UNIT 12 SECTION Ⅱ LESSON 1 SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS-【创新教程】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册五维课堂教师用书word（北师大版）

本高中英语讲义以“20世纪科学突破”为核心主题，系统梳理爱因斯坦相对论、弗莱明发现青霉素等科学家案例，整合主题词汇（如scientific, donate）、关键句型（如there is no doubt, without虚拟条件句）及语篇理解技巧，构建“主题导入-语篇分析-语言知识-技能训练”的学习支架。 该资料亮点在于融合语言能力与思维品质培养，通过科学家故事激发兴趣，结合词汇拓展（如donate-donation）、语法解析（虚拟条件句）提升语言运用能力，阅读理解题和语法填空训练分析推断能力。课中辅助教师高效授课，课后分层练习帮助学生巩固知识，查漏补缺，助力自主学习能力提升。

SECTION Ⅱ　LESSON 1　SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS [教材原文] If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century, you would have a real problem on your hands.In just 100 years, the world has changed completely.Amazing discoveries were made in medicine, communications and transport, not to mention our knowledge of the world and space.Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones.Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones, and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages.We started flying around the world, launching satellites into orbit and, at the same time, scientists figured out how to split the atom, previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe. Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery, it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century.Here are some of them. One of the 20th century's premier scientists was Albert Einstein.In the summer of 1905, this outspoken young man was rocking his one­year­old baby when he was suddenly inspired.Subsequently, “E＝mc2” was born.It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity”that not even time, mass or length are constant—they change according to our experience of them. In 1929, another important finding was made by biologist Alexander Fleming.Before he went on holiday, Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory.When he came back, he noticed something strange.He double­checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed.This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin, which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria.A few years later, penicillin was being mass­produced and helping to save the lives of millions.Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery.“Nature made penicillin，”he said, “I just found it.” During World War Ⅱ，when Fleming's discovery was first helping to cure people, the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles.The navy turned to Eckert, an engineer, and Mauchly, a physicist, to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort.Although they only finished after the war in 1946, it did not matter.This huge machine was the world's first computer, but it was nothing like our computers today.It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30,000 kilograms.With 18,000 tubes, thousands of circuits and 6,000 switches, it used so much energy that when it was turned on, the lights in the local town went out! With the development of computers, people expected to get more things done efficiently.During the Cold War, a “huge network”of computers was proposed by two American scientists.With computers talking to one another, it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other.By the end of the 1960s, some mini­networks were established, but only a few computers could connect to them.In 1990, Tim Berners­Lee invented the World Wide Web, which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other.Nowadays, life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable. These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth.Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”， with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests.There is no doubt about it.Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology, whether lucky or planned, the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. [汉语译文] 如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可不是件容易的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜(microscope)揭示病因、施行手术、到用捐赠(donate)的器官做器官移植。移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信(correspond)方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时(instant)信息。我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星(satellite)发射(launch)至轨道(orbit)。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂(split)原子，在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒(particle)。 尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。例如以下几位。 20世界最杰出的(premier)科学家，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦是其一。1905年夏天，这个坦率的(outspoken)年轻人给他一岁的孩子晃动摇篮时，突然受到启发。随后(subsequently)，“E＝mc2”诞生了。它证明了一小块物质可以产生巨大的能量。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对(relativity)论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的(constant)，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。 1929年，另一项重要的发现(finding)由生物学家(biologist)亚历山大·弗莱明发现了。在去度假之前，弗莱明在实验室里放了一个培养细菌的器皿。回来时，他注意到器皿里有点儿奇怪。经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌(mould)，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素(penicillin)，弗莱明认为(perceive)它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，帮助挽救了百万(million)人的生命。弗莱明对他发现的惊人结果(outcome)态度谦虚(humble)，他说：“是大自然创造了青霉素，我只是发现了它。” 第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次用来帮助治愈疾病时，美国海军(navy)正在寻找提高导弹(missile)精度(accuracy)的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家(physicist)莫克利来解决这一问题，两人共同(joint)制造一台机器来完成这项工作。尽管机器在1946年战争结束后才制造出来，但没有关系。这台巨大的机器是世界上第一台计算机，但是与今天的计算机完全不同。它长100英尺，高10多英尺，重30 000多千克。它有18 000个阴极射线管(tube)，数千条电路(circuit)和6 000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！ 随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地(efficiently)完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出(propose)建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。到20世纪60年代末，一些小型网络已经建立起来，但只有少数计算机可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯纳·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。 这些20世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。毫无疑问，如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。 ●基础单词 1．　correspond　 vi.通信 2．　launch　 vt.发射；发动；开始从事 3．　satellite　 n．人造卫星；卫星 4．　orbit　 n．轨道；vi.&vt.沿轨道运行 5．　premier　 adj.最早的，首要的 6．　subsequently　 adv.后来；随后 7．　relativity　 n．相对性 8．　 finding 　 n．研究的结果，发现 9．　biologist　 n．生物学家 10．　perceive　 vt.察觉，注意到 11．　million　 n. 百万 12．　humble　 adj.谦虚的，谦卑的 13．　outcome　 n．结果，后果 14．　physicist　 n．物理学家 15．　joint　 adj.联合的，共同的，共有的 ●拓展单词 1．　scientific　 adj.科学(上)的→　science 　 n. 科学，学科，理科→　scientist 　 n. 科学家 2．　donate　 vi.&vt.捐献；捐赠→　donation　 n．捐款；捐赠物→　donator　 n．捐赠者 3．　instant　 adj.立刻的，马上的→　instantly　 adv.立刻，马上 4．　accuracy　 n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确→　accurate　 adj.准确的；精确的→ 　accurately　 adv.准确地→　inaccurate　 adj.不准确的 5．　constant　 adj.恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的；n.常量，恒量→　constantly　 adv.经常地；持续不断地 6．　efficiently　 adv.有效率地，高效能地→　efficient　 adj.有效率的；高效的→　efficiency　 n．效率；效能 7．　propose　 vt.提出(某观点、方法等)→　proposal　 n. 提议，建议 1．range　 from　 范围从……到…… 2．figure　 out　 算出；想出 3．single 　out　 挑出；挑选 4．turn　 to　 求助于 5．be dedicated　 to 　doing 致力于；献身于 1．In the summer of 1905, this outspoken young man was rocking his one­year­old baby when he was suddenly inspired. 1905年夏天，这个直率的年轻人正在摇着他一岁大的孩子时，突然灵感就产生了。 主语＋was/were doing ...when ...句型，表示“某人正在做某事，这时……”。 2．There is no doubt about it. 此事毋庸置疑。 There is no doubt....句型，表示“毫无疑问……”之意。 3．Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology, whether lucky or planned, the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. 不管是幸运还是有计划的，如果没有这些科技先驱者的突破，我们今天所熟悉的这个世界将会是个完全不同的世界。 without 短语表示条件，相当于虚拟条件句。 Ⅰ.Scan the text and answer the following questions. 1．What is the main idea of the text? The text mainly tells us some 　scientists and their breakthroughs　. 2．Match the scientists with the breakthroughs. (1)Albert Einstein　　　 A．computer (2)Alexander Fleming B．World Wide Web (3)Eckert and Mauchly C．Theory of Relativity (4)Tim Berners­Lee D．Penicillin 答案　(1)C　(2)D　(3)A　(4)B Ⅱ.Choose the best answers according to the text. 1．Why would people have a real dilemma, if they had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century? A．Because different people have different ideas and it's difficult to choose. B．Because there were no great discoveries in the 20th century. C．Because there was no common standard to judge. D．Because so many amazing discoveries were made in medicine, communications，transport and many other fields，and they all had a great influence on the world. 2．How did Einstein think of the equation “E＝mc2”？ A．When he was at work. B．His assistant helped him. C．When he was rocking his one­year­old baby，he was inspired. D．His dream inspired him. 3．In what order are the pioneers arranged? A．Time.　　　　　 B．Logic. C．Space. D．Importance. 4．What's the original purpose of designing the first computer? A．To do some difficult experiments. B．To improve the accuracy of the missiles. C．To help people make mathematics calculations. D．To replace the missiles，becoming a new weapon. 5．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Education. B．History. C．Science. D．Entertainment. 答案：1－5　DCABC 1．scientific adj. 科学(上)的 (1)science n. 科学 (2)scientist n. 科学家 (3)scientifically adv. 科学地；系统地 ◆[经典佳句] Most students in our class go in for scientific activities. 我们班上大多数学生参加各项科学活动。 It's been scientifically proven that second­hand smoking is dangerous. 科学证明吸二手烟是危险的。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①It is of first importance to spread cultural and 　scientific　 (science) knowledge among the people. ②He explained 　scientifically　 (scientific) the most important questions of political economy. ③Madame Curie was a famous woman 　scientist　 (science) in the world. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ④He took 　a very scientific approach　 (一种非常科学的方法)to management. 2．donate vi.&vt. 捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠；捐献 (1)donate sth. to...把某物捐献给…… (2)donation n．捐款，赠送，捐赠(物) collect donations for... 为……募捐 make/give/present a donation to 捐赠 blood donation 献血 organ donation 器官捐赠 (3)donor n．捐赠者 ◆[经典佳句] Donate whatever clothes are left over. 捐赠任何所剩下的衣服。 He frequently donates large sums to charity. 他常常向慈善机构捐赠大笔钱款。 They made a generous donation to the Red Cross. 他们对红十字会慷慨捐助。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①We are collecting 　donations　 (donate) for the relief fund. ②All 　donated　 (donate) blood is tested for HIV and other infections. ③Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops 　are donated　 (donate) by the public. ④He donated thousands of pounds 　to　 charity. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑤　Donating blood　 is very glorious. 献血是非常光荣的。 ⑥If most breadwinners 　donate a day's pay to　 the Hope Project，then it will be hopeful. 如果大多数能赚钱自立的人把一天的工资捐给希望工程的话，那么希望工程就有希望了。 3．correspond vi. 通信 (1)correspond with 与……通信；符合，一致 correspond to 相当于；符合，一致 (2)corresponding adj.相应的；符合的 corresponding to 与……相一致 (3)correspondence n．通信；相关，相似；相当 keep up a correspondence with 与……保持通信 in correspondence with 与……一致；和……保持通信联系 ◆[经典佳句] All rights carry with them corresponding responsibilities. 一切权利都带有与之相应的责任。 Give each picture a number corresponding to its position on the page. 按所在页面位置给每一幅画编上相对应的数字。 He has kept up a correspondence with his friend for over a year now. 他现在跟他的一个朋友保持通信已有一年多了。 What she has just said isn't in correspondence with the views of the majority. 她刚才所说的同大多数人所持的观点不一致。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①Your account of events does not correspond 　to/with　 hers. ②You will understand perfectly that I cannot at present correspond 　with　 your father. ③Profits have risen by 15 percent compared with the 　corresponding　 (correspond) period last year. ④Their conclusions do not correspond 　to/with　 their original assumption. ⑤The editor welcomes 　correspondence　 (correspond) from readers on any subject. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑥There were two bedrooms to 　correspond with/to　 (与……相仿) the rooms downstairs. ⑦I have been 　in correspondence with　 (和……保持通信联系) him about the matter. 4．instant n. 瞬间；片刻adj.立即的；速食的；速溶的 (1)in an instant 立刻；马上 for an instant 一会儿 instant coffee 速溶咖啡 instant noodles 方便面 the instant (that) 一……就…… (2) instantly 一……就…… ◆[经典佳句] The instant I arrive，I'll phone you. 我一到就给你打电话。 It can provide students with instant feedback, including reports about their strengths and weaknesses. 它可以为学生提供即刻的反馈，包括关于他们的强项和弱项的报告。 The injured are in instant need of help. Please tell us instantly the doctors arrive. 伤者急需帮助。医生一到请立即告诉我们。 In an instant, he took off his coat and jumped into the water. 刹那间，他脱下外套，跳进水里。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ①　The instant　 he got the news，Mr Wang hurried out of his house，and drove all the way to the hospital. 王先生一得到消息，就急忙跑出了家门，开车去了医院。 ②Please send me an e­mail 　the instant/instantly　 you reach Yunnan. 请你一到云南就给我发封电子邮件。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 一句多译 ③让我非常惊讶的是，她一读那封信就哭了起来。 a．Much to my surprise，she burst into tears 　instantly　 she read the letter. b．Much to my surprise，she burst into tears 　the instant　 she read the letter. 5．launch vt. 发射；发放，发起，开始从事；(使)船下水；(首次)上市，发行n. 发射；(产品)上市 (1)launch into 进入，投入；开始做，使下水；发射上天 launch on 引向……；向(市场)首次推出 launch a compaign 发起运动 launch an attack 发起进攻 launch a rocket发射火箭 (2)a book/product launch 书籍/产品的市场投放 launch pad 发射台 ◆[经典佳句] CASC plans to launch a satellite to study the global enviroment. 中国航天计划发射一颗卫星来研究地球环境。 Our school launched a campaign against waste of food. 我们学校发起了一场反对浪费食物的运动。 Jack's parents decided to launch him into science. 杰克的父母决定让他投身科学。 The manager has launched on yet another plan for cutting costs. 经理又着手推行另一个压缩成本的计划。 We have got good media coverage for the launch of the new model. 传播媒介对我们的新型产品投放市场作了有利的报道。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 写出句中launch的词性及含义 ①The enemy launched an attack at 2 o'clock in the morning.　动词，发起　 ②The launch of their new machines in this factory received much media coverage.　名词，(产品的)上市　 ③He launched a new business when he was 30 years old.　动词，开始从事　 ④We have launched the first edition of Crazy American English magazine. 　动词，发行　 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑤It takes courage to 　launch into a new business　 (开始一项新的业务) in these difficult times. ⑥They're holding a big party to 　launch the new film　 (上映一部新电影) . 6．figure out 计算出；弄清楚；弄明白；发现 (1)I figure (that)．.. 我认为…… (2)figure n．数字，位数；人影，雕像，体形；知名人士形象；几何图形 a figure in black 一个黑衣人影 a leading/key figure 领军/关键人物 unemployment/sales/trade figures 失业/销售/贸易数字 have a good figure 有一个好身材 keep/watch one's figure 保持/注意保持身体 a five­sided figure 五边形 ◆[经典佳句] The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. 研究表明，动物学会了怎样把在培训中了解的人脸应用到新面容测试阶段。 When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list，fur probably didn't cross your mind. 当你在考虑为你的度假清单上的环保主义者买什么时，你可能不会想到皮草。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①I want to interview the great leader，because he is recognized as one of the greatest 　figures　(figure) in the world nowadays. ②If you don't understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people until you figure it 　out　. 7．perceive vt. 觉察，注意到，发现；看待，理解 (1)perceive...as/to be/to have... 认为……是…… perceive sb./sth. doing sth. 看到某人/某物在做某事 perceive sb./sth. do sth. 察觉某人/某物做某事 perceive that...注意到…… (2)perception n．观念；洞察力；认识能力 ◆[经典佳句] We can perceive his sorrow by the looks on his face. 我们能从他的表情中觉察出悲伤。 Soon the boy perceived the mouse to be a dead one. 男孩很快发觉那只老鼠是死的。 They perceived a stranger wandering in the garden. 他们看到一个陌生人在花园里闲逛。 The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing. 发现病人呼吸困难。 I perceived that I could not make him change his mind. 我意识到我不能使他改变主意。 There is a general public perception that standards in schools are rising. 公众普遍认为，学校的水平都在上升。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①This discovery was perceived 　as　 a major breakthrough. ②On entering his house, we at once perceived him 　to be　 (be) tasteful. ③One of his goals is improving students' power of 　perception　 (perceive) in this matter. ④The thief was perceived 　to steal　 (steal) into the house. ⑤Adults learn 　what　 they perceive to be useful in their life situations. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑥I can't 　perceive any difference　 (发现任何差异) between these coins. ⑦Stress 　is widely perceived as　 (被广泛认为) contributing to heart disease. 8．propose vt. 提出(某观点、方法等)；建议，推荐；打算；计划；求婚 (1)propose (doing) sth. 提议(做)某事 propose sth. to sb. 向某人提议某事 propose sb. for 推荐某人(参加某组织)；提名某人(任某职) propose to sb. 向某人求婚 propose that...建议…… It is proposed that...有人建议…… (2)proposal n．提议；建议；求婚 make/submit/accept/reject a proposal 提出/提交/接受/拒绝一项建议 ◆[经典佳句] Tom proposed delaying our decision until the next meeting. 汤姆提议把我们的决定推迟到下次会议。 I would like to propose a vote of thanks to our host. 我提议向我们的主人表示感谢。 They will propose a new plan for their factory. 他们将为工厂提出一个新规划。 It was proposed that this matter (should) be considered at the next meeting. 有人提议，下次会议再研究此事。 I made a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 我建议我们下星期开个会。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①The plan must 　be proposed　 (propose) by the headmaster at once. ②The teachers proposed that they 　(should) go　 (go) to the National Museum of China. ③Usually the bride's father proposes a toast 　to　 the health of the bride and groom. ④Various 　proposals　 (proposal) were put forward by the employees for increasing sales. ⑤They proposed 　forming　 (form) a group to investigate the case. ⑥The 　proposal　 (propose) to close the hospital was rejected by a large majority. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑦He 　proposed to his girlfriend　 (向他的女朋友求婚) over a public­address system. ⑧She 　made a proposal　 (提议) that the book should be banned. ⑨　It was proposed that　 (有人提议) the president be elected for a period of two years. 1．(教材P53)There is no doubt about it. 此事毋庸置疑。 [句式结构] There is no doubt about ...意为“……毫无疑问”。 ◆[规律总结] (1)doubt用作名词时，在肯定句中用whether(不可用if)引导同位语从句；在否定句中用that引导同位语从句。 (2)动词doubt在肯定句中，后多跟if/whether引导的宾语从句；在否定/疑问句中后跟that引导的宾语从句。 ◆[经典佳句] There is no doubt that staying up is more likely to result in over­anxiety. 毫无疑问，熬夜更有可能导致人过分焦虑。 There is still some doubt whether the autumn sports meet will be held in our school. 对于秋季运动会是否会在我们学校举行我们还有些怀疑。 I never doubt that special classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner. 我确信特殊班级能够帮助这些有天赋的学生提前毕业，更早地在生活中找到他们的位置。 —Did you doubt that I was wrong? —Yes，I admit that I did doubt whether/if you were wrong at first.But now there is no doubt that you are right.Facts have proved this without doubt. ——当时你怀疑我错了吗？ ——是的，我承认我当时的确怀疑你是否错了。但现在毫无疑问你对了。事实无可争辩地证明了这一点。 ◆[误区规避]——语法填空 Little did my teacher doubt　________　I would make it to the Qinghua University. (可能失误)填whether。 (正确表达)填that。 (错误分析)谨记此规律：当doubt与否定词连用时表示肯定意义，只能填that，不能填表示疑问的词whether(是否)。故填that。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①I have no doubt 　that　 he will come on time. ②She still doubted 　whether/if　 she could finish it herself. ③He has been admitted，and there's no doubt 　about　 it. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ④　I don't doubt that　 he is a brilliant scientist，but can he teach? 我不怀疑他是个出色的科学家，但他会教书吗？ ⑤　There is no doubt that　 he means to help，but in fact he just gets in the way. 他确实想帮忙，事实上却只是帮倒忙。 ⑥　I have no doubt that　 he will be elected. 我确信他会被选上。 ⑦　I doubt whether/if　 he will keep his word. 我怀疑他是否会遵守诺言。 2．(教材P53)Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. 不管是幸运还是有计划的，如果没有这些科技先驱者的突破，我们今天所熟悉的这个世界将会是个完全不同的世界。 [句式结构]　本句为without短语表达含蓄虚拟条件句(不含连词if的条件句)。 ◆[规律总结] (1)有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中，不出现条件句，而是以介词短语、并列句、副词或非谓语动词的形式出现。这种句子我们称其为“含蓄条件句”。 (2)常见介词短语有without ...“没有……”；but for ...“要不是……”；常用连词有but“但是”；常用副词有or，otherwise“否则的话”等。 ◆[经典佳句] The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain. 要不是因为船长的努力，我们就会连船带人都沉没了。 He would have given you more help，but he was so busy at that time. 他本可以给你更多的帮助，但那时他太忙了。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①　Without　 electricity，the world would be dark. ②I might have given you more help，　but　 I was too busy. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 同义句转换 ③If it hadn't been for your advice，I wouldn't have made such great progress. →　But for　 your advice，I wouldn't have made such great progress. ④If you don't spend time with happy people，your health could suffer. →Spend time with happy people，　otherwise　 your health could suffer. ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 同义句改写 ⑤I couldn't have finished the work so soon without your help. →　I couldn't have finished the work so soon if you hadn't helped me.　(用if从句改写) →　I couldn't have finished the work so soon if it hadn't been for your help.　(用if it had not been for改写) →　I couldn't have finished the work so soon but for your help.　(用but for改写) [基础性] Ⅰ.单词拼写 1．After class we talked a lot and became 　instant　(立刻的) friends. 2．She 　donated　(捐赠) a large sum of money to the college. 3．The two countries signed an agreement to jointly launch 　satellites　(卫星)． 4．Our 　constant　(持续不断的) aim is to help our guests enjoy the party. 5．In order to achieve this goal, we will strengthen our cooperation and make 　joint　(共同的) efforts. 6．Still, the actor finds ways to keep himself 　humble　(谦虚的)． 7．The government 　proposed　(提议) changes to the voting system. 8．Far away from each other, the two sisters 　correspond　(通信) every week. 9．His 　proposal　(提议) that these tickets should be available for one month is quite acceptable. 10．With online shopping increasingly popular，the Internet is seen as an 　efficient　(高效的) way of reaching target customers. Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．She still corresponds 　with　 friends she met in Mexico nine years ago. 2．Employees make regular 　donations　(donate) to charity. 3．Alice recognized Tom 　the　 instant she saw him. 4．I really doubt 　whether/if　 we can finish the work ahead of time. 5. 　Without　 the sun, the world would be in total darkness. 6．I was about to give up my effort to work on the puzzle 　when　 a good idea struck me. 7．One of the main 　findings　(find) of the survey was the confusion about the facilities already in place. 8．However，research has proved that people can learn to sleep more 　efficiently　(efficient)． [应用性] Ⅲ.完成句子 1．Times change and we must 　change_with　 (随……而变化) them. 2．We know who we can depend on in our lives and 　turn_to　 (求助于) them when we need help. 3．Then 　figure_out　 (想出) one practical solution you can take for each of those pieces. 4．Now it is not the time to 　single_out　 (挑选出) your friends at work. 5．The children's ages 　range_from_5_to_15　 (在5至15岁之间)． 6．We 　donate_to　 (捐赠) the school fund every year. 　The_donation　 (捐款) is given to those who do best in exams. [综合性] Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Who is a genius？This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries. Let's state clearly：Einstein was a genius.His face is almost the international symbol for genius.But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself.Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us？And who are they? In the sciences and arts，those praised as geniuses were most often white men，of European origin.Perhaps this is not a surprise.It's said that history is written by the victors，and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club－women，or people of a different color or belief－they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six，girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really，really smart.” Even worse，the study found that girls act on that belief：Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really，really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up？It doesn't take a genius to know the answer：absolutely not. Here's the good news.In a wired world with constant global communication，we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.And the more we look，the more we will see that social factors (因素)like gender，race，and class do not determine the appearance of genius.As a writer says，future geniuses come from those with“intelligence，creativity，perseverance(毅力)，and simple good fortune，who are able to change the world.” [语篇解读]　这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？” 引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。 1．What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club? A．They're unfair. B．They're conservative. C．They're objective. D．They're strict. 解析：A　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“It's said that history is written by the victors，and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club－women，or people of a different color or belief－they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.(据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才人物——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。] 2．What can we infer about girls from the study in Science? A．They think themselves smart. B．They look up to great thinkers. C．They see gender differences earlier than boys. D．They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs. 解析：D　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Even worse，the study found that girls act on that belief：Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are ‘really，really smart.’(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的：六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是‘非常非常聪明’的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。] 3．Why are more geniuses known to the public? A．Improved global communication. B．Less discrimination against women. C．Acceptance of victors'concepts. D．Changes in people's social positions. 解析：A　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication，we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.(在一个全球通信不断发展的互联网世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的出现)”可知，进步的全球通信让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。] 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Geniuses Think Alike B．Genius Takes Many Forms C．Genius and Intelligence D．Genius and Luck 解析：B　[主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius？(谁是天才)”和最后一段的“As a writer says，future geniuses come from those with ‘intelligence，creativity，perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune，who are able to change the world.’(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有‘智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。’)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知，B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。] B Do you have imagination? Do you like to solve problems? Can you? If so, you could be the next great inventor.“But I'm just a kid，”you might say! Don't worry about a little thing like age.For example, one famous inventor－Benjamin Franklin—got his start when he was only 12. So you don't have to be an adult to be an inventor.One thing you do need, though, is something that kids have plenty of：curiosity and imagination. So what should you do if you have a great idea for an invention? Talk to a friend or family member about it.Get input from others about your idea.Then ask them to help you create a working model—called a prototype—of your idea. Once you have a prototype, you can test it.Sometimes your innovation turns out to be not as great as you thought.At other times, though, you realize it is a good idea and your prototype can help you figure out how to make it even better. If your idea is really a good one, an adult can help you contact companies that might be interested in it.You will also want an adult's help to get a patent for your idea, so that it is protected and can't be stolen by someone else. If you need some inspiration, consider these kids and their inventions： Jeanie Low invented the Kiddie Stool when she was just 11.It's a folding stool that fits under the kitchen sink.Kids can unfold it and use it to reach the sink all by themselves. At the age of 15, Louis Braille invented the system named after him that allows the blind to read. Chelsea Lanmon received a patent when she was just 8 for the “pocket diaper (尿布)”，a new type of diaper that includes a pocket for holding baby wipes and powder. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲了小孩子也可以成为发明家，并介绍了发明的步骤，列举了一些有发明的小孩子。 5．By saying “But I'm just a kid”， you probably mean you 　________　. A．are too young to achieve anything B．are old enough to become an inventor C．can do anything though you are young D．have to learn knowledge from other people 解析：A　[推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Don't worry about a little thing like age.For example，one famous inventor－Benjamin Franklin—got his start when he was only 12.”可知，下文举了本杰明·富兰克林在12岁时就开始了发明事业的例子，说明年龄并不是取得成就的限制因素，所以你说“但我只是个孩子”的意思可能是想表达自己太年轻了，不能取得任何成就。故选A。] 6．Which of the following is the right order of an invention? A．A patent—a prototype—a good idea—an invention. B．A prototype—a patent—a good idea—an invention. C．A good idea—a prototype—an invention—a patent. D．An invention—a good idea—a patent—a prototype. 解析：C　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Get input from others about your idea.Then ask them to help you create a working model—called a prototype—of your idea.”，第四段中的“Once you have a prototype，you can test it.”和第五段中的“You will also want an adult’s help to get a patent for your idea”可知，发明的正确步骤是“a good idea—a prototype—an invention—a patent”。故选C。] 7．Who invented something that helps the people who are not able to see to read? A．Jeanie Low.　　　 B．Louis Braille. C．Chelsea Lanmon. D．Benjamin Franklin. 解析：B　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“At the age of 15，Louis Braille invented the system named after him that allows the blind to read.”可知，路易斯·布莱叶发明了一种可以帮助那些看不见的人阅读的东西。故选B。] 8．Which of the following can be the best title for this passage? A．Kids have curiosity and imagination B．Kids are exactly like adults in a way C．It is possible for kids to be inventors D．There are some world­famous inventors 解析：C　[主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“So you don’t have to be an adult to be an inventor.One thing you do need，though，is something that kids have plenty of：curiosity and imagination.”并结合文章其他内容可知，本文主要讲了小孩子也可以成为发明家，并介绍了发明的步骤，列举了一些有发明的小孩子。所以D选项“孩子们有可能成为发明家”最适合作为文章的标题。故选C。] Ⅱ.阅读填句 Germs are tiny organisms that can cause disease－and they're so small that they can creep in your system without being noticed.To stay healthy, it helps to give some thought to germs. Bacteria are tiny, single­celled organisms that are found throughout nature, including in the bodies of human beings.A certain number of bacteria are good for our bodies—they help keep the digestive system in working order and keep harmful bacteria from moving in.　__1__　.But bacteria can cause trouble like viruses, too. 2__　.But some viruses, such as the kind that causes hepatitis (肝炎), can survive on surfaces for a week or longer and still be able to cause infections.　__3__　， viruses spread easily and can make you quite sick. The best way to prevent the infections that germs cause is by protecting yourself.Because most germs are spread through the air in sneezes or coughs. Washing your hands often is absolutely the best way to stop germs from getting into your body.　__4__　？ After using the bathroom, after blowing your nose or coughing, after touching any pets or animals, after gardening, or before and after visiting a sick relative or friend.And of course you should wash your hands before eating or cooking. Another way to fight infections from germs is to make sure you have the right immunizations, especially if you are travelling to other countries.　__5__　， unless your doctor tells you otherwise. With a little prevention, you can keep harmful germs out of your way! A．When should you wash B．If you or someone else is sick C．Once they've moved into your body D．How can you protect yourself from germs E．Getting a flu vaccination yearly is strongly recommended F．Some bacteria are even used to produce medicines and vaccines G．Most viruses can only live for a very short time outside other living cells [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了细菌的定义、存在方式及传播形式，还介绍了预防和对抗细菌的方法。 1．F　[根据前面一句可知，此处在讲细菌积极有用的一面；根据后一句转折引入细菌有害的一面可知，F项讲述的也是细菌积极有用的一面，符合上下文语境。] 2．G　[根据后面But引出的内容可知，本句应该提到一般情况下病毒在活细胞外存活的时间较短。] 3．C　[根据后面的viruses spread easily and can make you quite sick可知，此处应叙述病毒进入体内的影响。] 4．A　[根据后面连续几个after和before连接的时间状语可知，此处应为过渡句，引出下文，因此“何时洗手”符合语境。] 5．E　[根据后面的unless your doctor tells you otherwise可知，此处表示“除非医生告诉你不要这么做，否则强烈建议每年注射流感疫苗”。] Ⅲ.语法填空 What is a clone? A clone is a copy－a genetic copy.Genes are the 1.　________________　 (instruction) for life.They tell a cell what to do and how to do it.Genes make each plant or animal different and unique.A clone has the same genes 2.　________　 the original organism. Cloning is not new and 3.　____________　 (be) with us for centuries.Many new plants are grown from cuttings from the 4.　________　 (origin) plants.One benefit of 5.　________　(clone) is that we can make many copies of the best and healthiest plants. It's much 6.　________________　 (difficult) to clone animals than plants.In 1997 scientists succeeded in cloning a sheep.7.　________　 creation of Dolly, the cloned sheep, caused great attention around the world in no time.Scientists had tried to clone other animals like frogs before that, but they 8.　________　 (fail)．Frogs died as tadpoles, never living long enough 9.　____________　 (become) adult frogs. It may soon be possible to clone more types 10.　________　 animals. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲了什么是克隆，克隆的历史以及进展。 1．instructions　[考查名词单复数。句意：基因是生命的指南。] 2．as　[考查介词。the same...as...是固定搭配。] 3．has been　[考查谓语动词。根据后文的for centuries可知用现在完成时。] 4．original　[考查词性转换。修饰名词用形容词。] 5．cloning　[考查非谓语动词。介词后用动词的­ing形式。] 6．more difficult　[考查形容词的比较级。根据后文的than 可知用比较级。] 7．The　[考查冠词。此处表示特指。the creation of Dolly多莉的诞生。] 8．failed　[考查动词的时态。这件事发生在过去，所以填failed，且上文的had tried也有所提示。] 9．to become　[考查非谓语动词。enough后接to do，用作状语。] 10．of　[考查介词。more types of更多种。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $