精品解析：上海市上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月摸底考试英语试卷

上海市上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月摸底考试 英语试卷 满分150分，答题时间：120分钟， 第I卷 I. Listening Comprehension (25') Section A(10') Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. In a hotel. B. At meeting room. C. In the woman’s office. D. On a taxi. 【答案】D 【解析】 【原文】W: Hurry up! The conference will begin in a quarter and I have to arrive at my office two minutes earlier to go over my notes. M: I am sorry, madam. The lights are against us. Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place? 2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. 30. B. 50. C. 65. D. 95. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】M: I’m ready to order. A milkshake, please. W: Sir, the milkshake costs $30. But if you buy this sandwich of $50, you can not only have the milkshake for free but receive an apple pie worth $15 as a bonus. Q: How much will the man pay if he would like to get a sandwich, a milkshake and an apple pie? 3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Nervous. B. Quick-minded. C. Courageous. D. Sensible. 【答案】C 【解析】 【原文】M: Last night, my daughter climbed on the roof to chase her cat but failed to come down. It was Jack who climbed onto the steep roof and managed to come to her rescue. W: Wow! That took a lot of nerve. Q: How does the woman think of Jack? 4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. A serviceman. B. A businessman. C. A stockbroker. D. A teacher. 【答案】A 【解析】 【原文】W: Didn’t you want to be a stockbroker when you graduated from business school? M: My teacher wanted me to. But now I feel great to safeguard the vast territory on the border. Q: What’s the man now? 5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Attend a class. B. See the dentist. C. Go mountaineering. D. Visit his aunt. 【答案】A 【解析】 【原文】W: Hey, Harry. Why not go mountaineering with us tomorrow? M: I am afraid I will be fully occupied tomorrow. In the morning, I am going to the violin lesson and in the afternoon, I am going to the dentist. In the evening, I am going to visit my aunt. Q: What will the man do tomorrow morning? 6. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She wanted to have spicy food. B. She disliked the food at dinner. C. She didn't feel hungry at all. D. She had an upset stomach. 【答案】D 【解析】 【原文】M: Monica, you didn’t eat much at dinner and it seems that you didn’t enjoy the food either. What’s the matter with you? W: Well, I feel like throwing up these days and the doctor said I should stay away from all the spicy food. Q: Why didn’t the woman enjoy her dinner? 7. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Not watch a movie on his tablet. B. Use his VR headset to keep the tablet steady. C. Wear his VR headset while watching a film. D. Stand to keep the tablet from falling over. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】M: Tina, I’m watching a hit movie on my tablet. But it keeps falling over. W: Use your VR headset as a stand. Fold them on the table and put your tablet in them just like this. Q: What does Tina suggest the man do? 8. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The man didn’t know if there was such a machine. B. The machine is on the right side of the entrance. C. The machine may not be in a good condition. D. The woman can find the machine with the signs. 【答案】C 【解析】 【原文】W: Is there an ATM machine in this department store? M: Yes, there is. It’s right there on the left side of the entrance. But I remember seeing an “out-of-order” sign on it. Q: What does the man imply? 9. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She was forced to go to the portrait exhibition. B. She showed no interest in the portrait exhibition. C. She was poor at investing in exhibits of portrait. D. She considers soap operas her favorite entertainment. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】M: I heard you went to the exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery. How was it? W: To an artistic idiot like me, sitting at home watching a soap opera would be a better investment of time. Q: What does the woman imply? 10. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The woman owes the man a bunch of flowers. B. The woman is lending money from the man. C. The man gets the woman to buy a down jacket. D. The man often fails to honor his commitment. 【答案】D 【解析】 【原文】M: Hey, Catherine. Can you help me out here? I promise I’ll pay you back. W: Oh, yeah, all right. OK... including the bunch of flowers yesterday and the down jacket last week. Q: What can we know from the conversation? Section B (1.5'×10=15') Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the short passages and the longer conversation. The short passages and the longer conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 11. A. Flight attendants. B. Passengers. C. The fire brigade. D. Plane manufacturers. 12. A. Flight CA4389 will fly from Chengdu and finally arrive at Beijing. B. It will take CA4389 more than three hours to arrive at Xi’an. C. CA4389 will travel 30,982 kilometers for the whole flight. D. The average speed of CA4389 is 10,000 kilometers per hour. 13. A. Using electronic devices during landing. B. Using their hands to pull down the oxygen mask. C. Using laptop computers during the flight. D. Placing the oxygen mask below their nose. 【答案】11. B 12. A 13. C 【解析】 【详解】Good morning, Ladies and Gentlemen: Welcome aboard Air China Flight CA4389 from Chengdu to Beijing via Xi’an. The distance between Chengdu and Beijing is 13,982 kilometers. Our flight will take 3 hours and 35 minutes. We will be flying at the altitude of 10,000 meters and the average speed is 800 kilometers per hour. In order to ensure the normal operation of aircraft navigation and communication systems, passengers are not allowed to use mobile phones, remote controlled toys and other electronic devices throughout the flight and the laptop computers are not allowed to use during take-off and landing. We will take off soon. Please make sure that your seat belt is securely fastened and that you refrain from smoking during the flight. We will now demonstrate how to use the emergency equipment. Your oxygen mask is above your head. It will drop down automatically in case of emergency. When it does so, pull the mask firmly towards you to start the flow of oxygen. Place the mask over your nose and mouth and slip the elastic band over your head. On our flight today, the chief purser with all your crew members will be sincerely at your service. We hope you will enjoy your flight. Thank you! Questions: 11. Who is the announcement intended for? 12. Which of the following is true according to the announcement? 13. What can the passengers do on the plane? 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 14. A. By 2021. B. By 2023. C. By 2024. D. By 2028. 15. A. A man who holds a master's degree in mathematics. B. A man who has only finished a test pilot school program. C. A man who has a year of professional flying experience. D. A woman who has completed the NASA physical examination. 16. A. The introduction of the Artemis program. B. The enrollment of astronaut candidates. C. The plan for a long-term base on the moon. D. The requirements of NASA physical examination. 【答案】14. B 15. C 16. B 【解析】 【原文】If you have always wanted to become an astronaut, now could be your chance. The recruitment comes after NASA announced plans to send the first woman and the next man to the moon as part of its Artemis program. The program aims to return humans to the moon by 2024 and establish a long-term base on the moon by 2028. From the base, they plan to launch regular space operations. NASA says it expects to choose the final candidates in 2021 for a two-year training. So, what exactly is NASA looking for in its crew of new astronauts? The requirements boil down to three things: technical skill, operational skills, and then just being fun and easy to be around. First, applicants must be U.S. citizens and hold a master’s degree in a field related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics, or they have finished a test pilot school program. In addition, candidates must also have at least two years of professional experience in their field. Of course, all applicants will have to complete a NASA physical examination to test their fitness for long-term spaceflight. They must also enjoy their work and life at 400 kilometers above Earth during possible stays at the International Space Station. Questions: 1. According to the Artemis program, when will the final candidates finish their training? 2. Which of the following candidates will be eliminated in the recruiting process? 3. What is the passage mainly about? 听下面一段长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 17. A. People can drive their cars at a high speed on the PRT system. B. Each car on the PRT system can carry 300 passengers at a time. C. The cars running on the PRT system can be controlled by a wire. D. The power that gets the cars running on the PRT system comes from the sun. 18. A. The traffic jam in Masdar City. B. A special TV program. C. Solutions to traffic jams. D. Advanced vehicles in the future. 19. A. Building more roads with wider lanes. B. Widening the current roads for cars. C. Encouraging people to cycle more. D. Have car drivers pay more for fuel. 20. A. Taxi drivers. B. Taxi passengers. C. Traffic experts. D. Cyclists. 【答案】17. D 18. C 19. C 20. A 【解析】 【原文】M: The Nightly News made a special program on how to deal with traffic jams in big cities. Did you watch it? W: No, I didn’t. Would you please tell me something about it? M: Certainly. The program began with an introduction of the PRT system in Masdar City. Controlled wirelessly and powered by solar energy, 300 high-speed driverless cars each carrying three passengers were running on it. Then, three experts were invited to work out a few possible solutions. W: Really? What are those solutions? M: Well, the solution proposed by the first expert involves engineering. This means building more roads with wider lanes so that more cars can travel at the same time. W: Hmm, don’t you think more roads may actually encourage more traffic? Besides, the cost is so high. M: You hit the point. The second expert criticized that solution and proposed that the government should encourage people to cycle more because this mode of transport has obvious health benefits and helps to reduce air pollution. W: Yeah. But is it practical in every climate? What’s more, riding can prove dangerous in heavy traffic. M: I agree with you. The solution put forward by the last expert is to increase tax on fuel so that people are more likely to think carefully about using cars. Do you think it really works? W: Not exactly. It can discourage people from driving to work to some extent. But how about people “driving for work”? They will lose their jobs. M: All right. It seems that each of the solutions has its own advantages and disadvantages. Questions: 1.Which of the following statements is true about the PRT system in Masdar City? 2.What did the three experts in the TV program mainly discuss? 3.What is the solution put forward by the second expert? 4.If the government increases the tax on fuel, who will directly fall victim to it? II. Vocabulary (10') Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. arresting B. critical C. cycle D. defending E.field F. marvels G. navigate H. nutrients I. pushing J. trade-off K. undocumented FLORA. FAUNA. FUNGA. It’s been at least 400 million years since mycorrhizal fungi (菌根真菌) helped plants colonize the Earth’s land, thanks to a pretty basic ____21____: Fungi tend to form a symbiotic (共生的) relationship with different plants and animals, and they move by eating and expanding outward. For most plants today, that means fungi live within their root systems, metabolizing sugar from photosynthesis while helping them access water and critical ____22____. But that’s only the beginning of what these tiny ____23____ can do. There are around five million species of fungi, yet roughly 90 percent remain ____24____. Still, researchers have only scratched the surface of why they are so ____25____ to keeping ecosystems in balance. “Fungi can show you that life begins even when another one ends,” says Giuliana Furci, a Harvard University associate and National Geographic Explorer, about the crucial role in our planetary life ____26____. As founder of the Fungi Foundation, she has spent the past 14 years leading the campaign for their inclusion in conservation policy. For Furci, the aha moment arrived when, during a research trip as a university student in Chile, she came across a(n) ____27____ orange mushroom and, upon further research, realized that there were no mushroom ____28____ guides for the country at all. She vowed to change that and has since been documenting Chile’s native fungi. Not surprisingly, more international policy gatekeepers are publicly ____29____ for funga’s inclusion in their own environmental conservation work. In the pages ahead, you will learn more about why this effort is so important to our lives, from invasive species that can signal how we’ll ____30____ a warming and changing world, to the complex “mycobiome” of bodily based fungi that offer new insight into how deadly diseases like cancer may spread. The future is funga. Now is the time to understand what it holds. 【答案】21. J 22. H 23. F 24. K 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. E 29. I 30. G 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了菌根真菌与植物的共生关系及其对生态系统平衡的关键作用，并介绍了一位真菌学家推动真菌纳入保护政策的努力。 【21题详解】 考查名词。句意：菌根真菌帮助植物在地球陆地定居已经至少有4亿年了，这得益于一个相当基本的交换：真菌往往与不同的动植物形成共生关系，它们通过进食和向外扩张来活动。空处前有形容词basic修饰，且由不定冠词a限定，应用单数名词，trade-off意为“权衡；取舍；折中”，符合真菌与动植物间共生的利益交换关系的语境。故填J。 【22题详解】 考查名词。句意：如今对于大多数植物来说，这意味着真菌生活在它们的根系中，通过光合作用代谢糖分，同时帮助它们获取水分和关键的营养物质。空处与water并列，作access的宾语，应用名词，nutrients意为“营养物质”，符合真菌帮助植物吸收水分和养分的句意，故填H。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：但这只是这些微小的奇迹所能做到的事情的开始。空处前有形容词tiny修饰，且由these限定，应用复数名词，marvels意为“奇迹；奇妙之物”，符合下文介绍真菌诸多重要作用，体现其神奇的句意，故填F。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。句意：世界上大约有500万种真菌，但大约90%仍未被记载。空处作系动词remain的表语，应用形容词，根据“roughly 90 percent remain”以及后文“only scratched the surface(只触及表面)”的提示，大多数真菌物种是未知的、没有被记录下来的。undocumented意为“无文件记录的，未被记载的”，符合句意。故填K。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。句意：尽管如此，研究人员对于它们为何对维持生态系统平衡如此关键，还只是触及了表面。 空处位于“are so”之后，作表语，应为形容词。根据“keeping ecosystems in balance(保持生态系统平衡)”，可知真菌的作用是“至关重要的”。critical意为“关键的，至关重要的”，符合句意。故填B。 【26题详解】 考查名词。句意：哈佛大学研究员、《国家地理》探索家Giuliana Furci谈及真菌在地球生命循环中的关键作用时说：“真菌能让你看到，一个生命结束时，另一个生命便开始了。”根据引语“life begins even when another one ends(一个生命结束时，另一个生命便开始了)”可知，这描述的是一个生命“循环”。且空处前有名词life修饰，属于固定搭配life cycle，cycle意为“循环；周期”，符合句意，故填C。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：对Furci来说，顿悟的时刻出现在她还是智利一名大学生的一次研究之旅中，她偶然发现了一种醒目的橙色蘑菇，经过进一步研究，她意识到该国根本没有蘑菇野外考察指南。空处修饰名词orange mushroom，应用形容词，arresting意为“醒目的；吸引人的”，符合形容蘑菇外观引人注意的语境，故填A。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：对Furci来说，顿悟的时刻出现在她还是智利一名大学生的一次研究之旅中，她偶然发现了一种醒目的橙色蘑菇，经过进一步研究，她意识到该国根本没有蘑菇野外考察指南。空处修饰guides，构成一个复合名词短语。“field guide”是固定搭配，专指用于在野外识别动植物的“野外指南”或“图鉴”。field意为“野外，领域”，符合句意。故填E。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：不足为奇的是，更多的国际政策制定者正在公开倡导将菌类纳入他们自己的环境保护工作中。空处位于“are publicly”之后，应为动词的现在分词形式，构成现在进行时。根据“for funga‘s inclusion in...(为了将菌类纳入……)”可知，这些政策制定者是在积极地“支持、推动”这一主张。pushing意为“推动，力促”，符合句意。故填I。 【30题详解】 考查动词。句意：在接下来的内容中，你将更多地了解到这项工作为何对我们的生活如此重要，从能预示我们如何应对气候变暖和世界变化的入侵物种，到身体真菌的复杂“真菌群”，这些群体会为癌症等致命疾病的传播方式提供新的见解。空处位于情态动词will后，应用动词原形，navigate意为“应对；处理”，符合人类应对气候变暖和世界变化的语境，故填G。 III. Reading Comprehension Section A (15') Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Ever since the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, locals have complained that Venice, its former capital, is being overrun by visitors. Having spent decades trying to attract tourists, the city council is now rethinking its ____31____ . In May it built pedestrian gates across the historic neighborhood’s main entrances. When crowds get too ____32____ , the police will close them, limiting access to locals who possess a special pass. Although this will restrict the number of visitors, the idea of ticketed entry has ____33____ some locals. “It is the ____34____ step to becoming Disneyland,” complains one of the city’s urban planners. According to the World Tourism Organization, an agency of the United Nations, the number of international visitors making overnight stays grew to 1.3bn in 2017. Even so, the rise in numbers is not the real problem, says Alex Dichter of McKinsey. “People in 99% of countries in the world are ____35____ out for more, not fewer, tourists,” he explains. The problem is that these extra tourists are crowding into the same places. This has surprised many in the travel industry. The Internet was meant to spread out tourists more evenly by making less ____36____ places easier to find. Why has the ____37____ happened? Analysts at Skift, a travel website, attribute it to the rise of “bucket lists”. Popularised by a film of the same name, which featured a “list of things to do before I kick the bucket”, these internet lists ____38____ tourists to the same “must see” places. Mr. Dichter also points to several other reasons for the shift. When flag carriers ran air travel as a cartel (垄断), flights cost a fortune—over $ 230 for the 300-mile journey between London and Dublin in the mid-1980s, ____39____. But low-cost carriers have transformed the industry. Partly as a result, the share of tourists who are making their first trips has ____40____ . Such overcrowding brings costs, which are ____41____ by local residents. Island resorts suffer from littered beaches and polluted water. Local authorities are cobbling together strategies to cope. An extreme reaction is to ban tourists entirely or to ____42____ visitor numbers. A less ____43____ approach is to deal with taxes and charges, so that they better reflect the costs tourists impose. Tourists staying in hotels in central Amsterdam pay a higher tax rate than those staying farther away. Another option would be to improve its infrastructure. A study by the University of Venice in 1988 found the city could hold at most 20,750 visitors a day. That is around a quarter of ____44____ today. The increased demand has not been met by building better public transport. Traditionalists may ____45____ any new infrastructure in beautiful old cities. But Venice has already built a motorway and a railway station over the past two centuries. 31. A. agenda B. boom C. approach D. constitution 32. A. thick B. full C. accessible D. noisy 33. A. delighted B. upset C. alerted D. confused 34. A. last B. necessary C. complementary D. innovative 35. A. crying B. laying C. rolling D. ironing 36. A. eye-catching B. newly-established C. full-grown D. well-known 37. A. ritual B. nonsense C. misery D. opposite 38. A. transform B. transport C. impose D. direct 39. A. in return B. by contrast C. for instance D. after all 40. A. soared B. stabilized C. declined D. fluctuated 41. A. borne B. burdened C. presented D. struggled 42. A. remove B. strand C. cap D. mask 43. A. aggressive B. exclusive C. fierce D. intense 44. A. vehicles B. traffic C. venues D. estimates 45. A. commit to B. object to C. fall victim to D. submit to 【答案】31. C 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. A 36. D 37. D 38. D 39. C 40. A 41. A 42. C 43. A 44. B 45. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍威尼斯等热门景点因游客过度拥挤面临的问题，以及背后的原因和当地应对过度拥挤的各类策略。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：经过几十年努力吸引游客后，市议会现在正在重新考虑其方法。A. agenda议程；B. boom繁荣；C. approach方法、途径；D. constitution宪法。根据前文“spent decades trying to attract tourists”和后文采取的限制游客措施可知，此处指重新考虑吸引和管理游客的方法。故选C。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当人群过于密集时，警方会关闭大门，只允许持有特殊通行证的当地人进入。A. thick密集的；B. full满的；C. accessible可接近的；D. noisy吵闹的。根据下文“the police will close them, limiting access to locals”可知，游客数量过多、人群密集时会关门。故选A。 【33题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管这会限制游客数量，但门票入场的想法让一些当地人感到不满。A. delighted高兴的；B. upset不满的、心烦的；C. alerted警觉的；D. confused困惑的。根据后文“complains one of the city’s urban planners.”可知，当地人对门票入场的想法是不满的。故选B。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“这是变成迪士尼乐园的最后一步，” 该市的一位城市规划师抱怨道。A. last最后的；B. necessary必要的；C. complementary补充的；D. innovative创新的。根据下文“complains one of the city’s urban planners.”推知，当地人认为门票入场的做法会让威尼斯逐渐商业化，沦为迪士尼乐园那样，此处指“最后一步”，体现不满和担忧。故选A。 【35题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：“世界上 99% 国家的人们都迫切需要更多游客，而不是更少，” 他解释道。A. crying哭、迫切需要；B. laying放置；C. rolling滚动；D. ironing熨烫。根据下文“not fewer”并结合常识可知，此处指大多数国家希望有更多游客。故选A。 【36题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：互联网本应通过让不太知名的地方更容易被找到，从而更均匀地分散游客。A. eye-catching引人注目的；B. newly-established新建的；C. full-grown成熟的；D. well-known知名的。根据上文“spread out tourists more evenly”可知，此处指让那些不那么有名的地方被发现，从而分散热门景点的游客。故选D。 【37题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：为什么相反的事情发生了？A. ritual仪式；B. nonsense无意义的事；C. misery痛苦；D. opposite相反的事、对立面。根据上文“The Internet was meant to spread out tourists more evenly”和下文“to the same “must see” places.”可知，前文说互联网本应分散游客，而实际情况是游客集中在同一地方，即发生了相反的事情。故选D。 【38题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些网络清单因同名电影而流行，电影里有一个“临终前要做的事清单”，它们引导游客前往同样的 “必看” 景点。A. transform改变；B. transport运输；C. impose强加；D. direct引导、指引。根据下文““must see” places.”可知，“必看清单”会引导游客去相同的热门景点。故选D。 【39题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：在20世纪80年代中期，英国航空和爱尔兰航空等航空公司垄断航空旅行时，机票价格高得惊人 —— 例如，伦敦和都柏林之间300英里的旅程票价超过230美元。A. in return作为回报；B. by contrast相比之下；C. for instance例如；D. after all毕竟。上文“flights cost a fortune — over $ 230 for the 300-mile journey between London and Dublin in the mid-1980s”举例说明垄断时期机票价格昂贵，for instance用于举例，符合语境。故选C。 【40题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：部分因此，首次旅行的游客比例大幅上升。A. soared飙升、大幅上升；B. stabilized稳定；C. declined下降；D. fluctuated波动。根据前文“But low-cost carriers have transformed the industry.”低成本航空公司改变了航空业可知，出行成本降低，可推测首次旅行的游客数量会大幅增加。故选A。 【41题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种过度拥挤带来的代价，由当地居民承担。A. borne承担、承受；B. burdened使负担；C. presented呈现；D. struggled挣扎。根据上文“Such overcrowding brings costs”可知，此处指当地居民承受着过度拥挤带来的负面影响。故选A。 【42题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一种极端的反应是完全禁止游客，或者限制游客数量。A. remove移除；B. strand使滞留；C. cap限制、给……定上限；D. mask掩盖。结合前文“ban tourists entirely”可知，此处指另一种极端做法是限制游客数量。故选C。 【43题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一种不那么激进的方法是处理税收和费用，使其更好地反映游客带来的成本。A. aggressive激进的、强硬的；B. exclusive排他的；C. fierce激烈的；D. intense强烈的。呼应上文“An extreme reaction”此处指相对温和、不激进的方法。故选A。 【44题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这大约是今天客流量的四分之一。A. vehicles交通工具；B. traffic交通、人流量；C. venues场所；D. estimates估计数、估算值。根据上文“A study by the University of Venice in 1988 found the city could hold at most 20,750 visitors a day. That is around a quarter ”可知，此处指这个数量是如今客流量的四分之一。故选B。 【45题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：传统主义者可能会反对在美丽的古老城市建设任何新的基础设施。A. commit to致力于；B. object to反对；C. fall victim to成为……的受害者；D. submit to屈服于。根据前文“ Traditionalists”和后文“any new infrastructure in beautiful old cities”可知，传统主义者注重保护古老城市的原貌，会反对建设新的基础设施。故选B。 Section B (30') Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) College students, new parents, final-round athletes and anyone on the eve of an important presentation know that sleep is essential for well-being. Indeed, if anything keeps us awake, it may be the reports linking a chronic lack of sleep to shorter life spans. Manufacturers of sleep-related products are happy to exploit the human desire for a good night's rest, which is why there are so many products and features to choose from. But is the bewildering thicket of mattresses, mattress toppers, pillows and bed frames, often augmented by specialty materials and technologies, doing anything to relax consumers? Or is it having the opposite effect by stressing us out? Some consumers say comparison shopping has grown ridiculously onerous. “We have done enough research at this point that we could maybe rival NapLab,” said Madison Ibargüen, 35, a real estate salesperson, referring to a website that makes personalized mattress recommendations by asking shoppers for their preferences among the types of available mattresses. She recently bought a mattress for the Manhattan home she shares with her boyfriend, Djivan Schapira, 32, a furniture designer. She paid $2,000 for a Saatva Classic mattress and is happy with her choice. In her research, Ms. Ibargüen said she was suspicious of both good and bad reviews on mattress company websites. To her, even the advice of trusted sources had to be taken with a grain of salt because a bed is so personal. “You can’t really rely on anyone’s take,” she said by email. “It’s tough to know what's real and what's just marketing-speak,” said Derek Hales, 37, the founder of NapLab. Richard J. Schwab, chief of the sleep medicine division at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, said that for people who want to be comfortable and wake up without pain, there is no magic bullet when it comes to the type of mattress. Then again, when bedtime beckons, many people are perfectly happy with the bedroom equivalent of a trusty Toyota. “The vast majority of us do well on just a simple mattress,” said Mr. Hales of NapLab. 46. What does the sentence “Indeed, if anything keeps us awake, it may be the reports linking a chronic lack of sleep to shorter life spans.” suggest? A. People are highly concerned about the importance of sleep. B. Reports about sleep have proven that shorter life spans directly lead to poor sleep quality. C. There are a wide range of things that may contribute to sleep loss. D. People feel an urgent need to address sleep deprivation. 47. Why does Madison Ibargüen say “we could maybe rival NapLab”? A. She is satisfied with her recent purchase. B. NapLab is a recognizable name for providing comprehensive suggestions. C. She prides herself on the research and analysis she invested in selecting a mattress. D. She’s highlighting the absurd amount of effort required. 48. What does “a grain of salt” mean? A. Reservation. B. Patience. C. Interest. D. Gratitude. 49. What is the main concern expressed in the article regarding sleep-related products? A. The failure to produce a truly satisfying mattress. B. The prohibitively high cost of premium mattresses. C. The stress caused by an overwhelming variety of options. D. The unreliability of mattress company reviews. 【答案】46. A 47. D 48. A 49. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人们对睡眠的重视以及睡眠产品选择过多给消费者带来的困扰。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“College students, new parents, final-round athletes and anyone on the eve of an important presentation know that sleep is essential for well-being. Indeed, if anything keeps us awake, it may be the reports linking a chronic lack of sleep to shorter life spans.(大学生、新手父母、决赛运动员以及任何在重要演讲前夕的人都知道睡眠对健康至关重要。事实上，如果说有什么让我们睡不着觉的话，那就是那些将长期睡眠不足与寿命缩短联系起来的报告)”可知，人们非常关注睡眠的重要性，以至于有关睡眠不足与寿命缩短的报告都会让人们睡不着觉。故选A。 【47题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Some consumers say comparison shopping has grown ridiculously onerous. “We have done enough research at this point that we could maybe rival NapLab,” said Madison Ibargüen, 35, a real estate salesperson, referring to a website that makes personalized mattress recommendations by asking shoppers for their preferences among the types of available mattresses.(一些消费者表示，比较购物变得异常繁琐。35岁的房地产销售员麦迪逊·伊巴古恩提到一个网站时说：“到目前为止，我们已经做了足够的研究，也许可以和NapLab相媲美。”该网站通过询问购物者在现有床垫类型中的偏好来提供个性化的床垫推荐)”可知，Madison Ibargüen说“我们也许可以和NapLab相媲美”是为了强调选择床垫时需要做大量离谱的努力。故选D。 【48题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段“In her research, Ms. Ibargüen said she was suspicious of both good and bad reviews on mattress company websites. To her, even the advice of trusted sources had to be taken with a grain of salt because a bed is so personal.(伊巴古恩女士在研究中表示，她对床垫公司网站上的好评和差评都持怀疑态度。对她来说，即使是值得信赖的来源的建议也必须持a grain of salt，因为床是非常私人的东西)”可知，take sth. with a grain of salt 意为“对某事半信半疑、有所保留”，与“Reservation(保留态度)”含义一致。故选A。 【49题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Manufacturers of sleep-related products are happy to exploit the human desire for a good night's rest, which is why there are so many products and features to choose from. But is the bewildering thicket of mattresses, mattress toppers, pillows and bed frames, often augmented by specialty materials and technologies, doing anything to relax consumers? Or is it having the opposite effect by stressing us out?(睡眠相关产品的制造商很乐意利用人们对良好夜间休息的渴望，这就是为什么有如此多的产品和功能可供选择。但是，令人眼花缭乱的床垫、床垫垫、枕头和床架，再加上特种材料和技术，是否能让消费者放松呢？还是它给我们带来了相反的效果，让我们感到压力？)”以及后文消费者对选择床垫的困扰可知，文章主要关注的是睡眠产品种类过多给消费者带来的压力。故选C。 (B) Four Books Worth Reading Entangled Life (Illustrated) by Merlin Sheldrake Following 2020’s real hit Entangled Life, biologist Sheldrake returns in time with an impressive illustrated edition. At over 240 pages, his passion and knowledge leaps off every spread. From the microscopic to the splendid, the colour images create an entertaining and charming experience. Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes by Peter Walther Often copied, seldom improved on, the elegant prints of Anna Atkins are timeless. Atkins uses light-sensitive iron salt solution and exposure to sunlight to create beautiful Cyanotypes, pictures in a specific dark blue color. Walther’s book is comprehensive and perfect for Atkins fans or anyone keen to learn. The Earth in Our Hands by Thomas Pesquet Pesquet’s breathtaking collection of photographs captured from the International Space Station (ISS) follows in the footsteps of astronaut Don Pettit’s Spaceborne. Pesquet took more than 245,000 images over two missions, with his book including 200 of these. It is the closest most of us will get to being on the ISS — a deeply engaging read. Looking at Trees by Sophie Howarth This absorbing book features 26 of the world’s leading photographers. From a photo of Hollywood juniper (杜松) in California to a dreamlike image of Halfway Gardens in South Africa, Howarth asks us to value trees at a time of environmental challenge. It’s a book you will return to. 50. The four books can be classified into ______. A. art magazines B. photo books C. historical novels D. instruction books 51. Which book is a remade version of a popular book? A. Entangled Life (Illustrated). B. Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes. C. The Earth in Our Hands. D. Looking at Trees. 52. What can be learnt from the introduction of the four books? A. Looking at Trees mainly focuses on valuable trees. B. Don Pettit has joined space missions with Pesquet. C. Cyanotypes of Anna Atkins enjoy a high reputation. D. All the books introduced care about the environment. 【答案】50. B 51. A 52. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章推荐了四本值得阅读的书。 【50题详解】 推理判断题。根据Entangled Life (Illustrated) by Merlin Sheldrake部分的“Following 2020’s real hit Entangled Life, biologist Sheldrake returns in time with an impressive illustrated edition.(继2020年的畅销书《纠缠的生命》之后，生物学家谢尔德雷克及时地推出了令人印象深刻的插图版。)”、Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes by Peter Walther部分的“Atkins uses light-sensitive iron salt solution and exposure to sunlight to create beautiful Cyanotypes, pictures in a specific dark blue color. (阿特金斯使用光敏铁盐溶液，并将其暴露在阳光下，创造出美丽的蓝型照片，即一种特定的深蓝色照片。)”、The Earth in Our Hands by Thomas Pesquet部分的“Pesquet’s breathtaking collection of photographs captured from the International Space Station (ISS) follows in the footsteps of astronaut Don Pettit’s Spaceborne.(佩斯凯从国际空间站(ISS)拍摄的令人惊叹的照片集追随了宇航员唐·佩蒂特的太空之星的脚步。)”以及部分的“From a photo of Hollywood juniper (杜松) in California to a dreamlike image of Halfway Gardens in South Africa,(从加利福尼亚好莱坞杜松的照片到南非中途花园的梦幻形象)”可知，四本书分别介绍了不同的图片和照片，包括生物学家的插图版、植物和动物的照片、从国际空间站拍摄的地球照片以及世界各地的树木照片。因此，这些书可以被归类为摄影书籍（photo books）。故选B。 【51题详解】 细节理解题。根据Entangled Life (Illustrated) by Merlin Sheldrake部分的“Following 2020’s real hit Entangled Life, biologist Sheldrake returns in time with an impressive illustrated edition.( 继2020年的畅销书《纠缠的生命》之后，生物学家谢尔德雷克及时地推出了令人印象深刻的插图版。)”可知，《纠缠的生命》（插图版）是畅销书的重新制作版本。故选A。 【52题详解】 推理判断题。Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes by Peter Walther部分的“Often copied, seldom improved on, the elegant prints of Anna Atkins are timeless.(安娜·阿特金斯的优雅版画经常被复制，但很少被超越，它们是永恒的。)”可知，Anna Atkins的优雅版画经常被复制，但很少被超越，这表明她的作品享有很高的声誉。因此，可以得知Anna Atkins的Cyanotypes享有很高的声誉。故选C。 (C) Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking(懈怠的), you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance(不满). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation(愤慨), it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 53. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ___________. A. making a conclusion B. justifying an assumption C. explaining a phenomenon D. making a comparison 54. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that __________. A. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals B. feeling angry about unfairness is also monkeys’ nature C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 55. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. De Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _________. A. prefer grapes to cucumbers B. can be taught to exchange things C. will not be co-operation if feeling cheated D. are unhappy when separated from others 56. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 【答案】53. D 54. B 55. C 56. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal对雌性卷尾猴进行的一项研究，它们像人类女性一样，更倾向于关注“商品和服务”的价值。 【53题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human,’ with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance(不满). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.(这种行为被认为是‘太人类化’，其言下之意就是动物是不可能产生这种微妙的不满。但是美国佐治亚州亚特兰大市Emory大学Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal最近在《自然》上发表了一项研究，这项研究认为猴子也有类似的‘太猴子化’的行为)”可知，第一段提到人会因为不公平而愤怒，推导动物会不会呢？有人认为不会，但是科学研究表明猴子同样会，下文就猴子也会因不公平而愤怒展开，所以本段是通过作比较引入主题。故选D项。 【54题详解】 句意理解题。根据第一段中“Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking(懈怠的), you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human,’(事实上，如果他还有偷懒的名声，那么你甚至有可能会勃然大怒。这种行为被认为是‘太人类化’)”及第一段末尾的“as well(也)”可知，人会因不公平而感到愤怒，“it is all too monkey(太猴子化)”意思是猴子和人一样，痛恨不公平也是猴子的本性，故选B项。 【55题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.(这种合作只有在每一只猴子都感觉它没有被欺骗的情况下才可能保持稳定)”可知，该研究发现，如果猴子感觉被欺骗，就不会合作。故选C项。 【56题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.(然而，到底这样的公平意识是人类和卷尾猴各自形成的，还是因为二者在3500万年前有一个共同的祖先造成的，目前还没有答案)”可知，人类的义愤起源不确定，故选B项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. “Be present.”This is the slogan of mindfulness meditation and a supposed key to self-awareness and acceptance. ____57____ That is, as we develop skills in complex tasks, we can perform them with increasing facility until attention seems to be unnecessary. Everyday examples range from riding a bike to chopping cucumbers to brushing your teeth. Forming this state of “automaticity” are mental processes that can be executed without paying attention to them. ____58____ We don’t perform all tasks automatically, but many can be performed this way once they are well practised. To be clear, paying attention is important when learning a new skill. But research has also revealed that paying too much attention to what you’re doing can have damaging effects, particularly when you perform well-practised skills. In fact, this is one reason why some experts appear to “choke under pressure”: ____59____ In a classic study, cognitive scientist Sian Beilock and her colleagues had skilled golfers attempt to sink putts(推球入洞) under different experimental conditions. In one scheme, the golfers were simply instructed to pay attention to the swing of their club (球杆) and say “stop” when they finished their swing. In another condition, they were directed to listen for a target sound while ignoring other noises and say the word “tone” when they heard the target sound.Surprisingly, the skilled golfers performed considerably worse when they focused on their swing than when they paid attention to irrelevant sounds. ____60____ . But there are situations where we should let automaticity take over. The next time you ride a bike or join in a sport, don’t overthink it. A. In any type of mindfulness exercise, the goal is to perform routine activities with a heightened sense of attention. B. Although mindfulness has its advantages, psychological research has also revealed that in some circumstances it’s important to be mindless. C. They think too much about the mechanics of the task at hand. D. Automaticity can be disrupted by explicit attention when the devotion of conscious attention to the pattern alters the content or timing of that pattern itself. E. Of course, we should not resign to go through life on autopilot, missing opportunities to make deeper connections with ourselves, one another and our environment. F. These processes proceed without conscious awareness. 【答案】57. B 58. F 59. C 60. E 【解析】 【导语】 本文是一篇议论文，围绕 “专注当下”与“无意识自动化行为”展开，打破了 “正念是自我认知与接纳唯一关键” 的固有认知，指出心理学研究表明在某些情况下 “无心而为” 也十分重要。 【57题详解】 根据上文“Be present. ”This is the slogan of mindfulness meditation and a supposed key to self-awareness and acceptance.(“活在当下”是正念冥想的口号，也被认为是实现自我认知与接纳的关键)”，以及下文“That is, as we develop skills in complex tasks, we can perform them with increasing facility until attention seems to be unnecessary.(也就是说，当我们熟练掌握复杂任务的技能后，便能愈发得心应手地完成，甚至无需刻意投入注意力)”可知，此空需要形成转折，在肯定正念的基础上，引出“无需刻意专注的自动化行为”这一核心观点，实现从“正念”到“无心”的过渡。B选项“Although mindfulness has its advantages, psychological research has also revealed that in some circumstances it’s important to be mindless.(尽管正念有其益处，但心理学研究也表明，在某些情况下，学会“无心而为”同样重要)”以“Although”引导让步，承接前文的正念理念，同时用“be mindless”引出后文“无需注意力的自动化行为”，完美承上启下，符合语境。故选B项。 【58题详解】 根据上文“Forming this state o“tomaticity” are mental processes that can be executed without paying attention to them.(构成这种“自动化状态”的，是那些无需刻意关注就能完成的心理过程)”，以及下文“We don’t perform all tasks automatically, but many can be performed this way once they are well practised.(我们并非能自动化完成所有任务，但许多任务一旦熟练掌握，便能以这种方式完成)”可知，此空需要进一步阐释“自动化状态下的心理过程”的核心特征，承接前文的定义。F选项“These processes proceed without conscious awareness.(这些过程的进行无需有意识的感知)”中的“These processes”指代前文的“mental processes”，精准解释了自动化心理过程“无需刻意关注”的本质就是“无意识参与”，与前文定义形成呼应，符合语境。故选F项。 【59题详解】 根据上文“But research has also revealed that paying too much attention to what you’re doing can have damaging effects, particularly when you perform well-practised skills. In fact, this is one reason why some experts appear to “choke under pressure”:(但研究也表明，做事情时过度专注反而会产生负面影响，尤其是在执行熟练掌握的技能时。事实上，这也是一些专业人士会在压力下“发挥失常”的原因之一)”可知，此空需要补充说明专业人士压力下发挥失常的具体原因，即对熟练技能过度关注的具体表现，承接前文的冒号提示。C选项“They think too much about the mechanics of the task at hand.(他们过于纠结当下所做任务的具体操作细节)”中的“They”指代前文的“some experts”，精准解释了“过度专注”的具体表现——纠结技能的操作细节，这也是导致发挥失常的核心原因，符合语境。故选C项。 【60题详解】 根据下文“But there are situations where we should let automaticity take over. The next time you ride a bike or join in a sport, don’t overthink it.(但在有些情况下，我们应当让自动化行为主导一切。下次骑自行车或参加体育运动时，别想太多)”可知，此空需要以让步的语气，先肯定“专注”的价值，再通过“But”转折引出“让自动化行为发挥作用”的观点，形成逻辑递进。E选项“Of course, we should not resign to go through life on autopilot, missing opportunities to make deeper connections with ourselves, one another and our environment.(当然，我们不应一味依赖自动化模式度过一生，错失与自我、他人和环境建立更深层次联结的机会)”以“Of course”引出让步，明确指出不能过度依赖自动化行为，与后文的“But”形成转折，既呼应了开头的正念理念，又为后文“特定场景下的无心而为”做铺垫，符合语境。故选E项。 第II卷 IV. Grammar (20') (A) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. In the past half century, nutrition scientists have blamed health conditions ____61____ ____62____ obesity, diabetes, and heart disease on many features of the American diet, including sugary beverages and saturated fat. These factors surely contribute to Americans’ uniquely poor health. But Kevin Hall, the N.I.H. study’s principal investigator, was researching a possible culprit (起因) that wasn’t named ____63____ the twenty-first century: ultra-processed food. The problem, Hall believed, might have less to do with high levels of sodium (钠) or cholesterol (胆固醇) ____64____ with industrial techniques and chemical modifications. The term “ultra-processed food” was introduced by a Brazilian epidemiologist named Carlos Monteiro. He learned that around a million Brazilians were growing obese each year. Strangely, a shrinking number of people were buying ingredients ____65____ doctors blamed for the obesity epidemic. The paradox troubled him. In ____66____ nineties, many nutrition researchers began to turn their focus away from individual nutrients and toward broader dietary patterns. Monteiro developed a theory. Households that bought less salt weren’t eating less salt. They were no longer cooking. A growing share of their meals ____67____ (arrive) in a package. “The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing,”he wrote in a landmark 2009 paper. Novel behavioral and brain-imaging experiments were showing that eating wasn’t always under our conscious control. Monteiro reasoned ____68____ something very bad had happened when industrial food systems started churning out cheap, convenient, and tempting foods. A focus on a food’s level of processing can lead to odd conclusions, however Julie Hess, a research nutritionist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has pointed out that although ____69____ (process) in different ways, canned kidney beans and gummy bears are both categorized as “ultra-processed food”. Processing also has some benefits. It prevents food from going bad or ____70____ (pollute) during storage and transport; it allows more people _____71_____ (eat)convenient and varied meals, even when particular foods are not in season; and it helps the world feed a growing population. 【答案】61. such as 62. until 63. than 64. that##which 65. the 66. arrived 67. that 68. processed 69. being polluted 70. to eat 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了超加工食品被研究者视为引发肥胖、糖尿病等健康问题的潜在诱因，讲述了该概念的提出背景、相关研究发现，同时也客观指出对食品加工程度的关注会得出一些特殊结论，且食品加工本身也存在诸多益处。 【61题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：在过去的半个世纪里，营养学家将肥胖、糖尿病和心脏病等健康问题归咎于美国饮食的诸多特点，包括含糖饮料和饱和脂肪。空后是对前文health conditions的举例，such as为固定短语，意为“例如”，用来列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。故填such as。 【62题详解】 考查连词。句意：但美国国家卫生研究院这项研究的首席研究员凯文·霍尔，却在研究一个直到21世纪才被提及的潜在诱因：超加工食品。not...until...为固定句型，意为“直到……才……”，此处表示这个潜在诱因在21世纪之前都未被命名，符合语境。故填until。 【63题详解】 考查连词。句意：霍尔认为，问题的关键可能不在于高含量的钠或胆固醇，而在于工业加工技术和化学改性。less...than...为固定搭配，意为“与其说……不如说……；不是……而是……”，此处用于对比两种因素，说明问题根源更偏向于后者。故填than。 【64题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：奇怪的是，购买被医生归咎于肥胖流行的食材的人数正在减少。此处为定语从句，先行词是ingredients，指物，且关系词在从句中作blamed的宾语，可用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。 【65题详解】 考查冠词。句意：上世纪90年代，许多营养研究者开始将研究重点从单一营养素转向更广泛的饮食模式。“in the + 整十的复数数词”为固定表达，用来表示“在……世纪……年代”，nineties表示“九十年代”，前面需加定冠词the。故填the。 【66题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：他们的日常饮食中，越来越多的饭菜是包装好的成品。本文在讲述过去的研究和发现，此处描述的是上世纪90年代的情况，应用一般过去时，arrive的过去式为arrived。故填arrived。 【67题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：蒙泰罗推断，当工业食品体系开始大量生产廉价、便捷且诱人的食品时，一些非常糟糕的事情发生了。此处为宾语从句，作reasoned的宾语，从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，应用连接词that引导，that只起连接作用，无实际意义。故填that。 【68题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，关注食品的加工程度可能会得出一些奇怪的结论。美国农业部的研究营养学家朱莉·赫斯指出，尽管红芸豆罐头和小熊软糖的加工方式不同，但它们都被归为“超加工食品”。此处为非谓语动词作状语，process与逻辑主语canned kidney beans and gummy bears之间为被动关系，意为“被加工”，应用过去分词形式processed。故填processed。 【69题详解】 考查非谓语动词和语态。句意：加工可以防止食品在储存和运输过程中变质或被污染。prevent sth. from doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“防止某物做某事”，pollute与food之间为被动关系，意为“食品被污染”，故应用动名词的被动形式being polluted。故填being polluted。 【70题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：它让更多的人即使在特定食物非当季时，也能吃到便捷多样的饭菜。allow sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“允许某人做某事”，故此处用动词不定式to eat作宾语补足语。故填to eat。 (B) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Internet is changing the way we communicate. LOL, awks, amazeballs, BRB, the use of emoji and emoticon — and even writing facial expressions such as ‘sad face’ — have all become standard in digital communications. So ingrained, in fact, ____72____ they're changing the way we write and even talk. There’s no doubt that the consumption of abbreviated digital content is having a huge effect on language. “Over the last five years attention spans have shortened considerably, which is reflected in the ____73____ (contract) forms of language we see in social media,” says Robin Kermode. However, some think that the internet has made us better communicators since we increasingly use much ____74____ (streamlined) language. “____75____ (get) a message across using Twitter for example, it must be concise and must conform to the tone used there, which includes abbreviations, acronyms.” The fastest growing ‘new language’ in the world is emoticons (faces) and emojis (images of objects, which hail from Japan), which are one of the biggest changes caused by digital communications. “Facial expressions, visual presence and body language have always been vital to being a confident speaker, ____76____ now emojis are blurring the lines between verbal and written communication,” thinks Kermode, who adds that cavemen had early versions of emojis on the sides of their caves. “Pictures, cartoons or emojis are ‘shortcuts’ so we can be clear about ____77____ our message really means.” Emoticons and emojis are arguably more meaningful than slang and shorthand, which ____78____ be too easily misunderstood. “I once witnessed a girl being dumped in a text, which ____79____ (consist) of a message with just five letters, U R MY X' — linguistically economic, but emotionally harsh,” says Kermode. Trouble is, the sender had actually meant YOU ARE MINE. X’ “If he’d added three emojis — like a smiley face, a heart and a wedding ring, he might now be happily married!” The same goes ____80____ a statement such as “I NEED TO SPEAK TO YOU RIGHT NOW”, which needs a qualifying emoticon or emoji to give it meaning. “It could signal an angry meeting or a passionate meeting but add a coffee cup, a big smiley face or an angry face and it becomes clear what’s really going on,” says Kermode. They may be derided by traditionalists, but emoticons and emojis used to describe mood are the body language add-on ____81____ the written word has always lacked. In most instances, these icons represent language evolution and progress, not regression. 【答案】72. that 73. contracted 74. more streamlined 75. To get 76. but 77. what 78. can 79. consisted 80. for 81. that##which 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了互联网正改变人们的交流方式，网络缩写、表情符号等成为数字沟通的标准形式，分析了其对语言表达、人们沟通能力的影响，指出表情符号弥补了书面文字缺乏肢体语言的缺陷，是语言的进化而非倒退。 【72题详解】 考查连词。句意：事实上，这些表达方式已经根深蒂固，以至于正在改变我们的书写甚至说话方式。so...that...为固定句型，意为“如此……以至于……”，so置于句首时句子会倒装，此处正常语序为they're so ingrained that they're changing the way we write and even talk，故填that。 【73题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：过去五年里，人们的注意力持续时间大幅缩短，这一点体现在我们在社交媒体上看到的简洁化的语言形式中。此处修饰名词forms，应用非谓语动词作定语，contract与forms之间为被动关系，意为“被简化的语言形式”，应用过去分词形式contracted。故填contracted。 【74题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：然而，一些人认为互联网让我们成为了更好的沟通者，因为我们越来越多地使用更加简洁的语言。much用来修饰形容词比较级，streamlined的比较级为more streamlined，意为“更简洁的；更精简的”。故填more streamlined。 【75题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，要通过推特传达一条信息，这条信息必须简洁，且必须符合推特上的用语语气，其中包括缩写和首字母缩写词。此处应用动词不定式作目的状语，表“为了传达信息”，句首单词首字母大写。故填To get。 【76题详解】 考查连词。句意：面部表情、视觉表现和肢体语言对于成为一名自信的说话者来说一直至关重要，但现在表情符号正模糊口头交流和书面交流之间的界限。前文说肢体语言等的重要性，后文说表情符号模糊了口头与书面交流的界限，前后为转折关系，应用连词but。故填but。 【77题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：图片、卡通或表情符号是一种“捷径”，能让我们清楚地表达信息的真正含义。此处为宾语从句，作介词about的宾语，从句中means后缺少宾语，且指物，应用连接代词what引导。故填what。 【78题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：可以说，表情符号比俚语和速记更有意义，因为俚语和速记很容易被误解。此处表示“能够；可能”，用情态动词can，后接动词原形，符合语境。故填can。 【79题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：我曾目睹一个女孩在短信中被分手，那条短信只有五个字母：U R MY X——从语言上来说很简洁，但情感上却很伤人。根据前文once witnessed可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，consist的过去式为consisted。故填consisted。 【80题详解】 考查介词。句意：同样的情况也适用于这样的表述：“我现在需要和你谈谈”，这句话需要一个起限定作用的表情符号来赋予它具体含义。go for为固定搭配，意为“适用于；适合”。故填for。 【81题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：传统主义者可能会嘲笑这些表情符号，但用来描述情绪的表情符号是书面文字一直缺乏的肢体语言补充。此处为定语从句，先行词是the body language add-on，指物，且关系词在从句中作lacked的宾语，应用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。 V. Summary Writing (10') 82. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Evolution and War Will there ever be an end to war? The majority of the attendees on my current anthropology (人类学)course answered a definite “No”. Their response was largely predictable, given that we see so many images of the military, its machinery and weapons, war-torn cities and sad civilians. The media reminds us of the number of ongoing conflicts around the world. There seems to be a general impression that there is no hope of a peaceful life on the planet, so long as there is human life. Some anthropologists claim that conflict is natural, in so far as it is an intrinsic part of human nature to be aggressive. Primates (灵长类动物), our closest living relatives, also have a tendency towards violence. Therefore, it is easy to draw the conclusion that humans fight because it is an inevitable part of our nature. However, are we wrong to make this assumption? While primates can display exceptional levels of violence towards outsiders, they are also capable of settling conflicts and can even avoid conflict when they perceive that there is a strategic advantage in doing so. Put more simply, some primates, like apes and monkeys, will only fight if they believe they can win or escape punishment. Surely, then, humans have the capacity to avoid hostility too. There is already some evidence that the world’s major powers have realized the lose-lose scenario that would follow nuclear conflict, as many governments are currently discussing arms reduction programmes. So are there more ways to avoid conflict? The more instinctively peaceful primates are ones with access to plentiful food, and this should tell us something basic about human conflict. If human populations were more willing to distribute their food, fuel and other natural resources more equitably, there would be less reason to fight. Even if our motive simply sharing is technically self-centred, this is irrelevant because in the long term it makes sense for us to do so. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Although the media portrays warfare as universal, and anthropologists argue that aggression is innate (such as primates’ propensity for violence), primates also strategically avoid conflict. For example, nuclear powers realize that a nuclear war is lose-lose and push for disarmament. Equitable distribution of resources reduces incentives for conflict and, even if they are self-serving, contributes to peace in the long run. 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。虽然媒体渲染战争普遍性，且人类学家认为攻击性源于天性（如灵长类动物的暴力倾向），但灵长类也会战略性地避免冲突。人类同理，如核大国意识到核战双输而推动裁军。资源公平分配可减少冲突动机，即使动机是自利的，长期也有益和平。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①The media reminds us of the number of ongoing conflicts around the world. There seems to be a general impression that there is no hope of a peaceful life on the planet, so long as there is human life. ②Some anthropologists claim that conflict is natural, insofar as it is an intrinsic part of human nature to be aggressive. Primates (灵长类动物), our closest living relatives, also have a tendency towards violence. Therefore, it is easy to draw the conclusion that humans fight because it is an inevitable part of our nature. ③Surely, then, humans have the capacity to avoid hostility too. There is already some evidence that the world's major powers have realized the lose-lose scenario that would follow nuclear conflict, as many governments are currently discussing arms reduction programmes.. ④If human populations were more willing to distribute their food, fuel and other natural resources more equitably, there would be less reason to fight. ⑤Even if our motive simply sharing is technically self-centred, this is irrelevant because in the long term it makes sense for us to do so. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2点进行总结，将第3、4、5要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句 Although the media portrays warfare as universal, and anthropologists argue that aggression is innate (such as primates’ propensity for violence), primates also strategically avoid conflict. For example, nuclear powers realize that a nuclear war is lose-lose and push for disarmament. Equitable distribution of resources reduces incentives for conflict and, even if they are self-serving, contributes to peace in the long run. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Although the media portrays warfare as universal, and anthropologists argue that aggression is innate (such as primates’ propensity for violence), primates also strategically avoid conflict.（运用了although引导的让步状语从句对前三段本分内容进行总结） [高分句型2] For example, nuclear powers realize that a nuclear war is lose-lose and push for disarmament.（运用了that引导的宾语从句对第三段部分内容进行表述） VI. Translation: (3'+3'+4'+5'=15') Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 83. 你上次忘记重要的事，是什么时候了？(slip) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】When was the last time something important slipped your mind? 【解析】 【详解】考查时态和定语从句。句子陈述过去的事情，用一般过去时；表示“上次……是什么时候？”用When was the last time…?”，“你上次忘记重要的事”是修饰先行词the last time的定语从句，当先行词是the first/second...last time且关系词在从句中作状语时，用关系词that，that通常省略；从句主语为something important，“忘记、记不起”为slip one’s mind，本句为特殊疑问句，特殊疑问词用when，故翻译为When was the last time something important slipped your mind? 84. 在盛大的九三(V-Day)阅兵上出现的武器都有着最前沿的设计，极大增强了中国武装力量的整体实力。(overall) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Weapons at the grand V-Day parade have cutting-edge designs, tremendously enhancing the Chinese armed forces’ overall strength. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语。陈述事实用一般现在时，主语表示“在盛大的九三(V-Day)阅兵上出现的武器”用weapons at the grand V-Day parade；表示“有着最前沿的设计”短语为have cutting-edge designs；表示“极大增强了中国武装力量的整体实力”翻译为现在分词作状语，与上文句子构成主动关系，故“极大增强”为tremendously enhancing；表示“中国武装力量的整体实力”为the Chinese armed forces’ overall strength。故翻译为Weapons at the grand V-Day parade have cutting-edge designs, tremendously enhancing the Chinese armed forces’ overall strength. 85. 这场现象级的展览引入了更多互动体验，而且全天候开放，确保各行各业的参观者都能在方便的时候前来观展。(clock) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】This phenomenal exhibition introduced more interactive experiences and kept open around the clock, ensuring that visitors from all walks of life could attend at their convenience. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语和时态。表示“这场现象级的展览”用This phenomenal exhibition，作主语；表示“引入了”用introduce，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，谓语动词使用过去式introduced ；表示“更多互动体验”用more interactive experiences，作introduced 的宾语；表示“而且”用and连接并列的谓语动词；表示“全天候开放”用keep open around the clock，keep用过去式kept；表示“确保”用ensure，用现在分词作状语，后接that引导的宾语从句；表示“各行各业的参观者”用visitors from all walks of life，作宾语从句的主语；表示“能在方便的时候前来观展”用could attend at their convenience。故翻译为This phenomenal exhibition introduced more interactive experiences and kept open around the clock, ensuring that visitors from all walks of life could attend at their convenience. 86. 有证据表明，屏幕时间过长会损害专注力，但也有人认为这些问题往往源于不良习惯，可以通过调整行为来纠正。（undo）（汉译英） ____________________________________________ 【答案】There is evidence that excessive screen time harms concentration, but some people believe that these issues often stem from bad habits and can be undone by adjusting behavior. 【解析】 【详解】考查同位语从句、宾语从句、动词时态语态和短语。表示“有证据表明”用There is evidence that...引导同位语从句，对evidence具体内容进行解释；“屏幕时间过长”译为excessive screen time，“损害专注力”用harms concentration作从句谓语和宾语部分；“有人认为”用some people believe that，that后接宾语从句，“源于”对应stem from，“不良习惯”是bad habits；“纠正（不良影响）”对应动词undo，此处用被动语态can be undone，“通过调整行为”译为by adjusting behavior作方式状语。整句用一般现在时表常见现象、普遍认知。故翻译为：There is evidence that excessive screen time harms concentration, but some people believe that these issues often stem from bad habits and can be undone by adjusting behavior。 VII. Guided Writing (25') 87. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李华。近期，你校英语报就“社交媒体时代，你是否会在朋友圈屏蔽父母或老师(hide a Moments post from parents or teachers)?”这一话题征集观点。请你结合自身或身边同学的例子，写一篇文章投稿，内容需包括： 1.描述你或他人的相关经历; 2.分析这一行为背后的原因： 3.谈谈你对此现象的看法。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 In the age of social media, the question of whether to hide Moments posts from parents or teachers has become a common topic among students. I have a classmate, Tom, who once hid his Moments posts from his parents. He shared a series of pictures of a late-night party with friends. He thought his parents wouldn’t approve of these pictures. This behavior mainly stems from the generation gap. Parents and teachers, with their different life experiences and values, may have higher expectations and stricter rules. Students, on the other hand, long for freedom and self-expression. They worry that their actions might be misinterpreted or criticized, so they choose to hide certain posts to avoid potential conflicts. In my opinion, while it’s understandable that students want their privacy, completely hiding posts from parents and teachers isn't the best solution. Open communication is key. We should try to have honest conversations with them, sharing our thoughts and feelings. 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。近期，考生所在校英语报就“社交媒体时代，你是否会在朋友圈屏蔽父母或老师”这一话题征集观点。请考生一篇文章投稿。 【详解】1.词汇积累： 避免：avoid→evade 源于：stem from→originate from 完全地：completely→totally 选择：choose→select 2.句式拓展： 同义句 原句：He shared a series of pictures of a late-night party with friends. He thought his parents wouldn’t approve of these pictures. 拓展句：He shared a series of pictures of a late-night party with friends, which he thought his parents wouldn’t approve of. 【点睛】【高分句型 1】I have a classmate, Tom, who once hid his Moments posts from his parents.（运用了who引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型 2】 In my opinion, while it’s understandable that students want their privacy, completely hiding posts from parents and teachers isn’t the best solution.（运用 while 引导让步状语从句及that引导的主语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Prehension section a directions in section a, you will hear ten short conversations tween two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said, the conversations and the questions we spoken only once after you hear a conversation and a question about IT, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. One, hurry up. The conference will begin in a quarter, and I have to arrive at my office two minutes earlier to go over my notes. I'm sorry maam the light sail against . us question, where does the conversation most probably take place? Two, i'm ready to order a milkshake. please, sir. The milk shake costs thirty dollars, but if you buy this sandwich of fifty dollars, you can not only have the milkshake for free, but receive an apple pie worth fifteen dollars. As a bonus . question, how much will the man pay if he would like to get a sandwich, a milk shake and an apple pie? Three, last night, my daughter climbed on the roof to chase her cat, but failed to come down. IT was jack who climbed onto the steep roof. I managed to come . to her rescue. Wow, that took a lot of nerve question. How does the woman think of jack? For didn't you want to be a stockbroker when you graduated from business school? My teacher wanted me too, but now I feel greatest safeguard, the vast territory on the border. Question, what's the man now? Five, hey Harry, why not go mountains eery with us tomorrow? I'm afraid i'll be fully occupied tomorrow. In the morning i'm going to the violin lesson and the afternoon i'm going to the dentist. In the evening i'm going . to visit my own question, what will the man do tomorrow morning? Six monicker, you didn't need much at dinner. That seems that you didn't enjoy the food either. What's the matter with you? Well, I feel like throwing up these days. And the doctor said I should stay away from all the spicy food. Question, why didn't the woman enjoy her dinner? Seven, tina, i'm washing hit movie on my tablet, but IT keeps falling over. Use your V, R headset as a stand, fold them on the table and put your tablet in them. Just like . this question, what does tina suggest the man do? Eight, is there an AT, M machine in this department store? Yes. there is. It's right there on the left side of the entrance. But I remember seeing an out of order sign . on IT question. What does the man imply? Nine, I heard you went to the exhibition at the national portrait gallery. How was IT to . an artistic idiot like me? Sitting at home watching a soap Opera would be a Better investment of time. Question, what does the woman imply? Ten, hey, cafe on. Can you help me out here? I promise i'll pay . you back. Oh, yes. All right. OK, including the bunch of flowers yesterday and the down jacket last week. Question, what can we know from the conversation? Section b directions in section b, you will hear two short passages in a longer conversation, and you will be asked some questions on the passengers and the conversation. The passengers in the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions eleven through thirteen are based on the following passage. Good morning, ladies and gentleman. Welcome aboard air china flight CA, four three eight nine from成都to beijing VCN。The distance between chengdu in beijing is thirteen thousand nine hundred eighty two kilometers. Our flight will take three hours and thirty five minutes. We will be flying at the altitude of ten thousand meters in the average speed is eight hundred kilometres per hour. In order to ensure the Normal Operation of aircraft navigation and communication systems, passengers are not allowed to use mobile phones, remote controlled toys and other electronic devices throughout the flight. In the laptop, computers are not allowed to use during takeoff and landing. We will take off soon. Please make sure that your seatbelt is securely fascinated and that you refrain from smoking during the flight. We will now demonstrate how to use the emergency equipment. Your oxygen mask is above your head. IT will drop down automatically in case of emergency when he does so, pulled the mask firmly towards you to start the flow of oxygen, place the mask over your, your nose and mouth, and slip the elastic band over your head. On our flight today, the chief person with all your crew members will be scarey at your service. We hope you will enjoy your flight. Thank you. Now listen again. Good morning, ladies and gentleman. Welcome aboard air china flight CA four three eight nine from chengdu to beijing VR. The distance between chung ju and beijing is thirteen thousand nine hundred and eighty two kilometers. Our flight will take three hours and thirty five minutes. We will be flying at the altitude of ten thousand meters, and the average speed is eight hundred kilometers per hour. In order to ensure the Normal Operation of aircraft navigation and communication systems, passengers are not allowed to use mobile phones, remote control toys and other electronic devices throughout the flight, and the laptop computers are not allowed to use during takeoff and landing. We will take off soon. Please make sure that your seat built is security fazed, and that you refrain from smoking during the flight. We will now demonstrate how to use the emergency equipment. Your oxygen mask is above your head. IT will drop down automatically in case of emergency. When IT does so, pull a msk firmly towards you to start the flow of oxygen, place the mask over your nose and mouths, and slip the elastic band over your head. On a flight today, the chief person with all your crew members will be sincere ly actual service. We hope you'll enjoy your flight. Thank you. Questions levin, who is the announcement intended for. Twelve, which the following is true according to the announcement. Thirteen, what can the passengers do on the plane? Questions fourteen through sixteen are based on the following passage. If you have always wanted to become an astronaut could be your chance. The recruitment comes after NASA announced plans to send the first woman in the next man to the moon as part of its optimist program. The program aims to return humans to the moon by twenty twenty four and establish a long term base on the moon by twenty twenty eight. From the base, they planned to launch regular space Operations. NASA says he expects to choose the final candidates in twenty twenty one for a two year training. So what exactly is NASA looking for in its crew of new astronauts? The requirements boil down to three things, technical skill, Operational skills and then just being fine and easy to be around. First, applicants must be U. S. Citizens and hold a master's degree in a field related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics, or they have finished a test pilot school program. In addition, candidates must also have at least two years of professional experience in their field. Of course, all applicants will have to complete a ask of physical examination to test their fitness for long term space flight. They must also enjoy their work in life at four hundred kilometers above earth during possible stay at the international . space station. Now listen again. If you have always wanted to become an astronaut could be your chance. The recruitment comes after NASA announced plans to send the first woman and the next man to the moon as part of its ultimate program. The program aims to return humans to the moon by twenty twenty four and establish a long term base on the moon by twenty twenty eight. From the base, they plan to launch regular space Operations. NASA says he expects to choose the final candidates in twenty twenty one for a two year training. So what exactly is NASA looking for in its crew of new astronauts? The requirements well down to three things, technical skill, Operational skills, and then just being fun and easy to be around. First, applicants must be U. S. Citizens and holds a masters degree in a field related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics, or they have finished a test pilot school program. In addition, candidates must also have at least two years of professional experience in their field. Of course, all applicants will have to complete a nasaa physical examination to test their fitness for long term space flight. They must also enjoy their work and life at four hundred kilometers above earth during possible states at the international space station. Questions fourteen, according to the optimist program, when will the final candidates finish their training? Fifteen, which of the following candidates will be eliminated in the recruiting process? Sixteen, what is the passage mainly about? Question seventeen through twenty are based on the following conversation. The lightning news made a special program on how to deal with traffic jams in big cities. Did you watch? No, I didn't. Would you please tell me something about IT? Certainly, the program began with an introduction of the P. R, T system in star city control, wirelessly and powerful by solar energy. Three hundred high speed driverless cause, each Carrying three passengers, were running on IT. Then three experts were invited to work out a few possible solutions. Really, what are those solutions? Well, the solution proposed by the first expert involves engineering. This means building more roads with wider lanes so that more cars can travel at the same time. Don't you think more roads may actually encourage more traffic? Besides, the cost is so high. you hit the point. The second expert criticize that solution and proposed that the government should encourage people to cycle more, because this motor transport has obvious health benefits and helps reduce air pollution. Yeah, but is IT practical in every climate. What's more, riding can prove dangerous in heavy traffic. I agree with you the solution put forward by the last expert is to increase tax on fuel so that people are more likely to think carefully about using cars. Do you think IT really works? Not exactly. IT can discourage people from driving to work to some extent. But how about people driving for work? They will lose their jobs. All right. IT seems that each of the solutions has its own advantages and disadvantages. Now, listen a game. The nightly news made a special programme on how to deal with traffic jams in big cities. Did you watch IT? No, I didn't. Would you please tell me something about IT? Certainly, the program began with an introduction of the PRT system in master control wireless ly and powered by solar energy. Three hundred high speed driverless cause, each Carrying three passengers, were running on IT. Then three experts were invited to work out a few possible solutions. Really, what are those solutions? Well, the solution proposed by the first expert involves engineering. This means building more roads with wider lanes so that more cars can travel at the same time. Don't you think more roads may actually encourage more traffic? Besides, the cost is so high. you hit the point. The second expert criticize that solution and proposed that the government should encourage people to cycle more, because this motor transport has obvious health benefits and helps to reduce air pollution. Yeah, but is IT practical in every climate. What's more, riding can prove dangerous in heavy traffic. I agree with you, the solution put forward by the last expert is to increase tax on fuel so that people are more likely to think carefully about using cars. Do you think IT really works? Not exactly. IT can discourage people from driving to work to some extent, but how about people driving for work? They will lose their jobs. All right. IT seems that each of the solutions has its own advantages and disadvantages. Questions seventeen, which of the following statements is true about the P, R, T. System in mazda city? Eighteen, what are the three experts in the T, V program mainly discuss? Nineteen, what is the solution put forward by the second expert? Twenty, if the government increases the tax on fuel, who will directly fall victim to IT. 上海市上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期9月摸底考试 英语试卷 满分150分，答题时间：120分钟， 第I卷 I. Listening Comprehension (25') Section A(10') Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. In a hotel. B. At meeting room. C. In the woman’s office. D. On a taxi. 2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. 30. B. 50. C. 65. D. 95. 3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Nervous. B. Quick-minded. C. Courageous. D. Sensible. 4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. A serviceman. B. A businessman. C. A stockbroker. D. A teacher. 5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Attend a class. B. See the dentist. C. Go mountaineering. D. Visit his aunt. 6. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She wanted to have spicy food. B. She disliked the food at dinner. C. She didn't feel hungry at all. D. She had an upset stomach. 7. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Not watch a movie on his tablet. B. Use his VR headset to keep the tablet steady. C. Wear his VR headset while watching a film. D. Stand to keep the tablet from falling over. 8. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The man didn’t know if there was such a machine. B. The machine is on the right side of the entrance. C. The machine may not be in a good condition. D. The woman can find the machine with the signs. 9. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She was forced to go to the portrait exhibition. B. She showed no interest in the portrait exhibition. C. She was poor at investing in exhibits of portrait. D. She considers soap operas her favorite entertainment. 10. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The woman owes the man a bunch of flowers. B. The woman is lending money from the man. C. The man gets the woman to buy a down jacket. D. The man often fails to honor his commitment. Section B (1.5'×10=15') Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the short passages and the longer conversation. The short passages and the longer conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 11. A. Flight attendants. B. Passengers. C. The fire brigade. D. Plane manufacturers. 12. A. Flight CA4389 will fly from Chengdu and finally arrive at Beijing. B. It will take CA4389 more than three hours to arrive at Xi’an. C. CA4389 will travel 30,982 kilometers for the whole flight. D. The average speed of CA4389 is 10,000 kilometers per hour. 13. A. Using electronic devices during landing. B. Using their hands to pull down the oxygen mask. C. Using laptop computers during the flight. D. Placing the oxygen mask below their nose. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 14. A. By 2021. B. By 2023. C. By 2024. D. By 2028. 15. A. A man who holds a master's degree in mathematics. B. A man who has only finished a test pilot school program. C. A man who has a year of professional flying experience. D. A woman who has completed the NASA physical examination. 16. A. The introduction of the Artemis program. B. The enrollment of astronaut candidates. C. The plan for a long-term base on the moon. D. The requirements of NASA physical examination. 听下面一段长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 17. A. People can drive their cars at a high speed on the PRT system. B. Each car on the PRT system can carry 300 passengers at a time. C. The cars running on the PRT system can be controlled by a wire. D. The power that gets the cars running on the PRT system comes from the sun. 18. A. The traffic jam in Masdar City. B. A special TV program. C. Solutions to traffic jams. D. Advanced vehicles in the future. 19. A. Building more roads with wider lanes. B. Widening the current roads for cars. C. Encouraging people to cycle more. D. Have car drivers pay more for fuel. 20. A. Taxi drivers. B. Taxi passengers. C. Traffic experts. D. Cyclists. II. Vocabulary (10') Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. arresting B. critical C. cycle D. defending E.field F. marvels G. navigate H. nutrients I. pushing J. trade-off K. undocumented FLORA. FAUNA. FUNGA. It’s been at least 400 million years since mycorrhizal fungi (菌根真菌) helped plants colonize the Earth’s land, thanks to a pretty basic ____21____: Fungi tend to form a symbiotic (共生的) relationship with different plants and animals, and they move by eating and expanding outward. For most plants today, that means fungi live within their root systems, metabolizing sugar from photosynthesis while helping them access water and critical ____22____. But that’s only the beginning of what these tiny ____23____ can do. There are around five million species of fungi, yet roughly 90 percent remain ____24____. Still, researchers have only scratched the surface of why they are so ____25____ to keeping ecosystems in balance. “Fungi can show you that life begins even when another one ends,” says Giuliana Furci, a Harvard University associate and National Geographic Explorer, about the crucial role in our planetary life ____26____. As founder of the Fungi Foundation, she has spent the past 14 years leading the campaign for their inclusion in conservation policy. For Furci, the aha moment arrived when, during a research trip as a university student in Chile, she came across a(n) ____27____ orange mushroom and, upon further research, realized that there were no mushroom ____28____ guides for the country at all. She vowed to change that and has since been documenting Chile’s native fungi. Not surprisingly, more international policy gatekeepers are publicly ____29____ for funga’s inclusion in their own environmental conservation work. In the pages ahead, you will learn more about why this effort is so important to our lives, from invasive species that can signal how we’ll ____30____ a warming and changing world, to the complex “mycobiome” of bodily based fungi that offer new insight into how deadly diseases like cancer may spread. The future is funga. Now is the time to understand what it holds. III. Reading Comprehension Section A (15') Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Ever since the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, locals have complained that Venice, its former capital, is being overrun by visitors. Having spent decades trying to attract tourists, the city council is now rethinking its ____31____ . In May it built pedestrian gates across the historic neighborhood’s main entrances. When crowds get too ____32____ , the police will close them, limiting access to locals who possess a special pass. Although this will restrict the number of visitors, the idea of ticketed entry has ____33____ some locals. “It is the ____34____ step to becoming Disneyland,” complains one of the city’s urban planners. According to the World Tourism Organization, an agency of the United Nations, the number of international visitors making overnight stays grew to 1.3bn in 2017. Even so, the rise in numbers is not the real problem, says Alex Dichter of McKinsey. “People in 99% of countries in the world are ____35____ out for more, not fewer, tourists,” he explains. The problem is that these extra tourists are crowding into the same places. This has surprised many in the travel industry. The Internet was meant to spread out tourists more evenly by making less ____36____ places easier to find. Why has the ____37____ happened? Analysts at Skift, a travel website, attribute it to the rise of “bucket lists”. Popularised by a film of the same name, which featured a “list of things to do before I kick the bucket”, these internet lists ____38____ tourists to the same “must see” places. Mr. Dichter also points to several other reasons for the shift. When flag carriers ran air travel as a cartel (垄断), flights cost a fortune—over $ 230 for the 300-mile journey between London and Dublin in the mid-1980s, ____39____. But low-cost carriers have transformed the industry. Partly as a result, the share of tourists who are making their first trips has ____40____ . Such overcrowding brings costs, which are ____41____ by local residents. Island resorts suffer from littered beaches and polluted water. Local authorities are cobbling together strategies to cope. An extreme reaction is to ban tourists entirely or to ____42____ visitor numbers. A less ____43____ approach is to deal with taxes and charges, so that they better reflect the costs tourists impose. Tourists staying in hotels in central Amsterdam pay a higher tax rate than those staying farther away. Another option would be to improve its infrastructure. A study by the University of Venice in 1988 found the city could hold at most 20,750 visitors a day. That is around a quarter of ____44____ today. The increased demand has not been met by building better public transport. Traditionalists may ____45____ any new infrastructure in beautiful old cities. But Venice has already built a motorway and a railway station over the past two centuries. 31. A. agenda B. boom C. approach D. constitution 32. A. thick B. full C. accessible D. noisy 33. A. delighted B. upset C. alerted D. confused 34. A. last B. necessary C. complementary D. innovative 35. A. crying B. laying C. rolling D. ironing 36. A. eye-catching B. newly-established C. full-grown D. well-known 37. A. ritual B. nonsense C. misery D. opposite 38. A. transform B. transport C. impose D. direct 39. A. in return B. by contrast C. for instance D. after all 40. A. soared B. stabilized C. declined D. fluctuated 41. A. borne B. burdened C. presented D. struggled 42. A. remove B. strand C. cap D. mask 43. A. aggressive B. exclusive C. fierce D. intense 44. A. vehicles B. traffic C. venues D. estimates 45. A. commit to B. object to C. fall victim to D. submit to Section B (30') Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) College students, new parents, final-round athletes and anyone on the eve of an important presentation know that sleep is essential for well-being. Indeed, if anything keeps us awake, it may be the reports linking a chronic lack of sleep to shorter life spans. Manufacturers of sleep-related products are happy to exploit the human desire for a good night's rest, which is why there are so many products and features to choose from. But is the bewildering thicket of mattresses, mattress toppers, pillows and bed frames, often augmented by specialty materials and technologies, doing anything to relax consumers? Or is it having the opposite effect by stressing us out? Some consumers say comparison shopping has grown ridiculously onerous. “We have done enough research at this point that we could maybe rival NapLab,” said Madison Ibargüen, 35, a real estate salesperson, referring to a website that makes personalized mattress recommendations by asking shoppers for their preferences among the types of available mattresses. She recently bought a mattress for the Manhattan home she shares with her boyfriend, Djivan Schapira, 32, a furniture designer. She paid $2,000 for a Saatva Classic mattress and is happy with her choice. In her research, Ms. Ibargüen said she was suspicious of both good and bad reviews on mattress company websites. To her, even the advice of trusted sources had to be taken with a grain of salt because a bed is so personal. “You can’t really rely on anyone’s take,” she said by email. “It’s tough to know what's real and what's just marketing-speak,” said Derek Hales, 37, the founder of NapLab. Richard J. Schwab, chief of the sleep medicine division at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, said that for people who want to be comfortable and wake up without pain, there is no magic bullet when it comes to the type of mattress. Then again, when bedtime beckons, many people are perfectly happy with the bedroom equivalent of a trusty Toyota. “The vast majority of us do well on just a simple mattress,” said Mr. Hales of NapLab. 46. What does the sentence “Indeed, if anything keeps us awake, it may be the reports linking a chronic lack of sleep to shorter life spans.” suggest? A. People are highly concerned about the importance of sleep. B. Reports about sleep have proven that shorter life spans directly lead to poor sleep quality. C. There are a wide range of things that may contribute to sleep loss. D. People feel an urgent need to address sleep deprivation. 47. Why does Madison Ibargüen say “we could maybe rival NapLab”? A. She is satisfied with her recent purchase. B. NapLab is a recognizable name for providing comprehensive suggestions. C. She prides herself on the research and analysis she invested in selecting a mattress. D. She’s highlighting the absurd amount of effort required. 48. What does “a grain of salt” mean? A. Reservation. B. Patience. C. Interest. D. Gratitude. 49. What is the main concern expressed in the article regarding sleep-related products? A. The failure to produce a truly satisfying mattress. B. The prohibitively high cost of premium mattresses. C. The stress caused by an overwhelming variety of options. D. The unreliability of mattress company reviews. (B) Four Books Worth Reading Entangled Life (Illustrated) by Merlin Sheldrake Following 2020’s real hit Entangled Life, biologist Sheldrake returns in time with an impressive illustrated edition. At over 240 pages, his passion and knowledge leaps off every spread. From the microscopic to the splendid, the colour images create an entertaining and charming experience. Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes by Peter Walther Often copied, seldom improved on, the elegant prints of Anna Atkins are timeless. Atkins uses light-sensitive iron salt solution and exposure to sunlight to create beautiful Cyanotypes, pictures in a specific dark blue color. Walther’s book is comprehensive and perfect for Atkins fans or anyone keen to learn. The Earth in Our Hands by Thomas Pesquet Pesquet’s breathtaking collection of photographs captured from the International Space Station (ISS) follows in the footsteps of astronaut Don Pettit’s Spaceborne. Pesquet took more than 245,000 images over two missions, with his book including 200 of these. It is the closest most of us will get to being on the ISS — a deeply engaging read. Looking at Trees by Sophie Howarth This absorbing book features 26 of the world’s leading photographers. From a photo of Hollywood juniper (杜松) in California to a dreamlike image of Halfway Gardens in South Africa, Howarth asks us to value trees at a time of environmental challenge. It’s a book you will return to. 50. The four books can be classified into ______. A. art magazines B. photo books C. historical novels D. instruction books 51. Which book is a remade version of a popular book? A. Entangled Life (Illustrated). B. Anna Atkins: Cyanotypes. C. The Earth in Our Hands. D. Looking at Trees. 52. What can be learnt from the introduction of the four books? A. Looking at Trees mainly focuses on valuable trees. B. Don Pettit has joined space missions with Pesquet. C. Cyanotypes of Anna Atkins enjoy a high reputation. D. All the books introduced care about the environment. (C) Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking(懈怠的), you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance(不满). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation(愤慨), it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 53. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ___________. A. making a conclusion B. justifying an assumption C. explaining a phenomenon D. making a comparison 54. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that __________. A. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals B. feeling angry about unfairness is also monkeys’ nature C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 55. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. De Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _________. A. prefer grapes to cucumbers B. can be taught to exchange things C. will not be co-operation if feeling cheated D. are unhappy when separated from others 56. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. “Be present.”This is the slogan of mindfulness meditation and a supposed key to self-awareness and acceptance. ____57____ That is, as we develop skills in complex tasks, we can perform them with increasing facility until attention seems to be unnecessary. Everyday examples range from riding a bike to chopping cucumbers to brushing your teeth. Forming this state of “automaticity” are mental processes that can be executed without paying attention to them. ____58____ We don’t perform all tasks automatically, but many can be performed this way once they are well practised. To be clear, paying attention is important when learning a new skill. But research has also revealed that paying too much attention to what you’re doing can have damaging effects, particularly when you perform well-practised skills. In fact, this is one reason why some experts appear to “choke under pressure”: ____59____ In a classic study, cognitive scientist Sian Beilock and her colleagues had skilled golfers attempt to sink putts(推球入洞) under different experimental conditions. In one scheme, the golfers were simply instructed to pay attention to the swing of their club (球杆) and say “stop” when they finished their swing. In another condition, they were directed to listen for a target sound while ignoring other noises and say the word “tone” when they heard the target sound.Surprisingly, the skilled golfers performed considerably worse when they focused on their swing than when they paid attention to irrelevant sounds. ____60____ . But there are situations where we should let automaticity take over. The next time you ride a bike or join in a sport, don’t overthink it. A. In any type of mindfulness exercise, the goal is to perform routine activities with a heightened sense of attention. B. Although mindfulness has its advantages, psychological research has also revealed that in some circumstances it’s important to be mindless. C. They think too much about the mechanics of the task at hand. D. Automaticity can be disrupted by explicit attention when the devotion of conscious attention to the pattern alters the content or timing of that pattern itself. E. Of course, we should not resign to go through life on autopilot, missing opportunities to make deeper connections with ourselves, one another and our environment. F. These processes proceed without conscious awareness. 第II卷 IV. Grammar (20') (A) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. In the past half century, nutrition scientists have blamed health conditions ____61____ ____62____ obesity, diabetes, and heart disease on many features of the American diet, including sugary beverages and saturated fat. These factors surely contribute to Americans’ uniquely poor health. But Kevin Hall, the N.I.H. study’s principal investigator, was researching a possible culprit (起因) that wasn’t named ____63____ the twenty-first century: ultra-processed food. The problem, Hall believed, might have less to do with high levels of sodium (钠) or cholesterol (胆固醇) ____64____ with industrial techniques and chemical modifications. The term “ultra-processed food” was introduced by a Brazilian epidemiologist named Carlos Monteiro. He learned that around a million Brazilians were growing obese each year. Strangely, a shrinking number of people were buying ingredients ____65____ doctors blamed for the obesity epidemic. The paradox troubled him. In ____66____ nineties, many nutrition researchers began to turn their focus away from individual nutrients and toward broader dietary patterns. Monteiro developed a theory. Households that bought less salt weren’t eating less salt. They were no longer cooking. A growing share of their meals ____67____ (arrive) in a package. “The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing,”he wrote in a landmark 2009 paper. Novel behavioral and brain-imaging experiments were showing that eating wasn’t always under our conscious control. Monteiro reasoned ____68____ something very bad had happened when industrial food systems started churning out cheap, convenient, and tempting foods. A focus on a food’s level of processing can lead to odd conclusions, however Julie Hess, a research nutritionist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has pointed out that although ____69____ (process) in different ways, canned kidney beans and gummy bears are both categorized as “ultra-processed food”. Processing also has some benefits. It prevents food from going bad or ____70____ (pollute) during storage and transport; it allows more people _____71_____ (eat)convenient and varied meals, even when particular foods are not in season; and it helps the world feed a growing population. (B) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Internet is changing the way we communicate. LOL, awks, amazeballs, BRB, the use of emoji and emoticon — and even writing facial expressions such as ‘sad face’ — have all become standard in digital communications. So ingrained, in fact, ____72____ they're changing the way we write and even talk. There’s no doubt that the consumption of abbreviated digital content is having a huge effect on language. “Over the last five years attention spans have shortened considerably, which is reflected in the ____73____ (contract) forms of language we see in social media,” says Robin Kermode. However, some think that the internet has made us better communicators since we increasingly use much ____74____ (streamlined) language. “____75____ (get) a message across using Twitter for example, it must be concise and must conform to the tone used there, which includes abbreviations, acronyms.” The fastest growing ‘new language’ in the world is emoticons (faces) and emojis (images of objects, which hail from Japan), which are one of the biggest changes caused by digital communications. “Facial expressions, visual presence and body language have always been vital to being a confident speaker, ____76____ now emojis are blurring the lines between verbal and written communication,” thinks Kermode, who adds that cavemen had early versions of emojis on the sides of their caves. “Pictures, cartoons or emojis are ‘shortcuts’ so we can be clear about ____77____ our message really means.” Emoticons and emojis are arguably more meaningful than slang and shorthand, which ____78____ be too easily misunderstood. “I once witnessed a girl being dumped in a text, which ____79____ (consist) of a message with just five letters, U R MY X' — linguistically economic, but emotionally harsh,” says Kermode. Trouble is, the sender had actually meant YOU ARE MINE. X’ “If he’d added three emojis — like a smiley face, a heart and a wedding ring, he might now be happily married!” The same goes ____80____ a statement such as “I NEED TO SPEAK TO YOU RIGHT NOW”, which needs a qualifying emoticon or emoji to give it meaning. “It could signal an angry meeting or a passionate meeting but add a coffee cup, a big smiley face or an angry face and it becomes clear what’s really going on,” says Kermode. They may be derided by traditionalists, but emoticons and emojis used to describe mood are the body language add-on ____81____ the written word has always lacked. In most instances, these icons represent language evolution and progress, not regression. V. Summary Writing (10') 82. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Evolution and War Will there ever be an end to war? The majority of the attendees on my current anthropology (人类学)course answered a definite “No”. Their response was largely predictable, given that we see so many images of the military, its machinery and weapons, war-torn cities and sad civilians. The media reminds us of the number of ongoing conflicts around the world. There seems to be a general impression that there is no hope of a peaceful life on the planet, so long as there is human life. Some anthropologists claim that conflict is natural, in so far as it is an intrinsic part of human nature to be aggressive. Primates (灵长类动物), our closest living relatives, also have a tendency towards violence. Therefore, it is easy to draw the conclusion that humans fight because it is an inevitable part of our nature. However, are we wrong to make this assumption? While primates can display exceptional levels of violence towards outsiders, they are also capable of settling conflicts and can even avoid conflict when they perceive that there is a strategic advantage in doing so. Put more simply, some primates, like apes and monkeys, will only fight if they believe they can win or escape punishment. Surely, then, humans have the capacity to avoid hostility too. There is already some evidence that the world’s major powers have realized the lose-lose scenario that would follow nuclear conflict, as many governments are currently discussing arms reduction programmes. So are there more ways to avoid conflict? The more instinctively peaceful primates are ones with access to plentiful food, and this should tell us something basic about human conflict. If human populations were more willing to distribute their food, fuel and other natural resources more equitably, there would be less reason to fight. Even if our motive simply sharing is technically self-centred, this is irrelevant because in the long term it makes sense for us to do so. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ VI. Translation: (3'+3'+4'+5'=15') Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 83. 你上次忘记重要的事，是什么时候了？(slip) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 84. 在盛大的九三(V-Day)阅兵上出现的武器都有着最前沿的设计，极大增强了中国武装力量的整体实力。(overall) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 85. 这场现象级的展览引入了更多互动体验，而且全天候开放，确保各行各业的参观者都能在方便的时候前来观展。(clock) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 86. 有证据表明，屏幕时间过长会损害专注力，但也有人认为这些问题往往源于不良习惯，可以通过调整行为来纠正。（undo）（汉译英） ____________________________________________ VII. Guided Writing (25') 87. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李华。近期，你校英语报就“社交媒体时代，你是否会在朋友圈屏蔽父母或老师(hide a Moments post from parents or teachers)?”这一话题征集观点。请你结合自身或身边同学的例子，写一篇文章投稿，内容需包括： 1.描述你或他人的相关经历; 2.分析这一行为背后的原因： 3.谈谈你对此现象的看法。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $