专题一·考点八 阅读理解(科普研究类)-【创新大课堂】2026年高考英语五年真题分类汇编168优化重组卷

考点八阅读理解（科普研究类） 题组一 Passage1(2025·浙江1月，10分) Martin's study also found that creating a As new technologies take on increasingly genderless object was difficult.For instance,if an humanlike qualities,there's been a push to make them object's name was meant to sound genderless,like genderless.“People are stereotyping(形成刻板印Miuu,participants would still assign a gender to their gendered objects in very traditional it-they would assume Miuu was a "he"or 、 “she.” ways,"says Ashley Martin,a Stanford associate Martin sees a silver lining,however:She professor of organizational behavior.Removing believes that anthropomorphism(拟人化)“provides gender from the picture altogether seems like a an opportunity to change stereotypes."When women simple way to fix this.Yet as Martin has found in are put into positions of leadership like running her work,gender is one of the fundamental ways companies,it reduces negative stereotypes about people form connections with objects,particularly women.Similarly,anthropomorphized products could those designed with human characteristics. be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles-a In her study,Martin asked participants to male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot rate their attachment to male,female,and that helps do calculations,for instance. genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and 1.What is the purpose of making new technologies a self-driving car known as "Miuu."It was found genderless? that gender increased users'feelings of A.To reduce stereotypes. attachment to these devices and their interest in B.To meet public demand. purchasing them.For example,participants said C.To cut production costs. they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice D.To encourage competition. 2.What were the participants probably asked to assistant than versions with male or female do in the study? voices. A.Design a product. While gendering a product may be good B.Respond to a survey. marketing,it may also strengthen outdated or C.Work as assistants. harmful ideas about power and identity.The D.Take a language test. stereotypes commonly associated with men,such3.Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? as competitiveness and dominance,are more A.They cannot be mass-produced. valued than those associated with women.These B.Naming them is a challenging task. qualities,in turn,are mapped onto products that C.People assume they are unreliable. have been assigned a gender. D.Gender is rooted in people's mind. 48 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk Still,the findings show a potential path forward about? for reducing microplastic exposure-a task that's A.The quality of genderless products. becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water, B.The upside of gendering a product. scientists found earlier this year,contains 10 to C.The meaning of anthropomorphism. 1,000 times more microplastics than originally D.The stereotypes of men and women. thought. Passage2(2025·全国I卷，10分) Scientists are still trying to determine how Microplastics have become a common source harmful microplastics are-but what they do 叔 of pollution across the Earth-they have settled know has raised concerns.The new study in the deep sea and on the Himalayas,stuck suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake."The way they demonstrated how ® inside volcanic rocks,filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. microplastics were trapped through the boiling They are even appearing inside humans. process was nice,Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, p an environmental engineer at the University of Now,new research suggests that a simple, Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the cheap measure may significantly reduce the level research,tells New Scientist."We should be of microplastics in water from your tap(水龙头)： looking into upgrading drinking water treatment boiling and filtering()it.In a study published plants so they remove microplastics. Wednesday in Environmental Science 1.How does the author present the issue in the 量 Technology Letters,researchers from China first paragraph? found that boiling tap water for just five A.By quoting an expert. 弥 minutes-then filtering it after it cools-could B.By defining a concept. remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. C.By giving examples. 抑 Crucially,this process relies on the water D.By providing statistics. 烂 containing enough caleium carbonate ()to2.What determines the effectiveness of trapping trap the plastics.In the study,boiling hard water microplastics in water? containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate A.The hardness of water. led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in B.The length of cooling time. 抵 samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium ,1 C.The frequency of filtering. carbonate,boiling reduced the level of plastics by D.The type of plastic in water. 郑 just 25 percent.Additionally,the research didn't3.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning include all types of plastics.The team focused bottled water in paragraph 4 only on three common types-polystyrene, A.The importance of plastic recycling. 问 polyethylene and polypropylene-and they didn't B.The severity of the microplastic problem. study other chemicals previously found in water C.The danger in overusing pure water. such as vinyl chloride. D.The difficulty in treating polluted water. 49 4.What is Gauchotte-Lindsay's suggestion about? Their study revealed that the large number A.Choice of new research methods. of observation-only records did not lead to better B.Possible direction for further study. global coverage.Moreover,these data are biased C.Need to involve more researchers. and favor certain regions,time periods,and D.Potential application of the findings. species.This makes sense because the people who Passage3(2024·新课标I卷，10分) get observational biodiversity data on mobile In the race to document the species on Earth devices are often citizen scientists recording their before they go extinct,researchers and citizen encounters with species in areas nearby.These scientists have collected billions of records. data are also biased toward certain species with Today,most records of biodiversity are often in attractive or eye-catching features. the form of photos,videos,and other digital What can we do with the imperfect datasets records.Though they are useful for detectingof biodiversity? shifts in the number and variety of species in an “Quite a lot,”Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of area,a new Stanford study has found that this: oversampled areas and lead them to places-and type of record is not perfect. "With the rise of technology it is easy for even species -that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data, people to make observations of different species biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have with the aid of a mobile application,"said an expert confirm the identification of their Barnabas Daru,who is lead author of the study uploaded image.” and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford: 1.What do we know about the records of species School of Humanities and Sciences."These collected now？ observations now outnumber the primary data A.They are becoming outdated. that comes from physical specimens(标本)，and B.They are mostly in electronic form. since we are increasingly using observational data C.They are limited in number. to investigate how species are responding to D.They are used for public exhibition. global change,I wanted to know:Are they2.What does Daru's study focus on? usable?” A.Threatened species. Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records B.Physical specimens. of plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daru and C.Observational data. his team tested how well these data represent D.Mobile applications. actual global biodiversity patterns. 3.What has led to the biases according to the "We were particularly interested in exploring study? the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏 A.Mistakes in data analysis. data,like the greater likelihood of a citizen B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures. scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant C.Improper way of sampling. instead of the grass right next to it,said Daru. D.Unreliable data collection devices. 50 4.What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps? often have only their things to tell their stories.The A.Review data from certain areas. Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the B.Hire experts to check the records. African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom C.Confirm the identity of the users. appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past D.Give guidance to citizen scientists. achievements most powerfully through the objects they Passage4(2023·全国乙卷，8分) made:a history told through things gives them back a If you want to tell the history of the whole ;voice..When we consider contact(联系)between world,a history that does not privilege one part literate and non-literate societies such as these,all our of humanity,you cannot do it through texts first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one alone,beeause only some of the world has everhalf of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of had texts,while most of the world,for most of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts, the time,has not.Writing is one of humanity's: but the objects. later achievements,and until fairly recently even 1.What is the first paragraph mainly about? many literate(有文字的)societies recorded their A.How past events should be presented. concerns not only in writing but in things. B.What humanity is concerned about. Ideally a history would bring together texts C.Whether facts speak louder than words. and objects,and some chapters of this book are D.Why written language is reliable. able to do just that,but in many cases we simply 2.What does the author indicate by mentioning can't.The clearest example of this between Captain Cook in Paragraph 2? literate and non-literate history is perhaps the A.His report was scientific. first conflict,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. B.He represented the local people. From the English side,we have scientific reports C.He ruled over Botany Bay. and the captain's record of that terrible day.From D.His record was one-sided. the Australian side,we have only a wooden 3.What does the underlined word "conversation" shield (dropped by a man in flight after his in Paragraph 3 refer to? first experience of gunshot.If we want to A.Problem. B.History. reconstruct what was actually going on that day, C.Voice. D.Society. the shield must be questioned and interpreted as4.Which of the following books is the text most deeply and strictly as the written reports. likely selected from? In addition to the problem of miscomprehension A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World from both sides,there are victories accidentally or B.A Short History of Australia deliberately twisted,especially when only the victors C.A History of the World in 100 Objects know how to write.Those who are on the losing side D.How Art Works Tell Stories 51 题组二 Passage1(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷，10分) Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible Given the astonishing potential of AI to:for Al-the technology companies and world transform our lives,we all need to take action to leaders-so they are on the same page as all the deal with our Al-powered future,and this is experts currently developing it.She explains we where AI by Design:A Plan for Living with are at a "tipping point"in history and must act Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing now to prevent an extinction-level event for new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical humanity.We need to consider how we want our roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking, forthcoming AI revolution(变革). followed by global regulation,will enable us to In the wrong hands,such a book could prove achieve greatness rather than our downfall. as complicated to process as the computer code AI will affect us all,and if you only read one (that powers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has book on the subject,this is it. more than two decades'professional experience 1.What does the phrase "In the wrong hands"in translating the heady into the understandable.She Paragraph 2 probably mean? writes from the practical angle of a business A.If read by someone poorly educated. person rather than as an academic,making for a B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. guide which is highly accessible and informative C.If written by someone less competent. and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as D.If translated by someone unacademic. smart as AI. 2.What is a feature of Alby Design according to As we soon come to learn from Al by Design, the text? AI is already super-smart and will become more A.It is packed with complex codes. capable,moving from the current generation of B.It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. "narrow-AI"to Artificial General Intelligence. C.It provides step-by-step instructions. From there,Campbell says,will come Artificial D.It is intended for AI professionals. Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has 3.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding set out to raise awareness of AI and its future AI development? now-several decades before these developments A.Observe existing regulations on it. are expected to take place.She says it is essential B.Reconsider expert opinions about it. that we keep control of artificial intelligence,or C.Make joint efforts to keep it under control. risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. D.Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 52 4.What is the author's purpose in writing the and writing,also work with symbols.But for humans, text? meaning is everything.When we communicate, A.To recommend a book on AI. we communicate meaning.What matters is not B.To give a brief account of AI history. just the outside of a string of symbols,but the C.To clarify the definition of Al. inside too,not just how they are arranged but D.To honor an outstanding Al expert. what they mean. Passage2(2023·浙江1月，10分) Meaning emerges through a process of social 救 A machine can now not only beat you at interaction,not of computation,interaction that chess,it can also outperform you in debate.Last shapes the content of the symbols in our heads week,in a public debate in San Francisco,a The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside 曼 software program called Project Debater beat its our heads,but also outside,in society,in social human opponents,including Noa Ovadia,Israel's memory,social conventions and social relations. 即 former national debating champion. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. Brilliant though it is,Project Debater has And that's why,however astonishing Project some weaknesses.It takes sentences from its Debater may seem,the tradition that began with library of documents and prebuilt arguments and Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial strings them together.This can lead to the kinds intelligence. 蜜 of errors no human would make.Such wrinkles 1.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in will no doubt be ironed out,yet they also point to the first paragraph? a fundamental problem.As Kristian Hammond, A.To explain the use of a software program. professor of electrical engineering and computer B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater. 令 science at Northwestern University,put it:"There's C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater. 烂 never a stage at which the system knows what it's D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition. talking about.” 2.What does the underlined word“wrinkles”in What Hammond is referring to is the Paragraph 2 refer to? 抵 question of meaning,and meaning is central to A.Arguments. B.Doubts. what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans C.Errors. D.Differences. 郑 from the most intelligent of machines.A computer:3.What is Project Debater unable to do according works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of to Hammond? rules to transform one string of symbols into A.Create rules. 问 another.But it does not specify what those B.Comprehend meaning. symbols mean.Indeed,to a computer,meaning is C.Talk fluently. irrelevant.Humans,in thinking,talking,reading D.Identify difficult words. 53 4.What can we learn from the last paragraph? tion of emotional intelligence has helped both the A.Social interaction is key to understanding public and researchers re-evaluate the functional- symbols. ity of emotions and how they serve people adap- B.The human brain has potential yet to be tively in everyday life. developed. Although the continuing popular appeal of C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for emotional intelligence is desirable,we hope that debaters. such attention will excite a greater interest in the D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright scientific and scholarly study of emotion.It is our future. hope that in coming decades,advances in science Passage3(2021·新高考I卷，10分) will offer new perspectives(视角)from which to Popularization has in some cases changed the:study how people manage their lives.Emotional original meaning of emotional (intelli-intelligence,with its focus on both head and heart, gence.Many people now misunderstand emotional may serve to point us in the right direction. intelligence as almost everything desirable in a 1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional person's makeup that cannot be measured by an intelligence? IQ test,such as character,motivation,confi- A.It can be measured by an IQ test. dence,mental stability,optimism and "people B.It helps to exercise a person's mind. skills".Research has shown that emotional skills C.It includes a set of emotional skills. may contribute to some of these qualities,but D.It refers to a person's positive qualities. most of them move far beyond skill-based emo-:2.Why does the author mention "doctor"and tional intelligence. “cheater”in Paragraph2? We prefer to describe emotional intelligence A.To explain a role. as a specific set of skills that can be used for ei- B.To clarify a concept. ther good or bad purposes.The ability to accu- C.To present a fact. rately understand how others are feeling may be D.To make a prediction. used by a doctor to find how best to help her pa-3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of tients,while a cheater might use it to control po- emotional intelligence? tential victims.Being emotionally intelligent does A.Favorable. not necessarily make one a moral person. B.Intolerant. Although popular beliefs regarding emotion- C.Doubtful. al intelligence run far ahead of what research can D.Unclear. reasonably support,the overall effects of the 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. concerning emotional intelligence? The most positive aspect of this popularization is A.Its appeal to the public. a new and much needed emphasis(重t视)on emo- B.Expectations for future studies. tion by employers,educators and others interest- C.Its practical application. ed in promoting social well-being.The populariza- D.Scientists with new perspectives. 54 题组三 Passage(2024·全国甲卷，10分) Dogs are known for their impressive fetching Animals can express their needs using a lot habit,but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and of ways.For instance,almost all animals have bring them to their owners.This is a very old distinct vocals (that they rely on to either habit that's been present in all kinds of predators ask for help,scare away any dangerous animals or (食肉动物).Cats bring gifts for their owners to look for shelter.But cats are special creatures show they love you.These adorable little hunters who possess amazing vocalization skills.They are are just doing something that it's been in their able to have entire conversations with humans:nature since the beginning of time.So just go using meows and you're able to interpret it.If a along with it! 1.What can be learned about cats'meowing from pet cat is hungry,it will keep meowing to attract the first paragraph? attention and find food.However,when a cat is A.It's a survival skill. looking for affection,they tend to produce B.It's taught by mother cats. stretched and soft meows.Meowing starts as soon C.It's hard to interpret. as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get D.It's getting louder with age. the mother's attention and be fed. 2.How does a pet cat assess different situations? Cats have many heightened senses,but their A.By listening for sounds. B.By touching familiar objects. sense of smell is quite impressive.They use their C.By checking on smells. noses to assess their environment and look out for D.By communicating with other cats. any signs of danger.They will sniff out speeific3.Which best explains the phrase"take.up a areas before they choose a place to relax. notch”in Paragraph3? However,another way the cats are able to A.Perform appropriately. distinguish between situations is by looking for B.Move faster. familiar smells.Your cat will likely smell your C.Act strangely. D.Do better. face and store the smell in its memory and use it 4.What is a suitable title for the text? to recognize you in the future.That's why most A.Tips on Finding a Smart Cat pet cats are able to tell immediately if their B.Understanding Your Cat's Behavior owners were around any other cats,which they C.Have Fun with Your Cat don't usually like. D.How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 55题组二 Passage 1 语篇类型：记叙文主题语境：人与社会—社会服务 阅读亭项目 文章大意：本文主要讲述了旧金山湾区捷运系统的首席通讯 官艾丽西亚·特罗斯特根据车站乘客的需求启动阅读亭项 目，以便改善乘客的体验。 1.C[推断题千中的kiosk在第二段“there's a kiosk(小 亭)for that'”中首次出现，句中的that指代文章第一段中的 "but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed'”,即很多人仍然喜欢选择传统方式，读 一些印刷的东西。所以为了满足乘客需求，BART启动了 阅读亭项目，故答案为C。] 2.B[理解具体信息根据文章第三段中的“it tells you can get a one-minute,a three-minute,or a five-minute story" “You choose which length you want”可知，你可以根据自 己想要的长度选择1分钟、3分钟或者5分钟阅读时长的 故事，即阅读亭里的故事是按长度分类的，故答案为B。] 3.A[理解具体信息根据文章第五段中的“we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest'”和“as of right now,we've received about 120 submissions”可知， 特罗斯特号召艺术家们提交故事参加比赛，并且目前为止 收到了大约120份参赛作品，所以她是在组织故事比赛， 故答案为A。] 4.D[理解观点、态度根据第七段内容“Trost thinks so” 和第八段中的“So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories'”可知，特罗斯特完全相 信他们会因为短故事收获更多乘客，故答案为D。] Passage 2 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍我们日常 生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行 官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。 1.B[推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us,Itry to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人 一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物。)”及“But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much;I could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻莱 变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔 掉的东西可以做六份沙拉。)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝 麻莱的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。] 2.B[细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact,Royte writes,'if food waste were a country,it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.’(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的 水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问 题。事实上，罗伊特写道，‘如果食物浪费是一个国家，它 将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。)”可知，根据文中的 说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。] 3.D[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington,D.C.,which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in 12 meals down the road..(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席 执行官，该公司把食物回收变成健康的食物。去年，该组 织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过 807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓 呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或千噪它们，以便在路上 的餐食中使用。)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物 重新制作食物。故选D。] 4.A[细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat, Curtin says.(‘每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无 论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆 不提供你不吃的配莱，’科廷说。)”可知，科廷建议人们只 买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。] 考点八阅读理解（科普研究类） 题组一 Passage 1 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会—社会现象 技术产品的性别化 文章大意：本文围绕技术产品的性别化现象展开，描述了产 品性别化的好处和环处，引发人们对此现象的思考。 l,A[理解具体信息根据题干中的“making new technologies genderless'”可将答案定位在第一段。“People are stereotyping(形成刻板印象)their gendered objects in very traditional ways'”讲人们正在以非常传统的方式对他 们的有性别特征的物品形成刻板印象，“Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix tis”讲将性别从人们的印象中完全清除似乎是解决这个 问题的一种简单方法，“making new technologies genderless”是“Removing gender from the picture altogether'”的一种方法，故让新技术去性别化是为了减少 人们的刻板印象，A项正确。B项“为了满足公众需求”； C项“为了降低生产成本”；D项“为了鼓励竞争”。] 2.B[推断根据第二段的“In her study,Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male,female,and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self- driving car known as'Miuu.,”可知，在Martin的研究中， 她要求参与者评估他们对男性、女性和无性别的数字语音 助手和名为“Miuu”的自动驾驶汽车的依恋程度。由此可 推知，参与者可能被要求响应一项调查，故选B。] 3.D[推断根据题千中的“is it difficult to create genderless objects'”可将答案定位在第四段。第四段首句 说Martin的研究发现创造一个去性别化的物体是困难 的，接着举例进行具体阐述，如果一个物体的名字听起来 没有性别，参与者仍然会给它分配性别。由此可推知，性 别观念在人们心中根深蒂固，故选D。A项“它们不能大 批量生产”；B项“给它们命名是一项具有挑战性的任务”； C项“人们认为它们不可靠”。] 4.B[理解段落主旨要义第三、四段讲产品性别化可能强 化关于权力和身份的过时或有害的观念，且创造一个去性 别化的物体是困难的。最后一段首句however进行转折， 表明Martin看到了一丝希望，她相信拟人化“提供了一个 改变刻板印象的机会”，然后讲拟人化的产品可以被创造 出来，以承担与刻板印象不一致的角色，如一个帮助护理 的男性机器人或一个帮助计算的女性机器人。由此可知， 最后一段讲产品性别化在一定程度上可以帮助改变人们 的刻板印象，即产品性别化的好处，故选B。A项“去性别 化产品的特征”：C项“拟人化的意思”：D项“对男人和女人 的刻板印象”。] 9 Passage 2 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会一自然科学研究 一一微塑料污染及应对方法 文章大意：本文指出了微塑料污染的普遍性，并介绍了中国 研究人员的新发现：煮沸并过滤自来水可去除水中的微塑料 (效果取决于水的硬度)。 1.C[推断读题题目问“第一段中，作者是如何呈现问 题的？”A项“通过引用专家观点”；B项“通过解释一个概 念”；C项“通过举例子”；D项“通过提供统计数据”。 解题第一段中作者通过列举微塑料在深海、喜马拉雅山 脉、火山岩石、海鸟胃里和南极洲下的雪中的存在，来呈现 微塑料污染问题。因此，作者是通过举例子的方式来呈现 问题的。故选C。 2.A[理解具体信息读题题目问“什么决定了聚集水中 微塑料的效果？”。A项“水的硬度”；B项“冷却时间长短”； C项“过滤频率”：D项“水中塑料类型”。 解题根据第三段第一句“Crucially,this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙)to trap the plastics'”(至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于水中含 有足够的碳酸钙来聚集塑料微粒)可知，水的硬度决定了 聚集水中微塑料的效果。下文补充说将含有300毫克碳 酸钙的硬质水(hard water)煮沸可使微塑料含量降低近 90%,但将碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样本煮沸仅使微塑 料含量降低了25%。因此，水的硬度是影响聚集微塑料 效果的关键因素。」 3.B[推断读题题目问“通过在第四段中提及瓶装水作 者想要说明什么？”。A项“塑料回收的重要性”；B项“微塑 料问题的严重性”：C项“滥用纯净水的危害”：D项“污水处 理的难度”。 解题根据第四段“Still,the findings show a potential path forward..a task that's becoming increasingly difficult... contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought”可知，减少微塑料接触这项任务正变得 愈发艰巨，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比最初认为的 高出10至1000倍。因此，作者试图通过提到瓶装水来强 调微塑料问题的严重性。] 4.D[推断最后一段中提到“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics”(我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，使其能 够去除微塑料)，这表明Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议与研究 结果的潜在应用有关。因此，答案为D。A项“新研究方 法的选择”：B项“未来研究的可能方向”：C项“更多研究者 参与的需要”；D项“研究结果的潜在应用”。] Passage 3 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会一科学研究 生物样本数据的可用性 文章大意：本文主要介绍了一个有关生物样本数据的研究。 文章探究了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现的 问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。 l.B[理解具体信息根据第一段的“Today,most records of biodiversity are...videos,and other digital records" 知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其 他的数字记录形式存在。故选B项。选项中的“electronic form”是对原文中的“videos,and other digital records'”的同 义转换。 13 2.C[理解具体信息根据第二段的“and since we are increasingly using observational data...Are they usable?" 可知，Dru及其团队使用观察数据来研究物种是如何对全 球变化作出回应的，他想知道这些观察数据是否可用。再 根据第三段的内容可知，Daru及其团队使用一个全球数据 集，测试这些数据在多大程度上展示了实际的全球生物多 样性模式。由此可知，Daru的研究关注观察数据。故选C 项。A项“濒危物种”；B项“实物标本”；C项“观察数据”；D 项“手机应用程序”。] 3.C[推断根据第四段的“We were particularly interested..,,instead of the grass right next to it”可知，a研 究人员对探索可能导致数据偏差的采样的方方面面特别 感兴趣，比如公民科学家很有可能只拍开花植物而不拍它 旁边的青草。由此可知，采样方式的不当会导致数据偏 差，故选C项。A项“数据分析中的错误”；B项“上传的图 片质量差”；D项“数据收集设备不可靠”。] 4.D[理解具体信息根据第七段的“Biodiversity apps can use...to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image”可知，生物多样性应用程序可以使用Daru 他们的研究结果来让用户知道哪些地区是采样过量的地 区，并且引导他们去对采样不是很好的地方或者物种进行 采样。为了改善观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序也 鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图片。结合第五段的“th people who get..,citizen scientists”可知，这里的用户指代 的是公民科学家。故选D项。A项“检查特定区域的数 据”；B项“雇用专家去检查记录”；C项“确认用户身份”；D 项“给公民科学家一些指导”。] Passage 4 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。对于历史事件的考证不 能仅凭文字记录，要注重文字记录和实物相互印证，以帮助 我们重现真实的历史。 1,A[题千问的是首段的主旨。根据文章首段可知，如果你 想讲述不偏袒人类历史上任何一方的一段世界历史，你就 不能仅依靠文字。文字是人类的后期成果之一，直到最近 甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字，还用实物来记载他们 的重要的事情。所以此段是说过去的历史事件应结合文 字和实物来呈现，不能仅靠文字，故A项正确。] 2.D[题千问的是作者提及库克船长的用意。根据第二段 "Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects... but in many cases we simply can't(理想的情况是我们在研 究历史时应该将文字和实物结合起来…而很多情况下 我们没能这样做)”以及该段最后一句“If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day,the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports(如果我们想要还原那天到底发生了什 么，这块盾牌必须和文字记述一样经过深入而严格的质询 和诠释)”可知，库克船长的记录是片面的，故D项正确。] 3.B[题千问的是画线词conversation在文中的意思。根据 第三段中的“a history told through things gives them back a voice(实物能还原历史事实)”和“all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects(我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只 是对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就必不能只解读 文字，还要解读实物)”可知，conversation指的是历史，故B 项正确。门 4.C[题干问的是本文最有可能摘自哪本书。根据本篇答 案解析“段意梳理”部分可知，本文讲述的重点是强调历史 实物考证的重要性，故C项“《100件实物中的世界历史》” 正确。] 0 题组二 Passage 1 语篇类型：书评主题语境：人与社会一图书推荐一AI by Design 文章大意：本文主要介绍了英国人工智能专家卡特里奥娜· 坎贝尔2022年度畅销书AI by Design:A Plan for Living ith Artificial Intelligence。书中探讨了当前人工智能的发 展趋势和即将到来的人工智能革命，呼吁技术公司和世界领 袖应与人工智能专家们达成共识、携手共进、共同面对。 L,C[理解词汇根据画线词后面的“but,thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades'professional experience translating the heady into the understandable" 知，坎贝尔有二十多年的专业经验，她能将令人头晕的东 西转化为容易理解的东西。由此可见，画线的“In the wrong hands'”指的应该是如果换一个能力不如坎贝尔的人 来写这本书，故C项正确。competent“足以胜任的，有能力 的，称职的”。A项“如果被受教育程度低的人阅读”；B项 “如果被怀有恶意的人评论”：C项“如果被不那么称职的人 来写”；D项“如果被不适合做学术的人来翻译”。] 2.B[推断根据第二段中的“She writes from the practical angle of a business person...a guide which is highly accessible and informative'”可知，她从一个商人的实际角度 来写作，使得这本书成为非常易懂且信息丰富的指南。由 此可见，这本书的写作风格非常务实，故选B。dow-to earth“务实的，脚踏实地的”。] 3.C[理解具体信息根据第三段中的“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence" 四段中的“Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it'”可知，坎贝尔建议让人工智能的发展处于控 制下，并呼吁技术公司、世界领袖和人工智能专家携手应 对，故C项正确。」 4.A[理解目的根据最后一段“AI will affect us all,and if you only read one book on the subject,this is it'"并结合全 文可知，本文主要给读者推荐了卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔的书 AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence,故A项正确。A项“推荐一本关于人工智能 的书”；B项“筒述人工智能的历史”；C项“阐明人工智能的 定义”；D项“向一位杰出的人工智能专家致敬”。] Passage 2 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。本文通过介绍一个击败 以色列前国家辩论冠军的软件程序Project Debater以及它无 法理解意义的缺陷，说明了社会互动才是理解意义的关键 所在。 1,B[通读第一段内容可知，文章第一段提到以色列前国家 辩论冠军Noa Ovadia是为了说明Project Debater在辩论 方面比人类出色，故B项“为了展示Project Debater的聪 明”为正确选项。] 2.C[根据画线词的前一句“This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make”可知，wrinkles指代errors, 故C项正确。」 3.B[根据第二段段尾的“There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about'”以及第三段段首的 "What Hammond is referring to...the most intelligent of machines”可知，根据Hammond的说法，Project Debater做 不到的是理解意义，故B项“理解意义”正确。] 13 4.A[最后一段聚焦“意义的产生”，指出意义是通过社会互 动生成的，而非计算。赋予意义的规则不仅存在于我们的 大脑中，而且也存在于外部，存在于社会中，存在于社会记 忆、社会习俗和社会关系中。这也将人类和机器区分开 来，无论Project Debater看起来多么令人震惊，从苏格拉底 和孔子开始的传统不会因为人工智能而结束。故A项“社 会互动是理解符号的关键”可通过最后一段得知。] Passage 3 【语篇解读】本文是议论文。在某些情况下，情商的普及改 变了其原来的含义。情商的普及总体上利大于弊，同时作者 也希望未来对情感的研究可以更科学、更学术一些，希望科 技的进步能为此类研究提供新的视角。 l.D[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable...‘people skills’.”可知，许多人错误地把情商看 作一个人身上几乎所有的优秀品质。] 2.B[写作意图题。根据第二段的内容可知，作者在这一段 首先陈述了一个观，点，即我们更喜欢将情商描述为一组既 可用于好的目的，也可用于坏的目的的特定技能，然后作 者通过医生和骗子的例子来阐释这个观，点。 3.A[观，点态度题。根据第三段中的“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful...has helped both the public and researchers...in everyday life" 可知，作者对情商普及化的态度是支持的。] 4.B[段落大意题。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是“we hope...study of emotion.It is our hope that...point us in the right direction”可知，本段主要讲述了作者对未来有关 情商研究的希望和期待。] 题组三 Passage 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与自然一人与动物 理解猫的生活习性 文章大意：本文介绍了猫的生活习性，它们的叫声特别，能与 人类交流，嗅觉敏锐，能识别主人，许多猫会将在外面找到的 物品带给主人表达爱意。 1.A[理解具体信息读题本题问“从第一段中可以学到 关于猫的喵喵叫的什么信息？”。A项“它是一种生存技 能”；B项“它是猫妈妈教的”；C项“它很难解释”；D项“随 着年龄的增长，叫声越来越大”。 解题根据第一段中的“They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows...a pet cat is hungry,it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food"“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat..be fed”可 知，猫用喵喵叫和人对话。如果一只宠物猫饿了，它会不 停地喵喵叫以吸引注意力并找到食物。喵喵叫从小猫一 出生就开始了，小猫用它来吸引猫妈妈的注意并被喂食。 由此可知，喵喵叫是猫的生存技能。 2.C[推断根据第二段的“They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger... looking for familiar smells'”可知，猫用鼻子评估环境并留心 任何危险迹象。它们能够区分不同环境的另一种方法是 寻找熟悉的气味。由此可推断，猫通过检查气味来评估不 同的环境。故选C。」 3.D[理解词汇画线短语前提到狗以其令人印象深刻的 取物习惯而闻名，下文介绍了猫的行为，它们会将在外面 找到的物品带到主人身边以表达它们的爱意，故画线短语 所在部分表明猫将这种行为提升了一个档次，它们在取物 方面做得更好。D项可以解释画线短语含义。] 4.B[理解文章主旨要义阅读文章可知，第一段介绍了猫 的惊人的发声技能，第二段介绍了猫的嗅觉敏锐，能够区 分不同的环境，第三段介绍了猫的令人印象深刻的取物习 惯，这些都属于对猫的行为的介绍。B项“理解猫的行为” 概括了文章内容，适合作标题。] 考点九阅读理解（热点话题类） 题组一 Passage 1 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会一社会现象 用食物边角料制作美味 文章大意：本文主要讲述了纽约的一家餐厅Blue Hill为了提 高人们对食物浪费的意识，通过将食材边角料加工成美味佳 肴，生动阐释了节约食物和物尽其用的可持续发展理念，为 解决可持续发展问题提供了一个参考。 1.A[推断根据题千中的“the author's early life”可以定 位到第一段中的“growing up in South Africa'”。根据第一 段中的“the phrase‘there are children starving in Africa’ was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time”可知，作者在南非长大，在那里“非洲 有孩子在挨饿”这句话与其说是在晚餐时的祷告，不如说 是一种提醒，使人想起令人不安的事实。据此可以推断， 作者小时候亲眼见证过食物短缺。故A项正确。] 2.B[理解具体信息根据题千中的Blue Hill可以定位到 第三段。根据第三段中的“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste”可知，Blue Hill进行 这项实验的目的是提高人们关于食物浪贵的意识，故B项 正确。] 3.C[理解段落主旨要义根据第五段中的“none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage”可知，wastED莱单上的东西不是由废料制作的； 再由下文中的“all the ingredients(配料) used were examples of meat cuts...turned into excellent cuisine”可知，使用的所有配料都是大多数餐厅决不会考虑 提供的肉块和农产品，这些食材经过重新利用并在一些优 秀厨师的帮助下被转化为美味佳肴。由此可知，本段主要 讲述的是wastED莱单上的莱肴是由什么制成的。故C 项能够概括段落大意。] 4.A[推断根据最后一段中的“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu'”可知，尽管wastED收到了热情的评论，但这 从一开始设计的就是一个短暂的实验，而Blue Hill在实验 结束后又回到了它的常规莱单。据此可以推断，wastED 按原定计别实施完毕。故A项正确。] Passage 2 语篇类型：议论文主题语境：人与社会一科学与技术 —学习媒介的选择 文章大意：本文探讨了有纸化学习与无纸化学习的区别，并 提出用纸质书籍更容易让人投入、专心学，而电子书籍更容 易使人分心，故阅读印刷品比阅读电子书籍记得更多。 核心素养：本文通过强调不同的学习方式，引起人们对科技 改变生活的思考，促使学生对新生事物尤其是科技新时代产生 的新问题形成自己的观，点，从而促进学生思雏品质的提升。 l.D[理解词汇读题题千问“第二段中画线短语shine through是什么意思”。A项“似乎不太可能长久”；B项“似 乎难以解释”；C项“准备好使用”；D项“变得容易被注意 到”。 解题本段第一句谈到当阅读几百字或更多字的文本时， 有纸化学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功，接着谈到大量的 研究证实了这一发现。故画线短语所在部分应该是指从 提出简单的任务转向需要抽象思雏的任务时，这种有纸化 阅读的好处尤其明显，也就是说很容易被注意到，答案 为D。」 2.A[理解具体信息读题题干问“‘浅化假说'假定了什 么”。A项“读者轻率对待电子文本”；B项“电子文本更容 易理解”；C项“人们随机选择电子文本”；D项“电子文本适 用于社交媒体”。 解题根据题千中的shallowing hypothesis可以将答案定 位在第四段中。根据第四段中的“which are often not so serious'”以及“devote less mental effort'”可知，在对待电子 文本的时候，读者通常不是很严肃，同时比阅读纸质文本时投 入的精力要少，即读者对电子文本不是很重视，答案为A。] 3.A「理解具体信息读题题干问“为什么音频和视频越 来越多地被大学教师使用”。A项“它们可以吸引学生的 注意力”；B项“它们准备起来更方便”：C项“它们帮助培养 先进技能”；D项“它们比文本提供更多信息”。 解题根据题干可将解题信息定位在第五段。本段第一 句谈到音频和视频比文字更吸引人，所以大学教师越来越 多地改用这些技术，故选A。」 4.C[推断最后一段首先谈到电子文本、音频和视频都具 有教育作用，特别是在提供纸质文本无法提供的资源时。 “However'”后提到为了最大限度地进行需要集中注意力和 反思的学习，教育者不应该假设所有媒体都是一样的，即 使它们包含相同的词汇。这与倒数第二段最后一句中的 信息意思一致：当成年人阅读新闻故事时，他们比听或看 相同的片段能记住更多内容，也就是说有纸化学习在教育 中是不能完全被取代的，答案为C。A项“学生们应该应用 多种学习技巧”；B项“教师应制作自己的教材”；C项“纸质 文本在教育中是不能完全被取代的”；D项“课堂外的教育 不容忽视”。] Passage 3 【语篇解读】本文是一簫说明文。本文重点介绍了哲学著 作《苏格拉底快车》，该书语言幽默，陈述直白，却能让读者深 刻思考日常生活中的欲望、孤独等哲学问题。 l.C[根据第一段的“an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World”和第一段尾句“It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学)”可知， Jostein Gaarder的《苏菲的世界》把作者带进了一个哲学的 世界。故Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了哲学大门。] 2.D[通读第四段，特别是该段尾句“This,more than a book about understanding philosophy,is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life'”可知，在列举 了几位伟大的哲学家后，作者指出，这不仅仅是一本关于 理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习如何运用哲学来改善生 活的书。据此可以推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为 了帮助读者更好地理解Weiner的这本书。] 3.B[根据最后一段的“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire,loneliness,and aging”可知，《苏格拉底快车》是一 本有趣而尖锐的书，它因显而易见的简单而吸引读者，并 逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。 结合常识可以推知，《苏格拉底快车》的思想可以用于日常 生活中，故B项正确。] 2