内容正文:
高中外研版
【基础词法】
名词与代词系统讲解
基础词法
名词与代词系统讲解
外研版高中语法全解
考频分析
基础词法外研版中,名词与代词是重点语法模块,考频占词法总量的15%左右,贯穿试卷所有核
心题型:单项选择2-3题、完形填空3-4题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达核心考察,直接影响句子
完整性与准确性。在语境理解类题目中,名词的数、格及代词的指代一致性往往是解题关键。
考查内容
·名词核心考点:可数与不可数名词的辨析及量化表达,名词所有格('s所有格、o所有格)的构成
与用法,名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语的句法功能
。代词系统应用:人称代词(主格、宾格)、物主代词(形容词性、名词性)、反身代词的指代一致性,指示
代词(this/that/these/those)、不定代词(some/any/ho/many/much/few/ittle/both/either/neither/all/each/evey/another/ot
的辨析与语境选择
·一致关系:主谓一致(集体名词、不可数名词、并列主语等作主语时的谓语形式),代词指代一致
(避免指代不明、单复数混淆)
知识点一:名词与代词系统讲解
1.名词(表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词)
1.分类:
。专有名词(首字母大写,表特定名称):China(中国)、Monday(星期一)
。普通名词(表一类人或事物):student(学生)、book(书)、happiness(幸福)
2.数:
。可数名词(有单复数形式):apple-→apples
·不可数名词(无复数形式,表量时需加量词):water-a glass of water
。例句:
l.There are three books on the desk.(可数名词复数)
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高中外研版
【基础词法】
名词与代词系统讲解
2.She drinks a cup of milk every morning.(不可数名词用量词修饰)
2.代词(代替名词或名词短语,避免重复)
1.人称代词(表人或事物的代词):
●主格(I/you/he/she/itwe/they,作主语)→例句:She is a teacher..
●宾格(ne/you/him/her/it/us/them,作宾语)→例句:I love them.
2.物主代词(表所属关系):
。形容词性物主代词(my/your/his/her/its/our/their,后接名词)一→例句:This is my pen
·名词性物主代词(mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/theirs,独立使用,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名
词”)→例句:The red car is hers,.
3.指示代词(表“这个这些、那个/那些”):
。this(近指单数)→例句:This is a cat.
。that(远指单数)→例句:That is a dog
●these(近指复数)例句:These are books.
。those(远指复数)→例句:Those are apples.
4.反身代词(表“某人自己”):myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves-→
例句:He taught himself English
知识点二:名词与代词系统讲解
1.名词(表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念等的词)
1.分类及特点
●普通名词(个体名词:student学生;集体名词:family家庭;物质名词:water水;抽象名词:
happiness幸福)
●专有名词(首字母大写,如China中国、Monday星期一、Tom汤姆)
2.数的变化(可数名词)
·规则变化:
1.一般加-s:book→books(书)、cat→cats(猫)
2.以sx/sh/ch结尾加-es:bus→buses(公交车)、box→boxes(盒子)
3.以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加-es:city→cities(城市)、baby→babies(婴儿)
4.以ffe结尾,变f/fe为v加-es:leaf→leaves(树叶)、kife→knives(刀)
。不规则变化:
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高中外研版
【基础词法】
名词与代词系统讲解
1.单复数同形:sheep→sheep(绵羊)、Chinese→Chinese(中国人)
2.特殊变化:man→men(男人)、woman→women(女人)、child→children(孩子)
3.所有格(表示所属关系)
●有生命名词:一般加's,Tom'sbag(汤姆的包):以s结尾的复数名词加',the students'classroom
(学生们的教室)
。无生命名词:用of短语,the door of the room(房间的门)、the name of the book(书的名字)
2.代词(代替名词或名词短语的词)
1.人称代词(表示“我、你、他、我们、你们、他们”)
。主格(作主语):I(我)、you(你/你们)、he(他)、he(她)、it(它)、we(我们)、they(他们)
例句:She is a teacher.(她是一名老师。)
·宾格(作宾语):me(我)、you(你/你们)、him(他)、her(她)、it(它)、us(我们)、them
(他们)
例句:My mother bought me a present.(妈妈给我买了一个礼物。)
2.物主代词(表示“…的”)
·形容词性物主代词(后接名词):my(我的)、your(你的/你们的)、his(他的)、her(她的)、
its(它的)、our(我们的)、their(他们的)
例句:This is my pen.(这是我的钢笔。)
·名词性物主代词(独立使用,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”):mine(我的)、yours(你
的/你们的)、his(他的)、hers(她的)、its(它的)、ours(我们的)、theirs(他们的)
例句:Your book isred,mine is blue.(你的书是红色的,我的是蓝色的。)
3.反身代词(表示“某人自己”)
·形式:myself(我自己)、yourself(你自己)、himself(他自己)、herself(她自己)、itself(它自
己)、ourselves(我们自己)、yourselves(你们自己)、themselves(他们自己)
·用法:作宾语(强调主语自身)或同位语(加强语气)
例句:She taught herself English.(她自学英语。)/I myself did it.(我自己做的这件事。)
4.指示代词(表示“这个、那个、这些、那些”)
。单数:this(这个,近指)、that(那个,远指):复数:these(这些,近指)、those(那些,远指)
例句:This is a dog,and that is a cat..(这是一只狗,那是一只猫。)/These books are mine,,and those
are yours.(这些书是我的,那些是你的。)
5.不定代词(表示不确定的人或事物)
·some(一些,用于肯定句;请求/建议的疑间句):There are some apples on the table.(桌子上有
一些苹果。)/Would you like some tea?(你想喝点茶吗?)
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高中外研版
【基础词法】
名词与代词系统讲解
·any(任何/一些,用于否定句/疑问句):Idon't have any money.(我没有钱。)/Do you have any
questions?(你有问题吗?)
·many(许多,修饰可数名词复数):There are many students in the park.(公园里有许多学生。)
●much(许多,修饰不可数名词):He has much homework to do.(他有很多作业要做。)
。afew(几个,修饰可数名词复数,表肯定):I have a few friends here.(我在这里有几个朋友。)
·few(很少/几乎没有,修饰可数名词复数,表否定):He has few books..(他几乎没有书。)
·a little(一点,修饰不可数名词,表肯定):There is a little water in the glass.(杯子里有一点水。)
。little(很少/儿乎没有,修饰不可数名词,表否定):I have little time.(我几乎没有时间。)
·everyone/everybody(每个人)、入something(某事)、nothing(没什么)等(作主语时谓语动词用
单数):Everyone is here..(每个人都在这里。)/Something is wrong with my bike..(我的自行车出
问题了。)
知识点三:名词与代词系统讲解
1.名词的分类(基础必学)
1.普通名词:
。个体名词:student(学生)→例句:He is a good student.
。集体名词:family(家庭)→例句:My family is big.
·物质名词:water(水)→例句:We need to drink water every day.
●抽象名词:happiness(幸福)→例句:Money can't buy happiness.
2.专有名词(特定名称):
·人名:Tom(汤姆)→例句:Tom is my best friend
。地名:Beijing(北京)→例句:Beijing is the capital of China.
。机构名:CCTV(中央电视台)→例句:I watch news on CCTV..
2.名词的数(中考核心)
1.可数名词单复数:
。规则变化:book-→books(书)→例句:There are many books on the shelf.
。不规则变化:child-→children(孩子)→例句:The children are playing in the park
2.不可数名词量化:
。a cup of tea(一杯茶)一例句:I want a cup of tea..
。two bottles of milk(两瓶牛奶)→例句:She buys two bottles of milk.
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高中外研版
【基础词法】
名词与代词系统讲解
3.人称代词与物主代词(中考重点)
1.人称代词(主格/宾格):
。I(我,主格)→例句:I am a student.
。me(我,宾格)→例句:My mother loves me..
·they(他们,主格)→例句:They are playing football.
。hem(他们,宾格)→例句:I often help them.
2.物主代词(形容词性/名词性):
。my(我的,形容词性)→例句:This is my book.
。mine(我的,名词性)→例句:The red pen is mine.
·their(他们的,形容词性)→例句:Their classroom is big.
·theirs(他们的,名词性)→例句:These books are theirs.
4.指示代词与不定代词(中考易错)
1.指示代词:
。this(这个)→例句:This is my pen.
。that(那个)→例句:That is a tree.
。these(这些)→例句:These are apples..
。those(那些)→例句:Those are oranges.
2.不定代词:
。some(一些,肯定句)→例句:I have some books.
·any(一些,否定句/疑问句)一→例句:Do you have any pens??
。all(全部)→例句:All the students are here.
。both(两者都)→例句:Both of them are good.
考法精析
考法一:代词辨析
核心:根据上下文语境及代词句法功能,判断人称、数、格及指代关系,选择正确代词形式
真题1(语法填空):
The book on the desk is not mine.It must be(she).
答案:hers
解析:空后无名词,需用名词性物主代词,she的名词性物主代词为hers,相当于her book。
真题2(完形填空):
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高中外研版
【基础词法】
名词与代词系统讲解
My parents often tell me to believe inwhen facing difficulties.
A.myself B.yourself C.himself D.themselves
答案:A
解析:句中主语为I,反身代词需与主语保持一致,应用ysf,表“相信自己”。
考法二:非谓语动词与时态结合
核心:根据语境判断动作的时态及非谓语动词的形式,注意非谓语动词与谓语动词的时间关系
真题1(语法填空):
I remembered
(see)him somewhere before,but I couldn't tell when exactly.
答案:seeing
解析:remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”,see的动作发生在remembered之前,用动名词形
式作宾语。
真题2(单项选择):
By the time we arrived at the station,the train
A.has left B.left C.had left D.was leaving
答案:C
解析:by the time引导时间状语从句,从句用一般过去时,主句动作发生在从句之前,用过去完成
时,leave的过去分词为left。
考法三:名词所有格、人称代词与现在完成时的综合应用
核心:结合名词所有格表示所属关系,人称代词主格/宾格的正确使用,以及现在完成时“have/has
+过去分词”的结构和时间标志词判断。
真题1(单项选择):
-Is this
dictionary?
-No,it's not
I think it's.She has had it for a week.
A.your mine hers
B.yours my her
C.your my hers
D.yours mine her
答案:A
解析:第一空后有名词“dictionary”,用形容词性物主代词“your”;第二空独立使用,用名词性物
主代词“mine”;第三空后无名词,且根据“她已经拥有它一周了”(现在完成时“has had”),用名
词性物主代词“hers”,指代“她的字典”。
真题2(语法填空):
My brother(lose)his keys yesterday,and he_
(look)for them since then.The keys are
(he),so he is very worried.
答案:lost has looked his
解析:第一空由“yesterday”可知用一般过去时,“lose”的过去式为“lost”;第二空由“since then”(从
那时起,表从过去持续到现在的动作)可知用现在完成时,主语“he”是第三人称单数,填“has
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高中外研版
【基础词法】
名词与代词系统讲解
looked”;第三空后无名词,用名词性物主代词“his”,指代“他的钥匙”。
解题小妙招
代词辨析妙招
代词形式看空后,有名用形无名名:
人称代词分主宾,主格作主宾格宾:
反身代词表自身,须与主语相匹配:
物主代词两类型,形代名代要分明。
非谓语动词妙招
非谓形式有三类,to do doing和done:
目的将来用todo,doing表主动或进行:
done表示被动或完成,时态关系要辨清;
感官使役有特点,to在主动句中略:
介词之后接doing,固定搭配记心间。
真题演练
演练一:单项选择试题(共10题)
1.This dictionary isn't mine.It must be
A.her B.hers C.she D.herself
2.My brother often teaches math when I have difficulties
A.myself B.himself C.me D.him
3.Remember the door before leaving the classroom
A.to lock B.locking C.lock D.locked
4.The teacher told us noise in the library
A.not make B.not to make C.don't make D.not making
5.By the time we got there,the meeting for 10 minutes
A.has begun B.began C.had begun D.had been on
6.Look!The childrenhappily in the park
A.play B.played C.are playing D.have played
7.He is used toearly in the morning
A.get up B.getting up C.gets up D.got up
8.The bookby many students last year
A.reads B.is read C.was read D.will be read
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高中外研版
【基础词法】
名词与代词系统讲解
9.I have two sisters.
of them are teachers
A.Both B.All C.Either D.Neither
10.This is the best movie I
ever seen
A.have B.has C.had D.will have
演练二:填空试题(共10题)
1.She decided
(study)abroad next year
2.We should learn to take care of
(we)
3.The workers are busy
(build)a new bridge
4.By the end of last month,they (finish)the project
5.
.(swim)is good exercise for people of all ages
6.The little girl was heard(sing)in the room just now
7.This is the house (build)in 1990
8.He asked me if I(see)his lost key
9.My mother often tells me not
(waste)time
10.Those
(be)my books.You can borrow any of them
演练三:语法填空试题(共10空)
Tom is a student who loves English.Every morning,he gets up early(read)English aloud.He
thinks that(learn)English well is very important for his future.Last year,he (join)an English
club where he practices speaking with foreign teachers.By now,he(make)great progress in his English
study.
Yesterday,Tom (meet)a foreign visitor in the street.The visitor looked worried,so Tom went up
to help him.The visitor thanked Tom and said that he(lose)his way to the hotel.Tom told him that he
could take the No.10 bus.To show his thanks,the visitor wanted (give)Tom a gift,but Tom refused
politely.He said,"It's my pleasure(help)others."
Tom's parents are proud of They always encourage him
(keep)working hard.
答案区
演练-:1B2.C3.A4B5D6.C7B8.C9.A10.A
1.to study 2.ourselves 3.building 4.had finished 5.Swimming 6.to sing 7.built 8.had seen 9.to
waste 10.are
1.to read 2.learning 3.joined 4.has made 5.met 6.had lost 7.to give 8.to help 9.him 10.to keep
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