句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（外研版）

高中句法外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 寒假专版 【专题】句子基本类型与成分讲解 外研版高中语法全解 考频分析 高中外研版句法中，句子基本类型与成分讲解是基础语法模块，考频占句法总量的15%左右，涉 及试卷多个核心题型：单项选择(1-2题)、语法填空(2-3题)、阅读理解（辅助理解句子结构）、 书面表达（核心考察，直接影响句子规范与表达逻辑）。在结构分析类题目中，句子成分的划分及 基本句型的识别往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·句子基本类型：陈述句（肯定/否定）、疑问句（一般/特殊/选择/反意）、祈使句、感叹句的构成特点 与语气表达 ·句子成分识别：主语、谓语、宾语（直接间接）、表语、定语、状语、补语的基本概念与句法功能 辨析 ·复杂句式结构：简单句、并列句（并列连词用法）、复合句（定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句）的 引导词选择与成分划分 知识点一：句子基本类型与成分讲解 1.陈述句（陈述事实或观点） 1.肯定式：主语+谓语+其他成分 例句：She studies English every day 2.否定式：主语+助动词+not+谓语+其他成分 例句：He does not like swimming. 2.疑问句（提出问题） 1.一般疑问句：助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分 例句：Do you have a pen? 高中句法外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 2.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分 例句：Where did she go yesterday? 3.选择疑问句：一般疑问句+o+选择部分 例句：Is this a cat or a dog? 4.反意疑问句：陈述句+简短疑问部分 例句：He is a student,.isn'the? 3.祈使句（发出命令、请求或建议） 1.肯定式（动词原形开头） 例句：Open the door,please. 2.否定式(Don't+动词原形开头) 例句：Don't smoke here. 4.感叹句（表达强烈情感） 1.What引导：What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+（主语+谓语）！ 例句：What a beautiful flower it is! 2.How引导：How+形容词/副词+（主语+谓语）！ 例句：How fast he runs! 知识点二：句子基本类型与成分 1.陈述句 1.肯定句 结构：主语+谓语+其他成分 例句： (I)She studies hard every day.(主语She,谓语studies,状语every day) (2)We will have a picnic next Sunday.(主语We,谓语will have,.宾语a picnic,状语next Sunday) 2.否定句 结构：主语+助动词(do/does/did/wil/have等)+not+动词原形/过去分词+其他成分 例句： (1)They do not(don't)like swimming.(助动词do+not,动词原形like) (2)He has not(hasn't)finished his homework yet.(助动词has+not,过去分词finished) 2.疑问句 1.一般疑问句（用yes/no回答） 结构：助动词/情态动词b动词+主语+动词原形/过去分词+其他成分 高中句法外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 例句： (I)Do you speak English?(助动词Do提前，主语you,动词原形speak) (2)Is she reading a book now?(be动词Is提前，主语she,现在分词reading) 2.特殊疑问句（用疑问词回答） 结构：疑问词+助动词/情态动词b动词+主语+动词原形/过去分词+其他成分 例句： (I)What does he usually do on weekends?(疑问词What,助动词does,主语he,动词原形do) (2)Where will they go tomorrow?(疑问词Where,助动词will,主语they,动词原形go) 3.祈使句 1.肯定祈使句 结构：动词原形+其他成分 例句： (I)Open the window,please.(动词原形Open,宾语the window) (2)Study hard for the exam!(动词原形Study,状语hard) 2.否定祈使句 结构：Dont+动词原形+其他成分 例句： (1)Don't be late for class.(Don't+be动词原形be,表语late) (2)Don't play computer games too much.(Don't+动词原形play,宾语computer games.) 4.感叹句 1.what引导（修饰名词） 结构：What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+（主语+谓语）！ 例句： (I)What a beautiful flower(itis)!(What+a+形容词beautiful+名词flower) (2)What interesting books they are!(What+形容词interesting+名词books,主语they,谓语are) 2.how引导（修饰形容词/副词/动词） 结构：How+形容词/副词+（主语+谓语）川 例句： (I)How tall the tree is!(How+形容词tall,主语the tree,谓语is) (2)How fast he runs!(How+副词fast,主语he,谓语uns) 5.简单句的基本成分 1.主语（动作的发出者） 例句： (1)Tom is a student.（名词Tom作主语) (2)Swimming is good for health.(动名词Swimming作主语) 3 高中句法外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 2.谓语（表示动作或状态） 例句： (I)She sings well.(实义动词sings作谓语) (2)They are happy..(系动词are作谓语，后接表语happy) 3.宾语（动作的承受者） 例句： (I)He bought a book.（直接宾语a book) (2)My mother gave me a gift.(间接宾语me,直接宾语a gift) 4.表语（系动词后表示主语的状态） 例句： (I)The sky is blue.(形容词blue作表语) (2)She is a teacher..(名词a teacher作表语) 5.定语（修饰名词或代词） 例句： (I)This is ared apple.(形容词red修饰名词apple) (2)The book on the desk is mine.(介词短语on the desk修饰名词book) 6.状语（修饰动词、形容词等） 例句： (I)He runs quickly.（副词quickly修饰动词uns) (2)They will meet at the park tomorrow.(介词短语at the park表地点，副词tomorrow表时间) 知识点三：句子基本类型与成分 l.陈述句(Declarative Sentence) 1.肯定式 (1)主谓(S+V)→例句：Birds fly:. (2)主谓宾(S+V+O)→例句：She eats apples (3)主系表(S+LinkV+P)→例句：He is a student 口主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO)→例句：My mother gives me a gift, ☐主谓宾补(S+V+O+C)→例句：We keep the room clean, 2.否定式： (I)be动词+not→例句：They are not teachers, (2)情态动词+not+动词原形→例句：She can not swim, (3)实义动词+助动词(don't/doesn't/didn't)+动词原形→例句：He doesn't like coffee. 2.疑问句(Interrogative Sentence.) 1.一般疑问句： (I)Be动词+主语+其他→例句：Are you from China? 4 高中句法外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 (2)情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他→例句：Can you speak English? (3)助动词(Do/Does/Did)+主语+动词原形+其他一→例句：Do they play football? 2.特殊疑问句： (I)疑问词(What/Who/When/Where/Why/How)+一般疑问句→例句：What does she do? (2)疑问词(Which/Whose)+名词+一般疑问句→例句：Which book is yours? 3.祈使句(Imperative Sentence) 1.肯定式： (I)动词原形+其他→例句：Open the door. (2)Be+形容词/名词→例句：Be quiet! 2.否定式： (1)Don't+动词原形+其他→例句：Don't run in the hall. (2)No+动名词→例句：No smoking 4.感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence) 1.What引导： (I)What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语→例句：What a beautiful flower it is! (2)What+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语→例句：What clever children they are! 2.H0w引导： (I)How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语→例句：How fast he runs! (2)How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语→例句：How lovely a girl she is! 考法精析 考法一：句子类型判断 核心：根据句子结构和功能，区分陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句 真题1（语法填空）： -(not play)football in the street.It's dangerous. 答案：Don't play 解析：句子表命令，为祈使句否定式，结构为“Don't+动词原形”，故填Don't play。 真题2（单项选择）： _beautiful flowers they are! A.What B.How C.What a D.How a 答案：A 解析：感叹句中中心词为名词“flowers”(复数)，用What引导，结构为“What+形容词+名词复 高中句法外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 数+（主语+谓语）”，故选A。 考法二：句子类型与时态结合 核心：根据句子类型（陈述句、疑问句等）的结构特点，结合时态的时间标志词或语境，完成语法 填空或句子改写 真题1（语法填空)： 一一you一(finish)your homework yet??(一般疑问句) 一Yes,I一.I一(finish)it an hour ago.(陈述句) 答案：ave finished:have;finished 解析：第一句为一般疑问句，由时间标志词“yt”可知用现在完成时，结构为“助动词+主语+动 词过去分词”，主语为you,助动词用Have,finish的过去分词为finished;第二句肯定回答用have: 第三句由“an hour ago”可知用一般过去时，finish的过去式为finished。 真题2（句型转换)： They will hold a party next Sunday.(改为被动语态的特殊疑问句) _a partyby them next Sunday? 答案：When will be held 解析：原句为一般将来时主动语态，改为特殊疑问句需用特殊疑问词Wen,被动语态结构为“will bet过去分词”，hold的过去分词为held,整理为“When will a party be held by them next Sunday?” 考法三：复合句中句子类型与宾语从句的综合运用 核心：结合陈述句、疑问句等基本句型特征，掌握宾语从句的连接词选择、陈述语序及时态一致规则 真题1（单项选择）： He asked me I could tell him the way to the supermarket. A.that B.if C.what D.how fast 答案：B 解析：主句为陈述句He asked me'”,宾语从句是疑问句'Could you tell him the way to the supermar- ket?',应用if/whether连接，表”是否”；that无意义不用于疑问句，what需在从句中作成分，how fst修饰副词，此处从句不缺成分且表疑问，故选B。 真题2（语法填空)： She said that she(visit)her grandparents the next day. 答案：would visit 解析：主句'She said''为一般过去时，宾语从句需用相应过去时态：由时间标志the next day'可知 表过去将来，结构为”would+动词原形'，visit的原形为visit。 6 高中句法外研版 【寒假专版】A版知识点全解 解题小妙招 句子类型妙招 句子类型四种类，陈述疑问祈使叹： 陈述主谓表事实，疑问疑问词助动前： 祈使动词原形始，否定Don't加在前： 感叹句中找中心，What名How形副连。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.interesting story it is! A.What B.How C.What an D.How an 2.-you-to the Great Wall before? -Yes,I went there last year. A.Have;been B.Did;go C.Will;go D.Are;going 3.The meetingby the manager at 3 p.m.yesterday. A.holds B.held C.was held D.is held 4.Could you tell methe nearest post office is? A.what B.where C.how D.when 5.HeTV when his mother came back last night. A.watches B.watched C.was watching D.is watching 6.-quiet in the library,please. A.Be B.Being C.To be D.Was 7.The eartharound the sun. A.go B.goes C.went D.will go 8.By the time I arrived,the party_already. A.ends B.ended C.has ended D.had ended 9.this book by Lu Xun? A.Is;written B.Was;written C.Did;write D.Does;write 10.I don't think hehere tomorrow A.come B.comes C.will come D.came 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1._(not open)the window.It's cold outside.(祈使句否定式) 7 高中句法外研版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 2.They_(live)in Beijing since20l0.(现在完成时) 3._she_(isit)her grandparents last weekend?(一般过去时疑问句) 4.A new hospital._(build)in our city next year.(一般将来时被动语态) 5.What_you_(do)at8o’clock last night?(过去进行时疑问句) 6.He asked me if I_(finish)ny homework.(宾语从句，过去完成时) 7.beautiful the park is!(感叹句，How引导) 8.The letter_(write)by my sister yesterday.（一般过去时被动语态) 9.We_hold)a party tomorrow evening.(一般将来时) l0._be)careful when you cross the street.(祈使句肯定式) 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空) Last Sunday,my friends and I decided to visit a museum.When we arrived,we found that the museum (close)because of a special event.We felt disappointed,so we-(go)to a nearby park instead.In the park,some children(play)games happily.A girl asked us if we(want)to join them.We accepted her invitation and(have)a lot of fun At noon,we(eat)lunch at a restaurant.The food_(cook)by a famous chef,and it tasted delicious. After lunch,we(visit)a bookstore.I(buy)a novel which_(write)by my favorite author. Although our museum plan failed,we still had a great day! 答案区 演练-：1.C2.A3.C4.B5.C6.A7B8D9B10.C 1.Don't open 2.have lived 3.Did;visit 4.will be built 5.were;doing 6.had finished 7.How 8.was written 9.will hold/are going to hold 10.Be 1.was closed 2.went 3.were playing 4.wanted 5.had 6.ate 7.was cooked8.visited 9.bought 10.was written