介绍了猫的嗅觉敏锐，能够区 分不同的环境，第三段介绍了猫的令人印象深刻的取物习 惯，这些都属于对猫的行为的介绍。B项“理解猫的行为” 概括了文章内容，适合作标题。] 考点九阅读理解（热点话题类） 题组一 Passage 1 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会一社会现象 用食物边角料制作美味 文章大意：本文主要讲述了纽约的一家餐厅Blue Hill为了提 高人们对食物浪费的意识，通过将食材边角料加工成美味佳 肴，生动阐释了节约食物和物尽其用的可持续发展理念，为 解决可持续发展问题提供了一个参考。 1.A[推断根据题千中的“the author's early life”可以定 位到第一段中的“growing up in South Africa'”。根据第一 段中的“the phrase‘there are children starving in Africa’ was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time”可知，作者在南非长大，在那里“非洲 有孩子在挨饿”这句话与其说是在晚餐时的祷告，不如说 是一种提醒，使人想起令人不安的事实。据此可以推断， 作者小时候亲眼见证过食物短缺。故A项正确。] 2.B[理解具体信息根据题千中的Blue Hill可以定位到 第三段。根据第三段中的“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste”可知，Blue Hill进行 这项实验的目的是提高人们关于食物浪贵的意识，故B项 正确。] 3.C[理解段落主旨要义根据第五段中的“none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage”可知，wastED莱单上的东西不是由废料制作的； 再由下文中的“all the ingredients(配料) used were examples of meat cuts...turned into excellent cuisine”可知，使用的所有配料都是大多数餐厅决不会考虑 提供的肉块和农产品，这些食材经过重新利用并在一些优 秀厨师的帮助下被转化为美味佳肴。由此可知，本段主要 讲述的是wastED莱单上的莱肴是由什么制成的。故C 项能够概括段落大意。] 4.A[推断根据最后一段中的“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu'”可知，尽管wastED收到了热情的评论，但这 从一开始设计的就是一个短暂的实验，而Blue Hill在实验 结束后又回到了它的常规莱单。据此可以推断，wastED 按原定计别实施完毕。故A项正确。] Passage 2 语篇类型：议论文主题语境：人与社会一科学与技术 —学习媒介的选择 文章大意：本文探讨了有纸化学习与无纸化学习的区别，并 提出用纸质书籍更容易让人投入、专心学，而电子书籍更容 易使人分心，故阅读印刷品比阅读电子书籍记得更多。 核心素养：本文通过强调不同的学习方式，引起人们对科技 改变生活的思考，促使学生对新生事物尤其是科技新时代产生 的新问题形成自己的观，点，从而促进学生思雏品质的提升。 l.D[理解词汇读题题千问“第二段中画线短语shine through是什么意思”。A项“似乎不太可能长久”；B项“似 乎难以解释”；C项“准备好使用”；D项“变得容易被注意 到”。 解题本段第一句谈到当阅读几百字或更多字的文本时， 有纸化学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功，接着谈到大量的 研究证实了这一发现。故画线短语所在部分应该是指从 提出简单的任务转向需要抽象思雏的任务时，这种有纸化 阅读的好处尤其明显，也就是说很容易被注意到，答案 为D。」 2.A[理解具体信息读题题干问“‘浅化假说'假定了什 么”。A项“读者轻率对待电子文本”；B项“电子文本更容 易理解”；C项“人们随机选择电子文本”；D项“电子文本适 用于社交媒体”。 解题根据题千中的shallowing hypothesis可以将答案定 位在第四段中。根据第四段中的“which are often not so serious'”以及“devote less mental effort'”可知，在对待电子 文本的时候，读者通常不是很严肃，同时比阅读纸质文本时投 入的精力要少，即读者对电子文本不是很重视，答案为A。] 3.A「理解具体信息读题题干问“为什么音频和视频越 来越多地被大学教师使用”。A项“它们可以吸引学生的 注意力”；B项“它们准备起来更方便”：C项“它们帮助培养 先进技能”；D项“它们比文本提供更多信息”。 解题根据题干可将解题信息定位在第五段。本段第一 句谈到音频和视频比文字更吸引人，所以大学教师越来越 多地改用这些技术，故选A。」 4.C[推断最后一段首先谈到电子文本、音频和视频都具 有教育作用，特别是在提供纸质文本无法提供的资源时。 “However'”后提到为了最大限度地进行需要集中注意力和 反思的学习，教育者不应该假设所有媒体都是一样的，即 使它们包含相同的词汇。这与倒数第二段最后一句中的 信息意思一致：当成年人阅读新闻故事时，他们比听或看 相同的片段能记住更多内容，也就是说有纸化学习在教育 中是不能完全被取代的，答案为C。A项“学生们应该应用 多种学习技巧”；B项“教师应制作自己的教材”；C项“纸质 文本在教育中是不能完全被取代的”；D项“课堂外的教育 不容忽视”。] Passage 3 【语篇解读】本文是一簫说明文。本文重点介绍了哲学著 作《苏格拉底快车》，该书语言幽默，陈述直白，却能让读者深 刻思考日常生活中的欲望、孤独等哲学问题。 l.C[根据第一段的“an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World”和第一段尾句“It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学)”可知， Jostein Gaarder的《苏菲的世界》把作者带进了一个哲学的 世界。故Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了哲学大门。] 2.D[通读第四段，特别是该段尾句“This,more than a book about understanding philosophy,is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life'”可知，在列举 了几位伟大的哲学家后，作者指出，这不仅仅是一本关于 理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习如何运用哲学来改善生 活的书。据此可以推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为 了帮助读者更好地理解Weiner的这本书。] 3.B[根据最后一段的“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire,loneliness,and aging”可知，《苏格拉底快车》是一 本有趣而尖锐的书，它因显而易见的简单而吸引读者，并 逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。 结合常识可以推知，《苏格拉底快车》的思想可以用于日常 生活中，故B项正确。] 2 4.D[根据第五段的“he does so with plenty of humor'”可 知，该书充满了幽默；根据尾段第一句“The Socrates Express is a fun,sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire,loneliness,and aging”可知，《苏格拉底 快车》因显而易见的筒单而吸引读者，并逐渐将他们带入 对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。据此可以推知， Weiner的书幽默且易懂，故D项正确。] Passage 4 【语篇解读】本篇是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食 的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。 1.D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“More than30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such as‘f’and‘v',were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose,(30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇 齿音的语音，如‘’和‘v’,在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常 见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研 究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。)”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D。] 2.C[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对齐)，making it hard to produce labiodentals,which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jaws changed to an overbite structure(结构)，making it easier to produce such sounds. (他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难 产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后 来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的 声音。)”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发 出唇齿音。故选C。] 3.A[主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age,with the use of 'f'and 'v'increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后， 世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里， ‘f和‘v'的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集 者的语言中仍然没有发现。)”可知，第五段主要是通过列 明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A。] 4.C[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“‘The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,'said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.(研究小组成员Steven Moran说：‘自从人类 出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发 现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂的、相互作 用的产物。')”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的 动态系统。故选C。 13 题组二 Passage 1 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与自然一灾害防范 防雹干预计划之争 文章大意：本文介绍了加拿大艾伯塔地区的防雹干预计划， 以及不同相关方对该计划的不同态度。 l,B[理解具体信息题千中的“he project'”指的就是第一 段中所提到的“Alberta Hail Suppression Project'”,因此根 据第一段中的“Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones'”可知，飞机通过向有威 胁性的风暴体播撒一种化学物质，使得小冰晶在变成危险 的冰雹之前先变成雨落下。由此可知，这一计划旨在防止 冰雹的形成，故选B项。A项“保存土壤水分”：C项“预报 灾难性雹暴”；D项“调查农业中化学品的使用”。] 2.A[理解具体信息根据第一段中的“But farmers in east-central Alberta...worry that precious moisture() is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding" 可知，Alberta中东部的农民担心播云会带走他们干旱土 地中的宝贵水分。由此可知，这些农民是反对这个计划 的，故选A项。] 3.C[理解目的根据第四段中的“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell"可知，Doswell博 士对播云的安全性持怀疑态度。接着他提到1999年亲眼 目睹的由一个已经被播撒了化学物质的风暴单体形成的 重大龙卷风。随后他又提出疑问“Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind?”,怀疑 播云会产生致命的风暴或是减少下风处的水分。由此可 推断出，Doswell博士提到他看到的1999年的龙卷风是为 了表明播云存在可能的风险，故选C项。A项“为了比较 不同的播撒方式”；B项“为了说明大雹暴的形成”：C项“为 了表明播云可能存在的风险”；D项“为了说明风暴和水分 之间的关系”。] 4.D[推断根据最后一段最后一句“Hence,private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety”可知，私营 的气候工程公司可以在相对合法的安全环境中继续进行 下去，也就是这些公司会继续存在下去，故选D项。A项 “科学研究证明了Stienwand是对的”；B项“私营的气候工 程公司在加拿大是非法的”；C项“关于播云的疑虑已经消 失了”；D项“播云公司会继续存在下去”。] Passage 2 【语篇解读】本文是议论文。不论是在科学界还是艺术界， 判断一个人是不是“天才”只有一个标准一“胜利者的标 准”。好消息是这一不公平的判断标准正在改变。 l.A[观点态度题。根据第三段的“It's said that..,,they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.”可知，历史 是由胜利者书写的，而这些胜利者也为“天才俱乐部”设定 了标准。当“俱乐部”外的天才（即女性、不同肤色或信仰 的人)做出贡献时，他们得不到认可，并被其他人拒绝进入 “天才俱乐部”。因此作者认为胜利者为“天才俱乐部”设 定的准入标准是不公平的。] 2.D[推理判断题。根据第四段的“A study recently published by...be for children who are really,really smart..,”可知，该项研究发现，女孩会避免去做那些被认为 是“特别特别聪明”的孩子才能做的事。由此可知，女孩可 能受到社会观念的影响。] 3.A[细节理解题。根据第五段的“In a wired world with constant global communication,we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.”可知，有更多的天 才被公众所知，其原因在于全球通信系统的改善。] 3 4.B [标题归纳题。根据文章最后一段中的“As a writer says， future geniuses come from those with‘intelligence， creativity， perseverance(毅力) ， and simple good fortune， who are able to change the world.””可知， 未来的天才来自多 个方面，因此B项“天才有多种形式”最能概括本文的主旨。] Passage 3 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的 预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。 1.B [推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Today， in Australia most children on average fall 2， 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s， 40 percent of children walked to school， while in 2010， it was as low as 15 percent.(如今， 在澳大利 亚，大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000 步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010 年，这一比例降至 {15%}) ”，说明作者根据沃特金斯的预言 做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者 在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了介绍文章主题。故 选B项。] 2.C [细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“Families are pressed for time， many with both parents working to pay for their house， often working hours not of their choosing， living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited publi transport.(时间紧迫， 许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而 工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共 交通有限的依赖汽车的社区。)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童 体育活动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。 3.D [细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.(但是， 在每天散步的某个地方， 更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友 谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听 到更多。)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她 的儿子。故选D项。] 题组三 Passage 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。随着太阳能的普及，越来 越多的太阳能电池板被安装在各个社区，这不可避免地给环 境，尤其是农业环境，带来消极影响。 1.B [根据第二段内容可知，太 $$F _ { 1 }$$ 能开发者们往往想要尽快 安装更多的太阳能电池板，所以他们不太考虑如何处理电 池板下的环境。他们往往会在下面放一些碎石，而且用除 草剂除草，这给环境带来了破坏。所以B项“安装太阳能 电池板的消极影响”符合题意。] 2.C [根据第三段中的“ InSPIRE is investigating...to the land”可知， ，InSPIRE 项目正在寻求一种对环境影响小的发 展太阳能的方式，力求做到“对土地友好”。所以C项“使 太阳能项目环保”符合题意。] 3.A [本题问“第四段中提到的法律的目的是什么?”。根据 第四段第二句可知，有超过28个州通过了与传粉昆虫栖 息地保护和杀虫剂使用有关的法律，所以A项“保护传粉 昆虫”符合题意。] 4.D [文章第一、二段主要指出目前存在的问题：太阳能电 池板对环境尤其是农业环境的消极影响。第三段给出了 解决方案：建立和经营对土地更友好的太阳能农场。第 四、五段介绍了传粉昆虫友好型太阳能农场建设的积极影 响。所以纵观全文， 关键词应该是 solar farms， 所以D项 是最佳选项。] 13 专题二阅读理解七选五 考点十阅读理解七选五 题组一 Passage 1 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会—家庭活动与志 愿服务—家庭志愿服务的意外益处 语境概述：文章介绍了家庭志愿服务的意外益处，包括让人 感觉时间更充裕、对成年人的健康有益、对青少年有终身积 极影响及增进家庭互动等。 1,B[细节支撑句。空前以两个提问引出家庭共同活动的 需求（寻找使家庭成员凝聚在一起的方式和成员的共同爱 好)。空后指出志愿服务对家庭有意外的积极影响。选项 B“家庭志愿服务可能正是你需要的”直接回应上文提问， 引出下文的志愿服务对家庭的益处，并形成“提问一建议 一展开”的逻辑链。 2.G[段尾总结句。本段主要介绍“你会感觉时间更充裕” 这一益处。上文提到“人们总是觉得太忙而无法进行志愿 服务，但研究发现将时间奉献给社区事业实际上让人感觉 时间更多”。选项G“志愿服务让你感到有能力，并激励你 充分利用每一天”解释了“时间充裕感”的原因，与上文中 的研究发现构成因果关系，符合语境。」 3.E[段落主旨句。空后以华盛顿大学研究为例，说明55 岁及以上的志愿者比相同年龄的其他人记忆力更好、整体 健康雏持更久。选项E“对成年人来说，志愿服务能带来 显著的身体健康益处”作为段落主旨句，概括下文研究结 论，符合语境。选项E中的“adults”“physical health benefits'”与下文“adults55 and older'”“had better memory and maintained overall health longer”呼应。] 4,C[段落小标题。空处对应段落指出志愿服务对青少年 的积极影响（提升成绩、增强自信、影响未来幸福感）。选 项C“志愿服务对儿童和青少年有终身影响”既，点明本段 对象(kids and teenagers),又与下文“These effects aren't just short-term but...in the years to come”呼应。] 5,F[细节支撑句。空前提到一起做志愿活动的家庭会有 为共同目标而奋斗的独特体验。空后指出“每个人都有独 特的贡献价值，并以一种新的方式与彼此建立联系”。选 项F“你甚至可能发现孩子有你以前不知道的天赋”是“独 特体验”的具体表现，承接上文，并呼应下文提到的每个人 的独特贡献价值。] Passage 2 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与自我一生活与学习 —词典的使用 语境概述：本文主要介绍了作者对于写作中拼写和词典使用 的看法及自身的相关习惯等。 l.F[根据上文中的“If you want to be published,it's vital to submit a perfect,professionally presented manuscript( 稿)（如果你想发表作品，提交一份完美的、专业呈现的手 稿是至关重要的)”可知，此处会讲到完美的、专业呈现的 手稿是什么样子的，选项F“那意味着语法不错并且没有拼 写错误”符合语境。所以选F。门