Unit 2 Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage-【金版新学案】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（译林版）

本讲义聚焦高中英语定语从句核心知识点，系统梳理关系代词（who/whom/which/that等）和关系副词（when/where/why）的用法，通过教材示例引入，经“我的发现”区分限制性与非限制性定语从句，再分模块讲解关系词选用、“介词+关系代词”结构等，构建从感知到应用的学习支架。 该资料以情境化教材示例培养语言能力，通过对比分析关系代词that/which用法等提升思维品质，“练透”“写美”练习设计强化学习能力。例如结合“介词+关系代词”确定方法助学生掌握语法规则，语法与词汇整合式学习促进综合应用，课中辅助教师系统教学，课后帮助学生查漏补缺。

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage 定语从句 [教材示例] 分析下列加黑部分并体会其语法特征 1．(教材原句)Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries that are separated by a common language. 2．(教材原句)There were times when questions like “Would you mind passing me the jam，please？” would be met with the reply “Why would I mind？” 3．(教材原句)In response，the receiver sends an encoded message back，which is referred to as feedback. 4．(教材原句)Suppose you are discussing a project with your partner，who has just lost an important basketball game and is inactive. 学生用书第47页 5.(教材原句)I spent one term in the UK，where the greatest challenge was the indirect manner of speaking. [我的发现] 1．句1－2中，黑体词均引导限制性定语从句，其中that为关系代词，when为关系副词； 2．句3－5中；黑体词均引导非限制性定语从句，其中which和who为关系代词，where为关系副词。 一、引导定语从句的关系代词 1．引导定语从句的常用关系代词的用法 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 He is the policeman who/that lent me a hand yesterday. 他就是昨天帮助我的那个警察。 He is the man whom/who/that you are looking for. 他就是你正在找的那个人。 The bridge that/which is being built will be the longest in Asia. 正在修建的大桥将是亚洲最长的。 He lives in a big house whose window faces the sea. 他住在一座窗户朝向大海的大房子里。 Such people as have made a contribution to the world should be respected. 那些对世界做出贡献的人应受到尊重。 In the last exam，he made the same mistake as you made. 在上次考试中，他犯了一个与你相同的错误。 2．关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用that的情况 ①当先行词是all，much，few，little，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等不定代词时； ②当先行词被any，few，little，much，some，no等词修饰或被the only，the very，the same，the last等修饰时； ③当先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时； ④当先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词对其进行修饰时； ⑤当先行词既指人又指物时； ⑥当主句是who或which等引出的特殊疑问句时。 只用which的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that； ②介词后边用which不用that。 We should do everything that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。 This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now. 这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。 I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved. 我买了很多书，这些书花了我积攒的所有的钱。 二、引导定语从句的关系副词 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 why the reason 原因状语 I will never forget the day when (＝on which) we moved into our new house. 我永远不会忘记我们搬进新居的那一天。 学生用书第48页 Students should involve themselves in community activities where (＝in which) they can gain experience for growth. 学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。 He didn't know the reason why (＝for which) he was dismissed. 他不知道他为什么被解雇了。 三、定语从句中关系词的选用 方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。 方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 关系词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，应用关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。 The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father. 昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年待过的山村。 四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法。 方法一：根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。 方法二：根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。 方法三：根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。 The poor man has no house in which he can live. 那个穷人没房子住。 I don't know the reason for which he was late for school. 我不知道他为何上学迟到。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。 2．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句注意事项： (1)“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或whom，不用that。 I'll never forget the day on which I joined the army. 我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。 Do you know the man with whom Mr.Black talked just now? 你认识刚和布莱克先生谈话的那个人吗？ (2)关系副词where，when，why可替换成“介词＋which”，介词取决于先行词及介词＋which在从句中的作用。why只可替换for which。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. ＝This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。 (3)“不定代词或数词＋介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句说明整体中的部分。 Last week，only two people came to look at the house，neither of whom wanted to buy it. 上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。 (4)“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”，可替换“whose＋名词”引导的定语从句。 The house the windows of which/of which the windows/whose windows were damaged has now been repaired. 窗子遭破坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。 学生用书第49页 五、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 和先行词的关系密切(删除后影响整个句子意义的表达) 和先行词关系不密切(起补充说明的作用，删掉后不影响整个句子意思的表达) 不用逗号隔开 一般用逗号隔开 可用that/which/ whom引导 不可以用that引导，只能用which/whom 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 He is the man who came to see you yesterday. 他是昨天来看你的那个人。 The sports meeting was put off，which astonished us. 运动会推迟了，这让我们很吃惊。 2．as/which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事 可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为“正如……，正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see，know，expect，say，mention，report等 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事也可修饰先行词 只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系 As we all know，smoking is harmful to health. 我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。 He finished the task ahead of time，which is very important to us. 他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。 3．非限制性定语从句与并列句的识别 非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用逗号分开，并且不能加入and，but，so等连接词。并列句一般由and，but，or等词连接。 He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows，most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows，and most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows.Most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 他付给那个男孩10美元洗窗户，大部分窗户至少有一年没擦了。 学生用书第50页 核心词汇精研 preference n．偏爱；偏爱的事物 (教材原句)Now，when speaking to Americans，who have a preference for the direct style，I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. 现在，当我与偏爱直接风格的美国人交谈时，我发现我常常无法直截了当地抓住要点。 (1)have/show a preference for　 喜好……，偏爱…… in preference to sb/sth 而不是某人/事；优先于某人/事 give (a) preference to sb/sth 给……以优惠；优待…… (2)prefer to do/doing sth 更喜欢做某事 prefer sb to do sth 宁愿某人做某事 prefer (doing) sth to (doing) sth＝prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿(做)某事……也不愿(做)某事 [佳句]　Among all the subjects，I have a preference for English. 在所有的科目中，我更偏爱英语。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①Around 34.4 percent of surveyed graduates show a preference for small businesses，up from 28.7 percent of those surveyed last year. ②Anna said she would choose to learn the violin in preference to the piano. ③A growing number of Chinese consumers have realized the significance of health and prefer taking/to take (take) exercise at home. ④In general，the old prefer classical music and Peking Opera to pop music. ◎写美——一句多译 青少年们宁愿待在家里玩电脑游戏而不愿参加户外活动。 ⑤Teenagers prefer to stay at home playing computer games rather than take part in outdoor activities.(prefer to do...rather than do...) ⑥Teenagers prefer staying at home playing computer games to taking part in outdoor activities.(prefer doing...to doing...) embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 (教材原句)Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others，and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them. 那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他人，这种情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。 (1)be embarrassed about/at sth　　 对某事感到尴尬 be embarrassed to do sth 做某事感到尴尬 (2)embarrass vt. 使窘迫，使尴尬 (3) embarrassing adj. 使人害羞的(或难堪的、惭愧的) (4)embarrassment n. 窘迫；愧疚；难堪 (much) to one's embarrassment 使某人(十分)尴尬的是 [佳句]　Much to my embarrassment，he asked me some embarrassing questions about my personal life，which also made other guests embarrassed. 令我非常尴尬的是，他问了我一些关于我个人生活的令人尴尬的问题，这也让其他客人感到尴尬。 学生用书第51页 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①I felt embarrassed (embarrass) when I could not buy my daughter an ice candy because I didn't have the spare cash. ②I am embarrassed to admit (admit) that I made many mistakes in this investigation. ③What matters now is how to get rid of such an embarrassing (embarrass) situation. ④His ignorant behaviour at the dinner table caused much embarrassment (embarrass)． ◎写美——微写作 ⑤Much to his embarrassment，he failed in the exam again. 令他十分尴尬的是，他又一次考试失败了。 intention n．计划，意图 (1) with the intention of　 目的是…… have no/every intention of doing sth 没有/有做某事的计划 (2) intend to do/doing sth 打算/想要做某事 intend sb to do sth. 打算让某人做某事 be intended for 打算为……所用，专为……而设计的 had intended to do ...＝intended to have done... 原本打算做…… [佳句]　The program was set up with the intention of helping the homeless. 这个项目创立的目的是帮助无家可归者。 [名师点津]　intend的过去完成时，表示本打算做某事，但实际没做成。有类似用法的动词还有：plan，hope，think等。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①China has no intention of competing with other countries，and has been promoting international cooperation. ②This book is intended for primary and middle school students，aged between 6 and 18. ③His father intended him to study (study) medicine but he decided to join the army. ◎写美——一句多译 昨晚我原本打算去拜访你的，可是下起雨来了。 ④I had intended to visit you last night，but it rained. ⑤I intended to have visited you last night，but it rained. correspond vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信 (教材原句)This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”． 这是因为汉语中与“伞”对应的单词听起来像另一个汉语单词，意思是“散”。 (1) correspond to/with　　 和……一致 correspond with 和……通信 (2)correspondence n. 一致，符合；通信联系；往来书信 in correspondence with 与……有通信联系 (3)corresponding adj. 符合的，相应的，相关的 [佳句]　Only when what you do corresponds with what you say can you make better relationships with others. 只有当你言行一致时，你才能和其他人建立更好的关系。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①I have to inform you that the goods do not correspond with/to the samples you sent to me last time. ②To strike a balance between accepting the refugees and maintaining their own social security，the countries have adopted corresponding (correspond) restrictions. 学生用书第52页 ③What she has just said isn't in correspondence (correspond) with the views of the majority. ◎写美——微写作 ④You must promise that your actions correspond with/to your words． 你必须保证你的言行一致。 behave vi.&vt.表现得体，有礼貌；表现 (教材原句)If you know what to avoid and how to behave，you will spare yourself embarrassment. 如果你知道避免什么和如何表现得体，你就会使自己免得尴尬。 (1)behave well/badly to/towards sb 对待某人好/差 behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体 (2)behavior n. 举止，行为 [佳句]　It is highly suggested that you (should) behave yourself when attending feasts. 强烈建议你参加晚宴时，表现得体。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①They behaved badly to/towards the guests at the party，which made them very angry. ②People who want to become stars must first of all behave themselves (them)． ③There exist huge differences in culture，language，thinking and behavior (behave) between the people of the two countries. ◎写美——微写作 ④My mother asked me to behave myself before the guests． 我母亲要求我在客人们面前表现得体。 tolerate vt.容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受 (教材原句)Some behaviour that was not tolerated before might be accepted now. 一些以前不被容忍的行为现在可能会被接受。 (1)tolerate doing sth　　　 容忍做某事 (2)tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的；忍受的；能耐……的 be tolerant of 容忍……；耐…… (3)tolerance n. 容忍；忍受；宽容 [佳句]　Those who know how to tolerate others can naturally lead a happy life. 那些懂得容忍他人的人会过得幸福。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①To be frank，I can't tolerate your being (be) rude to your parents any more. ②He made it clear that this behavior should not be tolerated (tolerate)． ③My tolerance (tolerant) of heat is considerably greater after having lived in the Far East for a couple of years. ④People should be more tolerant of their sports idols' failures in competition and give due respect to their hard work. ◎写美——微写作 ⑤He can not tolerate being interrupted when he is giving his speech. 他不能容忍在他演讲时被打断。 fluent adj.(尤指外语)流利的，熟练的 (教材原句)Keen for their sons and daughters to succeed in life，they see being fluent in a second or third language as an advantage. 他们渴望自己的子女在生活中取得成功，他们认为流利地使用第二或第三语言是一种优势。 (1)be fluent in...　　　　 ……流利；……熟练 (2)fluency n. 流畅，熟练 speak...with fluency 流利地说…… (3)fluently adv. 流利地；流畅地 学生用书第53页 [佳句]　I can speak fluent English and I am the first student in my class to go abroad for further study. 我能说一口流利的英语，我是班上第一个出国深造的学生。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①Now she is fluent in both English and Chinese and works for an international trade company. ②Judging from the fluency (fluent) of his Chinese，it's hard to believe he isn't a native speaker. ③When interviewed on Chinese social media after a post-match interview，she fluently (fluent) switched between the two languages. ◎写美——微写作 ④I am writing to recommend Tom，a graduate who is fluent in English，as your assistant. 我写信是为了推荐汤姆，一个英语流利的毕业生，做您的助手。 cooperate vi.合作，协作；协助，配合 (教材原句)For example，there is China's Belt and Road Initiative，which motivates many countries along the Silk Road to cooperate more closely. 例如，中国的“一带一路”倡议，推动丝绸之路沿线许多国家进行更紧密的合作。 (1)cooperate with　　　　 和……合作 (2)cooperation n. 合作，协作 in cooperation with 和……合作 (3)cooperative adj. 合作的，协作的；同心协力的 [佳句]　Being exposed to foreign surroundings strengthens my ability to cooperate with others. 接触国外的环境增强了我与他人合作的能力。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①We are willing to unite and cooperate with all countries to build a partnership of mutual respect，understanding and trust. ②The two countries have strengthened mutual political trust and set an example of peaceful coexistence and win-win cooperation (cooperate)． ③China and Pakistan are both close neighbors and important cooperative (cooperate) partners. ◎写美——微写作 ④Hearing your introduction，we really have the interest to cooperate with you． 听了您的介绍，我们很有兴趣和您合作。 维度一　单词拼写 1．Judging from his accent(口音)，he is probably from Sichuan Province. 2．If you can improve your handwriting(书写)，you will get a higher mark for your composition. 3．We must read as much as possible to enlarge our vocabulary(词汇量)． 4．We'd better change another road because there is a traffic jam(堵塞)ahead. 5．The children can learn singing，dancing，drawing in the kindergarten(幼儿园)． 维度二　单句语法填空 1．Travelers also showed an increasing preference (prefer) for Red tourism. 2．Tom came to China three years ago with the intention (intend) of studying Chinese and learning more about Chinese culture. 学生用书第54页 3.We would like to see closer cooperation (cooperate) between parents and schools. 4．Much to the surprise of netizens，Yuan Longping could speak English fluently (fluent)． 5．While everyone desires success，mistakes and failures also should be tolerated (tolerate) as well. 维度三　语法与写作 1．Travelling can help you broaden your mind and make more friends. 旅行可以帮助你开阔视野，结交更多的朋友。 2．Behave yourself and keep quiet for a while! 规矩点，安安静静地待一会儿！ 3．He was too embarrassed to look at the girl. 他太尴尬了不敢看那个女孩。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $