句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（译林版）

高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 句法专版 【专题】句子基本类型与成分讲解 译林版高中英语语法全解 考频分析 译林版高中英语句法中，句子基本类型与成分讲解是重点语法模块，考频占句法总量的25%左右， 贯穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(4-5题)、语法填空(3-4题)、书面表达 (核心考察，直接影响句子结构的规范性与逻辑的连贯性)。在语境理解类题目中，句子成分的划分 及基本句型的识别往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·句子基本类型：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的结构特征与语气表达 ·句子成分划分：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语的构成形式与句法功能 。复杂句式转换：简单句、并列句、复合句（定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句）的连接方式与成分 分析 知识点一：句子基本类型及构成成分 1.陈述句（陈述事实或观点，句末用句号） 1.肯定句： 。结构：主语+谓语+其他成分 。例句：She studies English every day. 2.否定句： 。结构：主语+助动词+not+谓语+其他成分 。例句：He does not like swimming 2.疑问句（提出疑问，句末用问号） 1.一般疑问句： 1 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 。结构：助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分 ●例句：Do you know the answer?? 2.特殊疑问句： ·结构：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句语序 。例句：Where did she go yesterday? 3.祈使句（表命令、请求或建议，主语常省略） 1.肯定祈使句： ·结构：动词原形+其他成分 ●例句：Open the window,please. 2.否定祈使句： ·结构：Don't+动词原形+其他成分 ●例句：Don't be late for class. 4.感叹句（表强烈情感，句末用感叹号） 1.What引导： ●结构：What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语 ●例句：What a beautiful flower it is 2.How引导： ●结构：How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语 ●例句：How fast he runs! 5.句子成分（构成句子的基本要素） 1.主语（动作执行者或被描述对象）： 。构成：名词/代词/动名词等 ●例句：Tom(名词)is my friend. 2.谓语（表示动作或状态）： ·构成：动词或动词短语 ·例句：She sings(实义动词)very well.. 3.宾语（动作承受者）： ·构成：名词/代词等，通常位于及物动词后 2 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 ·例句：I bought a book(名词作宾语) 4.表语（位于系动词后，补充说明主语）： ·构成：形容词/名词等 ·例句：The soup tastes delicious(形容词作表语). 5.定语（修饰名词或代词）： ·构成：形容词/分词等 。例句：This is a red(形容词)apple, 6.状语（修饰动词/形容词/副词，表时间/地点/方式等）： ·构成：副词/介词短语等 ·例句：They will meet tomorrow(时间状语) 知识点二：句子基本类型与成分 1.陈述句（陈述事实或观点，句末用句号） 1.肯定句： 。结构：主语+谓语+其他成分（宾语/表语/状语等） ·例句： 1.She studies English every day.(主语She,谓语studies,宾语English,状语every day) 2.The flowers are beautiful.（主语The flowers,.系动词are,表语beautiful) 2.否定句： 。结构： l.实义动词：主语+don’t/doesn’t/didn’t+动词原形+其他 2.系动词情态动词：主语+系动词/情态动词+not+其他 ·例句： 1.They don't like swimming..(实义动词like,否定用don't) 2.He isn't a teacher..（系动词is,否定用isn’t) 3.She can't speak Chinese.(情态动词cam,否定用can't) 2.疑问句（提出疑问，句末用问号） 1.一般疑问句（用yes/no回答）： 。结构： 1.系动词情态动词：系动词情态动词+主语+其他？ 3 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 2.实义动词：Do/Does/Did+主语+动词原形+其他？ 。例句 l.Is he from America?(系动词Is提前，肯定回答：Yes,heis.) 2.Can you play the piano?(情态动词Can提前，否定回答：No,Ican't.) 3.Do they go to school by bus?(实义动词go,用Do提问) 2.特殊疑问句（用疑问词回答，如what/who/where/when/how等）： ·结构：疑问词+一般疑问句语序？ 。例句 l.What does she do?(疑问词What,后接一般疑问句does she do) 2.Where did you go yesterday?(疑间词Where,后接一般疑问句did you go) 3.祈使句（表示命令、请求、建议，主语常省略，句末用句号或感叹号） 1.肯定祈使句： ·结构：动词原形+其他成分 。例句： 1.Open the door,please.(动词原形Open开头，表请求) 2.Study hard!(动词原形Study开头，表建议，感叹号加强语气) 2.否定祈使句： 。结构：Don’t+动词原形+其他成分 ·例句 1.Don't be late for class..(Don't+动词原形be,表命令) 2.Don't play in the street..(Don't+动词原形play,表警告) 4.感叹句（表示强烈情感，如喜/怒/哀/乐，用what/how引导，句末用感叹号） 1.what引导（修饰名词）： ·结构：What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！ ·例句 l.What a beautiful girl she is!(修饰名词girl,a beautiful girl为名词短语) 2.What interesting books these are!(修饰名词books,interesting books为名词短语) 2.how引导（修饰形容词/副词/动词）： 。结构：How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！ 。例句 1.How happy they are!(修饰形容词happy) 4 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 2.How fast he runs!(修饰副词fast) 5.句子基本成分（构成句子的核心要素） 1.主语（动作的发出者或被描述的对象，通常由名词、代词、动名词等充当）： 。例句 1.Tom is a student.(名词Tom作主语) 2.She likes music..(代词She作主语) 2.谓语（表示动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词等）： 。例句 1.They are playing football.(实义动词短语are playing作谓语) 2.He looks tired.（系动词looks作谓语，后接表语tired) 3.宾语（动作的承受者，通常位于实义动词后，由名词、代词等充当）： 。例句： 1.I bought a book yesterday.(名词a book作宾语，位于实义动词bought后) 2.She helps me.(代词me作宾语，位于实义动词helps后) 4.表语（位于系动词后，说明主语的性质、状态、身份等，由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当）： 。例句 l.The sky is blue..(形容词blue作表语，系动词is后) 2.My mother is a doctor..(名词a doctor作表语，系动词is后) 3.They are in the classroom.(介词短语in the classroom作表语，系动词are后) 知识点三：句子基本类型与成分 l.陈述句(Declarative Sentence) 1.基础结构拓展（中考必背)： 。主谓结构(S+V)→例句：Birds sing. 。主谓宾结构(S+V+O)→例句：She eats apples. 。主系表结构(S+Linking V+P)一→例句：He is a student. ●主谓双宾结构(S+V+IO+DO)→例句：My mother gives me a gift. ·主谓宾补结构(S+V+O+C)一→例句：We keep the room clean. 2.句式转换（中考核心）： 。肯定句变否定句(be动词/情态动词后+not)→例句：He is not happy../She can not swim, 5 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 。肯定句变一般疑问句(be动词情态动词提前)→例句：Is he a teacher?/Can you speak Chinese? 2.疑问句(Interrogative Sentence) 1.基础类型拓展（中考必背）： ·一般疑问句（用yes/no回答）→例句：Do you like English? 。特殊疑问句（疑问词+一般疑问句）→例句：Where do you live? ·选择疑问句(or连接选项)→例句：Do you want tea or coffee? ·反意疑问句（前肯后否/前否后肯）一例句：He likes sports,doesn'the?/She can't swim,can she? 2.疑问词分类（中考常考）： 。疑问代词：what(什么)、who(谁)、which(哪一个)、whose(谁的)→例句：What is your name? ·疑问副词：when(何时)、where(何地)、why（为何)how(如何)一例句：How do you go to school? 3.祈使句与感叹句(Imperative&Exclamatory Sentence） 1.祈使句结构（中考核心）： 。肯定祈使句（动词原形开头）→例句：Open the door,please. 。否定祈使句(Don’t+动词原形)→例句：Don’t talk in class. 。let型祈使句(Let+宾语+动词原形)→例句：Let's play games.. 2.感叹句结构（中考易错）： ·What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+（主语+谓语）→例句：What a beautiful flower(itis划 。What+adj.+不可数名词/可数名词复数+（主语+谓语）→例句：What delicious food(itis)划 。How+adj./adv.+(主语+谓语)一例句：How fast he runs!/How happy she is! 考法精析 考法一：定语从句关系词选择 核心：根据先行词指人/物、在从句中所作成分（主语/宾语/定语/状语）及是否为非限制性从句，选 择正确的关系代词或关系副词 真题1（语法填空)： This is the museum_we visited last weekend. 答案：which/that 6 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 解析：先行词“museum”指物，在从句中作visited的宾语，可用关系代词which或that。 真题2（单项选择）： The girl-hair is red is my classmate. A.who B.whose C.which D.whom 答案：B 解析：先行词“girl”指人，从句中“hair”需要定语修饰，关系代词whose表示“的”，符合语 法规则。 考法二：定语从句与非谓语动词融合考查 核心：在定语从句中正确使用关系词，并结合非谓语动词作定语的用法进行辨析，判断何时使用 从句，何时使用非谓语动词结构 真题1（语法填空）： The girl(stand)at the door is my best friend.She is waiting for me to go shopping together. 答案：standing 解析：此处需用非谓语动词作定语修饰the girl,stand与the girl之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词 standing。若用定语从句则为who is standing,此处空格后无谓语动词，故用现在分词更简洁。 真题2（单项选择)： This is the book-by Mo Yan last year.Have you read it? A.written B.was written C.which wrote D.that written 答案：A 解析：book与wite之间是被动关系，过去分词written作定语表被动和完成；B选项若构成定语从 句缺少关系代词which/that:C选项主谓关系错误，书是被写；D选项hat后缺少be动词was,应 为that was written,故正确答案为A。 考法三：非谓语动词与句子成分综合运用 核心：识别非谓语动词(todo/doing/done)在句中作定语、状语、宾语等成分的用法，并结合句子 基本类型判断其语法功能 真题1（单项选择)： carefully,the girl found a wallet on the street. A.Walk B.Walking C.Walked D.To walk 答案：B 解析：句中“the girl”与“walk”是主动关系，现在分词“Walking”作状语表伴随动作，符合“doing 表主动进行”的用法（知识点三）。句子为主谓宾结构的陈述句，“found”为谓语，“a wallet”为宾 语（知识点一、二）。 7 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 真题2（语法填空)： I hope_(visit)the Great Wall next summer.It's a famous place of interest. 答案：to visit 解析：“hope to do”为固定搭配（知识点三），不定式“to visit”作宾语，符合“宾语位于及物动词 后”的句子成分要求（知识点一、二）。句子为陈述句，“hope”为谓语，“to visit the Great Wall”为 宾语部分。 解题小妙招 定语从句妙招 关系词选看先行，人用who whom whose that: 物用which that whose,定语whose表“谁的”家； 主宾成分看从句，主宾用that which who: 状语时间when地点where,.原因状语用why啊； 非限从句逗号隔，that不用记牢它。 非谓语动词妙招 非谓作定看关系，主动进行用doing: 被动完成用done,将来动作todo行： 若是从句转换来，关系代词加be动， 去掉之后变非谓，主动被动要分清： 主谓主动doing,动宾被动用done: 将来不定式todo,主被动式要选明。 句式转换与成分分析妙招 句子成分先分析，定语状语看分明： 非谓作定替换从句，关系词加be动词省： 主动doing被动done,将来todo记心中： 非谓作状表原因、时间、条件等， 逻辑主语看主句，主动doing被动done: 从句转换非谓语，连接词加主谓省， 保留非谓作状语，成分功能不变更。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.This is the villageI spent my childhood with my grandparents. A.where B.which C.that D.when 8 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 2.The scientist_won the Nobel Prize last year has published a new book. A.which B.whom C.who D.whose 3.from the top of the mountain,the city looks like a colorful carpet. A.Seeing B.Seen C.To see D.Having seen 4.I don't knowhe will arrive tomorrow or not. A.that B.if C.whether D.what 5.The students_in the classroom are preparing for the final exam. A.study B.studying C.studied D.to study 6.She admitted_the mistake and promised to correct it immediately. A.make B.making C.to make D.made 7.We will go hiking tomorrow_the weather is fine. A.if B.though C.because D.until 8.The problem_at the meeting yesterday is still under discussion. A.was raised B.raised C.raising D.which raised 9.he is young,he has rich experience in teaching. A.Because B.Unless C.Although D.As 10.The news-our team won the game made all of us excited. A.that B.which C.what D.how 演练二：填空试题（共10题，用括号内单词的适当形式填空) 1.The boy_(play)football on the playground is my younger brother. 2.This is the best film_I have ever seen in my life. 3.She refused(accept)the gift from the stranger politely. 4.(not be)late for the meeting tomorrow morning,please 5.The book_(write)by Lu Xun is still popular among young readers. 6.I wonder how_(solve)this difficult math problem. 7.The teacher told us that the earth_(move)around the sun. 8.They hurried to the station only(find)the train had already left. 9.The girl hair is black won the first prize in the singing competition. 10.(finish)his homework,he went out to play basketball with his friends. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空) 9 高中译林版 【句法专版】 语法全解 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 As a student,I often feel stressed about exams.Last week,I attended a lecture-(give)by a famous psychologist,Dr.Wang.She shared some useful tips on-to manage exam anxiety.Dr.Wang said, "(prepare)well for exams is the first step to reduce stress."She suggested-(make)a study plan and sticking to it. During the lecture,she told a story about a student-used to be afraid of exams.The student,-parents were both doctors,always worried about letting them down.However,after following Dr.Wang's advice, he gradually became more confident.He started_(exercise)every morning to relax his mind and body, and he also learned_to stay calm during exams. Dr.Wang emphasized that the most important thing is to believe in_(you)."Exams are just a way to check your progress,"she said."you have tried your best,there is no need to feel regretful."Her words encouraged me a lot.Now,I feel more prepared and less anxious about the upcoming exams. 答案区 演练-：1.A2.C3B4.C5B6.B7.A8B9.C10.A 演练二：1.playing2.that3.to accept4.Don'tbe5.written 6.to solve 7.moves 8.to find 9.whose 10.Having finished 演练三：1.given2.how3.Preparing4.making 5.who/that 6.whose 7.exercising/to exercise 8.how 9.yourself 10.If 10