Unit 4 Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage-【金版新学案】2025-2026学年高中英语必修第三册同步课堂高效讲义配套课件（译林版）

该高中英语课件聚焦过去分词作定语、状语和宾语补足语的语法功能，通过屠呦呦、青霉素发现等科学家主题的教材例句导入，引导学生自主分析黑体词作用并总结语法特征，构建“示例感知-自主归纳-系统精讲”的学习支架，衔接前后语法知识。 其亮点在于以语法功能体系化构建和词汇语境化应用为核心，通过“发现式探究+名师点津”培养思维品质，结合科学家主题语篇提升语言能力，课时精练中语法与写作融合助力学习能力发展。学生能深化语法理解并提升表达，教师可高效落实语法教学目标。

Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage 内容索引 语法探究 1 课时精练 3 知识拾遗 2 语法探究 返回 新知导学 过去分词作定语、状语和宾语补足语 教材示例 分析下列加黑部分并体会其语法特征。 1．Born in 1930，in Ningbo，Zhejiang Province，Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955. 2．The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria. 3．He was intelligent and experienced enough to notice its potential，and his hard work and determination helped get its mass production started. 我的发现 1．句1中的黑体词在句中作________。 2．句2中的黑体词在句中作________。 3．句3中的黑体词在句中作____________。 状语 定语 宾语补足语 语法精讲 一、过去分词作定语 1．过去分词作定语时的意义 (1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成。 Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof. (表示被动) 卡车与公共汽车皆烧煤气，煤气装在车顶上的大袋子中。 The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon. (表示被动和完成) 会上提出的计划将很快被执行。 (2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。 Our retired soccer coach went to watch us play a game last week. 上周我们已退休的足球教练去看我们打了一场比赛。 2．过去分词作定语时的位置 (1)前置定语 一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，放在所修饰词之前。 The polluted water was to blame for the spread of cholera. 被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。 名师点津　①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left (剩余的)，given (所给的)，concerned (有关的)等。 There are few tigers left. It is time for the departments concerned to take measures to protect them from dying out. 剩余的老虎不多了，是相关部门采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。 ②如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no与body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等，单个分词放在被修饰词的后面。 Is there anything unsolved？还有什么没解决的吗？ (2)后置定语 过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。 Last Tuesday in a mountainous area，there were a total of 173 sheep killed almost immediately (＝which were killed almost immediately) when lightning struck. 上周二在一个山区，有173只羊在被闪电击中时即刻死亡。 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、让步、条件、原因等，相当于一个状语从句。其逻辑主语为主句主语，且与主句主语构成被动关系。 1．时间状语 相当于时间状语从句；可在过去分词前加上连词“when，while，until” 等，使其时间意义更明确。 Seen from the hill，the park looks very beautiful. (＝When it is seen from the hill，the park looks very beautiful.) 从山上看，这个公园非常美丽。 Don’t speak until spoken to. (＝Don’t speak until you are spoken to.) 当别人和你讲话时，你才能讲话。 2．原因状语 相当于原因状语从句或并列结构从句。 Touched by his teacher’s words，the boy cried. (＝The boy was touched by his teacher’s words，so he cried.) 这个男孩被老师的话打动了，所以他哭了。 3．条件状语 相当于条件状语从句；可加连词if，unless等转换成条件状语从句。 Given more time，we could do it much better. (＝If we were given more time，we could do it much better.) 多给我们点时间，我们会做得更好。 4．让步状语 相当于让步状语从句；有时可加although，though，even if，even though，whether... or... 等连词转换成让步状语从句。 Warned of the storm，the farmers were still working in the fields. (＝ Though they had been warned of the storm，the farmers were still working in the fields.) 尽管农民们已被告知将有暴风雨，但他们仍然在地里干活。 5．方式、伴随状语 加and可转换成并列结构从句。 The teacher entered the classroom，followed by a group of his students. (＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of his students.) 老师走进教室， 后面跟着一群学生。 名师点津 ①过去分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即表被动；动词-ing形式与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即表主动。 Asked why he was late，he cried. 被问到为何迟到时，他哭了。 Looking out of the window，I saw some students playing there. 向窗外看去，我看到一些学生正在那里玩耍。 ②有些过去分词已形容词化，作状语时表示人的状态。常见的有：satisfied，surprised，interested，moved，worried，pleased，disappointed等。 Disappointed at the examination results，the girl stood there without saying a word. 因为对考试结果很失望， 女孩站在那儿一句话也没说。 三、过去分词作宾语补足语 1．过去分词作宾语补足语表示的意义。 (1)过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动作。 (2) 过去分词作宾语补足语时，过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。 名师点津 ①使役动词have接过去分词作宾语补足语可以表示动作由他人完成，或者是句中的主语所经历的不好体验。 He had his money stolen.他的钱被人偷了。 He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。 ②过去分词在原句中作宾语补足语时，如果原句变为被动语态，那么过去分词就在新句中作主语补足语了。 The big fire is reported controlled. 据报道这场大火已经得到控制。 2．及物动词跟宾语和宾语补足语，主要有三类动词可以这样使用。 (1)表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，feel，notice，think等。 I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。 He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。 (2) 表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have，make，get，keep，leave等。 I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。 He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。 (3) 表示“希望”，“要求”意义的动词。如：like，order，want，wish等。 I would like this matter settled at once. 我希望此事立刻得到解决。 I wish my homework finished before five o’clock. 我希望5点前完成我的作业。 3．介词后跟宾语和宾语补足语的结构主要见于with复合结构。 He sat there with his eyes closed.他闭目坐在那儿。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 体系构建 返回 知识拾遗 返回 surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关 (教材原句) He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead. 他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。 (1) surround sb./sth. (with... ) (用……)围绕，包围 be surrounded by/with... 被……环绕/包围 (2)surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的 surroundings n. [pl.] 环境；周围的事物 in... surroundings 在……环境中 佳句背诵　To some，happiness is being surrounded by family and friends. 对一些人来说，幸福就是有家人和朋友陪伴在自己身边。 核心词汇精研 1 基础练透——单句语法填空 ①____________(surround)by beautiful rivers，the country has attracted a lot of visitors. ②The policemen decided to search the ____________(surround)area. 能力提升——微写作 ③一群运动员围着教练。 The coach was _________________________________. Surrounded surrounding surrounded by/with a group of players 语境串记　Once upon a time，a king who was very polite to surrounding countries lived in a castle surrounded by tall trees and with wonderful surroundings. 从前有个国王，对周边国家很友好，他住在被树林环绕的城堡里，周围环境优美。 accident n．意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇 (教材原句)One might think Fleming discovered penicillin by accident，but actually this is far from the truth.有人可能认为弗莱明是偶然发现盘尼西林的，但实际上这远非事实。 (1) by accident/chance　　 偶然，意外地 cause a serious accident 造成严重事故 a car accident 小汽车造成的事故 (2) accidental adj. 偶然的 accidentally adv. 偶然地，意外地 佳句背诵　Never will I forget the accident that happened in my own childhood，which left a deep impression on me.我永远不会忘记发生在我的童年里的那个意外事件，它给我留下了很深的印象。 2 基础练透——单句语法填空 ①She arrived just as we were leaving，but whether this was _____ accident or by design I’m not sure. ②The damage couldn’t have been caused ____________ (accident). 能力提升——微写作 ③他因为造成这个事故而被禁驾三年。 He was banned from driving for three years ____________________________. by accidentally because of the accident he caused favour vt. 较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒 (教材原句)As Louis Pasteur said，“Fortune favours the prepared mind.” 如路易·巴斯德所说：“幸运青睐有准备者。” (1)in favour of　　　 支持，赞同 in sb.’s favour 对某人有利 show favour to 对……偏爱/偏袒 do sb. a favour/do a favour for sb. 帮某人一个忙 ask sb. a favour/ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮个忙 (2)favourable adj. 给人好印象的；赞同的；有利的 favourite adj. 最喜欢的，特别受喜爱的 佳句背诵　The man asked me to do him a favour the other day. 不久前的一天，那个人让我帮他一个忙。 3 基础练透——单句语法填空 ①The terms of the agreement are __________(favour) to both sides. ②The exchange rate is ____ our favour at the moment. ③The mother is careful to show no favour ____ any child. ④Most people are in favour ____ bringing down the housing prices. 能力提升——微写作 ⑤你能不能帮我一个忙，告诉教授我嗓子哑了。 ________________________________ and tell the professor I’ve lost my voice. favourable in to of I wonder if you could do me a favor charge vt. & vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n．收费；控告；谴责；掌管 (教材原句)When a thunderstorm approached，the lightning would charge the key. 当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙传导电。 4 (1) in charge of...　 负责/掌管…… (表状态，主语通常为人) take charge of... 掌管/负责……(表动作) (be) in the charge of sb. ＝in one’s charge 由某人掌管(主语通常为物) free of charge ＝for free 免费 (2) charge sb. with (doing) sth. ＝accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 控告某人犯某罪；指责某人做某事 charge for sth. 收……的费用 佳句背诵　Before use，the battery must be charged. 电池使用前必须充电。 基础练透——单句语法填空 ①He was charged with ________(steal)a car last week. ②He charged me 50 yuan _____ repairing the mobile phone. ③The company is in _____ charge of Miss Green. ④He was charged ______ murder. 能力提升——微写作 ⑤一间带浴室的房间多少钱？ _______________________ a room with a bath？ stealing for the with How much do you charge 随堂演练 维度一　单词拼写 1．One great advantage of this _______(金属) is that it doesn’t rust. 2．As we know，Shang Yang was a __________(政治家) of the Qin state. 3．We moved into a cabin with __________(电) but no running water. 4．Marx produced a new ________(理论) about historical change based upon conflict between competing groups. metal politician electricity theory 维度二　单句语法填空 1．There are a lot of signs __________(indicate) men are more likely to have heart attacks than women. 2．He ____________ (accident) let out that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks. 3．I countered his charge ______ sufficient proofs. 4．Some plants can even survive in __________ (favor) surroundings above the snow line. indicating accidentally with favorable 返回 维度三　完成句子 1．在访问附近一个学校的时候，她偶然发现了这个问题。 She ______________________________ during a visit to a nearby school. 2．计算机不但不会破坏就业机会，还能创造就业机会。 Computers，_____________________， can create employment. 3．这个老师敲黑板以引起学生的注意。 The teacher knocked on the blackboard ______________________________ . discovered the problem by accident far from destroying jobs to catch our attention of the students 课时精练 返回 维度一　根据汉语提示或首字母填入单词的适当形式。 1．She faced the ________(指控) with a clear conscience. 2．Today，she is well known for her music ________(较喜欢) by people from all over the world. 3．___________ (围绕)by crowds of journalists，the singer left the hotel. 4．Supplies have gotten tight as __________(表明) by the falling exports from countries like Vietnam. 5．We made efforts to prevent and deal with workplace _________(事故). 基础达标 charge favored Surrounded indicated accidents 6．She’s clearly very __________(聪明)，but her lectures are difficult to follow. 7．The wind farm may be able to produce enough __________(电) for 2，000 homes. 8．In ________(理论)，the journey should take three hours，but in practice it usually takes four because of roadworks. 9．A cloud no bigger than a man’s hand has rapidly developed，like the t____________ earlier today. 10．As the hot m_____ passed between the huge rollers it was pressed into thin sheets. intelligent electricity theory hunderstorm etal 维度二　单句语法填空 1．The skill of papermaking，__________ (recognize) as a national treasure，has also proven to be an international one. 2．________ (bury) deep down in the earth for thousands of years，the dead forest rotted away and became coal. 3．From the school name ________ (mark) on the package，we guessed that it might belong to a student of our school. 4．A study __________ (conduct) in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. recognized Buried marked conducted 5．Although ________ (beat) by the opposite team，we didn’t lose heart and encouraged each other. 6．Generally speaking，when ______ (take) according to the directions，the drug has no side effect. 7．The manager was satisfied to see many new products __________ (develop)after great effort. 8．The trees _______ (blow) down in the storm have been moved off the road. blown beaten taken developed 维度三　语法与写作 (一)用括号内的提示词完成下面句子。 1．我的一个朋友擅长外语，并且德语讲得很好。(talented；spoken) One of my friends is _________________________ and __________________ ________________ . 2．跟其他人比较起来，他德语讲的更流利。(when compared) He speaks German more fluently ________________________ . 3．他认为学一门新的语言可以让别人更好的理解自己。(make oneself understood) He thank that Learning a new language can __________________________ . 4．从这个意义上来说掌握一门新的外语是值得的。 A new foreign language ___________________， is really worthwhile. talented in foreign languages when compared with others make himself fully understood mastered in this sense has a good command of spoken German (二)运用衔接词或分词短语把上面的句子合并成一篇40词左右的微型作文。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ One of my friends talented in foreign languages has a good command of spoken German.He speaks German more fluently when compared with others.He thinks that learning a new language can make himself fully understood so a new foreign language mastered in this sense，is really worthwhile. 素能提升 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A When Jane Goodall was 6，during World War Ⅱ， she was often woken by alarms (警报). The sound warned that enemy planes were flying over her town. Her little sister would run to the bomb shelter. But Goodall refused to move，“I did not want to leave my bed，” she said. “They had to take me down with all my bedclothes from my bed. ” That same stubbornness (固执) led her to become the world’s best-known biologist. In 1960，she stayed for months in the forests of Tanzania in Africa，waiting for chimpanzees (黑猩猩) to accept her. When they did，Goodall was able to observe them up close and discover that they could use tools. In 1962，university professors criticized (指责) Goodall for using human names and emotions to describe chimps. “I was not against them，” she says. “I just quietly went on doing what I knew was right.” She believes that chimps are smart social animals，which is now widely accepted. In 1986，Goodall went to a meeting on habitat loss that changed her ideas about nature. She not only just did research，but also began a schedule of travel and charity work. After 35 years，she’s still on the job. Goodall shares her life story to get people aware of environmental protection. Before the COVID-19，Goodall traveled 300 days a year. She spoke at school gatherings and talk shows. Since March 2020，Goodall has suspended her travels. However，she has taken hotels and lecture halls as her bedroom for the past year and a half. Her determination to spread her message keeps her there for hours each day. Goodall does，on average，three virtual lectures or interviews between breakfast and bedtime. Her stories leave audiences feeling hopeful about our planet. 语篇解读　本文为一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Goodall如何与大猩猩相处，如何研究大猩猩，并且展开旅行宣讲，提升人们保护环境的意识。 1．What does the author want to tell us in Paragraph 1？ A．Goodall’s beautiful childhood was ruined. B．Goodall’s family were not pleased with her. C．Goodall lived a poor life when she was little. D．Goodall has been determined since her childhood. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段首句“That same stubbornness (固执) led her to become the world’s best-known biologist.”可知，本句话承上启下，总结第一段内容，故在第一段作者想要表达Goodall从小就是一个有决心的人，故选D。 √ 2．What did Goodall do to get along with chimpanzees？ A．She trained them to become smart. B．She taught them to use tools. C．She treated them almost as humans. D．She observed them in the distance. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In 1960，she stayed for months... to accept her.”以及“In 1962，university professors criticized (指责) ... describe chimps.”可知，为了和黑猩猩相处，Goodall几乎像对待人类一样对待它们，故选C。 √ 3．Why did Goodall start her travel and charity work？ A．To make people protect the environment. B．To have a meeting on habitat loss. C．To further her research about nature. D．To share her life stories in Tanzania. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She not only just did research... to get people aware of environmental protection.”可知，Goodall开始旅游、做慈善是为了让人们保护环境，故选A。 √ 4．What does the underlined word “suspended” in the last paragraph mean？ A．Remembered. B．Planned. C．Increased. D．Stopped. 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段“Before the COVID-19，Goodall traveled... Goodall has suspended her travels.”可知，因为疫情于2020年1月初大面积爆发，因此不得不停止她的旅行，继而转向宾馆，通过视频方式宣讲，故此处suspended意为“停止”，故选D。 √ B On October 23，2018，scientists came across a white octopus (章鱼) with “wings” that looked more like a ghost (幽灵) from outer space than the eight-legged ones we usually see. The octopus’ scientific name is Grimpoteuthis. However，thanks to the two ear-like fins (鳍)on the sides of its body，it is better known as a dumbo octopus，after Disney’s animated (把……制作成动画片)elephant. The sea creature also has eight legs connected to its body by a web of skin，which are used to increase the pace when it is faced with natural enemies like sharks. Dumbo octopuses can also move across the seafloor using their tentacles (触须). While the one caught on tape is mostly white，dumbo octopuses，like other octopuses，can change their skin color in different environments. They，however，do not produce ink which is often used as a weapon by other octopuses. Instead，some dumbo octopuses have developed something sharp on their tentacles. There are more than a dozen known species of dumbo octopuses. While most are small，measuring between 8 and 12 inches long，some can reach over 6 feet in length. Though octopuses have huge eyes，they can hardly see. However，although dumbo octopuses live in the deepest and darkest parts of the ocean，where nothing can be seen，the lack of sight does not affect them. Instead，they have learned to use the suckers (吸盘)on their tentacles to feel their surroundings. The deep-sea environment makes these octopuses difficult to spot，which is why any sighting of the unusual creatures is met with such joy. The latest one，caught on camera by Hercules，an unmanned robot，was discovered two miles underwater around the Davidson Seamount，a volcano in California. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“小飞象章鱼”的外观、生活习性等。 5．What can we learn about the white octopus from the passage？ A．It looks strange. B．It has no legs. C．It can fly out of water. D．It is common in the sea. 细节理解题。根据第一段“... a white octopus with ‘wings’ that looked more like a ghost (幽灵) from outer space than the eight-legged ones we usually see.”可知，科学家发现的白色章鱼长相奇怪。故选A。 √ 6．Which of the following are dumbo octopuses good at？ A．Taking on different colors. B．Attacking enemies using ink. C．Seeing things in the darkness with big eyes. D．Protecting themselves with wings. 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“... can change their skin color in different environments.”可知，“小飞象章鱼”擅长呈现不同的颜色。故选A。 √ 7．What is the major function of the suckers on dumbo octopuses’ tentacles？ A．To keep their balance. B．To speed up their pace. C．To sense their surroundings. D．To take in necessary food. 细节理解题。根据第四段尾句“... use the suckers (吸盘) on their tentacles to feel their surroundings.”可知，“小飞象章鱼”触须上的吸盘主要用于感知周围的环境。故选C。 √ 8．What can be a suitable title for the text？ A．The Octopuses Studied by Scientists B．The Dumbo Octopus Found Around a Seamount in California C．The Elephant-like Dumbo Octopuses Spotted by Robots D．A New Species Noticed Around the Davidson Seamount 标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了科学家在加利福尼亚的一座海底山附近发现的罕见的“小飞象章鱼”。选项B最能概括全文主旨。 √ C After years of observing human nature，I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together，these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more than ambition (抱负). Galileo was not only ambitious when he dropped objects of different weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo，all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent，“Why？ Why？ Why？ ” Fortunately，curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only catch them again. “The great man，”said Mencius (孟子)，“is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner，to avoid foolish leaps into the dark，to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people，and new ideas，with hesitation. But once having met and liked them，we think how terrible it would have been，had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start？ Modestly，so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts，writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability？ Most people don’t；there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time？ That’s good，because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe，mother of six，wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old？ Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel，and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start，remember there is no better time to start than right now，for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了有伟大成就的人和平庸的人的区别在于两种品质——好奇心和不满足，二者缺一不可。 写作意图题。本文是一篇议论文，作者开篇阐述了自己对成功人士必备品质的看法，下面各段都是围绕着这一看法展开的，故选D项。 9．In writing Paragraph 1，the author aims to ________． A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument √ 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知，作者认为，好奇心和不满足是取得成就的内驱力，比雄心抱负重要得多，然后给出伽利略的例子来论证这一观点。D项“伟大来自对探索的持久渴望”与这一观点一致，故选D项。 10．What does the example of Galileo tell us？ A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. √ 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“‘The great man，’ said Mencius... We just follow the crowd.”可知，作者认为我们大部分人都失去了童心，不再问问题，不再挑战习俗，只是随大流。由此可知，可以通过培养善于问问题的头脑来重新获得好奇心和不满足的品质。 √ 11．What can you do to catch again curiosity and discontent？ A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 细节理解题。浏览第六、七段可知，作者通过一系列实例告诉我们，缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由。 √ 12．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7？ A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. Ⅱ.阅读七选五 Robots have been taking our jobs since the 1960s. However，humans haven’t become completely redundant (多余的) because these robots may be very efficient but they’re also kind of stupid. They do not think. They just act in very accurate but very limited ways.　1　. They do the jobs the machines can’t do and fix them when they get stuck. 　2　. This change will be so significant that it will create a new industrial revolution. The era (时代) of “Industry 4.0” is being driven by the same technological advances that enable the abilities of the smartphones in our pockets. It is a mix of low-cost and high-power computers，high-speed communication and artificial intelligence. This will produce smart robots with better sensing and communication abilities.　3　． 　4　. Today’s industrial artificial intelligence operates at a narrow level，which gives the appearance of human intelligence exhibited by machines，but designed by humans. 　5　. Similar to big data analysis，it processes large quantities of data in real time to make decisions about what is the best action to take. The difference is that the machine learns from the data so it can improve its decision-making. A perfect example of deep learning was presented by Google’s Alpha-Go software，which taught itself to beat the world’s greatest Go (围棋) players. A．Humans are still needed to work around robots B．But there is still some way to go C．While these machines are getting smarter，they are still not as smart as us D．What’s coming next is known as “deep learning” E．It comes down to the question of what a robot really is F．But this is all set to change，thanks to a new wave of smarter machines that can adapt to multiple tasks G．They can adapt to different tasks，and even organize their work to meet demands without the input of humans 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能虽然取得了一定的发展，但终究比不上人类智慧。 Robots have been taking our jobs since the 1960s. However，humans haven’t become completely redundant (多余的) because these robots may be very efficient but they’re also kind of stupid. They do not think. They just act in very accurate but very limited ways._______________________________ ____________. They do the jobs the machines can’t do and fix them when they get stuck. 根据上文“However，humans haven’t become... They do not think.”可知，人类具备人工智能无法取代的思考力；下文“They do the jobs the machines can’t do and fix them when they get stuck.”也说明机器人需要人类，故A项(人类仍然需要在机器人周围工作)符合语境。故选A项。 A．Humans are still needed to work around robots ______________________________________________________________________________________________. This change will be so significant that it will create a new industrial revolution. 根据下文“This change will be so significant that it will create a new industrial revolution.”中的This change表明此处应该会提到一种改变，选项中的change与下文的This change一致，故F项(但这一切都将改变，这要归功于新一波能够适应多种任务的智能机器)符合语境。故选F项。 F．But this is all set to change，thanks to a new wave of smarter machines that can adapt to multiple tasks The era (时代) of “Industry 4.0” is being driven by the same technological advances that enable the abilities of the smartphones in our pockets. It is a mix of low-cost and high-power computers，high-speed communication and artificial intelligence. This will produce smart robots with better sensing and communication abilities______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________. G．They can adapt to different tasks，and even organize their work to meet demands without the input of humans 根据上文“This will produce smart robots with better sensing and communication abilities.”可知，此处承接上文，接着讲这种新型智能机器人的先进之处，故G项(它们可以适应不同的任务，甚至可以在没有人参与的情况下组织工作以满足需求)符合语境。故选G项。 __________________________________________________________________. Today’s industrial artificial intelligence operates at a narrow level，which gives the appearance of human intelligence exhibited by machines，but designed by humans. 根据下文“Today’s industrial artificial... machines，but designed by humans.”可知，机器人无论再怎么智能，也比不过人类智慧，故C项(虽然这些机器越来越智能，但它们仍然没有我们那么智能)符合语境。故选C项。 C．While these machines are getting smarter，they are still not as smart as us __________________________________________________. Similar to big data analysis，it processes large quantities of data in real time to make decisions about what is the best action to take. The difference is that the machine learns from the data so it can improve its decision-making. A perfect example of deep learning was presented by Google’s Alpha-Go software，which taught itself to beat the world’s greatest Go (围棋) players. 根据本段内容，特别是下文“A perfect example of deep learning was presented by Google’s Alpha-Go software，which taught itself to beat the world’s greatest Go (围棋) players.”可知，本段主要介绍关于“深度学习”方面的内容，选项中的deep learning与下文中的deep learning一致，故D项(接下来的就是“深度学习”)符合语境。故选D项。 D．What’s coming next is known as “deep learning” Ⅲ. 语法填空 Why do many of us find 1．____ difficult or impossible to fall asleep in a bed other than our own？ Is it because the bed is uncomfortable？ According to a new study 2．__________ (publish) in Current Biology，a significant reason is 3．______ the scientists call “first night effect”. They believe that one side of the brain acts as a “night watch” to warn us about potential dangers. It forces us 4．_______ (stay) awake on the first night in a new environment. For the study，35 young volunteers 5．__________ (ask) to sleep in a sleep lab for several days. Meanwhile，researchers watched their brain activities. it published what to stay were asked According to the researchers，on their first night，the left brains were 6．___________ (active) than the right brains and people had a hard time sleeping. However，left-brain activity decreased as days went by，7．_______ (fall) even to the point of complete calm. In this process，the participants got an increasingly better sleep experience. The 8．________ (finding) suggest that the different rhythms of the sides of the brain affect our sleep. When the two sides work 9．__________ (different)，the balance 10．________ them is broken. Thus，the brain can’t relax and is sensitive to anything strange in the surroundings，just as it is in the daytime. falling findings differently between more active 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究发现：许多人除了在自己的床上之外无法入睡的重要原因是科学家们所说的“第一晚效应”。文章介绍了这项研究的过程和结果。 1．答案：it　 2．答案：published　 考查代词。本句使用了句型“find it ＋形容词＋动词不定式短语”，动词不定式短语是真正的宾语，故填it。 考查非谓语动词。本空修饰名词study，且动词publish和名词study之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作定语，故填published。 3．答案：what　 4．答案：to stay　 考查名词性从句。本空引导表语从句， 从句中缺少宾语，指事物，应用what，故填what。 考查非谓语动词。force sb. to do sth.意为“强迫某人做某事”，应用动词不定式作宾语补足语，故填to stay。 5．答案：were asked　 6．答案：more active　 考查动词的时态和语态和主谓一致。根据上下文可知实验发生在过去，应用一般过去时，ask与主语构成被动关系，且主语为复数，故填were asked。 考查形容词的比较级。根据下文than可知此处应用形容词比较级，故填more active。 7．答案：falling　 8．答案：findings　 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，本空应用动词-ing形式作结果状语，表示“自然而然的结果”，故填falling。 考查名词的单复数。根据谓语动词suggest可知，本空应用名词复数形式作主语，故填findings。 返回 9．答案：differently　 10．答案：between　 考查词性转换。本空修饰动词work，应用副词形式，故填differently。 考查介词。表示两者之间，应用介词between，故填between。 谢 谢 观 看 Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world 返回 $