基础词法 名词与代词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（译林版）

高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 语法专版 【专题】名词与代词系统讲解 译林版高中英语语法全解 考频分析 译林版高中基础词法中，名词与代词是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷所 有核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空（2-3题)、语法填空(2-3题)、书面表达（核心考察， 直接影响句子指代明确性与语法正确性)。在语境理解类题目中，名词的数、格及代词的指代一致 性往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·名词核心考点：可数与不可数名词的辨析及量化表达，名词所有格的构成与用法，名词作主语、宾 语、表语及定语的句法功能 。代词系统应用：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词(some/any,few/little,many/much 等)的指代规则与语境选择，疑问代词与关系代词的用法区别 ·主谓一致关联：集体名词、复数形式名词、不可数名词作主语时的谓语动词单复数匹配，以及不定 代词作主语时的主谓一致原则 知识点一：名词与代词系统讲解 1.名词（表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念等的词） 1.专有名词（首字母大写，特指某人某物）： 。Tom（人名)、Beijing(地名)、the Great Wall(专有事物) 。例句：Beijing is the capital of China. 2.普通名词（分为可数与不可数）： 。可数名词：book(书)、student(学生)→复数变化：books,students ●例句：She has two books. ·不可数名词：water（水)、information(信息)→无复数形式，需用数量词修饰 。例句：I need some water. 1 高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 2.代词（代替名词或名词短语，避免重复) 1.人称代词（主格/宾格）： 。I/me(我)、he/him(他)、they/them(他们) ·例句：口She is my sister..(主格作主语)口I saw her yesterday..(宾格作宾语) 2.物主代词（形容词性名词性）： 。my/mine(我的)、his/his(他的) ·例句：This is my pen..（形容词性后接名词)The pen is mine.(名词性独立使用) 3.指示代词（指代人或事物）： ·this/that(近指/远指单数)、these/those(近指/远指复数) 。例句：This is a cat.Those are dogs 4.反身代词（强调主语自身： ·myself(我自己)、themselves(他们自己) 。例句：He taught himself English, 5.不定代词（指代不确定的人/事物）： ·some(一些)、any(任何)、everyone(每个人) ◆例句：Everyone likes music. 知识点二：名词与代词系统 1.名词的分类与用法 1.专有名词（特定人、地、物的名称，首字母大写） 。例词：China(中国)、Monday(周一)、Tom(汤姆)、the Great Wall(长城) 。例句： 1.Beijing is the capital of China.(Beijing和China均为专有名词，表特定地点) 2.We will have a par'ty on Christmas Day..(Christmas Day为专有名词，表特定节日) 2.普通名词（非特定名称，分可数与不可数） ·可数名词：个体名词(student学生)、集体名词(family家庭) ·结构：单数(a/an+名词)：复数（名词+ses特殊变化） ●例句： 1.She has two apples and a banana.(apple/banana为可数名词，复数加s) 2.The police are looking for the lost child.(police为集体名词，视为复数) 2 高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 ·不可数名词：物质名词(water水)、抽象名词(happiness幸福) ·结构：无复数，表数量用“数词+量词+of” 。例句： 1.I need a glass of milk for breakfast.(milk不可数，用“a glass of”表数量) 2.Time is more valuable than money.(tine/money为不可数名词，无复数形式) 2.名词所有格（表所属关系） 1.有生命名词：s(单数/复数不以s结尾)：s（复数以s结尾) 。例句： 1.This is Tom's book.(单数名词，直接加's) 2.The teachers'office is on the second floor..(复数名词以s结尾，加') 2.无生命名词：of+名词 。例句： l.The cover of the book is red.(书的封面，用of表所属) 2.The legs of the table are broken.（桌子的腿，用of表所属) 3.人称代词（指代人或事物，分主格、宾格） 1.主格（作主语）：I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they 。例句： l.She is a doctor..(she为主格，作主语) 2.They are playing football in the park.(they为主格，作主语) 2.宾格（作宾语)：me,you,him,h,it,us,you,them ·例句： 1.My mother bought a gift for me.(me为宾格，作介词for的宾语) 2.The teacher asked him a question.(him为宾格，作动词asked的宾语) 4.物主代词（表所属，分形容词性与名词性） 1.形容词性物主代词（后接名词）：my,your,his,her,its,our,yor,their ●例句： 1.This is my pen.(my后接名词pen,表“我的钢笔”) 2.Their classroom is bigger than ours.(their后接名词classroom,表“他们的教室”) 2.名词性物主代词（独立使用，=形容词性物主代词+名词）：mine,yours,his,herS,its,ours,yours, theirs 3 高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 。例句： l.This book is mine..(mine=ny book,独立作表语) 2.Hers is the red one on the desk.(hers=her book,独立作主语) 5.指示代词（指代近处/远处、上文下文事物） 1.单数：this(这个，近指)、that（那个，远指) ·例句： 1.This is a cat,.and that is a dog.(this近指，that远指) 2.That was what he said yesterday.(that指代上文提到的内容) 2.复数：these（这些，近指)、those(那些，远指) 。例句： 1.These are my new shoes.(these近指复数事物) 2.Those students are from Class Three.(those远指复数人群) 6.不定代词（指代不确定的人或事物） 1.普通不定代词：some(一些，肯定句)、any(任何，否定/疑问句)、many(许多，可数)、much(许 多，不可数) 。例句： 1.I have some friends in Beijing.(some用于肯定句，修饰可数名词friends) 2.Do you have any water left?(any用于疑问句，修饰不可数名词water) 2.复合不定代词：everyone(每人)、something(某事)、nothing(无物) 。例句： 1.Everyone should follow the traffic rules.(everyone指所有人，视为单数) 2.There is something wrong with my phone.(something指不确定的事物，用于肯定句) 7.反身代词（指代主语本身，表“自己”） l.单数：myself,.yourself,himself,herself,,itself 2.复数：ourselves,.yourselves,themselves 。例句： l.She often teaches herself English.(herself指代主语she,表“她自己”) 2.We should take care of ourselves.(ourselves指代主语we,表“我们自己"”) 4 高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 知识点三：名词与代词系统 1.名词的分类（基础核心） 1.普通名词（个体/集体/物质/抽象）： 。个体名词：student(学生)→例句：The student is reading a book 。集体名词：family(家庭)→例句：His family are watching TV, 。物质名词：water(水)→例句：We need to drink enough water every day: ·抽象名词：happiness(幸福)→例句：Money can"t buy happiness. 2.专有名词（特定名称）： 。人名：Tom(汤姆)→例句：Tom is my best friend. ·地名：Beijing(北京)→例句：Beijing is the capital of China ●机构名：CCTV(中央电视台)→例句：We watch news on CCTV. 2.名词的数（中考必背) 1.可数名词复数规则变化： 。直接加s:book-books(书)→例句：There are many books on the shelf. ·以s/x/sh/ch结尾加es:box→boxes(盒子)→例句：I have three boxes of pencils. 。以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i加es:city一→cities(城市)→例句：Shanghai and Beijing are big cities. ●以ffe结尾变ffe为v加es:knife-→knives(刀)→例句：He needs two knives to cut the meat.. 2.可数名词复数不规则变化： ·man一→men(男人)一例句：Three men are working in the garden. 。child-→children(孩子)→例句：The children are playing happily. 。foot→feet(脚)→例句：My feet are tired after walking. 3.代词的分类及用法（中考核心） 1.人称代词： ·主格：I(我)/you(你)/he(他)→例句：She is a teacher. ·宾格：me(我)/him(他)/them（他们)→例句：My mother told me a story. 2.物主代词： 。形容词性：my(我的)/your(你的)/its(它的)→例句：This is my new bag. ·名词性：mine(我的)/yours(你的)/theirs(他们的)→例句：The red pen is mine.. 5 高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 3.指示代词： 。this(这个)/these(这些)→例句：This is a cat.These are dogs 。that(那个)/those(那些)→例句：That is a tree.Those are flowers. 考法精析 考法一：关系代词辨析 核心：根据先行词的性质（人/物）及关系代词在从句中的语法功能（主语/宾语/定语），选择正确 的关系代词 真题1（语法填空)： This is the museum we visited last weekend. 答案：which/that 解析：先行词the museum为物，关系代词在从句中作宾语，可使用which或that。 真题2（单项选择)： The girl hair is black won the first prize in the competition. A who B whom C whose D which 答案：C 解析：先行词he girl指人，关系代词在从句中作定语修饰hair,表“…的”，应用whose。 考法二：定语从句与时态结合 核心：根据定语从句修饰的先行词特征及上下文语境，选择正确的关系词并匹配从句时态 真题1（语法填空)： This is the museum_ we visited last year.It(build)in 1950 and has a long history. 答案：which/that;was built 解析：第一空先行词指物，在从句中作宾语，用which/hat:第二空由时间标志词'in1950”可知用 一般过去时，且主语与build是被动关系，故填was built。 真题2（单项选择)： The boy is standing under the tree to England twice A.who;has been B.whom;went C.which;has gone D.that;was going 答案：A 解析：第一空先行词指人且在从句中作主语，用who/hat:第二空由”twice”及语境可知动作对现在 有影响，用现在完成时，has been to表示”去过”，符合句意。 考法三：名词所有格、人称代词与现在完成时的综合运用 6 高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 核心：结合名词所有格表所属关系、人称代词主格/宾格的正确使用，以及现在完成时“动作持续 到现在”的用法(for/since结构) 真题1（单项选择)： -How long has brother lived in this city? -He has lived here 2018 A.you;in B.your;since C.yours;for D.yourself;from 答案：B 解析：第一空后接名词“brother”,需用形容词性物主代词“your”;第二空“2018”为时间点，现 在完成时中表“从过去某时持续至今”用“since+时间点”，“for”后接时间段，故选B。 真题2（语法填空）： My parents (work)in this school for 15 years.All the students like (they)very much because of (they)kindness 答案：have worked them their 解析：第一空“forl5 years”为现在完成时标志，主语“my parents”是复数，用“have worked”;第 二空作动词“like”的宾语，用人称代词宾格“them”;第三空后接名词“kindness”,用形容词性物 主代词“their”表所属。 解题小妙招 关系代词妙招 先行词是人用who,主语宾语都可顾： 先行词是物用which,hat通用人或物； 宾语位置可省略，whose表所属作定语： 主谓搭配要牢记，代词功能辨仔细。 定语从句时态妙招 从句时态看标志，过去现在和将来： 时间状语是关键，ago yesterday用过去； twice ever用完成，进行时态有特征： 主从时态要呼应，语境分析是核心。 从句综合运用妙招 定语从句先看主，名词性从句看连接： 代词指代要明确，人用who物用which: 时态呼应时间词，过去标志用过去： 完成时态看影响，has been to表去过； 被动语态be加done,时态变化be来定。 > 高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.The girl won the first prize in the competition is my best friend. A who B whom C which D whose 2.We visited the factory produces electric cars last week. A where B when C which D whose 3.This is the reason he refused to attend the meeting. A that B why C when D how 4.I still remember the day we first met at the school gate. A which B where C when D that 5.he will come to the party depends on his parents'permission. A That B Whether C What D How 6.The news our team lost the game made everyone sad. A which B who C that D what 7.She asked me ifI to the concert with her tomorrow. A go B went C will go D would go 8.By the time we arrived,the movie for ten minutes. A has started B had started C had been on D has been on 9.These books in the library for over five years. A are kept B have kept C have been kept D were kept 10.Everyone in our class required to wear uniforms on Monday A is B are C was Dwere 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.This is the house (where/which)I lived when I was a child. 2.The teacher (who/whom)we met yesterday will teach us math 3.I don't know the reason (why/that)he was absent from class 4.The fact (that/what)she passed the exam surprised all of us. 5.She said she (visit)her grandparents the next weekend. 6.The project(complete)by the end of last month 7.If it (rain)tomorrow,we will cancel the picnic. 8.He is the only student (who/that)can solve this problem. 9.My mother bought me the book(which/whose)cover is red. 8 高中基础词法译林版 【语法全解】 名词与代词系统 10 (What/That)he said at the meeting was very important. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空) Zhang Wei is a student (1)loves reading.Last year,he joined a book club (2)members often share their favorite books.The club meets in a library(3)was built in 1990.Zhang Wei still remembers the first day(4)he attended the club.A girl(5)name is Li Na recommended a novel to him.The story (6)(take)place in a small village.It tells the story of a boy_ (7)taught himself English and became a teacher.Zhang Wei was deeply moved by the story.He said,"The book (8)I read has changed my attitude toward life.Now,he(9)(read)at least one book every week.He hopes the club(10)(continue)to bring people together through reading. 参考答案 演练-：1.A2.C3B4.C5.B6.C7.D8.C9.C10.A 1.where 2.whom 3.why 4.that 5.would visit 6.hadbeen completed 7.rains 8.that 9.whose 10.What 1.who/that 2.whose 3.which/that 4.when 5.whose 6.takes 7.who/that 8.which/that 9.reads 10.will continue 9