基础动词用法 谓语动词分类系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪外版）

高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【寒假专版】 基础动词用法知识点全解 寒假专版 【专题】谓语动词分类系统讲解 语法专项突破 考频分析 沪外版高中基础动词用法中，谓语动词分类系统讲解是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的20%左 右，贯穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择2-3题、完形填空3-4题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达（核 心考察，直接影响句子完整性与准确性)。在语境理解类题目中，动词的时态、语态及词义辨析往 往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·动词分类及语法功能：系动词（状态类、感官类、变化类）的句法搭配，实义动词（及物与不及 物)的用法区别，情态动词(can/may/must/should等)的语气表达与推测用法，助动词(do/does/did, have/has/had,will/would等)的辅助功能 ·时态与语态综合运用：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完 成时、过去完成时、将来完成时的时态标志词识别与语境匹配，主动语态与被动语态在不同时态中 的转换规则 ·主谓一致原则：语法一致（单数名词代词作主语、复数名词/代词作主语）、意义一致（集体名词作 主语、不定代词作主语)、就近原则(there be句型、or/either.or.等连接主语)的具体应用 知识点一：动词的分类及基础用法 1.系动词（无实义，后接表语) 1.常见类型 ●be动词(am/is/are/was/were) ·感官动词(look/sound/taste/smell/feel) 。变化类动词(become/get/hurm/gow) 2.例句： ●The cake tastes sweet.(感官系动词，后接形容词作表语) 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【寒假专版】 基础动词用法知识点全解 。He became a doctor last year..(变化类系动词，后接名词作表语) 2.实义动词（有具体含义，可独立作谓语） 1.及物动词（后接宾语)：eat(吃)、visit(参观) 。例句：She visited her grandparents yesterday. 2.不及物动词（不接宾语，或需加介词后接宾语）：un(跑)、listen(听) ·例句：He runs fast./She listens to music every evening. 3.情态动词（表语气，后接动词原形） 1.常见情态动词：can/could(能力/许可)、may/might(许可/推测)、must/have to(必须)、should (建议) 2.例句： ●You can borrow this book from the library.(表能力) ●He must finish his homework before9p.m.(表必须) 4.助动词（无实义，辅助构成时态/语态/疑问句） 1.常见助动词：do/does/did(辅助实义动词构成疑问句/否定句)、be(辅助构成进行时/被动语态)、 have/has(辅助构成完成时) 2.例句： ·Do you like English?(do辅助构成一般现在时疑问句) ●They have finished their homework.(have辅助构成现在完成时) 知识点二：动词分类及基本用法 1.实义动词（有具体动作或状态意义的动词） 1.及物动词（必须接宾语，构成”主谓宾”结构） ·常见动词：love(爱)、eat(吃)、teach(教)、buy(买) ·例句： 1.She loves music.(love后接宾语nusic) 2.My mother bought a book for me.(buy后接宾语a book) 2.不及物动词（无需接宾语，或需加介词后接宾语） ●常见动词：un(跑)、arrive(到达)、listen(听)、wait(等待) 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【寒假专版】 基础动词用法知识点全解 ·例句： 1.They run fast..（无宾语，”主谓”结构) 2.He arrived in Beijing yesterday.(arrive后加介词in接宾语Beijing) 2.系动词（连接主语和表语，说明主语状态或特征） 1.状态系动词(be动词：an/is/are/was/were) ·例句： l.I am a student.(am连接主语I和表语a student) 2.The flowers were beautiful..(were连接主语flowers和表语beautiful) 2.感官系动词(look/sound/smell/taste/feel'看/听/闻/尝/感觉起来”) 。例句： 1.The song sounds nice.(sound后接形容词nice作表语) 2.This apple tastes sweet..(taste后接形容词sweet作表语) 3.变化系动词(become/get/hum/grow'变得，) ·例句： l.He became a teacher in2020.(become后接名词a teacher作表语) 2.The leaves turn yellow in autumn.(tum后接形容词yellow作表语) 3.助动词（协助构成时态、语态、否定或疑问，无实际意义） 1.构成时态：be(am/is/are/was/were)+doing(进行时)：have/has/had+过去分词（完成时）：will/shal +原形（将来时） ●例句： 1.They are playing football.(are协助构成现在进行时) 2.she has finished her homework.(has协助构成现在完成时) 2.构成否定/疑问：do/does/did+原形（一般现在时/过去时） 。例句： l.He doesn't like coffee.(doesn't协助构成否定句) 2.Did you go to the park yesterday?(Did协助构成一般疑问句) 4.情态动词（表示能力、许可、推测等，后接动词原形） 1.常见情态动词：can/could(能/会)、may/might(可以/可能)、nust(必须)、should(应该) 2.否定形式：直接加not(can't/nustn't/shouldn't等) 3 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【寒假专版】 基础动词用法知识点全解 。例句： 1.I can speak English.(can表示能力，后接原形speak) 2.You mustn't smoke here.(mustn't表示禁止，后接原形smoke) 3.一般疑问句：将情态动词提前 ·例句： 1.May I come in?(May提前构成疑问句) 2.Could you help me?(Could提前构成疑问句) 知识点三：谓语动词分类系统讲解 1.实义动词（行为动词） 1.基础分类及用法（中考必背）： ·及物动词(+宾语)一例句：She eats an apple every momning.(eat后接宾语an apple) 。不及物动词（不接宾语）→例句：The sun rises in the east.(rise后无宾语) ●兼作及物/不及物动词→例句：He studies hard.(不及物，hard为状语)/He studies English.(及 物，English为宾语) 2.常见搭配拓展（中考常考)： ·动词+副词一例句：Please turn off the light..（turn off为”动词+副词”短语) ·动词+介词一例句：We look for the lost key everywhere.(look for为'动词+介词”短语) ●动词+名词+介词→例句：He takes care of his little sister.(take care of为固定搭配) 2.连系动词（系动词） 1.状态系动词（表示主语状态）： ·be动词(am/is/are/was/were)→例句：She is a student../They were happy yesterday. ·seem(似乎)→例句：He seems tired after work. ●look(看起来)→例句：The flowers look beautiful. 2.感官系动词（表示感官感受）： ◆sound(听起来)→例句：The music sounds great. ·taste（尝起来)→例句：The cake tastes delicious. 。smell(闻起来)→例句：The soup smells good.. 。feel(摸起来/感觉)→例句：The silk feels soft../I feel cold today. 3.变化系动词（表示主语变化）： 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【寒假专版】 基础动词用法知识点全解 ·become(变成)→例句：He becomes a teacher now. ·get(变得)→例句：It gets dark in the evening 。tum(转变为)→例句：The leaves turn yellow in autumn.. 3.情态动词 1.基础情态动词用法（中考核心）： 。cn/could(能/会/何以)→例句：I can swim./Could you help me?(could表委婉请求) ●may/might(可以/何能)→例句：You may leave now./It might rain tomorrow. ·must(必须/一定)→例句：We must follow the rules../He must be at home..(must表推测) ·should(应该)→例句：You should study hard, 2.情态动词否定及疑问（中考易错）： 。can't(不能/不可能)→例句：He can't speak French./It can't be true. 。mustn't(禁止)→例句：You mustn't park here. ·needn't(不必)→例句：You needn't come early. 4.助动词 1.协助构成时态（中考基础）： ·do/does/did(构成疑问句/否定句)→例句：Do you like English?/He doesn't study hard./Did they go there? 。be动词（构成进行时/被动语态）→例句：They are playing football.(现在进行时)/The book was written by him.(被动语态) ●have/has/had(构成完成时)一例句：I have finished my homework.(现在完成时) 2.协助构成强调句（中考拓展）： ●do+动词原形（强调动作）→例句：I do love my mother./He did come yesterday.. 考法精析 考法一：非谓语动词作定语辨析 核心：根据被修饰名词与非谓语动词的逻辑关系及动作发生时间，选择不定式（表未发生）或分词 (表主动/被动、进行/完成) 真题1（语法填空）： The girl(stand)at the door is my sister. 5 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【寒假专版】 基础动词用法知识点全解 答案：standing 解析：现在分词standing修饰名词girl,表主动且动作正在进行，逻辑上”女孩站在门口”是主动关 系，用doing形式。 真题2（单项选择)： We have a lot of problems_(solve)today. A solve B solving C to solve D solved 答案：C 解析：不定式to solve修饰名词problems,表动作未发生(”要解决的问题)，符合”名词+todo 表将来动作的用法。 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 核心：根据语境判断非谓语动词的形式及时态对非谓语动作的影响 真题1（语法填空）： She hurried to the station,only (find)that the train had left. 答案：to find 解析：此处用不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果：”火车已经离开”发生在”匆忙赶到之前 用过去完成时，不影响不定式形式。 真题2（单项选择）： The teacher told us_(not talk)during the exam. A.not talk B.not to talk C.don't talk D.not talking 答案：B 解析：tell后接不定式作宾补，否定形式在to前加not:”告诉，发生在过去，不影响不定式结构。 考法三：动词分类与时态、语态的综合运用 核心：结合动词分类（实义动词/情态动词）判断时态及被动语态，掌握不同动词类型在语境中的 时态变化和语态转换 真题1（单项选择)： The letterby my brother yesterday.You can read it now. A.writes B.wrote C.is written D.was written 答案：D 解析：主语'he letter'”是动作”write”的承受者，需用被动语态（实义动词的被动结构)：时间标志 词'yesterday'表明用一般过去时，被动语态结构为'was+过去分词'，write的过去分词为written。 真题2（语法填空）： These books_(must return)to the library before Friday. 6 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【寒假专版】 基础动词用法知识点全解 答案：must be returned 解析：情态动词'must”后接动词原形，主语books”是动作”1etum”的承受者，需用被动语态，结构 为”情态动词+be+过去分词'，return的过去分词为returned. 解题小妙招 非谓作定看关系，主动进行用doing: 被动完成用done,将来未发todo连： 非谓与时态结合，不定式形不改变： 结果状语表意外，only to do常见： 被动语态看承受，need后接to be done: 过去分词表被动，句首大写莫忘记。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题 1.The students are busyfor the coming exam these days. A prepare B preparing C to prepare D prepared 2.I heard her_the song when I passed her room yesterday. A sing B singing C to sing D sung 3.The novel by Mo Yan has been translated into many languages. A write B writing C written D to write 4.He suggesteda meeting to discuss the problem. A hold B holding C to hold D held 5.My parents expect mea doctor in the future. A become B becoming C to become D became 6.carefully,the little girl can understand what the teacher said. A Listen B Listening C Listened D To listen 7.This is the first time I such a beautiful mountain. A see B saw C have seen D will see 8.The machine requiresbefore it is used again. A check B checking C to check D checked 9.She pretended_when her mother came in. A sleep B sleeping C to sleep D slept 7 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【寒假专版】 基础动词用法知识点全解 10.late for school again,he was punished by the teacher. ABe B Being C To be D Been 演练二：填空试题 1.It is important(learn)English well. 2.The girl(wear)a red dress is my classmate. 3.We decided(go)to the park this weekend. 4.(read)in bed is bad for your eyes. 5.I have a lot of homework(do)tonight. 6.The book-(publish)last year has become very popular. 7.He asked me(not tell)anyone about the secret. 8.-(walk)along the street,I met an old friend. 9.The teacher told us_(be)quiet in the library. 10.This is a(break)cup,so we need to buy a new one. 演练三：语法填空试题 Last Sunday,my friends and I decided 1_(go)hiking in the mountains.We started early in the morning, 2(carry)some food andwater.On the way,we saw many beautiful flowers 3_(bloom)and birds4(sing) in the trees.When we reached the top,we were surprised 5_(find)that a small house was built there.An old man,6(live)alone in the house,welcomed us warmly.He told us that he 7(live)there for over 20 years.We sat down and listened to his stories,8(drink)the tea he offered.Time 9(pass)quickly,and we had to leave before sunset.On our way back,we felt tired but happy,10-(look)forward to the next hiking trip. 答案区 演练-：1B2.A3.C4.B5.C6B7.C8B9.C10.B 1.to learn 2.wearing 3.to go 4.Reading 5.to do 6.published 7.not to tell 8.Walking 9.to be 10.bro- ken 1.to go 2.carrying 3.blooming 4.singing 5.to find 6.living 7.had lived 8.drinking 9.passing 10.looking P