专题1 素养培优(3) 社科类新名词题专项突破（题型强化练）（Word练习）-【正禾一本通】2026年高考英语二轮专题复习高效讲义

(十)社科类新名词题专练 A (2025·东北三省四市教研联合体高考模拟)If you ever feel that the world is against you，you are not alone.We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong，the fault lies in some great intrigue (诡计) against us.If a co-worker fails to meet the deadline，he must be trying to beat you to a promotion.When Wi-Fi in a coffee shop is not working，the staff must be lying about having it just to attract you in. But the fact is that the simple conclusions，which we tend to jump to，are barely true.Maybe your co-worker thought today was Tuesday，not Wednesday.Maybe the Wi-Fi just went wrong.This is where Hanlon’s razor works—a useful mental model that one should never consider what can be fully explained by neglect (疏忽) as doing harm on purpose. Applying Hanlon’s razor，a helpful tool for rapid decision-making and comprehension，in our daily lives makes us less judgmental，and improves our reasoning skills.Meanwhile，Hanlon’s razor allows us to have more empathy (同感) and teaches us not to assume the worst intention in the actions of others，the value of which is most reflected in relationships，business matters，and personal happiness. We all lead complex lives where things are constantly going wrong.When this occurs，a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention.When someone messes up around us，we forget how many times we，too，have done the same.Instead，the perpetrator becomes a source of intense annoyance. To assume intention in such a situation is likely to worsen the problem.None of us can ever know what someone else wants.Inability or neglect is far more likely to be the genuine cause than the desire to hurt.When a situation annoys us，it can be valuable to consider if those emotions are necessary.Often，the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to communicate with them，not to dismiss them.In this way，we can avoid a repeat of the same situation. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。本文主要介绍了汉隆剃刀思维模型，即不要把可以用疏忽来充分解释的事情视为故意伤害，阐述了其在日常生活中的应用及意义，还说明了当他人造成问题时应采取的正确态度。 1.What can we learn about Hanlon’s razor？ A.It is a way to solve colleagues’ problems. B.It avoids taking neglect as intentional harm. C.It is a device for restoring Wi-Fi connection. D.It identifies who is responsible for mistakes. B　[细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“This is where Hanlon’s razor works...as doing harm on purpose”可知，汉隆剃刀是一种有用的思维模型，它让人们不要把能被疏忽解释的事情当作故意伤害，故选B项。] 2.What do we usually do when things fail？ A.We turn to trustworthy persons. B.We change current situations. C.We deal with negative emotions. D.We misjudge others’ intention. D　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong，the fault lies in some great intrigue (诡计) against us”以及第四段的“When this occurs，a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention”可知，当事情出错时，我们往往倾向于认为是他人故意针对我们，即误判他人的意图，所以D项正确。] 3.What does the underlined “the perpetrator” in Paragraph 4 refer to？ A.The mind reader. B.The error maker. C.The problem solver. D.The event planner. B　[词句猜测题。根据第四段的“When someone messes up around us...a source of intense annoyance”可知，当周围有人搞砸事情时，我们会把这个人当作极度恼火的源头，这里的“the perpetrator”指搞砸事情、犯错的人，故选B项。] 4.What is suggested when others cause problems？ A.Losing temper with them. B.Putting them on the spot. C.Exchanging ideas with them. D.Turning a blind eye to them. C　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Often，the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to communicate with them，not to dismiss them”可知，当他人给我们带来问题时，最好的应对方式是尝试与他们沟通交流，而不是不理会他们，故选C项。] B (2025·南昌高三模拟检测)What if everything happens for a reason？ It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once.And in many ways，burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea，implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason. We’ve all been there.Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work.According to burnt toast theory，this single，tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应).Your morning is then pushed back by what maybe three to five minutes.Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual，and to avoid getting in a car accident.Or it might mean you end up getting a later train，and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid. In other words，burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern.When we choose to view the world in a more positive light，we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety，and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us.It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience，thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks.Next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life，try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience. While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way，burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks.Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions，instead focusing on creating a false positive profile. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章介绍了烤焦面包理论，即日常小不便背后可能有更大的积极原因，能通过多米诺效应带来好结果。该理论能帮助培养积极的思维模式、减少焦虑。但该理论也有潜在弊端，过度关注积极方面可能导致忽视与困难情绪的接触。 5.What may be a case of the burnt toast theory？ A.Gaining rewards after paying efforts. B.Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm. C.Meeting a future employer after missing a flight. D.Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings. C　[推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，烤焦面包也许会导致你离家比平时稍微晚些，因此避开了车祸，或者这可能意味着你最终会乘坐更晚的火车，并且避免撞到一个你真的很想避开的人。所以烤焦面包理论指小不便引发连锁的积极效应。结合选项可知C项内容属于该理论的一个例子。故选C。] 6.What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to Paragraph 3？ A.Better judgement on fears. B.Richer experience from failures. C.The removal of daily inconveniences. D.The harvest of a positive mindset. D　[细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，烤焦面包理论提醒我们改变思维模式。当我们选择以更积极的眼光看待世界时，我们可以帮助减少焦虑感，并释放我们对周围世界失去控制的恐惧。它防止我们去过度思考那些从宏观角度看实际上并不是那么糟糕的事情，并鼓励我们从可能经历的挑战中寻找意义，从而使我们对未来的挫折更具适应性。所以这一段主要是对烤焦面包理论积极作用的具体解释，也就是能促使人们形成积极的思维模式。故选D。] 7.Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on？ A.Would-be projects. B.Real-world applications. C.Potential weaknesses. D.Practical advantages. C　[主旨大意题。根据最后一段内容尤其是其中的“While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way，burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks”可知，烤焦面包理论是有缺点的，要记着只允许自己专注于积极的想法可能意味着你在拒绝自己妥善处理具有挑战性或困难情绪的机会。所以该段主要在说该理论的缺点。故选C。] 8.What is probably the best title of the text？ A.Less Is More B.When Life Gives You Lemons，Make Lemonade C.Once Bitten，Twice Shy D.Better Late than Never B　[主旨大意题。本文主要介绍烤焦面包理论，它提醒人们在遇到不好的事情时要转变为积极的思维模式看待问题，以便于减少焦虑感等，B项“当生活给你柠檬时，就做成柠檬水”，常用来鼓励人们面对困难或逆境时，要积极乐观，善于将不利的情况转化为有利的结果，所以B项最能概括本文主旨，故选B。] C (2025·石家庄普通高中毕业教学质量检测)It’s too early to name any activity The Sport of 2025，but if you asked me to do it today，I would give the title to HYROX，which is an individual but interactive activity.Fitness fans run eight kilometres and stop after each to perform exercises such as sled pushes or burpees.The faster you complete the course，the higher your score is in the HYROX worldwide rankings.Many surveys indicate that people are exercising more now than in previous years.It’s individual fitness pursuits that are driving the rise. I spent the first half of my 29-year-old life as a hockey player and the second as a distance runner.I long for the common goal of team sports，but I also value the responsibility and clear results that come from working toward my own running targets.So it’s odd to me that people prefer individual fitness pursuits to team sports. One common explanation is that organized sports haven’t bounced back.When people learned to exercise with less money，equipment，space，time and organization，they kept individual activities.Meanwhile，there are now fitness apps for users to tailor workouts based on their heart rates and sleep quality.The rise of wearables has also got some of us addicted to our own exercise routines. However，an obvious problem for individual sports is loneliness.Engaging in team sports is a proven way to ease it，which boosts our ability to interact and form meaningful relationships.Well，HYROX is a combined activity：an individual sport that we do with others.Each competition follows the same scoring system，which allows people to compare their results with others around the world. It’s the type that’s come to dominate the fitness world.And，according to Guy Faulkner，a professor at the University of British Columbia，if it gets people out of the door，then it’s a good one.“The most effective form of sport，”he said，“is the form you will sustain.” [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了HYROX这一新兴的兼具独立性与互动性的活动，阐述了人们越来越倾向于个人健身追求的现象及原因等，还提及专家对有效运动形式的看法。 9.What is the key feature of HYROX？ A.It requires teamwork and shared plans. B.It is organized to find sports partners. C.It skips physical challenges for leisure. D.It is self-paced but ranked with others. D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I would give the title to HYROX，which is an individual but interactive activity...The faster you complete the course，the higher your score is in the HYROX worldwide rankings”可知，HYROX是个人运动，但具有互动性，健身爱好者可以按自己的节奏完成跑步和训练，完成速度决定其在全球排名中的位置，即它由个人控制节奏但会和其他人一起排名。故选D。] 10.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about？ A.Negative effects of collective sports. B.Methods of choosing wearables. C.Reasons for the shift to individual fitness. D.Tailored workouts with fitness apps. C　[主旨大意题。第三段开头“One common explanation is that organized sports haven’t bounced back.When people...kept individual activities”提到有组织的运动还未恢复，人们学会在资源有限的情况下进行个人活动，接着“there are now fitness apps...The rise of wearables has also got some of us addicted to our own exercise routines”指出健身应用程序和可穿戴设备的发展让人们保持着个人健身习惯。整体是在阐述人们转向个人健身的原因。故选C。] 11.How does HYROX address the problem with individual sports？ A.By targeting people afraid of public interactions. B.By connecting individuals with shared experiences. C.By prioritizing personal achievements over group goals. D.By offering a kind of treatment for mental health issues. B　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“However，an obvious problem for individual sports is loneliness”“HYROX is a combined activity：an individual sport that we do with others.Each competition follows the same scoring system，which allows people to compare their results with others around the world”可知，个人运动的问题是孤独，而HYROX是个人和他人一起进行的运动，有统一的评分系统，能让人们和世界各地的人比较成绩，也就是通过这种方式将有共同经历(都参与HYROX运动)的个人联系起来。故选B。] 12.What does Guy Faulkner consider the most effective sport？ A.Sport that requires the least effort. B.Sport that involves more people. C.Sport that one will do consistently. D.Sport that provides the quickest results. C　[细节理解题。根据第五段中的“According to Guy Faulkner...‘The most effective form of sport，’he said，‘is the form you will sustain.’”可知，他认为最有效的运动是人们能持续进行的运动。故选C。] 核心 单词 A篇 Para.1：tendency n.倾向；趋势　Para.2：conclusion n.结论，推论　Para.4：intense adj.强烈的，剧烈的　Para.5 ：dismiss v.拒绝考虑，不理会 B篇 Para.1：imply v.含有……的意思，暗示，暗指；说明，表明　inconvenience n.带来不便者，麻烦的人(或事物)；不便，麻烦，困难　Para.2： accidentally adv.意外地，偶然地　Para.3： reminder n.引起回忆的事物，提醒人的事物　shift v.改变观点(或态度、做事方式等)　release v.发泄，宣泄 C篇 Para.1：individual adj.单独的，个别的 n.个人　interactive adj.互动的，相互交流的　indicate v.表明；暗示；指示　pursuit n.追求；追赶；事业；消遣，爱好　Para.3：workout n.体育锻炼，训练　Para.5：dominate v.支配，控制，左右，影响　sustain v.维持；使保持，使稳定持续；遭受；证明，证实 核心 短语 A篇 Para.1：beat sb.to sth.抢先，捷足先登 B篇 Para.4： go a long way对……大有帮助　engage with 与……建立密切关系，尽力理解 C篇 Para.2：long for 渴望，向往　Para.4：engage in (使)从事，参加 熟词 生义 B篇 take(Para.1)常用义：v.拿走，取走　文章义：n.看法，意见 C篇 (1)name(Para.1)常用义：v.给……命名 n.名字　文章义：v.选中 (2)tailor(Para.3)常用义：n.裁缝　文章义：v.专门制作，定做 词缀 变形 A篇 Para.1：assume v.假定，假设→assumption n.假定，假设　promote v.促进，增进；擢升，提升，晋升→promotion n.擢升，提升，晋升　Para.3：judge v.判断，断定，评价→judgment n.看法，意见，评价；判断力；判决→judgmental adj.动辄评头论足的，动辄指责人的 B篇 Para.3：adapt v.使适应，使适合(新用途、新情况)→adaptive adj.适应的，有适应能力的→adaption n.改编，适应 C篇 Para.3：organize v.组织；安排，处理→organized adj.有组织的；有安排的→organization n.组织，团体；组织工作　addict n.对……着迷的人→addicted adj.上瘾的；沉迷的→addiction n.上瘾；入迷，嗜好　Para.5：effect n.效果；影响，结果→effective adj.有效的；实际的，事实上的 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $