基础词法 冠词与数词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（外研版）

高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 语法专项 冠词与数词系统讲解 外研版高中语法全解 考频分析 基础词法外研版中，冠词与数词是基础语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，涉及试卷多个题 型：单项选择2-3题、完形填空1-2题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达（辅助考察，影响名词搭配的 规范性)。在语境应用类题日中，冠词的泛指特指及数词的基数序数转换往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·冠词分类应用：定冠词the、不定冠词a/an、零冠词的辨析与功能 ·数词系统运用：基数词、序数词的基本结构与语境匹配，分数、倍数、年代的表达 ·冠词与数词固定搭配：与专有名词、固定短语的搭配规则，数量表达中的常见误区与正确形式 知识点一：冠词与数词系统讲解 1.不定冠词(a/an,表泛指) 1.用法区别：a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前 2.例句： 。I need a pen..(辅音音素/开头) 。She is an honest girl.(元音音素o/开头) 2.定冠词(the,表特指) 1.使用场景：特指上文提到的人或物、独一无二的事物、序数词/形容词最高级前、乐器名称前 2.例句： ·The book on the desk is mine.(特指桌上的书) ·He plays the piano well..(乐器前) 3.零冠词（不用冠词） 1 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 1.常见情况：复数名词表泛指、不可数名词表泛指、三餐/球类运动名称前、节日/季节前 2.例句： ·Dogs are loyal animals.(复数名词泛指) ·We have breakfast at7a.m.(三餐名称前) 4.基数词（表数量） 1.基本构成：1-12独立拼写，13-19以-teen结尾，20-90整十数以-y结尾，几十几用连字符连接 2.例句： .There are twenty-five students in our class.(25) He bought three books yesterday.(3) 5.序数词（表顺序） 1.构成规则：1-3特殊变化(first/second/third),4-l9在基数词后加-th,整十数变y为i加-eth 2.例句： ·She got the first prize in the competition.（第一) ·Today is his twelfth birthday.(第十二) 知识点二：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.基本用法： ·用于可数名词单数前，表示”一个”某一个”，泛指一类人或事物中的任意一个 。a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前 2.常见搭配： ·a university(一所大学，university以辅音音素ju:/开头) ●an hour(一小时，hour以元音音素/a/开头) ●a book(一本书) ·an apple(一个苹果) 3.典型例句 。I need a pen to write with.(泛指一支笔，pen以辅音音素p/开头，用a) ·There is an orange on the table.(泛指一个橙子，orange以元音音素/o/开头，用an) 2 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 2.定冠词(the) 1.基本用法： 。用于特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，指双方都知道的人或事物 ·指上文提到过的人或事物，用于世界上独一无二的事物前 ·用于序数词、形容词最高级前，用于乐器名称前 2.常见搭配： ·the sun(太阳) 。the first lesson(第一节课) ·the tallest building(最高的楼) ·play the piano(弹钢琴) ·the book(特指上文提到的书) 3.典型例句： 。The girl in red is my sister.(特指穿红衣服的那个女孩) 。We visited the Great Wall last month.(双方都知道的长城) ●He is the best student in our class..(形容词最高级前用the) 3.零冠词 1.基本用法： 。用于复数名词和不可数名词表示泛指时 ·用于学科、语言、球类运动、一日三餐名称前 。用于季节、月份、星期前 ●用于某些固定搭配中（如at school,by bus) 2.常见搭配： 。students(学生们，泛指) ·water(水，不可数名词泛指) 。English(英语) ·play basketball(打篮球) 。in spring(在春天) ●have breakfast(吃早餐) 3.典型例句： ·Books are our good friends.(复数名词泛指，不用冠词) 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 。She studies math very hard.(学科名称前不用冠词) ●We usually go to school by bike.(固定搭配by bike,不用冠词) 4.基数词 1.基本用法： 。表示数量，用于修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词（需搭配量词） ·可用于年龄、时间、日期、电话号码等 2.常见搭配： 。three books(三本书) ·five apples(五个苹果) 。ten years old(十岁) ·twoo'clock(两点钟) ·R00m302(302房间) 3.典型例句： 。There are twenty students in our class.(表示数量二十) ●My brother is eight years old.(表示年龄八岁) ·I get up at six thirty every momning.(表示时间六点半) 5.序数词 1.基本用法： 。表示顺序，意为”第几”，通常与定冠词the连用 。用于日期、楼层、比赛名次等 2.常见搭配 。the first day(第一天) ●the second floor(二楼) ·the third prize（三等奖) ·May the fifth(五月五日) 3.典型例句： ●He came first in the race.(比赛中获得第一名，first前可省略the) ·This is the third time I have visited Beijing.(第三次访间北京) ·My birthday is on the twelfth of September.(九月十二日) 4 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 6.数词的常见用法与搭配 1.分数表达： ·结构：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母用复数 。如one third(三分之一)、two fifths(五分之二) 。例句：Two thirds of the students are girls..(三分之二的学生是女生) 2.倍数表达： ·结构：基数词+times+as+形容词原级+as ·如three times as big as(是…的三倍大) 。例句：This room is twice as large as that one.(这个房间是那个房间的两倍大) 3.概数表达： 。结构：数词+hundred/thousand/million/billion(前面有具体数字时，词尾不加s) 。hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of(表示”成百上千、成千上万”等，词尾加s,后接of) ·例句： I.There are five hundred people in the hall.(五百人，具体数字后hundred不加s) 2.Thousands of birds fly to the south in winter.(成千上万的鸟，thousands of) 知识点三：冠词的分类与用法 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。表示泛指，一个”，a用于辅音音素开头的单词前→例句：I have a book. 。an用于元音音素开头的单词前→例句：She eats an apple every morning ·用于可数名词单数前，表示类别→例句：A dog is a loyal animal 。用于固定搭配"a lot of'(许多)→例句：There are a lot of students in the classroom. 。用于have a+疾病名称（患…病）→例句：He has a cold today. 2.特殊用法辨析（中考易错)： 。a/an与one的区别：a/an表泛指，one表数量”一”→例句：I need a pen.(泛指钢笔)/I have one pen.(数量”一”) ●以元音字母开头但发辅音音素的单词用a→例句：a university(/junr'v3:sati/,辅音音素开头) ·以辅音字母开头但发元音音素的单词用an一→例句：an hour(/'a心ar)/,元音音素开头) 2.定冠词(the) 5 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。表示特指的人或物→例句：The book on the desk is mine. ·用于独一无二的事物前→例句：The sun rises in the east, 。用于序数词前→例句：She is the first student to come to class 。用于形容词最高级前→例句：This is the tallest building in the city. 。用于乐器类名词前→例句：He plays the piano very well,. 2.固定搭配归纳（中考常考）： ·in the morning/.afternoon/evening(在早上/下午/晚上)→例句：We have classes in the morning 。on the left/right(在左/右边)→例句：The bank is on the right. 。the same as(与…相同)→例句：My bag is the same as yours.. 3.零冠词（不用冠词） 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。用于复数名词表示泛指→例句：Dogs are friendly animals.. 。用于不可数名词表示泛指→例句：Water is important for us. ·用于球类、棋类运动前→例句：They play basketball every day. 。用于三餐名称前→例句：We have breakfast at7a.m 。用于节日、季节前→例句：Spring is a beautiful season 2.固定搭配归纳（中考常考）： 。by+交通工具（不用the)→例句：I go to school by bike. ●at school/home(在学校/家)→例句：He is at home now. ·play chess(下棋)→例句：They often play chess on weekends.. 考法精析 考法一：非谓语动词形式辨析 核心：根据语境判断非谓语动词的类型（不定式、动名词、分词），结合固定搭配或语法功能选择 正确形式 真题1（语法填空)： She decided(study)abroad after finishing high school. 答案：to study 解析：由固定搭配”decide to do sth”(决定做某事)可知，此处用不定式作宾语，填to study。 6 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 真题2（完形填空）： _(swim)is my favorite sport because it helps me relax. A.Swim B.Swims C.Swimming D.To swim 答案：C 解析：空格处需填入主语，动名词(wimming)可作主语表示抽象概念，符合语境：不定式作主语 通常表具体动作或用t作形式主语，此处无此结构，故选C。 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 核心：根据语境判断非谓语动词的形式及时态，结合动作发生的时间和逻辑关系选择正确形式 真题1（语法填空）： -(finish)the project on time,they have been working day and night for a week 答案：To finish 解析：由语境可知，此处表目的，用不定式作目的状语；have been working”表明动作从过去持续 到现在，不定式表目的不影响时态。 真题2（完形填空）： She stood there,(wait)for the bus when it suddenly started to rain A.wait B.waiting C.waited D.to wait 答案：B 解析：句中已有谓语动词”stood',此处需用非谓语动词；”waiting”为现在分词作伴随状语，与主 语”she”是主动关系；”started”表明动作发生在过去，现在分词形式不受时态影响。 考法三：时态、冠词与数词的综合运用 核心：结合具体语境判断时态（如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时），正确使用冠词 (a/an/the/零冠词)和数词（基数词/序数词） 真题1（单项选择）： _eighth lesson is about_use of articles.It by our teacher yesterday. A.The;the;was taught B.An;the;taught C.A;a;is taught D.The;/was teaching 答案：A 解析：第一空'第八课”表顺序用序数词eighth,前需加定冠词he:第二空冠词的用法”为特指， 用定冠词the;第三空主语”it'指代课程，是动作teach”的承受者，由时间标志词'yesterday”可知 用一般过去时被动语态，结构为”was+过去分词'，teach的过去分词为taught。 真题2（语法填空)： Three_(hundred)students in our school will take part in (one)English speech contest next week.It (hold)in the hall on the(five)floor. 答案：hundred;the first:will be held:fifth 7 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 解析：第一空”三百学生”，具体数字后hund山ed用单数：第二空第一届英语演讲比赛”表顺序用序 数词firt,前加the:第三空主语”it'指代比赛，是动作hold的承受者，由时间标志词'next week 可知用一般将来时被动语态，结构为”wbe+过去分词'：第四空五楼”表顺序用序数词ffth。 解题小妙招 非谓语动词妙招 非谓类型看功能，主谓主动用现分，动宾被动选过分： 目的状语不定式，固定搭配要牢记： 主语句首用动名，具体动作不定式： 时态不影响形，逻辑关系是核心： 作定主动现分跟，被动关系用过分： 综合考点莫慌张，先找主干再分析。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.We are looking forward to the famous scientist in person next week. A.meet B.meeting C.met D.to meet 2.The girlin the library is my best friend,who often helps me with my math. A.study B.studies C.studying D.studied 3.It is important English well if you want to work in an international company. A.learn B.learning C.to learn D.learned 4.The novel_by Lu Xun in 1921 has been popular among readers for over a century. A.write B.writing C.wrote D.written 5.I still remember the day I first met my English teacher at this school. A.which B.when C.where D.why 6.By the time we arrived at the station,the train for ten minutes. A.left B.has left C.had left D.had been away 7.the early bus,he got up at 5:00 a.m.and rushed to the bus stop. A.Catch B.Catching C.To catch D.Caught 8.The reasonhe was absent from class yesterday was that he had a high fever. A.which B.why C.when D.where 9.She was reading a book while her brotherTV in the living room. A.watches B.watched C.was watching D.is watching 8 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 10.by the beautiful scenery,the visitors decided to stay for another two days. A.Attracting B.Attracted C.To attract D.Attract 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.My parents often encourage me(try)new things in life. 2.The teacher told us that the earth(go)around the sun. 3.(not make)the same mistake again,he took notes carefully in class. 4.The children(play)in the park now will have a picnic there at noon. 5.This is the first time I(visit)the Great Wall,and I am deeply impressed by its beauty. 6.The book (borrow)from the library last week must be returned before Friday. 7.He suggested-(hold)a meeting to discuss the problem as soon as possible 8.When I got home yesterday,my mother(cook)dinner in the kitchen. 9.The girl(wear)a red dress is our monitor,who is always ready to help others. 10.It is reported that the new bridge(complete)by the end of next year. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Last summer,I had the chance to take part in a volunteer program in a small village.The village,-(locate) in the mountains,was far from the city and had limited resources.My task was_(teach)English to primary school students. On the first day,I met a group of children_eyes were full of curiosity.They sat quietly in the classroom, _(listen)to me carefully as I introduced myself.I soon realized that they needed more than just language lessons-they needed encouragement and hope. Every morning,I would walk to school through the forest,-the air was fresh and birds sang loudly.The students,(age)between 6 and 12,were eager to learn.I used simple stories and games_(make)classes interesting.One day,a girl named Li Mei wrote me a note saying,"Thank you for(teach)me.I want to be a teacher like you.” By the time I left,the students_(improve)a lot in their English.This experience taught me that helping others is one of the most_(reward)things in life. 9 高中外研版 【基础词法】 A版知识点全解 答案区 演练-：1B2.C3.C4D5B6D7.C8B9.C10B 演练二：1.toty2.goes3.Not to make4.playing5.have visited6.borrowed7.holding8.was cooking 9.wearing 10.will be completed 1.located 2.to teach 3.whose 4.listening 5.where 6.aged 7.to make 8.teaching 9.had improved 10.rewarding 10