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教学课件
新人教版八年级下册
Unit 1 语法专项——动词不定式作状语和宾补
全解精讲+分层练习
1
精准掌握不定式作目的状语的位置、替换、否定用法,能区分三者细节差异。
透彻理解宾补三类结构,牢记to的省略、保留及被动还原的硬性语法规则。
每个知识点能结合例句灵活运用,熟练解答多种题型,规避高频易错点。
能在语篇和翻译中正确使用不定式,做到语法正确、表达自然。
学习目标
基本构成:to + 动词原形,to为不定式符号,无实际语义,仅起语法作用。
特殊情况:部分固定搭配中to可省略,本课重点讲解宾补中的两类省略场景。
句法功能:可作状语、宾补、宾语、主语等,本课聚焦目的状语和宾语补足语。
核心易错点:to后只能接动词原形,不可接动名词、过去式等形式。
动词不定式基础认知
核心功能:表主句动作的目的, “为了……”“来……”。
语法作用:修饰主句谓语动词,补充动作意图,属于修饰成分,不构成句子主干。
关键区分:作状语时不跟在单个动词后,作宾语时则紧跟在谓语动词后。
高频考点:单选、填空、句型转换均会考查,重点是位置和同义替换。
例句:I study hard to get good grades. (不定式表“努力学习”的目的。)
不定式作目的状语——定义&语法作用
固定结构:主句(主语+谓语+其他) + to do(目的状语)
例句1:I play the flute to relax in my free time. 吹长笛的目的是放松自己。
例句2:She buys a pen to write English words. 买钢笔的目的是写英语单词。
例句3:They join the club to learn more about photography. 加入俱乐部的目的是学摄影。
目的状语——常规位置(句末)【最常用】
需突出、强调动作目的时,将不定式置于句首,是目的状语的强调式用法。
语法要求:不定式放句首后,必须用逗号与主句隔开,缺一不可。
固定结构:To do(目的状语) , + 主句(主语+谓语+其他)
例句1:To relax myself, I often go hiking on weekends. 强调徒步的目的是放松。
例句2:To master English, she reads English newspapers every day. 强调读报的目的是精通英语。
例句3:To catch the early bus, he gets up at six every morning. 强调早起的目的是赶早班车。
目的状语——强调位置(句首)【表突出】
in order to与to do完全同义,可直接互换,语气更正式,适合书面表达。
位置灵活:可放句首,也可放句末,放句首时需用逗号与主句隔开。
固定结构:句末→主句+in order to do;句首→In order to do , + 主句
例句1:I go to the sports centre in order to ice-skate.(句末)
例句2:In order to study well, I listen to the teacher carefully.(句首)
例句3:They save money in order to buy a new house.(句末)
目的状语——同义替换(in order to)
so as to与to do、in order to含义一致,均表目的,可替换to do用于句末。
核心高频易错点:so as to只能置于句末,绝对不能放在句首,否则为语法错误。
固定结构:主句 + so as to do(目的状语),仅有一种位置,无例外。
例句1:She reads books so as to reduce stress. 看书的目的是缓解压力。
例句2:We hurry up so as to catch the last train. 赶紧走的目的是赶末班车。
例句3:He works hard so as to improve his life. 努力工作的目的是改善生活。
错误对比:❌ So as to learn English, he joins the club.
✅ He joins the club so as to learn English.
目的状语——同义替换(so as to)
必考规则: 直接在不定式符号to前加not,否定的是目的,而非主句动作。
三类形式的否定变形(全覆盖):to do→not to do;in order to do→in order not to do;so as to do→so as not to do。
核心禁忌:not绝不能放to后,也不可用do/does/don’t否定不定式。
固定结构:否定均为“not紧跟to前”,so as not to仍需放句末。
目的状语——否定形式
例句1:We stayed at home in order not to catch a cold. 待在家里的目的是为了不感冒。
例句2:They spoke quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping baby. 小声说话是为了不吵醒宝宝。
例句3:I study hard not to fall behind my classmates. 努力学习是为了不落后于同学。
解析:三个例句中not均在to前,分别对应三类否定形式,用法均符合语法规则。
目的状语——否定形式&例句解析
宾语补足语(宾补):置于宾语之后,补充说明宾语的动作、状态、身份的成分。
作用:让句子含义更完整,回答“宾语做什么”“宾语处于什么状态”的问题。
前提:有宾语才有宾补,无宾语则绝对不存在宾补,这是与不定式作宾语的核心区别。
固定结构:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语(人/物) + 宾补(to do/do)
例句解析:Tell him to come here. him是宾语,to come here是宾补,补充说明“让他做什么”。
宾语补足语——定义&前提
使役动词:表“使、让、迫使”含义,后接人作宾语时,宾补必须省略to,接动词原形。
使役动词:make(使/迫使)、let(让)、have(使/让)
固定结构:使役动词 + sb.(宾语) + 动词原形(宾补,省略to)
例句1:It made me decide to try skiing. made是使役动词,me是宾语,decide省略to作宾补。
例句2:My mother lets me watch TV for an hour every day. let是使役动词,me是宾语,watch省略to作宾补。
例句3:The teacher had us clean the classroom after school. have是使役动词,us是宾语,clean省略to作宾补。
核心禁忌:绝对不能加to(❌make sb. to do sth.),为高频基础易错点。
宾补结构——使役动词+sb.+动词原形(省略to)
感官动词:表“看、听、感觉、触摸”含义,后接人作宾语时,宾补省略to,接动词原形。
必记感官动词:see(看见)、watch(观看)、hear(听见)、feel(感觉/摸到)。
用法细节:该结构强调看到/听到/感觉到动作的全过程(从开始到结束)。
固定结构:感官动词 + sb.(宾语) + 动词原形(宾补,省略to)
例句1:I love to watch you fly kites in the park. 看你放风筝的整个过程。
例句2:She heard him sing a beautiful song yesterday. 听到他唱完了整首歌。
例句3:I felt something touch my hand in the dark. 感觉到有东西碰到了我的手(全过程)。
宾补结构——感官动词+sb.+动词原形(省略to)
规则:使役/感官动词用于被动语态时,主动句中省略的to,在被动句中必须还原。
固定结构:主动→主语+使役/感官动词+sb.+do;被动→sb.+be+过去分词+to do
例句1:主动:The coach made the players run 10 laps.
被动:The players were made to run 10 laps.
例句2:主动:I saw her enter the classroom.
被动:She was seen to enter the classroom.
例句3:主动:We heard him speak English.
被动:He was heard to speak English.
核心易错点:被动句中绝对不能省略to,否则为语法错误。
宾补结构——被动语态(to必须还原)【高频难点】
这类动词后接人作宾语时,宾补必须保留to,接to+动词原形。
动词特点:多表“要求、命令、邀请、希望”,后必须接“人”作宾语,再接宾补。
必记动词:ask、tell、order、invite、encourage、want、expect。
固定结构:谓语动词 + sb.(宾语) + to + 动词原形(宾补,保留to)
宾补结构——动词+sb.+to+动词原形(保留to)
第一类:要求/命令类——ask(要求)、tell(告诉/吩咐)、order(命令)
用法:表“要求/吩咐/命令某人做某事”,后接sb.+to do,to必须保留。
例句1:My cousin often asks me to fly kites with her. ask后接me,to fly保留to作宾补。
例句2:The teacher told us to finish the homework on time. tell后接us,to finish保留to作宾补。
例句3:The boss ordered his workers to work hard. order后接workers,to work保留to作宾补。
宾补结构——核心动词分类
第二类:邀请/鼓励/希望类——invite(邀请)、encourage(鼓励)、want(希望)
用法:表“邀请/鼓励/希望某人做某事”,后接sb.+to do,to必须保留。
例句1:My friend invited me to go to the concert with her. invite后接me,to go保留to作宾补。
例句2:My teacher encouraged me to take part in the English contest. encourage后接me,to take part in保留to作宾补。
例句3:My parents want me to exercise more often. want后接me,to exercise保留to作宾补。
宾补结构——核心动词分类
核心规则: 将not加在不定式符号to前,否定的是宾补动作。
固定结构:谓语动词 + sb.(宾语) + not to + 动词原形(宾补)
核心易错点:不可用don’t/doesn’t否定谓语动词来修饰宾补(❌ tell sb. don’t do)。
例句1:She told me not to give up so easily. tell后接me,not to give up作宾补,not在to前。
例句2:The teacher asked us not to be late for the exam. ask后接us,not to be late作宾补,not在to前。
例句3:My mother wants me not to play computer games too much. want后接me,not to play作宾补,not在to前。
宾补结构——否定形式【高频考点】
这类结构无额外的人/物作宾语,不定式直接紧跟在谓语动词后,作动词的宾语。
关键区分:与宾补的核心不同——无宾语(人),不定式直接作谓语动词的宾语。
核心必记动词:decide(决定)、plan(计划)、want(想要)、need(需要)、like(喜欢)。
固定结构:谓语动词 + to + 动词原形(不定式作宾语,无sb.)
宾补结构——动词+to+动词原形(不定式作宾语)
做题提示:结合位置、替换、否定规则,判断不定式正确形式。
1.He goes to the library ___________ (read) English books.(句末表目的)
2.___________ (learn) Chinese, he makes many Chinese friends.(句首强调目的)
3.We walk slowly ___________ (not hurt) the little dog.(否定目的)
4.They get up early so as ___________ (catch) the first bus.(so as to后接动词原形)
5.____________ (not miss) the class, we go to school early.(句首否定目的)
小试牛刀——目的状语专项填空
to read
To read
not to hurt
to catch
Not to miss
做题提示:判断宾补结构,牢记to的省略、保留、否定规则。
1.The movie made me ___________ (feel) very sad.
2.My teacher asks me ___________ (answer) the question in English.
3.I decide ___________ (go) to the park this weekend.
4.She told me ___________ (not play) in the street.
5.I heard her ___________ (sing) an English song.
小试牛刀——宾补专项填空
feel
to answer
to go
not to play
sing
基础巩固——用所给词的正确形式填空
1.She buys a new bike ___________ (go) to school every day.
2.Let’s ___________ (play) football after school together.
3.We need ___________ (drink) more water every day.
4.The teacher ordered us ___________ (not talk) in class.
5.He saw a little boy ___________ (cry) in the street.
6.They study hard in order ___________ (get) good grades.
to go
play
to drink
not to talk
cry
to get
1.—Why do you work hard?
—___________ (make) more money for my family.
A. Make B. To make C. Making D. Made
2.The boss made the workers ___________ (work) all day yesterday.
A. work B. to work C. working D. worked
3.My friend invited me ___________ (go) to the cinema with her.
A. go B. going C. to go D. went
基础巩固——单项选择(1)
B
A
C
1.She wants ___________ (not be) late for the party, so she hurries up.
A. not be B. to not be C. not to be D. being
2.I heard him ___________ (play) the piano in the next room just now.
A. play B. to play C. playing D. plays
3.He decided ___________ (travel) to Beijing during the holiday.
A. travel B. to travel C. travelling D. travelled
基础巩固——单项选择(2)
C
A
B
1.He studies hard because he wants to pass the exam.(改为同义句)
He studies hard ___________ ___________ ___________ pass the exam.
2.We made him clean the classroom.(改为被动语态)
He ___________ ___________ ___________ clean the classroom by us.
3.“Don’t draw on the wall,” the teacher said to us.(改为间接引语)
The teacher told us ___________ ___________ ___________ on the wall.
能力提升——句型转换(1)
in order to
was made to
not to draw
1.She goes to the supermarket to buy some food.(对划线部分提问)
___________ ___________ she go to the supermarket?
2.My father wants me to learn to play the piano.(改为否定句)
My father wants me ___________ ___________ ___________ to play the piano.
3.I see him play basketball on the playground every day.(改为被动语态)
He ___________ ___________ ___________ play basketball on the playground every day.
能力提升——句型转换(2)
Why does
not to learn
is seen to
能力提升——语篇填空
My best friend Tom and I love sports. I often go running ___________ (keep) fit, while he prefers ___________ (play) basketball with his classmates. Last Saturday, we planned ___________ (go) to the gym together. We asked our friend Jack ___________ (join) us, but he had to do his homework. The happy time made us ___________ (forget) all our tiredness.
to keep
to play
to go
to join
forget
拓展挑战——翻译句子(汉译英)
做题提示:结合不定式用法,注意目的状语和宾补结构,语法正确、表达自然。
1.为了学好英语,我每天读半小时英语。
2.妈妈让我每天晚上整理我的房间。
3.老师鼓励我参加英语演讲比赛。
4.我决定这个周末去看望我的祖父母。
5.他们小声说话,为了不打扰别人。
1.To learn English well, I read English for half an hour every day.
2.My mother makes me tidy my room every evening.
3.My teacher encouraged me to take part in the English speech contest.
4.I decided to visit my grandparents this weekend.
5.They spoke quietly so as not to disturb others.
拓展挑战——改错(找出错误并改正)
1.So as to learn English well, he reads every day. ___________
2.The teacher made me to clean the blackboard. ___________
3.She told me don’t play computer games too much. ___________
4.I want go to the park with my parents. ___________
5.He was seen play football on the playground. ___________
To/In order to
not to play
want to go
was seen to play
课堂小结——核心知识点梳理(1)
不定式作目的状语:有to do、in order to do、so as to do三种形式,否定均在to前加not。
位置规则:to do和in order to do可句首/句末,so as to do只能句末,句首需加逗号。
宾补结构一:使役/感官动词+sb.+do,被动语态必须还原to,强调动作全过程。
课堂小结——核心知识点梳理(2)
宾补结构二:ask/tell/invite等+sb.+to do,否定为not to do,to必须保留。
宾补结构三:decide/plan/want等+to do,无宾语,不定式直接作动词的宾语。
核心区分:有sb.作宾语,可能是宾补;无sb.作宾语,不定式多作动词的宾语。
课堂小结——高频易错点汇总
1.so as to do放句首(错误),只能放句末;
2. 使役/感官动词后加to do(错误),主动省to,被动还原to;
3.not放to后(错误),否定均为not to do;
4. 结构二用don’t否定(错误),需用not to do;
5.不定式作宾语省略to(错误),decide/plan等后必须接to do。
教学课件
Unit 1 语法专项——动词不定式作状语和宾补
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