精品解析：上海市普陀区曹杨第二中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷

上海市曹杨二中2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试 英语试卷 考生注意: 1、答卷前，考生务必将姓名、班级、学号等在指定位置填写清楚。 2、本试卷共有56道试题，满分115分，考试时间105分钟。请考生用黑色水笔或钢笔将答案直接写在答题卷上。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks use one word that best fits. The Science Of Scratching Mom knew what she was talking about after all: Scratching really does make the itch worse. Good ____1____ it feels, the burst of ecstasy (狂喜) you get from clawing your irritated skin only prolongs a vicious itch-scratch cycle, putting true relief ____2____(far) out of reach. But why? Though itch has troubled our species for thousands of years, scientists have just begun to comprehend the physiological mechanisms ____3____it. Over the past couple of decades, research has shown ____4____ scratching taps into our brains’ reward and immune systems, producing a strange mix of sensations that makes it all but impossible to resist. “You scratch to feel better,” says Brian Kim, a neuroimmunologist at Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine, “but in doing so, you actually activate immune pathways that are counterproductive.” In 1660, a definition of itch arose that’s still in use today: an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch. It results from ____5____ from insect bites and poisonous plants to allergic reactions and skin conditions like eczema (湿疹). Until recently, itch was considered a form of mild pain ____6____ (arise) from the weak activation of pain receptors. This “intensity theory” speculated that itch stood at one end of the pain spectrum, and ____7____ (transition) all the way to full-blown suffering as a stimulus grew stronger. But in 2014, Zhou-Feng Chen, an itch researcher then at Washington University, discovered that serotonin (the mood-regulating “happiness hormone”) plays a big role in perpetuating (使永久) the itch-scratch cycle. The research team found that when mice scratch an itch, their brains release a surge of serotonin, resulting in a moment of pure bliss. These results were consistent with a PLOS One study from the previous year, which showed that scratching activates the brain regions ____8____ (involve) in the reward circuit, a neural network that floods the body with euphoria-inducing chemicals in response to pleasurable activities and substances. It’s the same system ____9____ underlies addiction, which isn’t surprising if you’ve ever lost an hour scratching at mosquito bites. But Kim notes there’s another side to this coin: the longing not to feel pleasure _____10_____ to ease discomfort. “That’s what’s so complex about it,” he says. “There are different levels at which you need to scratch.” 【答案】1. as##though 2. farther 3. behind 4. that 5. everything 6. arising 7. would transition 8. involved 9. that 10. but 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了抓挠虽能暂时缓解瘙痒，却会延长恶性循环。它激活大脑奖赏系统与免疫通路，背后有复杂生理机制，并非轻微疼痛，且与血清素相关，让人难以抗拒。 【1题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：尽管这种感觉很美妙，但你因抓挠恼人的皮肤而产生的那种狂喜感，只会让那痛苦的瘙痒-抓挠循环持续下去，从而使真正的缓解变得更加遥不可及。此处为：形容词+ as/though +主语+系动词，表示“尽管……”。故填as/though。 【2题详解】 考查比较级。句意：尽管这种感觉很美妙，但你因抓挠恼人的皮肤而产生的那种狂喜感，只会让那痛苦的瘙痒-抓挠循环持续下去，从而使真正的缓解变得更加遥不可及。表示“变得更加遥不可及”应用比较级farther，故填farther。 【3题详解】 考查介词。句意：尽管瘙痒现象已经困扰人类数千年之久，但科学家们才刚刚开始探究其背后的生理机制。后跟it作宾语，结合句意“背后的生理机制”可知用介词behind。故填behind。 【4题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：在过去几十年里，研究发现，挠痒痒会刺激我们大脑的奖赏系统和免疫系统，产生一种奇特的混合感觉，让人几乎无法抗拒。引导宾语从句，从句不缺少成分和句意，故填that。 【5题详解】 考查代词。句意：这可能是由多种因素引起的，包括昆虫叮咬、有毒植物、过敏反应以及像湿疹这样的皮肤疾病等。作介词的宾语，且表示“从……到……的各种情况”应用不定代词everything。故填everything。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：直到不久前，人们都认为瘙痒是一种由疼痛感受器轻微激活所引起的轻微疼痛。此处pain与arise构成主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。故填arising。 【7题详解】 考查时态。句意：这种“强度理论”认为，瘙痒处于疼痛程度的某一极端位置，随着刺激强度的增强，它会逐渐发展成完全的疼痛状态。根据后文“as a stimulus grew stronger”可知，此处表示过去看来将会发生，用过去将来时。故填would transition。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：激活了与奖赏回路相关的脑区，这是一个神经网络，当人体接触到令人愉悦的活动或物质时，它会向体内释放能带来愉悦感的化学物质。此处regions与involve构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。故填involved。 【9题详解】 考查固定句型。句意：这正是导致上瘾现象的相同机制，如果你曾经因为挠蚊子叮咬而浪费了一个小时，那么这种现象也就不足为奇了。句型the same…that…表示“正是这个……”。故填that。 【10题详解】 考查固定句型。句意：但金指出，这枚硬币还有另一面：人们并非渴望获得快乐，而是希望减轻痛苦带来的不适感。句型not…but…表示“不是……而是……”。故填but。 Section B Directions: Complete the following sentences or passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. notably B. supplements C. stimulates D. translated E. rigorous F. documented  G. leading H. properties I. barrier J. incorporating K. ideally Dandelion May Have Distinct Health Benefits The common yellow weed has leaves rich in vitamins and may boost health in other ways, but it’s understudied in comparison to other nutraceuticals (营养保健品). The first known ___11___ use of dandelion benefits occurred in China around 657 C.E. during the Tang Dynasty, when it was noted as an effective treatment for breast swelling and pain. In the coming centuries, it was used to detoxify sores. A 2021 literature review in the Bulletin of the National Research Centre examined 54 studies that tested the benefits of dandelion and found that it has many protective ___12___, including as a diuretic, immune booster, anti-inflammatory treatment, and even potential diabetic aid. ___13___, most studies with dandelion have been conducted in test tubes or with mice. Without more ___14___ studies, medical practitioners will likely hesitate to integrate it into their work. “What health care providers want to see is clinical evidence, at least double-blind, randomized control studies. ___15___, they’d like to see a meta-analysis or two,” says Jean Bokelmann, a medical doctor and the author of Medicinal Herbs in Primary Care: An Evidence-Guided Reference for Healthcare Providers. In her book, Bokelmann examined 55 herbs. Of those, dandelion had been the least studied, which she says poses a considerable ___16___ to its adoption in clinical practice. Dandelion or ___17___ extracted from it can be used at home, although consumers should be aware that all of them are loosely regulated by the FDA. Bokelmann recommends discussing dandelion usage with a medical care provider-just as a patient would do with any other nutraceutical -to see if it is right for them. Dandelion, for example, ___18___ the secretion (分泌) of bile from the liver, so she says it might not be right for people with liver conditions. For people who want to try ___19___ fresh dandelion into their diet, young plants from the yard will suffice. Bokelmann grabs a few early in the season and adds them to salads because they are high in vitamins C and K. When grabbing dandelion from the ground, she recommends digging up the roots. Bokelmann doesn’t think attitudes toward dandelion will change in the near future. Private industry is often responsible for ___20___ the charge for new remedies. “What private industry will want to study dandelions when everyone has them in their yards?” she asks. 【答案】11. F 12. H 13. A 14. E 15. K 16. I 17. B 18. C 19. J 20. G 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了蒲公英有多种保健功效，历史应用悠久，但相关研究多局限于实验与动物实验，缺乏严谨临床证据，限制其临床应用，可适量作为饮食或补充剂使用。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：关于蒲公英益处的首次有记载的使用始于公元657年的中国唐朝时期，当时人们发现它对乳房肿胀和疼痛有显著的治疗效果。根据“use of dandelion benefits occurred in China around 657 C.E. during the Tang Dynasty”以及句意“有记载的”可知应填形容词documented，修饰名词use作定语。故选F。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：2021 年《国家研究中心公报》中的一篇文献综述对54项有关蒲公英益处的研究进行了审查，结果发现蒲公英具有多种保护性功效，包括利尿作用、增强免疫力、抗炎治疗，甚至可能对糖尿病有帮助。根据“including as a diuretic, immune booster, anti-inflammatory treatment, and even potential diabetic aid”以及句意“功效”可知应填复数名词properties，作宾语，many后跟复数名词，故选H。 【13题详解】 考查副词。句意：值得注意的是，大多数关于蒲公英的研究都是在试管中或在小鼠身上进行的。根据“most studies with dandelion have been conducted in test tubes or with mice”以及句意“值得注意的是”可知应填副词notably，修饰后文句子。故选A。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如果没有更严谨的研究，医疗从业者很可能会对将其纳入工作内容持犹豫态度。根据“, medical practitioners will likely hesitate to integrate it into their work”以及句意“严谨的”可知应填形容词rigorous，修饰名词studies作定语。故选E。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意：“理想情况下，他们希望能看到一两篇荟萃分析的研究。”医学博士、《初级医疗中的草药疗法：为医疗从业者提供的循证参考》一书的作者珍·博克尔曼说道。根据“they’d like to see a meta-analysis or two”以及句意“理想情况下”可知应填副词ideally，修饰后文句子。故选K。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：在这些植物中，蒲公英的研究最为薄弱，她表示这一点给其在临床实践中的应用带来了很大的障碍。根据“dandelion had been the least studied”以及句意“障碍”可知应填名词barrier，作宾语，不定冠词提示用单数。故选I。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：蒲公英本身或从中提取的补充剂可以在家中使用，不过消费者应当注意，这些产品监管并不严格。根据“extracted from it can be used at home”以及句意“补充剂”可知应填复数名词supplements，作主语，为泛指，故选B。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：例如，蒲公英能够刺激肝脏分泌胆汁，所以她说这种植物可能不适合患有肝脏疾病的人食用。根据“the secretion of bile from the liver”以及句意“刺激”可知应填动词stimulate，作谓语，结合后文says可知为一般现在时，主语为Dandelion，谓语用三单形式。故选C。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：对于那些想将新鲜蒲公英纳入日常饮食的人而言，自家院子里的幼苗就足够用了。根据“fresh dandelion into their diet”以及句意“纳入”可知应填动词incorporate，此处为动名词作宾语，故选J。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：私营企业通常会率先推动新的解决方案的出台。根据“the charge for new remedies”以及句意表示“带头”可知应填动词lead，作介词的宾语，用动名词形式。故选G。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Waiting in line is a suffering of modernity. According to David Andrews’s book, Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster? , it wasn’t ____21____ until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers’ schedules, causing lines during lunch hours and evenings. Given that Americans are estimated to collectively waste tens of billions of hours a year in lines, it’s no wonder that some people try to cut, and others ____22____ hate them. Yet jumping the queue without ____23____ violence is possible. First, pick the right queue. It’s virtually impossible to cut the line for a once-in-a-lifetime event — the Cubs playing the World Series, say. But in a ____24____ scenario (场景) like a security line, people are more likely to let you in, perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday. Using game theory to determine what conditions would make line-cutting socially ____25____, researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting. But when the queue comes again, people let in intruders (入侵者) who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time. An excuse for cutting helps, but it needn’t be bulletproof. In one much-cited study, experimenters tried to jump photocopier queues using one of three explanations. A small, polite request without ____26____ — “Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the Xerox machine?” — enabled them to cut 60 percent of the time. Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time. And “May I use the Xerox machine, because I need to make copies?” was almost as ____27____, despite its weakness. The person ____28____ behind an intrusion usually gets to decide whether to allow it, according to a study co-authored by the psychologist Stanley Milgram. If that person doesn’t ____29____, other queuers tend to stay quiet. The experiment also found that two intruders brought about greater anger than one — so if you’re going to line-jump, travel _____30_____. Keep in mind that _____31_____ for line-cutting varies across cultures. One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many national differences in queuing rules. An Irish respondent was very angry, “They say ‘I just want to ask a quick question’ and go right up to the counter... I’m ready to _____32_____.” Back in America the worst of line-cutting is _____33_____ you’re not doing it. Like members of any community, queuers want their customs _____34_____. So if you must cut, just ask nicely. Doing so enhances the social contract, and it _____35_____. 21. A. difficult B. necessary C. common D. unusual 22. A. bitterly B. illogically C. casually D. surprisingly 23. A. rejecting B. understanding C. inviting D. continuing 24. A. realistic B. violent C. repeating D. complicated 25. A. permissible B. visible C. inflexible D. indefensible 26. A. prediction B. opposition C. recognition D. justification 27. A. neutral B. effective C. relevant D. variable 28. A. randomly B. distantly C. fortunately D. directly 29. A. agree B. object C. leave D. stay 30. A. extensively B. alone C. far D. happily 31. A. demand B. potential C. foundation D. tolerance 32. A. struggle B. believe C. explode D. respond 33. A. pretending B. confessing C. remembering D. confirming 34. A. recorded B. observed C. evaluated D. standardized 35. A. fails B. stops C. begins D. works 【答案】21. C 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. B 31. D 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了排队现象自工业革命后变得普遍，人们厌恶排队，同时探讨了在不引发冲突的情况下插队的可行方法，包括选择合适队伍、找合理借口、注意插队人数以及了解不同文化对插队的容忍度等，且礼貌请求插队往往会奏效。 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据大卫·安德鲁斯的书《为什么另一条队伍总是走得更快？》，直到工业革命使工人的日程同步，导致午餐时间和晚上出现排队现象，排队才变得常见。A. difficult困难的；B. necessary必要的；C. common常见的；D. unusual不寻常的。根据后文“until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers’ schedules, causing lines during lunch hours and evenings”可知，工业革命后排队才开始常见，common符合语境，故选C。 【22题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：鉴于据估计美国人每年总共会在排队上浪费数百亿小时，难怪有些人试图插队，而另一些人则极其厌恶插队。A. bitterly极其，强烈地；B. illogically不合逻辑地；C. casually随意地；D. surprisingly令人惊讶地。根据前文“it’s no wonder that some people try to cut”以及后文“hate them.”可知，这里表示人们对插队极其厌恶，故选A。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，在不引发暴力的情况下插队是有可能的。A. rejecting拒绝；B. understanding理解；C. inviting引发，招致；D. continuing继续。根据前文“others hate them”和后文“possible”可知，这里指插队不引发暴力，故选C。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但在像安检排队这样重复发生的场景中，人们更有可能让你插队，也许是因为他们预期有一天自己也需要类似的帮助。A. realistic现实的；B. violent暴力的；C. repeating重复的；D. complicated复杂的。根据后文“when the queue comes again”可知，是重复发生的场景，repeating符合语境，故选C。 【25题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究人员利用博弈论来确定在什么条件下插队在社会上是可允许的，他们发现只排一次队的人对插队几乎没有容忍度。A. permissible可允许的；B. visible可见的；C. inflexible不灵活的；D. indefensible站不住脚的。根据前文“Using game theory to determine what conditions”可知，这里研究的是插队在什么情况下可被允许，permissible符合语境，故选A。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个没有理由的小而礼貌的请求——“打扰一下，我有五页纸。我可以用一下复印机吗？”——有60%的成功率让他们插队。A. prediction预测；B. opposition反对；C. recognition认可；D. justification理由。根据后文“Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time.”可知，之前的请求没有给出理由，justification符合语境，故选D。 【27题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“我可以用一下复印机吗，因为我需要复印？”几乎同样有效，尽管这个理由很薄弱。A. neutral中立的；B. effective有效的；C. relevant相关的；D. variable可变的。根据前文“almost as”以及后文“despite its weakness”可知，这个理由和前面给出匆忙理由一样有效，故选B。 【28题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：根据心理学家斯坦利·米尔格拉姆共同撰写的一项研究，直接排在插队者后面的人通常有权决定是否允许插队。A. randomly随机地；B. distantly遥远地；C. fortunately幸运地；D. directly直接地。根据后文“behind an intrusion”可知，这里指直接排在后面的人决定是否允许插队，故选D。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果那个人不反对，其他排队者往往会保持安静。A. agree同意；B. object反对；C. leave离开；D. stay停留。根据后文“other queuers tend to stay quiet”可知，前面的人不反对，其他人就安静，故选B。 【30题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：实验还发现，两个插队者比一个插队者更容易引起愤怒——所以如果你要插队，最好独自行动。A. extensively广泛地；B. alone独自地；C. far远地；D. happily快乐地。根据前文“The experiment also found that two intruders brought about greater anger than one”可知，因为两个插队者更易引发愤怒，所以最好独自插队，alone符合语境，故选B。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：要记住，不同文化对插队的容忍度各不相同。A. demand要求；B. potential潜力；C. foundation基础；D. tolerance容忍度。根据后文“One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many national differences in queuing rules. An Irish respondent was very angry, “They say ‘I just want to ask a quick question’ and go right up to the counter”可知，不同国家对插队的不同态度，所以这里说的是容忍度，故选D。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一位爱尔兰受访者非常生气，“他们说‘我只想问一个小问题’，然后就直接走到柜台前……我都要气炸了。”A. struggle挣扎；B. believe相信；C. explode气炸，爆发；D. respond回应。根据前文“very angry”可知，这个人非常生气，几乎要气炸了，explode符合语境，故选C。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：回到美国，最糟糕的插队情况是假装你没有在插队。A. pretending假装；B. confessing承认；C. remembering记得；D. confirming确认。根据后文“you’re not doing it”可知，这里说最糟糕的是假装没插队，故选A。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：和任何群体的成员一样，排队的人希望他们的习惯得到遵守。A. recorded记录；B. observed遵守，观察；C. evaluated评估；D. standardized使标准化。根据前文“queuers want their customs”可知，这里指排队习惯被遵守，observed符合语境，故选B。 【35题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这样做会加强社会契约，而且会奏效。A. fails失败；B. stops停止；C. begins开始；D. works奏效。根据前文“Doing so enhances the social contract”可知，说礼貌请求插队，这里表示这样做会有效，works符合语境，故选D。 Section B Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) My grandmother loved baking and was, therefore, an excellent baker. I can still see her massaging flour, sugar, eggs, yeast, butter and milk into dough and injecting the pastry with jam to make Buchteln. I can still hear her saying to her, a sustainable farmer, baking was the closest she could get to “the world of art”. I regret never telling her that even though she wasn’t graced with the life of an artist, she was nevertheless weaving something larger than her: a culture. Maybe she understood what she was doing after all. Once, she instructed me to never follow her recipes, but instead to adapt them however I saw fit. A culture, she was essentially saying, should be modified in line with the tastes and needs of the times. Well. I have altered most of my grandmother’s recipes, apart from the one—her recipe for potica, a traditional Slovenian pastry usually served at holiday, birthday and special celebrations. In essence, it is a roll made of leavened paper-thin dough, most often stuffed with walnut filling and raisins. Calling potica a “filled roll”, makes it seem easy to prepare, but it requires hours of work. The most painful part is grinding the walnuts. Before my grandmother began using a grinder, we filled a bag with walnuts and beat the bag with a hammer, until the nuts turned to paste. Ah, but why not simply buy a kilo of ground Californian walnuts? Oh! Because the secret to the best potica known to humans is walnuts from a tree that grows on my grandmother’s farm. This 15-meter-tall tree is an amusement park for crows and insects, and is also often populated by courageous children. It bears sweetest walnuts. Was, bore, I should write. In the past decade, the 30-year-old tree has changed. At first, the romantic in me wanted to believe it was mourning my grandmother’s death and just couldn’t yield sweet nuts any more. Next, I turned to common sense. Walnut harvests, I told myself, differ from season to season, so our half-empty baskets were nothing to worry about. However, after the fifth poor harvest with dry, bitter fruit, I understood that I was witnessing something better known as decay. In suitable conditions, walnut trees in our region can live up to 100 years and yield nuts until they’re middle-aged. But the circumstances for that particular potica tree have worsened. The trees endure frost and snow, heat and strong winds, storms and floods, and heavily polluted air, water, soil. Well, I spotted a sign of hope for poticas early this year. A sapling next to the dying tree. Perhaps the dying tree delivered all its remaining nutrients to this sapling, whispering: “The preservationists are already here, trust me.” 36. What was the primary reason the grandmother considered baking as close to “the world of art”? A. The use of unique ingredients. B. The precision required in baking. C. The therapeutic nature of the baking process. D. The creative and cultural significance of baking. 37. What did the grandmother advise the author regarding her recipes? A. To strictly follow the recipes as they were. B. To adapt the recipes according to personal taste. C. To share the recipes with others in their original form. D. To learn traditional recipes from other cultures instead. 38. Why were the bold words “Was, bore” underlined in the passage? A. To emphasize the tree’s historical significance on the farm. B. To showcase the author’s admiration for the tree’s longevity. C. To indicate a transition from past to present in the tree’s state. D. To highlight the author’s uncertainty about the tree’s current condition. 39. How did the author feel according to the last paragraph? A. Sad at the decay of the walnut tree. B. Hopeful about the future of the walnut tree. C. Indifferent to the changes in the walnut tree. D. Unpleased with the new sapling next to the dying tree. 【答案】36. D 37. B 38. C 39. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者对祖母的回忆，特别是祖母制作的斯洛文尼亚传统甜点波提察（potica）以及祖母对烘焙的热爱。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“I can still see her massaging flour, sugar, eggs, yeast, butter and milk into dough and injecting the pastry with jam to make buhhteljni.(我还能看到她把面粉、糖、鸡蛋、酵母、黄油和牛奶揉进面团里，在面皮上注入果酱，做成buhhteljni。)”和“I regret never telling her that even though she wasn’t graced with the life of an artist, she was nevertheless weaving something larger than her: a culture.(我后悔没有告诉她，尽管她没有被赋予艺术家的生活，但她却编织着比自己更大的东西：一种文化。)”可知，祖母认为烘焙接近“艺术世界”的主要原因是烘焙的创意和文化意义。故选D。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Once, she instructed me to never follow her recipes, but instead to adapt them however I saw fit.(有一次，她告诉我永远不要遵循她的食谱，而是按照我认为合适的方式进行调整。)”可知，祖母建议作者根据个人口味调整食谱。故选B。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“In the past decade, the 30-year-old tree has changed.(在过去的十年里，这棵30岁的树发生了变化。)”可知，文章中“Was, bore”这几个粗体字要下划线是为了表示树的状态从过去到现在的转变。故选C。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Well, I spotted a sign of hope for poticas early this year. A sapling next to the dying tree. Perhaps the dying tree delivered all its remaining nutrients to this sapling, whispering: “The preservationists are already here, trust me.”(好吧，今年早些时候，我看到了波提察的希望之光。那棵垂死的树旁边长出了一棵树苗。也许是那棵垂死的树把剩下的所有养分都输送给了这棵树苗，轻声说：“保护者已经来了，相信我。”)”可知，作者在最后一段中对核桃树的未来充满希望。故选B。 (B) The best white noise machines for a good night’s sleep Sleep is crucial to health. But disruptive (扰乱的) noises can prevent you from falling asleep. White noise machines could help, according to one study. LectroFan Classic MASKS NOISE: LectroFan Classic helps block out disruptive environmental noises. It can help improve sleep, focus, privacy, and relaxation. 20 NON-REPEATING SOUNDS: A total of 20 unique non-repeating, digitally created sounds. 10 fan sounds & 10 white noise variations, including pink & brown noise. SAFE: Safe, solid-state design is powered by AC (交流电) or USB and dynamically creates unique, non-repeating sounds. VOLUME CONTROL: Precise volume control allows you to set the perfect level for your unique environment. Yogasleep Rohm+ EFFECTIVELY MASKS NOISE: The Rohm effectively cancels out noises that may disturb or distract you for improved sleep and concentration. GENTLE SOUNDS: 20 different sounds including music, nature, white, pink, and brown noise, as well as Bluetooth speaker features to allow you to play your own music or sounds and to make a conference call on the road when you need. CRUSH (压坏) RESISTANT: Stylish, crush-resistant travel case fits perfectly with Yogasleep Rohm white noise machines. BATTERY OPERATED: Rechargeable through USB. Hatch Rest+ BEST FOR BABIES: Sound machine — keep your little one dreaming with sounds like white noise, wind, and rain. Night light — make midnight feedings comforting and the dark less scary with a calming light. Time-to-Rise — set up this light and sound combination to let your early riser know when it’s time to rise. Built-in two-way sound monitor. POWERED BY: AC and rechargeable. Loftie Clock FAVORITE CLOCK: Loftie Clock uses sound and lights to help ease you into and out of sleep. GENTLY UNWIND: Enjoy over 100 free tracks, from breathwork and sound baths to all kinds of white noise and nature sounds. AI-GENERATED PERSONAL STORIES: Loftie’s Magic Story Maker AI has an upgraded feature that lets you create sleep stories with Typeform. It then uses ChatGPT and ElevenLabs AI to craft your story. Unlocking the Magic Story Maker AI requires an upgrade to a Loftie+ account in the app ($5 per month). POWERED BY: AC power 40. _____ is the most suitable for Joana, whose baby sleeps in her room. A. LectroFan Classic B. Yogasleep Rohm+ C. Hatch Rest+ D. Loftie Clock 41. If you want to buy a white noise machine for your friend Tim, who often travels on business, you need to pay _____. A. $34.95. B. $40.03. C. $159.99. D. $149.00. 42. What can be learned about the four white noise machines? A. The four of them can all produce white noise and nature sounds. B. One of them can help you create your own sleep stories for free. C. Two of them can be powered by both AC and rechargeable batteries. D. Two of them can not only help you fall asleep but also wake you up. 【答案】40. C 41. B 42. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了几个最好的白噪音机，让你睡个好觉。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据Hatch Rest+中“BEST FOR BABIES: Sound machine — keep your little one dreaming with sounds like white noise, wind, and rain.(最适合宝宝：声音机——让你的宝宝在睡梦中听到白噪音、风声和雨声)”可知，Hatch Rest+最适合Joana，因为她的宝宝睡在她的房间里。故选C项。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据Yogasleep Rohm+中“GENTLE SOUNDS: 20 different sounds including music, nature, white, pink, and brown noise, as well as Bluetooth speaker features to allow you to play your own music or sounds and to make a conference call on the road when you need.(柔和的声音：20种不同的声音，包括音乐，自然，白色，粉红色和棕色的噪音，以及蓝牙扬声器功能，让你播放自己的音乐或声音，并在你需要的时候在路上召开电话会议)”可知，此款适合经常出差的朋友，以及其价格是$40.03。由此可知，如果你想给经常出差的朋友Tim买一台白噪音机，你需要支付40.03美元。故选B项。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据Hatch Rest+中“Time-to-Rise — set up this light and sound combination to let your early riser know when it’s time to rise.(起床时间——设置灯光和声音的组合，让早起的你知道什么时候该起床了)”以及Loftie Clock中“FAVORITE CLOCK: Loftie Clock uses sound and lights to help ease you into and out of sleep.(最喜欢的闹钟: Loftie Clock利用声音和灯光帮助你轻松入睡和入睡)”可知，关于这四种白噪音机器，我们可以了解到其中两种不仅可以帮助你入睡，还可以唤醒你。故选D项。 (C) If you know someone with borderline personality disorder (BPD), you’re aware of how quickly they can step up from mild annoyance to outbursts of anger. However, Sonya Varma, a professor from York University, wondered, do people with BPD have problems in all aspects of this process? Could they have an as-yet-undiscovered set of emotional strengths? According to new research by Varma and her colleagues, emotion regulation involves both the internal reactions of the body and the conscious efforts people make to label those bodily feelings. This labeling process, they maintain, could make all the difference when it comes to settling back down and putting the mind back at rest. To tease apart these features of emotion regulation, Varma designed an experimental situation in which they put participants into an “emotion induction (引导)” treatment. Participants read a story that was intended to cause a negative emotion such as a hit-and-run car accident or the death of your dog. The sample included 29 participants with diagnosed BPD who were age- and sex-matched with healthy controls, and they ranged in age from 18 to 60. To examine the effect of labeling, Varma asked their participants to type their current emotional states into a computer, choosing from a set they saw on the screen. They could use the same word multiple times if they wished. If indeed people with BPD have difficulty labeling their emotions, then this fault should have been reflected in their ability to return to baseline (起点) after the negative emotion induction. However, the findings surprisingly ran counter to the research team’s expectations: People with BPD were equal to the control participants in the negativity of their expressed emotion, the intensity of that emotion, and even the words they used to describe their emotions. Although using a wider range of words following the emotion induction helped to bring about greater physiological control for all participants, there were no differences between groups in this effect. Given its role in helping restore physiological peace, it appears that regardless of whether someone has BPD or not, it can be beneficial to learn to label your emotions. When you’re starting down the pathway of experiencing a negative emotion, you can benefit by applying an accurate label to that emotion as opposed to holding it back or calling it something else. This can potentially prevent engagement in destructive behaviors that may function to downregulate emotion such as self-harm. To sum up, this new information about BPD can offer hope that at least one key element of the emotion regulation process appears to function effectively. Building on this strength could very well provide a new and unexplored pathway for their satisfaction. 43. According to paragraph 1 and 2, people with BPD _________. A. may be good at labeling bodily feelings B. may lose their temper easily and suddenly C. encounter problems in every aspect of their life D. have emotional strengths like emotion regulation 44. The underlined phrase “tease apart” (Para 3, Line 1) is closest in meaning to _________. A. identify B. combine C. emphasize D. dominate 45. What can be inferred from Varma’s experiment? A. Negative emotions affect the ability to reflect. B. Healthy controls excel at regulating their mental state. C. Rich expressions contribute to psychological stability. D. People with BPD met the research team’s expectations. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. A new pathway of regulating emotions. B. A method of consciously labeling emotions. C. An unexpected strength of people with BPD. D. An involuntary reaction to people with BPD. 【答案】43. B 44. A 45. C 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述患有边缘性人格障碍的人令人意想不到的一个优势。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“If you know someone with borderline personality disorder (BPD), you’re aware of how quickly they can step up from mild annoyance to outbursts of anger.(如果你认识一个患有边缘性人格障碍（BPD）的人，你会意识到他们从轻微的烦恼到爆发愤怒的速度有多快)”可知，患有BPD的人可能容易突然发脾气。故选B项。 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。结合划线部分后“Varma designed an experimental situation in which they put participants into an ‘emotion induction (引导)’ treatment(Varma设计了一个实验情境，让参与者接受‘情绪引导’治疗)”及下一段中提到的试验结果“People with BPD were equal to the control participants in the negativity of their expressed emotion, the intensity of that emotion, and even the words they used to describe their emotions.(BPD患者表达情绪的消极程度，情绪的强度，甚至他们用来描述自己情绪的词汇，都与对照组的参与者相同)”可推知，Varma的试验目的是梳理情绪调节的特征，tease apart意为“梳理，确认”。故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Although using a wider range of words following the emotion induction helped to bring about greater physiological control for all participants, there were no differences between groups in this effect.(尽管在情绪引导之后使用更广泛的词汇有助于所有参与者获得更强的生理控制能力，但在这种效果上，各组之间没有差异)”可知，丰富的表达有助于心理稳定。故选C项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合倒数第二段首句“Given its role in helping restore physiological peace, it appears that regardless of whether someone has BPD or not, it can be beneficial to learn to label your emotions.(考虑到BPD在帮助恢复生理平静方面的作用，似乎不管一个人是否患有BPD，学会给自己的情绪贴上标签都是有益的)”及最后一段中“To sum up, this new information about BPD can offer hope that at least one key element of the emotion regulation process appears to function effectively. Building on this strength could very well provide a new and unexplored pathway for their satisfaction.(综上所述，BPD的新信息可以提供希望，情绪调节过程中至少有一个关键因素有效发挥作用。建立在这一优势的基础上，可以很好地为他们的满意度提供一条新的、未被探索的途径)”可知，文章主要讲述患有边缘性人格障碍的人令人意想不到的一个优势。故选C项。 Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner Table Family gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid. With the festive season in full swing, it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives. At some point, you know they will say something like: “Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat” or “Climate change is a conspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.) ____47____ “Is it worth making an effort to correct people?” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so. ____48____ Obviously, it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them. Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nothing to do with humans.” To fight this, you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate, when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions. ____49____ “Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫). But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的)effect. ____50____ This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing you want to do when debunking (驳斥) misinformation is make matters worse,” wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol, UK, in The Debunking Handbook, a short guide published in2011. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. It’s not as common as we initially thought,“ says Lewandowsky. A. This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly. B. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. C. Anyone can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong. D. But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing. E. If you are not sure of the facts, do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it. F. If this happens, you don’t have to just sit there quiet. 【答案】47. F 48. C 49. D 50. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何在餐桌上改变某人的想法。 【47题详解】 根据后文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people?” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，后文提到Jason Reifler纠正别人是值得的，所以针对第一段发生的情况，不必只是坐在那里。故F选项“如果发生这种情况，你不必只是安静地坐在那里”符合语境，故选F。 【48题详解】 根据上文““Is it worth making an effort to correct people?” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so.(“值得努力去纠正别人吗？”英国埃克塞特大学的Jason Reifler说，他研究的是如何挑战误解。我想是的。)”可知，上文提到Jason Reifler研究的是如何挑战误解，且鼓励人们去澄清误解，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明如何来解释一个陈述是错误的情况。故C选项“任何人都可以散布谎言，但通常需要一些时间和知识来解释为什么一个陈述是错误的”符合语境，故选C。 【49题详解】 根据后文““Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫).(弗吉尼亚州乔治梅森大学的约翰·库克说，“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误。例如，“气候总是在变化”的神话就像是声称因为人们总是互相偷东西，所以不锁房子不会增加入室盗窃的风险)”可知，后文提到“平行”论证常常能非常有效地突出逻辑错误，即有其它方法可以让自己的观点更令人信服。故D选项“但是有时候有捷径可以让你的观点令人信服”符合语境，故选D。 【50题详解】 根据上文“But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的) effect.(但你需要注意适得其反的效果)”以及后文“This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs.(对于打击错误信念的斗争来说，这是一个令人沮丧的消息)”可知，本句进一步论述会产生何种适得其反的效果：试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它。故A选项“这个观点认为，试图改变一个人的错误信念可以让他们更坚定地相信它”符合语境，故选A。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Canals in Britain The restoration of Britain’s vast canal network has been a notable success. Wild ducks and birds can be seen along the 100 miles or so of Birmingham’s canals. Manchester boat users and walkers can learn about the origin of the Industrial Revolution (工业革命) along waterways that run through the city. Then comes a heavy blow: having previously frozen funding for the Canal & River Trust, the government now plans cuts of £ 300 million to its finances, beginning in 2017. This shortsighted decision will stretch resources beyond breaking point. Volunteers already have to be relied on for clean-up work and other tasks, which may leave the maintenance all the more difficult. Some canals may even have to close. One report mentions that the large stretches of London’s network will be affected, including Little Venice. Originally saved in the 1960s by the then transport secretary Barbara Castle, these waterways were noted for their potentially broader uses besides transportation. Five decades on, Castle’s vision of “leisure ways” has become a reality. Joggers are seen pounding the sunny tracks, fishers sitting on grassy banks, tourists sightseeing on narrowboats, and kids merrily cycling around. Their public good doesn’t stop here. Along the five-mile stretch of the Chesterfield canal, a former lock-house (船闸管理人值班房) now hosts a cafe, a meeting room, shower facilities and a play and picnic area. Essential services are available, from small restaurants to corner stores, making canals attractive to business as well as boat enthusiasts. This is the kind of reimagining of waterways that Barbara Castle foresaw. The government has a responsibility to ensure that they are maintained rather than ruined by funding cuts deeply in conflict with the spirit and direction of the times. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】reference answer: Despite the canals’ ecological and historical significance, the British government plans to cut funding to the canals. This may lead to insufficient maintenance and closure of some canals. However, these restored canals stand for public good in terms of recreation and business. The government should reconsider its decision to cut funding. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍英国运河网络修复成效显著，兼具生态、历史价值与休闲商业功能，但政府计划大幅削减其资金，这可能导致维护困难甚至部分运河关闭，作者呼吁政府重新考虑该决定。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①The restoration of Britain’s vast canal network has been a notable success. Wild ducks and birds can be seen along the 100 miles or so of Birmingham’s canals. Manchester boat users and walkers can learn about the origin of the Industrial Revolution along waterways that run through the city. ②Then comes a heavy blow: having previously frozen funding for the Canal & River Trust, the government now plans cuts of £ 300 million to its finances, beginning in 2017. ③This shortsighted decision will stretch resources beyond breaking point. Volunteers already have to be relied on for clean-up work and other tasks, which may leave the maintenance all the more difficult. Some canals may even have to close. ④Joggers are seen pounding the sunny tracks, fishers sitting on grassy banks, tourists sightseeing on narrowboats, and kids merrily cycling around. Along the five-mile stretch of the Chesterfield canal, a former lock-house now hosts a cafe, a meeting room, shower facilities and a play and picnic area. Essential services are available, from small restaurants to corner stores, making canals attractive to business as well as boat enthusiasts. ⑤The government has a responsibility to ensure that they are maintained rather than ruined by funding cuts deeply in conflict with the spirit and direction of the times. 2. 缜密构思 将第①点作为总起，点明运河修复成效及生态、历史价值；将第②、③点整合为政府的资金削减计划及潜在危害；将第④点作为运河的休闲与商业功能补充；将第⑤点作为总结，强调政府应重新考虑削减决定。 3. 遣词造句 Despite the canals’ ecological and historical significance, the British government plans to cut funding to the canals. This may lead to insufficient maintenance and closure of some canals. However, these restored canals stand for public good in terms of recreation and business. The government should reconsider its decision to cut funding. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Despite the canals’ ecological and historical significance, the British government plans to cut funding to the canals.（运用了不定式短语作定语） [高分句型2] However, these restored canals stand for public good in terms of recreation and business.（运用了过去分词短语作定语修饰canals） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 面对接二连三的差评，这位剧作家的创作热情依然不减。(dampen) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Repeated negative/unfavourable reviews didn’t dampen the playwright’s enthusiasm for writing. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态。“接二连三的”可理解为“重复的”，表达为repeated，“差评”即“负面的评价”，“负面的”可译为negative或unfavourable，“评价”是review，使用复数形式作句子主语，“创作热情依然不减”也就是“没有使创作热情减弱”，“使减弱”用dampen，根据语境，事情已经发生，用一般过去时的否定形式didn’t dampen，“剧作家”表达为playwright，“创作热情”可理解为“对写作的热情”，“热情”是enthusiasm，“对……的热情”常用搭配enthusiasm for，“写作”为writing，“这位剧作家的创作热情”the playwright’s enthusiasm for writing。句首单词首字母大写。故译为Repeated negative/unfavourable reviews didn’t dampen the playwright’s enthusiasm for writing. 53. 鉴于有几位成员缺席，实地考察有没有可能改到明天呢?(possibility) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Is there any possibility of rescheduling the field trip for tomorrow, since some members are absent? 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语和状语从句。表示“有没有可能”句型为is there any possibility of doing sth.，此处为一般疑问句；表示“实地考察改到明天”用动名词短语rescheduling the field trip for tomorrow，作介词of的宾语，表示“鉴于”用since，引导原因状语从句；表示“有几位成员”为some members，使用复数形式表示泛指，表示“缺席”短语为be absent。从句使用一般现在时，复数名词作主语，be动词使用are。句首单词首字母大写。故翻译为Is there any possibility of rescheduling the field trip for tomorrow, since some members are absent? 54. 这位摄影师突然意识到，美常常出现在最意想不到的地方，隐藏于那些被我们忽略的平凡瞬间。(occur) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It occurred to the photographer that beauty often exists where we least expect it, hidden in the ordinary moments we overlook. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语和时态。表示“某人突然想到……”句型为It occurred to sb. that…，发生在过去用一般过去时；表示“摄影师”用名词photographer；that从句中，主语“美”用名词beauty；“常常出现”often exist，从句描述习惯性动作，使用一般现在时，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式，表示“在最意想不到的地方”翻译为where引导的地点状语从句，为where we least expect it，表示“隐藏”用动词hide，与beauty构成被动关系，故用过去分词形式hidden；表示“在那些平凡瞬间”in the ordinary moments，“被我们忽略的”翻译为定语从句结构，为we overlook，先行词moments指物，关系词在从句中做宾语，关系词使用that/which，且可以省略。句首单词首字母大写。故翻译为It occurred to the photographer that beauty often exists where we least expect it, hidden in the ordinary moments we overlook. 55. 他的发音不准，电话点餐时造成了误会，结果点到了一道辣得他一口都吃不下的菜。 (blame) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】His pronunciation was to blame for the misunderstanding during the phone order/while he was ordering on the phone, and he ended up with a dish so spicy that he couldn’t even take a bite. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语、时态及句式。 “……应受责备，对……负责”表达为be to blame for，句子描述过将要发生的事情，用过去将来时，“他的发音”是His pronunciation，“误会”是misunderstanding，“电话点餐时”可表达为during the phone order或while he was ordering on the phone，故前半句为His pronunciation was to blame for the misunderstanding during the phone order/while he was ordering on the phone。“结果”常见表达为end up with，用一般过去时，“一道辣得他一口都吃不下的菜”，这里使用so...that...结构，“辣的”是spicy，“一口都吃不下”即couldn’t even take a bite，所以后半句为and he ended up with a dish so spicy he couldn’t even take a bite。 故译为His pronunciation was to blame for the misunderstanding during the phone order/while he was ordering on the phone, and he ended up with a dish so spicy that he couldn’t even take a bite. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假如你是明启中学学生李华，最近学校学生会举办了一年一度的义卖活动。现向同学们征集改进建议，让明年的义卖活动更加成功。请你写一封信给学生会，内容须包括： (1)简要描述本次活动及存在的问题; (2)给出具体的改进建议及原因。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Student Union, I am writing to offer some suggestions for the annual charity sale held recently. The charity sale this year was a great opportunity for us to contribute to a good cause. However, there were some issues. Firstly, the layout of the stalls was chaotic, making it difficult for customers to find what they wanted. Secondly, the promotion was insufficient. A lot of students didn't know the details of the sale until it had already started. To make next year's event more successful, I suggest the following. For the layout, we could divide the stalls by categories in advance, such as books, handicrafts, and toys. This would make the shopping experience more convenient. Regarding promotion, we can use social media platforms like WeChat and Douyin to publicize the event in advance, including information about the time, place, and featured items. This will attract more students to come and support the charity sale. I hope my suggestions will be helpful. Looking forward to a more wonderful charity sale next year. Best regards, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。最近学校学生会举办了一年一度的义卖活动。现向同学们征集改进建议，让明年的义卖活动更加成功。请考生写一封信给学生会。 【详解】1．词汇积累： 机会：opportunity→chance 贡献：contribute to→make contributions to 混乱的：chaotic→messy 宣传：publicize→promote 2.句式拓展： 合并简单句 原句：For the layout, we could divide the stalls by categories in advance, such as books, handicrafts, and toys. This would make the shopping experience more convenient. 拓展句： For the layout, we could divide the stalls by categories in advance, such as books, handicrafts, and toys, which would make the shopping experience more convenient. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Firstly, the layout of the stalls was chaotic, making it difficult for customers to find what they wanted.（现在分词作状语和what引导的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】A lot of students didn't know the details of the sale until it had already started.（运用了not…until…引导的时间状语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 上海市曹杨二中2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试 英语试卷 考生注意: 1、答卷前，考生务必将姓名、班级、学号等在指定位置填写清楚。 2、本试卷共有56道试题，满分115分，考试时间105分钟。请考生用黑色水笔或钢笔将答案直接写在答题卷上。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks use one word that best fits. The Science Of Scratching Mom knew what she was talking about after all: Scratching really does make the itch worse. Good ____1____ it feels, the burst of ecstasy (狂喜) you get from clawing your irritated skin only prolongs a vicious itch-scratch cycle, putting true relief ____2____(far) out of reach. But why? Though itch has troubled our species for thousands of years, scientists have just begun to comprehend the physiological mechanisms ____3____it. Over the past couple of decades, research has shown ____4____ scratching taps into our brains’ reward and immune systems, producing a strange mix of sensations that makes it all but impossible to resist. “You scratch to feel better,” says Brian Kim, a neuroimmunologist at Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine, “but in doing so, you actually activate immune pathways that are counterproductive.” In 1660, a definition of itch arose that’s still in use today: an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch. It results from ____5____ from insect bites and poisonous plants to allergic reactions and skin conditions like eczema (湿疹). Until recently, itch was considered a form of mild pain ____6____ (arise) from the weak activation of pain receptors. This “intensity theory” speculated that itch stood at one end of the pain spectrum, and ____7____ (transition) all the way to full-blown suffering as a stimulus grew stronger. But in 2014, Zhou-Feng Chen, an itch researcher then at Washington University, discovered that serotonin (the mood-regulating “happiness hormone”) plays a big role in perpetuating (使永久) the itch-scratch cycle. The research team found that when mice scratch an itch, their brains release a surge of serotonin, resulting in a moment of pure bliss. These results were consistent with a PLOS One study from the previous year, which showed that scratching activates the brain regions ____8____ (involve) in the reward circuit, a neural network that floods the body with euphoria-inducing chemicals in response to pleasurable activities and substances. It’s the same system ____9____ underlies addiction, which isn’t surprising if you’ve ever lost an hour scratching at mosquito bites. But Kim notes there’s another side to this coin: the longing not to feel pleasure _____10_____ to ease discomfort. “That’s what’s so complex about it,” he says. “There are different levels at which you need to scratch.” Section B Directions: Complete the following sentences or passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. notably B. supplements C. stimulates D. translated E. rigorous F. documented  G. leading H. properties I. barrier J. incorporating K. ideally Dandelion May Have Distinct Health Benefits The common yellow weed has leaves rich in vitamins and may boost health in other ways, but it’s understudied in comparison to other nutraceuticals (营养保健品). The first known ___11___ use of dandelion benefits occurred in China around 657 C.E. during the Tang Dynasty, when it was noted as an effective treatment for breast swelling and pain. In the coming centuries, it was used to detoxify sores. A 2021 literature review in the Bulletin of the National Research Centre examined 54 studies that tested the benefits of dandelion and found that it has many protective ___12___, including as a diuretic, immune booster, anti-inflammatory treatment, and even potential diabetic aid. ___13___, most studies with dandelion have been conducted in test tubes or with mice. Without more ___14___ studies, medical practitioners will likely hesitate to integrate it into their work. “What health care providers want to see is clinical evidence, at least double-blind, randomized control studies. ___15___, they’d like to see a meta-analysis or two,” says Jean Bokelmann, a medical doctor and the author of Medicinal Herbs in Primary Care: An Evidence-Guided Reference for Healthcare Providers. In her book, Bokelmann examined 55 herbs. Of those, dandelion had been the least studied, which she says poses a considerable ___16___ to its adoption in clinical practice. Dandelion or ___17___ extracted from it can be used at home, although consumers should be aware that all of them are loosely regulated by the FDA. Bokelmann recommends discussing dandelion usage with a medical care provider-just as a patient would do with any other nutraceutical -to see if it is right for them. Dandelion, for example, ___18___ the secretion (分泌) of bile from the liver, so she says it might not be right for people with liver conditions. For people who want to try ___19___ fresh dandelion into their diet, young plants from the yard will suffice. Bokelmann grabs a few early in the season and adds them to salads because they are high in vitamins C and K. When grabbing dandelion from the ground, she recommends digging up the roots. Bokelmann doesn’t think attitudes toward dandelion will change in the near future. Private industry is often responsible for ___20___ the charge for new remedies. “What private industry will want to study dandelions when everyone has them in their yards?” she asks. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Waiting in line is a suffering of modernity. According to David Andrews’s book, Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster? , it wasn’t ____21____ until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers’ schedules, causing lines during lunch hours and evenings. Given that Americans are estimated to collectively waste tens of billions of hours a year in lines, it’s no wonder that some people try to cut, and others ____22____ hate them. Yet jumping the queue without ____23____ violence is possible. First, pick the right queue. It’s virtually impossible to cut the line for a once-in-a-lifetime event — the Cubs playing the World Series, say. But in a ____24____ scenario (场景) like a security line, people are more likely to let you in, perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday. Using game theory to determine what conditions would make line-cutting socially ____25____, researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting. But when the queue comes again, people let in intruders (入侵者) who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time. An excuse for cutting helps, but it needn’t be bulletproof. In one much-cited study, experimenters tried to jump photocopier queues using one of three explanations. A small, polite request without ____26____ — “Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the Xerox machine?” — enabled them to cut 60 percent of the time. Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time. And “May I use the Xerox machine, because I need to make copies?” was almost as ____27____, despite its weakness. The person ____28____ behind an intrusion usually gets to decide whether to allow it, according to a study co-authored by the psychologist Stanley Milgram. If that person doesn’t ____29____, other queuers tend to stay quiet. The experiment also found that two intruders brought about greater anger than one — so if you’re going to line-jump, travel _____30_____. Keep in mind that _____31_____ for line-cutting varies across cultures. One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many national differences in queuing rules. An Irish respondent was very angry, “They say ‘I just want to ask a quick question’ and go right up to the counter... I’m ready to _____32_____.” Back in America the worst of line-cutting is _____33_____ you’re not doing it. Like members of any community, queuers want their customs _____34_____. So if you must cut, just ask nicely. Doing so enhances the social contract, and it _____35_____. 21. A. difficult B. necessary C. common D. unusual 22. A. bitterly B. illogically C. casually D. surprisingly 23. A. rejecting B. understanding C. inviting D. continuing 24. A. realistic B. violent C. repeating D. complicated 25. A. permissible B. visible C. inflexible D. indefensible 26. A. prediction B. opposition C. recognition D. justification 27. A. neutral B. effective C. relevant D. variable 28. A. randomly B. distantly C. fortunately D. directly 29. A. agree B. object C. leave D. stay 30. A. extensively B. alone C. far D. happily 31. A. demand B. potential C. foundation D. tolerance 32. A. struggle B. believe C. explode D. respond 33. A. pretending B. confessing C. remembering D. confirming 34. A. recorded B. observed C. evaluated D. standardized 35. A. fails B. stops C. begins D. works Section B Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) My grandmother loved baking and was, therefore, an excellent baker. I can still see her massaging flour, sugar, eggs, yeast, butter and milk into dough and injecting the pastry with jam to make Buchteln. I can still hear her saying to her, a sustainable farmer, baking was the closest she could get to “the world of art”. I regret never telling her that even though she wasn’t graced with the life of an artist, she was nevertheless weaving something larger than her: a culture. Maybe she understood what she was doing after all. Once, she instructed me to never follow her recipes, but instead to adapt them however I saw fit. A culture, she was essentially saying, should be modified in line with the tastes and needs of the times. Well. I have altered most of my grandmother’s recipes, apart from the one—her recipe for potica, a traditional Slovenian pastry usually served at holiday, birthday and special celebrations. In essence, it is a roll made of leavened paper-thin dough, most often stuffed with walnut filling and raisins. Calling potica a “filled roll”, makes it seem easy to prepare, but it requires hours of work. The most painful part is grinding the walnuts. Before my grandmother began using a grinder, we filled a bag with walnuts and beat the bag with a hammer, until the nuts turned to paste. Ah, but why not simply buy a kilo of ground Californian walnuts? Oh! Because the secret to the best potica known to humans is walnuts from a tree that grows on my grandmother’s farm. This 15-meter-tall tree is an amusement park for crows and insects, and is also often populated by courageous children. It bears sweetest walnuts. Was, bore, I should write. In the past decade, the 30-year-old tree has changed. At first, the romantic in me wanted to believe it was mourning my grandmother’s death and just couldn’t yield sweet nuts any more. Next, I turned to common sense. Walnut harvests, I told myself, differ from season to season, so our half-empty baskets were nothing to worry about. However, after the fifth poor harvest with dry, bitter fruit, I understood that I was witnessing something better known as decay. In suitable conditions, walnut trees in our region can live up to 100 years and yield nuts until they’re middle-aged. But the circumstances for that particular potica tree have worsened. The trees endure frost and snow, heat and strong winds, storms and floods, and heavily polluted air, water, soil. Well, I spotted a sign of hope for poticas early this year. A sapling next to the dying tree. Perhaps the dying tree delivered all its remaining nutrients to this sapling, whispering: “The preservationists are already here, trust me.” 36. What was the primary reason the grandmother considered baking as close to “the world of art”? A. The use of unique ingredients. B. The precision required in baking. C. The therapeutic nature of the baking process. D. The creative and cultural significance of baking. 37. What did the grandmother advise the author regarding her recipes? A. To strictly follow the recipes as they were. B. To adapt the recipes according to personal taste. C. To share the recipes with others in their original form. D. To learn traditional recipes from other cultures instead. 38. Why were the bold words “Was, bore” underlined in the passage? A. To emphasize the tree’s historical significance on the farm. B. To showcase the author’s admiration for the tree’s longevity. C. To indicate a transition from past to present in the tree’s state. D. To highlight the author’s uncertainty about the tree’s current condition. 39. How did the author feel according to the last paragraph? A. Sad at the decay of the walnut tree. B. Hopeful about the future of the walnut tree. C. Indifferent to the changes in the walnut tree. D. Unpleased with the new sapling next to the dying tree. (B) The best white noise machines for a good night’s sleep Sleep is crucial to health. But disruptive (扰乱的) noises can prevent you from falling asleep. White noise machines could help, according to one study. LectroFan Classic MASKS NOISE: LectroFan Classic helps block out disruptive environmental noises. It can help improve sleep, focus, privacy, and relaxation. 20 NON-REPEATING SOUNDS: A total of 20 unique non-repeating, digitally created sounds. 10 fan sounds & 10 white noise variations, including pink & brown noise. SAFE: Safe, solid-state design is powered by AC (交流电) or USB and dynamically creates unique, non-repeating sounds. VOLUME CONTROL: Precise volume control allows you to set the perfect level for your unique environment. Yogasleep Rohm+ EFFECTIVELY MASKS NOISE: The Rohm effectively cancels out noises that may disturb or distract you for improved sleep and concentration. GENTLE SOUNDS: 20 different sounds including music, nature, white, pink, and brown noise, as well as Bluetooth speaker features to allow you to play your own music or sounds and to make a conference call on the road when you need. CRUSH (压坏) RESISTANT: Stylish, crush-resistant travel case fits perfectly with Yogasleep Rohm white noise machines. BATTERY OPERATED: Rechargeable through USB. Hatch Rest+ BEST FOR BABIES: Sound machine — keep your little one dreaming with sounds like white noise, wind, and rain. Night light — make midnight feedings comforting and the dark less scary with a calming light. Time-to-Rise — set up this light and sound combination to let your early riser know when it’s time to rise. Built-in two-way sound monitor. POWERED BY: AC and rechargeable. Loftie Clock FAVORITE CLOCK: Loftie Clock uses sound and lights to help ease you into and out of sleep. GENTLY UNWIND: Enjoy over 100 free tracks, from breathwork and sound baths to all kinds of white noise and nature sounds. AI-GENERATED PERSONAL STORIES: Loftie’s Magic Story Maker AI has an upgraded feature that lets you create sleep stories with Typeform. It then uses ChatGPT and ElevenLabs AI to craft your story. Unlocking the Magic Story Maker AI requires an upgrade to a Loftie+ account in the app ($5 per month). POWERED BY: AC power 40. _____ is the most suitable for Joana, whose baby sleeps in her room. A. LectroFan Classic B. Yogasleep Rohm+ C. Hatch Rest+ D. Loftie Clock 41. If you want to buy a white noise machine for your friend Tim, who often travels on business, you need to pay _____. A. $34.95. B. $40.03. C. $159.99. D. $149.00. 42. What can be learned about the four white noise machines? A. The four of them can all produce white noise and nature sounds. B. One of them can help you create your own sleep stories for free. C. Two of them can be powered by both AC and rechargeable batteries. D. Two of them can not only help you fall asleep but also wake you up. (C) If you know someone with borderline personality disorder (BPD), you’re aware of how quickly they can step up from mild annoyance to outbursts of anger. However, Sonya Varma, a professor from York University, wondered, do people with BPD have problems in all aspects of this process? Could they have an as-yet-undiscovered set of emotional strengths? According to new research by Varma and her colleagues, emotion regulation involves both the internal reactions of the body and the conscious efforts people make to label those bodily feelings. This labeling process, they maintain, could make all the difference when it comes to settling back down and putting the mind back at rest. To tease apart these features of emotion regulation, Varma designed an experimental situation in which they put participants into an “emotion induction (引导)” treatment. Participants read a story that was intended to cause a negative emotion such as a hit-and-run car accident or the death of your dog. The sample included 29 participants with diagnosed BPD who were age- and sex-matched with healthy controls, and they ranged in age from 18 to 60. To examine the effect of labeling, Varma asked their participants to type their current emotional states into a computer, choosing from a set they saw on the screen. They could use the same word multiple times if they wished. If indeed people with BPD have difficulty labeling their emotions, then this fault should have been reflected in their ability to return to baseline (起点) after the negative emotion induction. However, the findings surprisingly ran counter to the research team’s expectations: People with BPD were equal to the control participants in the negativity of their expressed emotion, the intensity of that emotion, and even the words they used to describe their emotions. Although using a wider range of words following the emotion induction helped to bring about greater physiological control for all participants, there were no differences between groups in this effect. Given its role in helping restore physiological peace, it appears that regardless of whether someone has BPD or not, it can be beneficial to learn to label your emotions. When you’re starting down the pathway of experiencing a negative emotion, you can benefit by applying an accurate label to that emotion as opposed to holding it back or calling it something else. This can potentially prevent engagement in destructive behaviors that may function to downregulate emotion such as self-harm. To sum up, this new information about BPD can offer hope that at least one key element of the emotion regulation process appears to function effectively. Building on this strength could very well provide a new and unexplored pathway for their satisfaction. 43. According to paragraph 1 and 2, people with BPD _________. A. may be good at labeling bodily feelings B. may lose their temper easily and suddenly C. encounter problems in every aspect of their life D. have emotional strengths like emotion regulation 44. The underlined phrase “tease apart” (Para 3, Line 1) is closest in meaning to _________. A. identify B. combine C. emphasize D. dominate 45. What can be inferred from Varma’s experiment? A. Negative emotions affect the ability to reflect. B. Healthy controls excel at regulating their mental state. C. Rich expressions contribute to psychological stability. D. People with BPD met the research team’s expectations. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. A new pathway of regulating emotions. B. A method of consciously labeling emotions. C. An unexpected strength of people with BPD. D. An involuntary reaction to people with BPD. Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Changing Someone’s Mind at the Dinner Table Family gatherings can bring up topics we prefer to avoid. With the festive season in full swing, it might be hard to stay away from some annoying relatives. At some point, you know they will say something like: “Genetically modified foods are not safe to eat” or “Climate change is a conspiracy”. (Surely, all these statements are untrue.) ____47____ “Is it worth making an effort to correct people?” says Jason Reifler at the University of Exeter, UK, who studies ways of challenging misperceptions. I think so. ____48____ Obviously, it is far more difficult to prove false beliefs wrong than to spread them. Take a classic: “The climate has always changed, it’s nothing to do with humans.” To fight this, you need to explain how the world is now warming at an alarming rate, when otherwise it would be cooling slightly were it not for our carbon dioxide emissions. ____49____ “Parallel” arguments can often highlight logical errors very effectively, says John Cook of George Mason University, Virginia. For instance, the “climate is always changing” myth is like claiming that because people have always stolen from each other, leaving your house unlocked won’t increase the risk of burglary (入室抢劫). But you need to be aware of the backfire (适得其反的)effect. ____50____ This was discouraging news for the fight against false beliefs. “The last thing you want to do when debunking (驳斥) misinformation is make matters worse,” wrote Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky at the University of Bristol, UK, in The Debunking Handbook, a short guide published in2011. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. It’s not as common as we initially thought,“ says Lewandowsky. A. This is the idea that trying to change someone’s false belief can make them believe it more strongly. B. However, more recent studies are far more encouraging. C. Anyone can spread a lie, but it usually takes a bit of time and knowledge to explain why a statement is wrong. D. But sometimes there are shortcuts to make your point convincing. E. If you are not sure of the facts, do some web browsing on your phone rather than trying to wing it. F. If this happens, you don’t have to just sit there quiet. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Canals in Britain The restoration of Britain’s vast canal network has been a notable success. Wild ducks and birds can be seen along the 100 miles or so of Birmingham’s canals. Manchester boat users and walkers can learn about the origin of the Industrial Revolution (工业革命) along waterways that run through the city. Then comes a heavy blow: having previously frozen funding for the Canal & River Trust, the government now plans cuts of £ 300 million to its finances, beginning in 2017. This shortsighted decision will stretch resources beyond breaking point. Volunteers already have to be relied on for clean-up work and other tasks, which may leave the maintenance all the more difficult. Some canals may even have to close. One report mentions that the large stretches of London’s network will be affected, including Little Venice. Originally saved in the 1960s by the then transport secretary Barbara Castle, these waterways were noted for their potentially broader uses besides transportation. Five decades on, Castle’s vision of “leisure ways” has become a reality. Joggers are seen pounding the sunny tracks, fishers sitting on grassy banks, tourists sightseeing on narrowboats, and kids merrily cycling around. Their public good doesn’t stop here. Along the five-mile stretch of the Chesterfield canal, a former lock-house (船闸管理人值班房) now hosts a cafe, a meeting room, shower facilities and a play and picnic area. Essential services are available, from small restaurants to corner stores, making canals attractive to business as well as boat enthusiasts. This is the kind of reimagining of waterways that Barbara Castle foresaw. The government has a responsibility to ensure that they are maintained rather than ruined by funding cuts deeply in conflict with the spirit and direction of the times. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 面对接二连三的差评，这位剧作家的创作热情依然不减。(dampen) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 53. 鉴于有几位成员缺席，实地考察有没有可能改到明天呢?(possibility) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 54. 这位摄影师突然意识到，美常常出现在最意想不到的地方，隐藏于那些被我们忽略的平凡瞬间。(occur) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 55. 他的发音不准，电话点餐时造成了误会，结果点到了一道辣得他一口都吃不下的菜。 (blame) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假如你是明启中学学生李华，最近学校学生会举办了一年一度的义卖活动。现向同学们征集改进建议，让明年的义卖活动更加成功。请你写一封信给学生会，内容须包括： (1)简要描述本次活动及存在的问题; (2)给出具体的改进建议及原因。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $