2026年中考英语句子成分讲解

该初中英语讲义聚焦中考语法核心考点“句子成分”，系统梳理主语、谓语、表语等七大成分的定义、构成及用法，通过“概念解析-例句示范-易错提示”构建知识网络。设计“考点梳理（如形式主语it的用法）、方法指导（如双宾语to/for辨析）、真题训练（配套专项练习题）”三阶教学流程，帮助学生突破成分辨析难点，体现复习的系统性和针对性。 亮点在于融合语言能力与思维品质培养，如通过“七给一带to不少，买画制作for来了”口诀帮助学生快速掌握双宾语用法，提升语言表达准确性。练习题分层设计（基础辨析到复杂句式分析），配合答案解析实现即时反馈，能有效提升学生句子结构分析能力，助力教师精准把控复习节奏，实现高效备考。

初中英语句子成分 1. 句子的成分：句子的成分是指组成句子的各个部分，即：主语、谓语、表语、 宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、补足语、定语、状语等。 主要成分：主语和谓语 句子的成分 次要成分：表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语 等 (1) 主语：主语是一个句子的主要成分，也是句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首， Subject 表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。 注意：在there be结构、疑问（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。 例如：Tom is a good boy. (名词) We often speak English in class. (代词) One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式) Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词) The rich should help the poor. (名词化形容词) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句) It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式) （二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”、 Predicate “是什么”或“怎么样”，一般由动词或动词短语来充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语的构成如下： 1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如： I like apples. ( 动词 ) He practices running every morning. （动词短语） 2. 复合谓语：（1）由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成； 例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由（系动词+表语）构成。 We are having a quick breakfast. （三）表语：表语用于说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态等，说明主语“是什么” Predicative 或“怎么样”。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, remain, become, get. grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等）之后。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语，即成系表结构。 如： My mother is a doctor. (名词) Is it yours? (代词) The weather has turned cold. （形容词） The speech is exciting. （现在分词） The door is closed. （过去分词） Three times seven is twenty one. （数词） His job is to teach English. （不定式） His hobby is playing football. （动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over. (副词) The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句） （四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面,和及物 Object 动词一起说明主语“做什么”，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式和宾语从句。如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have three. （数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me. （不定式） I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词） I think (that) he is fit for this job. （宾语从句） 宾语种类：< 1> 双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如： Lend meyour dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me, please. 间宾直宾直宾间宾 ※有的动词后面可接双宾语，包括常用来指人的间接宾语和常用来指物的直接宾语 可带双宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do等。 “七给” 一 “带” to不少,“ 买 ” 画 “ 制作” for来了。 带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时加“to”或“for”。这11个及物动词可以概括如下： 1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring) 8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“ vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如：He lent some money to me. 类似动词的还有：get, mail, offer,pay, promise, read, sell, take, teach等 2、“buy” (买) ；“draw” (画) ；“make” (制作) 三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成 “vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。 如：Mother bought a new dress for me。 类似的动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix, leave, order等。 3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后 如：Richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西 Give it to me。把它给我 4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask, teach, tell, owe, pay. I asked John. 我问约翰 I asked a question. 我问了一个问题 I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题 < 2>复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语），例如： They elected himtheir monitor. 宾语宾语补足语 （五）宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语的特征、状态或身份，宾语补足语可由名词、 Object Complement形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分，叫做宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make, let, see, find, name等）或介词（如with）+宾语+宾补。例如： His father named him Dong Ming. (名词) They painted their boat white. (形容词) Let the fresh air in. （副词） I ask him to go home now. (不定式) We saw her entering the room. （现在分词） He found the door locked. （过去分词） We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now. (从句) （六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词、形容词、 Attributive 代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等来充当。 Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词） China is a developing country. （现在分词） America is a developed country. （过去分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词） His maths is very good. （形容词性物主代词） I am the last person to leave the classroom. （不定式） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn German. （介词短语） （七）状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示行为发生的时间、 Adverbial 地点、目的、方式、程度等。一般由副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于副词的词组或短语等来充当。如： Light travels most quickly. (副词性词组) He has lived in the cityfor ten years. （介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. (不定式) He is in the room making a model plane. (现在分词短语) Wait a minute. （名词） Once you begin, you must continue. （状语从句） 状语种类：时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、地点状语、方式状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、伴随状语、比较状语等。如： How about meeting again at six? （时间状语） Last night he didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. （条件状语从句） Mr. Smith lived on the third floor. （地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式状语） She came in with a book in her hand. （伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语从句） She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语从句） I am taller than he is. （比较状语从句） 八、独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词:yes 否定词:no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,这个故事还远没结束. 句子成分练习题( 一 ) 1. 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分） ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 2. 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分） （）① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall （）② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer （）③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus （）④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon （）⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast （）⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework （）⑦ What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is （）⑧ We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor （）⑨ He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music （）⑩ Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book 3. 找出下列句中的表语（5分） ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it. 4. 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分） ① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦ They made him monitor of the class. ⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school. ⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. 5. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分） ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? 6. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分） ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. ⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 7. 找出下列句中的定语（6分） ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! 8. 找出下列句中的状语（8分） ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. 句子成分练习题( 一 )答案 1. ① teacher② man ③ dictionary ④ To do 2. ① B② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ C⑨ A⑩ A 3. ①tired.②worried③yellow.④interested⑤the first 4. ①homework.②English.③attention④ words ⑤to go swimming⑥he was ill.⑦him monitor ⑧bridge museum⑨it school. ⑩who"Father Christmas"really is. 5. ① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 ② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 ③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语 6.①to read newspapers and books ②to take the boy ③difficult④Lily⑤get on the bus⑥playing football 7.①family ②given③third ④some ⑤downstairs ⑥of the other shoe! 8.①on her face.②Every night ③when he was eleven.④too fast. ⑤With the medicine box under her arm⑥because she loves books. ⑦if you’ve lost it⑧to see the other machine. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $