基础词法 冠词与数词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（译林版）

高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 语法专版 冠词与数词系统讲解 基础词法专项突破 考频分析 译林版高中英语基础词法中，冠词与数词是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷 核心题型：单项选择(2-3题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(1-2题)、书面表达（基础考察，影 响名词搭配的准确性)。在语境理解类题目中，冠词的泛指特指及数词的固定搭配往往是解题关键。 考查内容 。冠词分类应用：定冠词the、不定冠词a/an、零冠词的辨析与功能 ·数词分类应用：基数词、序数词的基本结构与用法，分数、倍数、约数的表达 。冠词与数词的综合运用：在名词短语、固定搭配及语境中的正确选择与搭配 知识点一：冠词与数词系统讲解 1.不定冠词(a/an,表泛指，用于单数可数名词前) 1.用法区别： ·a用于辅音音素开头的单词前 。an用于元音音素开头的单词前 2.例句： 1.I need a book.(辅音音素开头) 2.She is an honest girl.(元音音素开头) 2.定冠词(the,表特指或特定概念) 1.使用场景： ·特指上文提到的人V物 。独一无二的事物 1 高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 。序数词/最高级前 2.例句： 1.The book on the desk is mine.(特指桌上的书) 2.The sun rises in the east.(独一无二事物) 3.零冠词（不使用冠词） 1.常见情况 。复数名词表泛指 ·不可数名词表泛指 。三餐到球类运动前 2.例句： 1.Dogs are loyal animals.(复数名词泛指) 2.We have breakfast at7a.m.(三餐前) 4.基数词（表数量） 1.基本形式：one(1)、two(2).one hundred(100)、one thousand(1000) 2.例句：There are thirty students in our class.(表示具体数量) 5.序数词（表顺序） 1.构成规则：first(1st)、second(2nd)、third(3rd)、fourth(4th)tenth(10th) 2.例句：She won the first prize in the competition.(表示顺序) 知识点二：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.用法区别： ●a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前（如a book,a university) 。an用于以元音音素开头的单词前（如an apple,an hour) 2.常见搭配： 。表示，一个”：I have a pen ●表示”某一个”：A girl is waiting for you. 高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 ·固定短语：have a rest,take an umbrella 2.定冠词(the) 1.用法场景： ·特指上文提到过的人或事物：I saw a cat..The cat was black. 。指世界上独一无二的事物：the sun,the moon,the Great Wall ·用于序数词、形容词最高级前：the first lesson,the tallest boy 2.固定搭配： 。乐器前：play the piano,play the violin 。习惯用语：in the morning,by the way 3.零冠词 1.用法规则： 。专有名词前：China,Tom,Beijing 。复数可数名词表示泛指时：Dogs are loyal animals 。不可数名词表示泛指时：Water is important. ·三餐、球类运动前：have breakfast,play basketball 4.基数词（表示数量） 1.基本构成： .1-12:one,two,...,twelve 。l3-l9:-teen结尾(thirteen,.fourteen,.,nineteen) ●20-90：-ty结尾(twenty,.thirty,.,ninety) 。整十位数与个位数之间加连字符：twenty--one(21),thirty-five(35) ·百位数：基数词+hundred(如two hundred) 。千位数：基数词+thousand(如three thousand) 2.用法示例： ·表示数量：There are five books on the desk. ·表示年龄：She is eighteen years old. ●表示时间：It's nine o'clock. 5.序数词（表示顺序） 3 高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 1.基本构成： 。第一至第三：first,second,third 。第四至第十九：基数词词尾加-th(fourth,fifth,,ninth,twelfth) 。整十位数：-ty变-tieth(twentieth,thirtieth,,ninetieth) 。两位数序数词：个位用序数词，十位用基数词（如twenty-.-first,.thirty-third) 2.用法示例： ●表示顺序：He got the first prize ·表示日期：Today is October 1st ·固定短语：at first,.on the second floor 6.数词的常见搭配与易错点 1.数量表达 ●”几百/千/百万'：基数词+hundred/thousand/million(不加s),如five hundred students ·”成百上千/成千上万”：hundreds of/thousands of(加s,后接of),如thousands of people 2.分数表达： ·分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时分母加s:1/3 one third,2/5 two fifths 。特殊分数：1/2 a half,1/4 a quarter 3.倍数表达： ●”A是B的几倍大/长/高'：A+be+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B,如This room is twice as big as that one. 知识点三：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。表示泛指，一个”：I have a pen.She is an English teacher, 。表示类别：A dog is a loyal animal..An apple is a fruit.. 。固定搭配：have a rest,;in a hurry ·表示'每一”：We go to school five days a week 2.特殊用法（中考易错)： 。a/an用法：an hour,?a university 高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 ·首次提到用a/an,再次提到用he:I saw a cat.The cat was black. 2.定冠词(the) 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背)： ●表示特指：The book on the desk is mine ·独一无二事物：The sun rises in the east,. 。序数词/最高级前：He is the first student to arrive..This is the tallest building. 。乐器名称前：She plays the piano very well. 2.习惯搭配（中考常考)： in the morning/afternoon/evening ·by the way ●the same as 3.零冠词（不用冠词） 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： ·复数/不可数名词表泛指：Dogs are friendly animals.Water is important. 。学科/语言/球类运动前：I like math.She speaks Chinese..We play basketball ●三餐/节日前：I have breakfast at7a.m.They celebrate Spring Festival.. 。称呼语/头衔前：.Wang is our teacher.Doctor Li will see you now. 2.常见固定搭配（中考高频）： at home ●go to school ●on foot 4.数词（基数词与序数词） 1.基数词用法（中考基础）： ·表示数量：There are twenty students in our class. 。表示年龄/时间：She is twelve years old.The meeting starts at eight o'clock. ●表示编号：Lesson Five,Room302 2.序数词用法（中考核心)： 。表示顺序：He got the first prize..This is my second time to visit Beijing 。序数词前加the:The third day of a week is Tuesday. 5 高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 。日期表达：June 1st(June the first)is Children'sDay. 3.数词常见搭配（中考易错)： ·hundreds of ●in one's twenties ●afew/a little 考法精析 考法一：不定冠词a/an用法辨析 核心：根据单词开头的音素（辅音音素/元音音素），选择正确的不定冠词a或an 真题1（语法填空）： There is_university in our city.It is very famous. 答案：a 解析：university虽以元音字母u开头，但发音为ju:nm'v3sati/,以辅音音素j/开头，故用不定冠词a。 真题2（单项选择)： My mother is-honest woman and she always tells the truth Aa B an Cthe D/ 答案：B 解析：honest发音为/'DnIst/,以元音音素D/开头，故用不定冠词an。 考法二：非谓语动词与定语从句融合 核心：结合非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的功能和定语从句引导词的用法，判断句子结构 中所需的正确形式 真题1（语法填空)： The girl(read)a book under the tree is my best friend.She is the one helped me with my math last term. 答案：reading who 解析：第一空需要非谓语动词作后置定语，girl与read是主动关系，用现在分词reading:第二空为 定语从句，先行词the one指人且在从句中作主语，用关系代词who。 真题2（单项选择）： I still remember the daywe spent together in the park A.when playing B.which played C.that playing D.where played 答案：C 解析：第一空为定语从句，先行词the day在从句中作spent的宾语，用关系代词that/which;第二 空为非谓语动词作伴随状语，we与play是主动关系，用现在分词playing。 考法三：时态与语态结合冠词、数词的综合应用 6 高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 核心：根据语境判断时态和语态，正确使用冠词修饰名词，掌握数词在时态中的搭配规则 真题1（单项选择)： _eighth lesson is very important.Itby our teacher last week. A.A;teaches B.The;was taught C.An;is taught D./;taught 答案：B 解析：序数词”eighth'”前需用定冠词the;主语”it”指代lesson,是动作'teach'”的承受者，用被动语态 由'last week'”可知用一般过去时被动语态，结构为"was+过去分词'，teach的过去分词为taught。 真题2（语法填空)： There are(hundred)of students in our school.A new library(build)here next year 答案：hundreds,will be built 解析：hundreds of'表示”成百上千”，为固定搭配；由时间标志词'next year'”可知用一般将来时， 主语”a new library”是动作build'的承受者，需用被动语态，结构为"will be+过去分词”。 解题小妙招 不定冠词aan用法妙招 判断a/an看音素，辅音音素前用a,元音音素前用an: 单词开头若为u,发音/ju/用a,其他元音音素用an: honest虽以h开头，o/音素前仍用an,音素为准记心间。 非谓语与定语从句融合妙招 非谓作定看关系，主动进行用doing,被动完成用done; 定语从句先看先行词，作宾用that/which,作状when/where: 主谓关系主动时，doing作伴表主动，结构清晰不混淆。 综合运用妙招 非谓形式先判断，主动进行doing,被动完成用done; 定语从句引导词，指人作主语用who,指物作宾hat/which: 时态关键看标志，三单现在用wats,过去分词表被动： 冠词用法别忘记，序数词前用定冠he,不可数名零冠词。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.There is European student in our class.He comes from France. Aa B an Cthe D/ 2.The little girl is wearing a red dress is my neighbor.She often helpselderly cross the street. A who an B whom a C which the D that/ 7 高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 3.My parents always tell metoo much timecomputer games. A not to spend playing B to not spend play Cnot spend to play D don't spend playing 4.This is the factory my father worked 10 years ago.Now it has been turned intomuseum. A where a B which an C that the D when 5.By the time we arrived at the cinema,the movie for 10 minutes.We missed the beginning. A had been on B has started C was beginning D will have ended 6.The novel by Lu Xun in 1921 is still popular among teenagers.Many students enjoy-it A writing reading B written to read C wrote read D written reading 7.I don't know_he will come tomorrow.If he_,I will call you immediately A when comes B if will come C whether comes D why came 8.-English well requires hard work.That's why our teacher often asks usmore practice. A Learning to do B To learn doing CLearn do D Learned to doing 9.The reason-she was late this morning washer bike broke down on the way. A why that B which because Cfor what D how/ 10.We should protect the environment by_waste and more trees. A reducing planting B reduce plant Cto reduce to plant Dreduced planted 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.Tom wants._(be)a doctor when he grows up.(用所给动词的适当形式填空) 2.The book_(publish)last month has sold over10,000 copies.(用所给动词的适当形式填空) 3.This is the first time I_(isit)the Great Wall..It's much more beautiful than I imagined.(用所给动词的 适当形式填空) 4.My brother spent two hours_epair)his old bike yesterday..(用所给动词的适当形式填空) 5.The students_(not finish)their homework yet.They need another 10 minutes.(用所给动词的适当形式 填空) 6.She is one of the girls._(who/which)always help others.(选择合适的引导词填空) 7.It's necessary for us_(leam)basic skills like cooking and cleaning..(用所给动词的适当形式填空) 8.The girl with_(who/whom)you talked just now is our monitor.(选择合适的引导词填空) 9.A new bridge_(build)over the river next year.It will make our life more convenient.(用所给s动词的适 当形式填空) l0.Ie asked me_(not tell)anyone about his secret.(用所给动词的适当形式填空) 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） 8 高中译林版 【语法全解】 基础词法 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In many countries,education is considered_(importance)part of life.A good education helps students develop_(they)abilities and prepare for the future. Last year,I visited a school in a small village.The students there were very hard-working.They spent hours(study)every day,even though they had limited resources.One teacher told me,"(learn)is the only way to change their lives." The school had a library_contained about 2,000 books.Most of the books_(donate)by volunteers from cities.The students loved reading,especially stories(write)by famous authors.I met a girldream was to become a writer.She said,"I want(write)books that can inspire children like me." This experience made me realize that education is not just about knowledge-it's about_(give)people hope.I hope more people will help such schools,so that every child can havechance to follow their dreams. 参考答案 答案区 演练一：单项选择 1.A2.A3.A4.A5.A6.D7.C8.A9.A10.A 演练二：填空试题 1.to be 2.published 3.have visited 4.repairing 5.haven't finished 6.who 7.to learn 8.whom 9.will be built 10.not to tell 演练三：语法填空 1.an 2.their 3.studying 4.Learning 5.which/that 6.were donated 7.written 8.whose 9.to write 10.giving 9