UNIT 12 SECTION Ⅴ LESSON 3 STEPHEN HAWKING-【创新教程】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册五维课堂教师用书word（北师大版）

本讲义以Stephen Hawking人物传记为核心，系统梳理基础词汇（如overcome, decline）、重点短语（如in spite of, rather than）及核心句型（如not only...but also..., 形容词短语作状语），通过阅读理解、完形填空等语篇练习，构建从词汇到语篇的递进学习支架。 资料特色在于融合人物故事与语言教学，以霍金的科学精神与人生经历培养文化意识，通过“四翼”考查（基础性、应用性、创新性）提升语言能力，课后练习助力查漏补缺，课中辅助分层教学，实现思维品质与学习能力的协同发展。

SECTION Ⅴ　LESSON 3　STEPHEN HAWKING [教材原文] On 14 March, 2018, one of the world's most influential scientists, Stephen Hawking, died at his home in England, aged 76.Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control)． Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January, 1942, in Oxford.He went to the University of Oxford to study physics in 1959.At the age of 21, when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge, physicians discovered he had a rare, slow­progressing form of ALS.He was only expected to live for a few years. Hawking later found a job at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge.In the early stages of his career, his illness got worse, but he was allowed to do research only rather than teach, which was easier for him.In 1985, he had to have an operation.As a result, he lost his speech.Soon his doctors developed a piece of speech­generating equipment that allowed him to speak.However, as his illness became worse, he lost the use of his hands. Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes.Hawking believed that the birth of the universe (the “Big Bang”) created many small black holes.His theory was that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole.This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own. Hawking also wrote books.His 1988 book, A Brief History of Time：From the Big Bang to Black Holes, sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth.However, many people could not really understand what he had written.Therefore, Hawking decided to write a simpler version, A Briefer History of Time(2005)． In The Grand Design (2010，with Leonard Mlodinow), Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe.Instead of trying to find one big new explanation, scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have. At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, Hawking said to a TV audience of 900 million people：“Look up at the stars and not down at your feet...be curious.” In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man.He said it had not prevented him from having a family, and being successful in his work.“My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21.Everything since then has been a bonus.” And he believed this was because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations. [汉语译文] 2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一，斯蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。霍金不仅因在理论(theoretical)物理学和宇宙学(cosmology)方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服(overcome)了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。 1942年1月8日斯蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津，1959年进入牛津大学学习物理学。21岁那年，也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症，预言他只能再活几年。 后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了份工作。职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。1985年，他不得不动手术，结果丧失了说话能力。很快，医生为他开发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。但是，他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。 尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降(decline)，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。霍金认为宇宙诞生时(即宇宙大爆炸)创造了许多小黑洞，黑洞的中心还有一种洞，这种洞可以通向另一个宇宙，与我们的世界完全分隔。 霍金还写书。1988年出版的《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》一书，地球上平均每750人便购买过一本。然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。因此，霍金决定写一个简化的版本，即《时间简史》(2005)。 在《大(grand宏伟的)设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。与其说试图寻找一个全新的解释，科学家们不如把他们已经有的想法汇集起来。 2012年伦敦奥运会开幕式上，霍金对9亿电视观众说：“仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。” 尽管(in spite of)霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有妨碍他在工作中取得成功。“21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。从那以后，一切都是馈赠(bonus)。”他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人和许多人与机构的帮助。 ●基础单词 1．　overcome　 vt.克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜 2．　PhD 　(Doctor of Philosophy) 博士学位 3．　cosmology　 n．宇宙论，宇宙学 4．　 challenge　 n．挑战；质疑 v．挑战，对……怀疑 5．　affect　 v．影响；使感动 6．　grand　 adj.宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的 7．　bonus　 n．意外收获，额外的好处；奖金； 红利 8．　decline　 vi.减少，降低 9．　gravity　 n．重力，引力 ●拓展单词 1．　influence　 n．势力，影响；有影响的人/物vt.影响；支配→　influential　 adj.有影响力的；有支配力的 2．　brilliant 　 adj.非常好的，使人印象时刻的；明亮的，鲜明的→ 　brilliantly　 adv.灿烂地；出色地→　brilliance　 n. 才华；光亮，光辉 3．　theoretical　 adj.理论的→　theory　 n．学说；理论 1．at the age 　 of　 在……年龄 2．　in　 spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管 3．separate 　 from　 分离 4．prevent ... 　from　 doing 阻止…… 5．instead 　of　 而；并非 6．lead 　 to　 导致 7．rather 　 than　 而不是 1．Hawking was famous，not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology，but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control)． 霍金出名，不仅是因为他在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出工作，还因为他克服了ALS(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战。 not only(just) ...but (also)．..连接的并列句。 2．This hole led to another universe，completely separate from our own. 这个洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的宇宙完全分离。 形容词短语作状语。 Ⅰ.Scan the text and answer the following question. What does the text mainly tell us? The text is about 　the life of Stephen Hawking　. Ⅱ.Read the text carefully and choose the best answers. 1．Which of the following is not what Hawking was famous for? A．His brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology. B．His overcoming the challenges of ALS. C．His 1988 book. D．His speech­generating equipment. 2．Which order is right according to the passage? A．going to the University of Oxford→having an operation→writing the book A Brief History of Time→developing a number of new ideas about black holes B．going to the University of Oxford→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→having an operation→writing the book A Brief History of Time C．going to the University of Oxford→having an operation→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→writing the book A Brief History of Time D．having an operation→going to the University of Oxford→developing a number of new ideas about black holes→writing the book A Brief History of Time 3．Why didn't Hawking consider himself an unlucky man? A．Because Hawking could write books. B．Because his doctors developed a piece of speech­generating equipment that allowed him to speak. C．Because he had a family and was successful in his work. D．Because he went to the University of Oxford to study. 4．What did Hawking think of himself? A．Pitiful.　　　　　 B．Unlucky. C．Lucky. D．Generous. 5．Which of the following can be used to describe Hawking? A. Optimistic and grateful. B．Unlucky and miserable. C．Generous and determined. D．Humorous and academic. 答案：1－5　DCCCA 1．overcome vt.克服；解决；战胜 be overcome with joy 喜不自胜 be overcome with sorrow 伤心欲绝 overcome the enemy 战胜敌人 overcome/get over difficulties/shortcomings/weaknesses/fear 克服困难/缺点/弱点/恐惧 ◆[经典佳句] When I saw what was in the bag, I was overcome with a mixture of respect and gratefulness. 当我看到袋子里的东西时，我心里充满了尊敬和感激之情。 There will be no difficulties in the world that they cannot overcome. 世上就没有他们克服不了的困难。 I believe you can try to overcome these difficulties only by working hard. 我相信，通过努力，你会克服这些困难的。 We must work harder to overcome our shortcomings. 我们必须更加努力地克服我们的缺点。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ①Molly had fought and 　overcome her fear　 of flying. 莫莉已经努力克服了对飞行的恐惧。 ②She 　overcame the injury　 to win the Olympic gold medal. 她战胜了伤痛，赢得了奥运会金牌。 2．decline vt.减少，降低 be in decline 处于下降、衰退中 on the decline 在下坡路上；在衰退(减少) decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事 decline by 下降了…… decline to 下降到…… a decline in 在……方面减少/降低 ◆[经典佳句] The decline is not because we have all become lazy. (步行上学的孩子)比率的下降并不是因为我们都变懒惰了。 Unemployment declined by 4 percent last month. 上个月失业率降至百分之四。 The number of full­time staff has declined from 160 to just 40. 全职员工的数量从160人下降到了只有40人。 She declined to have lunch with her friend，saying that she wasn't feeling well. 她说她身体不舒服，婉拒了与她的朋友共进午餐。 The number of residents in the area is on the decline. 这个地区的居民数量在减少。 [名师点津] (1)表示“增加”的动词或动词短语常见的有： rise，increase，go up等；表示“减少”的动词或动词短语常见的有：fall，drop，decrease，go down，decline。 (2)表示“增加”或“减少”的幅度常用介词by；表示“增加到”或“减少到”常用介词to。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①According to scientists，our mental abilities begin 　to decline　(decline) from the age of 27 after reaching the highest level at 22. ②In spite of many invitations，he would always decline 　to visit　(visit) Oxford. ③The number of tourists to the resort declined 　by　 10% last year to 5 million. ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 词汇升级 (普通表达)The number of people who run the red light has declined since the new traffic regulations came into effect. ④(高级表达)The number of people who run the red light has 　been on the decline　 since the new traffic regulations came into effect. 3．in spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管…… (1)despite＝in spite of是介词(短语)，表示语义转折，后接名词、代词或动名词，但可以用despite/in spite of the fact that引导从句。 (2)regardless of 不顾；不加理会 (3)though/although 是连词，表示语义转折，后跟让步状语从句。 ◆[经典佳句] Despite the weather，they were able to take a boat ride out into the bay，and later visit an island that had wonderful shops selling crafts and antiques. 尽管天气不好，她们还是乘船进入了海湾，后来参观了一个岛屿，岛上有很不错的卖工艺品和古董的商店。 Despite the poor service of the hotel，the manager is reluctant to invest in sufficient training for his staff. 尽管酒店的服务很差，经理还是不愿意为员工提供足够的培训。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ①　In spite of　 the hot weather，everybody is here. 尽管天气很热，但是大家还是都来了。 ②In spite of/Despite 　the fact that　 he was very angry，he didn't lose his temper. →In spite of/Despite 　his being angry　，he didn't lose his temper. 他尽管很生气，但是没有发脾气。 4．grand adj. 宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的；重大的；极好的 (1)a grand man 伟人，名人 grand clothes 华丽的服装 grand music 高尚的音乐 (2)grandly adv.宏伟地；隆重地；盛大地 ◆[经典佳句] This grand building used to be the centre of the capital's social life. 这座宏伟的建筑曾经是首都社会生活的中心。 How grand the mountains look in the early evening! 暮色中群山是多么壮丽！ We met a lot of grand people when we went to the palace. 我们去宫殿时碰到了许多大人物。 She announced grandly that she was spending the Spring Festival in the Chinatown. 她隆重地宣布，她将在唐人街过春节。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①He 　grandly　 (grand) declared that he would be a member of the Party. ②Today we gather here to 　grandly　 (grand) celebrate the International Women's Day. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 写出句中grand的含义 ③The job isn't as grand as it sounds.　重要的　 ④There's a grand figure to come to our school tomorrow.　重要的　 ⑤My parents thought all of this was a grand idea and called Betsy's dad with their permission.　极好的　 5．rather than 而不是 other than 除……以外 more than 多于；不只是；非常 less than 少于，小于 ◆[经典佳句] I can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. 我发现，家里有一台座机而不是每个家庭成员都配备一部手机依然很方便。 Does anybody other than yourself know this? 除你本人之外还有别人知道这件事吗？ You are buying direct，rather than through an agent. 你这是直接购买，而不是通过代理人。 [名师点津] rather than连接两个名词或代词作主语及其附属成分时，谓语动词应与rather than前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 选词填空(other than/rather than/less than/more than) ①They aim at quality 　rather than　 quantity. ②Unfortunately，the marriage had lasted for 　less than　 two years. ③I will be 　more than　 happy to see improvements in this regard. ④I have not studied foreign languages 　other than　 English. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑤She enjoys singing 　rather than dancing　. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。 ⑥I met him very late on Friday night，　or rather　，early Saturday morning. 我在星期五晚上很晚时见到了他，更确切地说是在星期六早晨早些时候。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 一句多译 ⑦孩子们宁可骑自行车到乡下去，也不愿整天待在家里。 a．The children 　would cycle to　 the countryside rather than stay indoors all the day. b．The children 　prefer to cycle to　 the countryside rather than stay indoors all the day. c．The children 　would rather cycle to　 the countryside 　than stay indoors　 all the day. 6．prevent ...from doing sth. 阻止……做某事 (1)prevent ...from doing sth.阻止……做某事，from可以省略 “阻止……做某事”的其他表达法： (2)stop...(from)doing sth. (3)keep ...from doing sth. ◆[经典佳句] David had a brain disease which prevented him from walking or running like other children. 戴维患有一种大脑疾病，使他不能像其他孩子一样跑动。 We are prevented/stopped/kept by the frightening sandstorm from going to school. 可怕的沙尘暴使我们无法去上学。 Carbon dioxide prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily. 二氧化碳使热量不容易释放出大气层。 [名师点津] keep ...from doing sth.中的from不能省略，因为省略后keep ...doing sth.表示“让……一直做某事”。用于被动语态时，这三个短语中的from都不能省略。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 完成句子 ①Nothing can 　keep him from going　 to Mount Tai because it is the very place he has been looking forward to going to. 什么也不能阻止他去泰山，因为那正是他一直盼望去的地方。 ②We hope to 　prevent　 anything unpleasant 　from happening　. 我们希望防止任何不愉快的事发生。 ③　It was too late to prevent　 the story from appearing in the national newspapers. 要阻止全国性报纸刊登这件事情已为时太晚。 1．(教材P58)Hawking was famous，not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology，but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control)． 霍金出名，不仅是因为他在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出工作，还因为他克服了ALS(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战。 [句式结构]　not only/just ...but (also)．..表示“不但……而且……”。并列连词，连接句子的相同成分。 ◆[规律总结] (1)句中“not only ...but also ...”结构意为“不仅……而且……”，其中also可以省略。 (2)not only/just ...but(also) ...连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词的人称与数遵循“就近原则”。 ◆[经典佳句] The sun gives us not only light but also heat. 太阳不仅给我们提供光而且提供热。 The British and the Americans not only speak the same language but (also) share a large number of social customs. 英国人和美国人不但语言相同，而且有很多相同的社会风俗习惯。 Recently，an important volleyball game will be held in our campus，which will be not only/just meaningful but also exciting. 最近，一个重要的排球比赛将在我们的校园举行，这不仅是有意义的，而且令人兴奋。 ◆[误区规避]——语法填空 There　_________　(be) not only a swimming pool but also a lot of fruit trees in the big yard. (可能失误)填are。 (正确表达)填is。 (错误分析)谨记此规律：not only/just ...but(also) ...连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词的人称与数遵循“就近原则”。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①Not only the students but also the teacher 　is　 (be) against the plan. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ②Reading good books can 　not only enrich our minds but also　 teach us to tell between right and wrong. 阅读好书既能丰富我们的头脑又能教我们分辨是非。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 句型转换 ③Tom and Mary as well as I are fond of the music. →　Not only　 I 　but also　 Tom and Mary 　are　 fond of the music. 2．(教材P59)This hole led to another universe，completely separate from our own. 这个洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的宇宙完全分离。 [句式结构]　形容词短语作状语。 ◆[规律总结] 形容词在句中作状语，用于说明主语的特征或状态，常表示伴随情况，有时也表示原因、条件、让步等。 ◆[经典佳句] To our relief，the children returned home safe and sound at last. 令我们感到宽慰的是，孩子们最终安然无恙地回到了家里。 Curious，the children went into the cave. 出于好奇，孩子们进了山洞。 Large or small，all countries are equal. 不论大小，国家皆为平等。 [名师点津]　形容词作状语时，其前不加being。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ①The boy lay in the sofa，　relaxed　(很放松)． ②After the long journey，the three of them came back home，　hungry and tired　(又饿又累)． ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 同义句转换 ③Because she was frightened，she asked me to go with her. →　Frightened　，she asked me to go with her. ④When the teacher asked the question，all the students sat there and kept silent. →When the teacher asked the question，all the students sat there，　silent　. [基础性] Ⅰ.单词拼写 1．There has been a sharp 　decline　 (下降) in profits this year. 2．The stone rolled down the mountain by 　gravity　 (重力)． 3．The wedding was a very 　grand　(宏大的) occasion. 4．She 　overcame　(克服) injury to win the Olympic gold medal last year. 5．I offered to give them a lift but they 　declined　(拒绝)． 6．The first year provides students with a sound 　theoretical　(理论的) basis for later study. 7．Being able to walk to work is an added 　bonus　(意外收获) of the new job. 8．Further treatment will 　prevent　 (阻止) cancer from developing. Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．　Despite　 the heavy snow，he managed to come. 2．Thankfully the smoking of cigarettes is 　on　 the decline. 3．He spent 7 days in the wind and snow, cold and 　hungry　(hunger)． 4．Not only Tom and Mary but also I 　am　 (be) fond of swimming. 5．Her sudden arrival prevented him 　going　 (go) out. 6．Not only 　are　 mothers not paid but also most of their boring work is unnoticed. [应用性] Ⅲ.完成句子 1．　In_spite_of　(不顾) the fog the crew can distinguish the coastline fairly well. 2．Although his illness had 　prevented　 him 　from　(阻止……做……) studying，he managed to pass the exam. 3．Water companies should concentrate on reducing waste 　instead_of　(而不是) building new lakes. 4．His lack of experience had 　led_to　(导致) his downfall. 5．I have nothing to do 　other_than_to_wait　. 我没有别的办法，只好等待。 6．This pair of shoes are comfortable 　rather_than_pretty　. 这双鞋子谈不上漂亮，但穿起来很舒服。 7．He has visited every country in Asia 　other_than_Japan　. 除了日本之外，他访问了所有的亚洲国家。 8．　Not_only　 he 　but_also　 you are wrong. 不但他错了，你也错了。 9．Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10，so 　not_only　 is it affordable 　but　 practical as well. 大部分饭菜花不了10美元就够两个人享用，因此它不仅实惠而且实用。 10．As a community with a shared future，people in China 　have_worked_hand_ in_hand_to_overcome_difficulties　. 作为一个命运共同体，中国人民同舟共济、攻坚克难。 [综合性] Ⅰ.阅读理解 A For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology.More air conditioning, better­designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help lessen the effects of a warmer world.Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour.In a paper published in Trends in Ecology & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a professor in Australia, shows that is already happening.In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, the beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871.Similar trends are seen in species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, tails, legs and wings. All that fits nicely with evolutionary theory.“Allen's rule”， named after Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm­blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages (附属肢体) than those in mild areas.Such adaptation boosts an animal's surface area relative to its body volume, helping it to shed extra heat.Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins. Ryding's team combined data from different species in different places.Now that they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation.Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade­offs, it is unclear how far the process might go.Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding, for instance.Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow. Honestly, studying a broader range of animals will help firm up exactly what is happening.For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%.That may change as warming accelerates.But it seems clear that the world of the future is not just going to be hotter than humans are used to.The animals living in it will look different, too. [语篇解读]　 本文是一篇说明文。介绍了动物为适应气候变暖产生了进化的迹象，揭示了气候变化与动物的进化之间的联系。 1.What does the author want to tell us by mentioning the Australian parrot in Paragraph 1 ? A．Climate change is affecting animals. B．Scientists are doing research on animals. C．Humans can adapt to climate change more easily. D．Animals are adapting to warmer climate in their own ways. 解析：D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour...In some species of Australian parrot，for instance，the beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871.”可知，作者在第一段中提到澳洲鹦鹉是想告诉我们动物们正在以自己的方式适应更温暖的气候。故选D。] 2．What is the benefit of having bigger body parts according to the passage? A．Getting rid of additional heat. B．Becoming larger and stronger. C．Enlarging animals' surface area. D．Becoming more sensitive to the environment. 解析：A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“warm­blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages than those in mild areas.Such adaptation boosts an animal's surface area relative to its body volume，helping it to shed extra heat”可知，拥有更大的身体部位的好处是可以排出额外的热量。故选A。] 3．What do we know about the change in animals from the third paragraph? A．Its cause is definite. B．It comes at the expense of something. C．Its process will end soon. D．It happens in the same habitat. 解析：B　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade­offs，...Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding，for instance. Larger wings are heavier，and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.”可推断，动物为适应气候变暖而产生的变化是有代价的。故选B。] 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Evolution to Survive Heat B．Living on a Warming Planet C．Measures to Fight Against Heat D．Pioneering Research on Animals 解析：A　[主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour.”和文章其他内容可知，本文主要介绍了动物们为适应气候变暖产生了进化的迹象，揭示了气候变化与动物进化之间的联系。A项“为了在高温下生存的进化”适合作为文章的标题。故选A。] B People get distracted by irrelevant websites and unproductive tasks occasionally.According to McKinsey, high­skilled workers in the U．S.spend a surprising 28% of their working hours reading and replying to e­mail messages.But if we learned to manage our distraction caused by communication technology in a more efficient manner, we could give the economy a $ 900 million to $1.3 trillion boost per year. How did we end up in this situation? The 21st century is characterized by connectivity.Over the past couple of decades, it has become increasingly difficult to disconnect from sources of information.And this addiction becomes especially apparent when we lose our phones or our Internet connection drops out.For example, have you ever mislaid your phone for a few hours and become crazy at the thought of missing out on social media updates? Originally, smartphones and other portable devices were designed to maximize convenience.Unfortunately, now they have turned into a distraction that often interrupts our daily lives.Every time your attention is diverted away from your task, you lose time.It takes effort to get back on track, and repeated interruptions can demotivate you.The more complicated your project is, the longer it takes to regain your focus, because your brain has to put in considerable effort when switching between complex objectives. So what can you do? First, when focusing on an important project, you can put your phone and other devices away.If you don't receive any messages, you won't be distracted.There's also a useful technique that will quickly get you back on track：The 20­Second Rule.It's believed by some psychologists that if something—such as checking your social media—takes you 20 seconds longer to do, you're less likely to do it.So you need to make it slightly more difficult to give in to temptation.For example, uninstall (卸载) a messaging app so that it takes you 20 seconds longer to install it again and log in.This approach means you do not have to rely on willpower.Instead, you will set up a reliable system that facilitates the forming of good habits. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章指出人们在工作中很容易因通信技术带来的信息干扰而分心这一现象，并给出了相关的建议。 5．For what purpose does the writer use numbers in the first paragraph? A．To picture the bad results caused by distraction in work. B．To point out few workers reply to e­mail messages in the U．S. C．To prove reading and replying to e­mails is good for the economy. D．To tell how much more money can be made by replying to e­mails. 解析：A　[推理判断题。根据第一题中的“According to McKinsey，high­skilled workers in the U．S.spend a surprising 28% of their working hours reading...we could give the economy a $900 million to $1.3 trillion boost per year.”可知，作者列举的三个数据分别是人们花在通信上的大把时间和由此带来的经济损失，很直观地让读者感受到了通信技术分散注意力带给我们的危害。因此，作者在第一段中使用数字的目的是描述工作分心造成的坏结果。故选A。] 6．What is the result of distraction if we are doing more complicated work? A．We'll completely lose time. B．We'll be interrupted repeatedly. C．It'll make us never get back on track. D．It'll be harder to regain our attention. 解析：D　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The more complicated your project is，the longer it takes to regain your focus”可知，如果我们在做更复杂的工作，分心的结果是很难重新集中注意力。故选D。] 7．What can we learn about the 20­Second Rule? A．It helps us to deal with distraction more effectively. B．It makes us check social media longer than 20 seconds. C．It has proved to be effective with the help of willpower. D．It suggests uninstalling all the messaging apps in your phone. 解析：A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“There's also a useful technique that will quickly get you back on track：The 20­Second Rule.”可知，“20秒规则”可以帮助人们快速地重新专注于自己的工作，即有效地摆脱分心，也就是说它能帮助我们更有效地应对分心。故选A。] 8．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．No Phones, No Distraction B．Why We Get Distracted Easily? C．The Shocking Price of Distraction D．Distraction Brings Us Harm or Benefits? 解析：C　[主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段中的“According to McKinsey，high­skilled workers in the U．S.spend...we could give the economy a $ 900 million to $ 1.3 trillion boost per year.”可知，本文主要介绍了通信技术使人分心的现象及其严重后果。因此，恰当的标题是C项“The Shocking Price of Distraction(分心的惊人代价)”。故选C。] Ⅱ.完形填空 Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good observer.He makes full 　__1__　of the facts he observes.He doesn't accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, and therefore 　__2__　 to accept authority as the only reason for the truth.He always checks ideas 　__3__　 and makes experiments to prove them. The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 　__4__　 as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1292.He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to 　__5__　 that we should learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 　__6__　 many important truths. Galileo (1564—1642), however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 　__7__　 began to show how many important truths could be discovered by observation by degrees.Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more 　__8__　 towards the earth than small ones, 　__9__　 Aristotle said so.But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let two 　__10__　 stones fall and proved Aristotle was wrong.It is Galileo's 　__11__　 of going direct to nature, and proving our opinions and theories by experiment, that has 　__12__　 all the discoveries of modern science. What 　__13__　 those people good scientists? From the example of Galileo, we know 　__14__　 that successful scientists are those whose observations have 　__15__　 better results. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。作者通过实例论证自己的一个观点：一位科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。 1.A.trust　　　　　　　 B．sense C．speed D．use 解析：D　[考查名词。根据“A successful scientist is generally a good observer.”可知，他充分利用了他观察到的事实。make full use of意为“充分利用”，为固定短语。trust信任；sense意识；speed速度；use使用，用途。故选D。] 2.A.refuses B．desires C．intends D．regrets 解析：A　[考查动词。根据“He doesn't accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts，and therefore”可知，此处指拒绝相信权威是真理的唯一理由。refuse拒绝；desire想要；intend打算；regret后悔。故选A。] 3.A.casually B．carefully C．quickly D．privately 解析：B　[考查副词。根据“He always checks ideas”和“and makes experiments to prove them”可知，此处表示他仔细地核查想法。casually随便地；carefully仔细地；quickly迅速地；privately私下地。故选B。] 4.A.date B．keep C．look D．emerge 解析：A　[考查动词。根据“the years 1214 and 1292”可知，现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。keep保留，维持；look看；emerge出现。date back意为“追溯到”，为固定短语。故选A。] 5.A.command B．suspect C．suggest D．conclude 解析：C　[考查动词。根据“we should learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us” 可知，这里应是罗杰·培根提出的建议。command命令；suspect怀疑；suggest建议；conclude推断。故选C。] 6.A.brought B．discovered C．handled D．announced 解析：B　[考查动词。根据“many important truths”可知，他本人发现了很多重要的真理。bring带来；discover发现；handle处理；announce宣布。故选B。] 7．A.who B．when C．that D．where 解析：A　[考查定语从句。分析可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰指人的先行词several great men，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who。故选A。] 8．A.slowly B．rapidly C．lightly D．heavily 解析：B　[考查副词。根据“Aristotle said so”并联系史实可知，亚里士多德曾经认为重的物体比轻的物体下降得快。slowly缓慢地；rapidly快速地；lightly轻轻地；heavily沉重地。故选B。] 9．A.if B．when C．because D．although 解析：C　[考查连词。根据“Aristotle said so”可知，这里表示因为亚里士多德是这样说的。if如果；when当……的时候；because因为；although尽管。故选C。] 10．A.big B．small C．constant D．unequal 解析：D　[考查形容词。根据“and proved Aristotle was wrong”可知，此处表示使用了两块不同重量的石头。big大的；small小的；constant不断的；unequal不相等的。故选D。] 11．A.spirit B．skill C．theory D．wish 解析：A　[考查名词。根据“But Galileo，going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa...proved Aristotle was wrong.”可知，此处表示伽利略的直接走向自然通过实验证明自己的观点和理论的精神。spirit精神；skill技能；theory理论；wish愿望。故选A。] 12．A.put forward B．turned to C．set up D．led to 解析：D　[考查动词短语。put forward提出；turn to转向；set up建立；lead to导致。根据“all the discoveries of modern science”可知，此处表示正是伽利略的这种精神导致现代科学能有所发现。故选D。] 13．A.considers B．promises C．prevents D．makes 解析：D　[考查动词。根据“those people good scientists”可知，此处表示什么使那些人成为好的科学家。consider 考虑；promise 许诺；prevent 阻止；make 使得。故选D。] 14．A.efficiently B．clearly C．naturally D．unwillingly 解析：B　[考查副词。从伽利略的例子中，我们能清楚地看到现代科学的发展来源于伽利略等一些伟大科学家的科学研究精神。efficiently 有效率地；clearly 清楚地；naturally 自然地；unwillingly 不情愿地。故选B。] 15．A.foreseen B．rejected C．produced D．challenged 解析：C　[考查动词。根据“better results”可知，此处指那些科学家们的观察产生了更好的结果。foresee 预见；reject 拒绝；produce 使产生；challenge 挑战。故选C。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $