基础词法 冠词与数词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪外版）

高中沪外版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 语法全解 冠词与数词系统讲解 沪外版高中英语语法全解 考频分析 沪外版高中基础词法中，冠词与数词是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷核 心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(2-2题)、书面表达（基础考察，影响 名词搭配的准确性)。在语境理解类题目中，冠词的泛指特指及数词的固定搭配往往是解题关键。 考查内容 。冠词基本用法：不定冠词a/an的泛指与发音规则，定冠词the的特指、双方共知、独一无二事物等 用法，零冠词在专有名词、抽象名词前的应用 。冠词特殊语境：固定搭配中的冠词使用（如in hospital与in the hospital),比较级前冠词的有无，姓 氏复数前定冠词表一家人 。数词系统应用：基数词与序数词的转换及句法功能（作定语、表语等），分数、倍数、年代、年龄 的表达法，概数词(hundred,.thousand等)的单复数形式 知识点一：冠词与数词系统讲解 1.冠词（限定名词，分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词） 1.不定冠词(a/an,表泛指“一个”，a用于辅音音素开头单词前，an用于元音音素开头单词前) 例句：(I)I have a book.(2)She is an English teacher. 2.定冠词(h,表特指“这个/那个/这些/那些”) 例句：(I)The sun is bright.(2)He likes the book on the desk 3.零冠词（不使用冠词，用于复数名词泛指、不可数名词泛指、专有名词等） 例句：(I)Dogs are loyal animals.(2)Water is necessary for life 2.数词（表示数量或顺序，分为基数词和序数词） 1.基数词（表示数量“多少”）：one(一)、two(二)、three(三)、ten(十、hundred(百) 例句：There are three apples on the table. 1 高中沪外版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 2.序数词（表示顺序“第几”，通常由基数词加-th构成，特殊变化需记忆）：first(第一)、second(第 二)、third(第三)、tenth(第十) 例句：He got the first prize in the competition. 知识点二：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.基本用法 用于泛指某类人或事物中的一个，a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前。 例句： (1)I have a book.(book以辅音音素b/开头，用a) (2)There is an apple on the table.(apple以元音音素/e/开头，用an) 2.固定搭配 afew(一些，修饰可数名词复数)、a little(一些，修饰不可数名词)、a lot of(许多，修饰可数或 不可数名词) 例句： (I)He has a few friends here.(friends是可数名词复数，用afew) (2)There is a little water in the bottle.(water是不可数名词，用a little) 2.定冠词(the) 1.基本用法 用于特指某类人或事物，或双方都知道的人或事物，也可用于世界上独一无二的事物前。 例句： (I)The book on the desk is mine.(特指桌子上的那本书，用the) (2)The sun is bigger than the moon.(太阳和月亮是独一无二的事物，用the) 2.固定搭配 in the morning/afternoon/.evening(在早上/下午/晚上)、on the left/right（在左边/右边) 例句： (I)We usually go to school in the morning.(在早上，用the) (2)The hospital is on the left.（在左边，用the) 3.零冠词 1.基本用法 用于复数名词和不可数名词表示泛指时，以及专有名词（如人名、地名、国名等）前。 例句： (I)Books are our good friends.(books是复数名词泛指，零冠词) (2)Water is very important for us.(water是不可数名词泛指，零冠词) (3)China is a great country.(China是国名，专有名词，零冠词) 高中沪外版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 2.固定搭配 at school/home（在学校/家)、by bus/bike(乘公共汽车/自行车) 例句： (I)He usually has lunch at school..(在学校，零冠词) (2)They go to work by bike every day.(乘自行车，零冠词) 4.基数词 1.基本用法 表示数量，如one(一)、two(二)、three(三)…one hundred(一百)等。 例句： (I)There are three people in my family..(表示数量三，用基数词three) (2)I have two pens and five books.(表示数量二和五，用基数词two和five) 2.常见表达 几十几的表达：几十+连字符+几，如twenty-one(二十一)、thirty-five(三十五) 例句： (I)y brother is twenty-one years old.(表示二十一岁，用twenty-one) 5.序数词 1.基本用法 表示顺序，如first(第一)、second(第二)、third(第三)-tenth(第十)等，通常前面加定冠词 the. 例句： (I)He is the first to come to school.(表示第一，用序数词first,前面加he) (2)This is the third time I have seen him.(表示第三，用序数词hird,前面加the) 2.特殊变化 不规则变化：one-first,two-second,three-third,.five-fifth,eight-eighth,nine-ninth,twelve-twelfth 例句： (I)The fifth lesson is very interesting.(five的序数词是fifth,用fifth) (2)His birthday is on the twelfth of May.(twelve的序数词是twelfth,用twelfth) 知识点三：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。表示泛指“一个”→例句：I have a book.(book以辅音音素开头) 。用于可数名词单数前表类别→例句：An elephant is a big animal..(elephant以元音音素开头) 。用于固定搭配中一例句：have a rest(休息一下)；take an umbrella(带一把伞) 3 高中沪外版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 ·用于抽象名词具体化→例句：It's a pleasure to meet you.(一件愉快的事) 。用于“a/an+序数词”表“又一、再一”一例句：He failed once,.but he wanted a second try.. 2.定冠词(the) 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背)： 。特指双方都知道的人或物→例句：Open the door,please. 。特指上文提到过的事物→例句：I have a cat.The cat is white ●用于世界上独一无二的事物前→例句：The sun rises in the east. 。用于序数词、形容词最高级前→例句：He is the first student to come. 。用于乐器类名词前一例句：She plays the piano very well. 。用于姓氏复数前表“一家人”→例句：The Smiths are having dinner. 3.数词（基数词与序数词） 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。基数词表数量→例句：There are thirty students in our class. ·序数词表顺序（常与the连用）→例句：This is the fifth lesson. 。基数词+名词复数构成合成形容词→例句：a five-year-old boy(一个五岁的男孩) ·分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时分母加s→例句：one third(三分之一)： two fifths(五分之二) ●hundred/thousand/million前有具体数字时不加s→例句：two hundred books(两百本书)：millions oftrees(数百万棵树) 考法精析 考法一：情态动词can/could的用法辨析 核心：根据语境判断can/could表示能力、许可或委婉语气，区分主动语态和被动语态结构 真题1（语法填空）： Three languages_(speak)by her.She is very talented. 答案：can be spoken 解析：由语境“她很有天赋”可知表能力，被动语态用can be+动词过去分词，speak的过去分词 为spoken。 真题2（完形填空)： -you pass the dictionary to me?I need to look up a word. -Sure,here you are. A.can B.could C.must D.should 4 高中沪外版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 答案：B 解析：此处为委婉请求，用could比can更客气，符合语境“你能把字典递给我吗”。 考法二：情态动词与被动语态结合 核心：根据语境判断情态动词的含义及时态，将主动语态句子转换为被动语态 真题1（语法填空）： This difficult problem_(can solve)by my brother yesterday. 答案：could be solved 解析：由时间标志词“yesterday”可知，此处用过去时；“problem”与“solve”是被动关系，情态 动词could的被动语态结构为could be+动词过去分词，solve的过去分词为solved. 真题2（单项选择)： The work_before Friday,or we will be punished. A.must finish B.must be finished C.have to finish D.has to finished 答案：B 解析：“work”与“finish”是被动关系，排除A、C选项；have to的被动语态结构为have/has to be +过去分词，D选项结构错误；ust的被动语态结构为must be+过去分词，B选项正确。 考法三：冠词、数词与被动语态的综合应用 核心：结合语境判断冠词的使用（定冠词、不定冠词或零冠词）、数词的正确形式（基数词或序数 词)，并运用被动语态的基本结构(b+过去分词)完成语法填空或单项选择。 真题1（单项选择）： Thelesson in this book is very difficult,but itby many students last week. A.nine;was finished B.ninth;finished C.ninth;was finished D.nine;finished 答案：C 解析：第一空表示“第九课”，需用序数词ninth,序数词前通常加定冠词he:第二空主语“it”(指 代lesson)是动作“finish”的承受者，用被动语态，由时间标志词“last week”可知用一般过去时 被动语态，结构为“was+过去分词”，finish的过去分词为finished。 真题2（语法填空）： A-(three)of the students in our class-(teach)by Mr.Li.He is a popular teacher. 答案：third;are taught 解析：第一空表示“三分之一”，用序数词third,.“a third of.”为固定搭配；第二空主语“a third of the students”是动作“teach”的承受者，用被动语态，主语为复数，且此处表客观事实，用一般现 在时被动语态，be动词用are,teach的过去分词为taught。 解题小妙招 5 高中沪外版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 情态动词解题妙招 情态动词有三意，能力许可委婉语： 表能力看语境义，被动结构“情态+be done”: 委婉请求could佳，比can更显客气啦： 过去时间是标志，could be done莫忘记： 虚拟语气表推测，should have done表本应； must表必须语气强，被动“must be done”记心上。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The book on_desk is_useful guide for learning English grammar. A.a;an B.the;a C.the;an D.a;the 2.-you help me carry these boxes?They are too heavy. -Sure,no problem. A.Must B.Should C.Could D.Need 3.If Imore time last weekend,I-the project with you. A.have;will finish B.had;would finish C.hadhad;would have finished D.have had:will have finished 4.This kind of mobile phone in China and all over the world. A.is made:sells B.makes;is sold C.is made;is sold D.makes;sells 5.Studentskeep quiet in the library,as it is a rule for everyone. A.can B.must C.might D.would 6 高中沪外版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 6.-honest person should always telltruth,even in difficult situations. A.An;the B.A;a C.The;an D.An;a 7.If the meeting_tomorrow,wepostpone the trip to the museum. A.rains;will B.rained:would C.should rain;would D.had rained;would have 8.The old temple_since the Ming Dynasty and many tourists visit it every year. A.was built B.has built C.is built D.has been built 9.You_take photos in the art gallery.The sign says "No Photography". A.needn't B.mustn't C.couldn't D.wouldn't 10.first time I saw her,she was playing-piano in the music room. A.The;the B.A;a C.An;/ D./;the 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.Three new schools(build)in our city next year.(提示：含情态动词“将被”，用will be built) 2.IfI一(be)a bird,I一(fly)to the south in winter..(提示：与现在事实相反的虚拟语气) 3.You一(not park)your car here.This area is for emergency vehicles only..(提示：表“禁止”，用mustn't park) 4.一basketball is my favorite sport.I play it一hour every day.(提示：零冠词表泛指；不定冠词an) 5.The problem一(should solve)before the meeting,but no one took action.(提示：含情态动词的被动语 态，表“本应被解决”) 6.-you pass me the salt,please? 一Sure,here you are.(提示：委婉请求，用Could) 7.Water一(need)to grow crops.Without it,,nothing can survive..(提示：被动语态，用is needed) 7 高中沪外版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 8.Ifhe一(study)harder,he一(pass)the exam last month.(提示：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气) 9.My mother often tells me that_honest man is always respected by others.(提示：特指“诚实的人”，用 an) l0.The task(must complete)by Friday,or we will miss the deadline..(提示：被动语态，用must be completed) 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Nowadays,many students dream of studying abroad.If an 15-year-old student_(have)the chance to study in_UK,he might face some challenges.First,he_(must improve)his English,as language is the key to communication.He should also learn about cultural differences.For example,in_UK,people often say "sorry"even when it's not their fault. If he(not prepare)well before leaving,he-(may feel)lonely.However,if he(join)a school club, he could make friends easily.The experience_(enrich)his life,but he_(remember)that safety always comes first In fact,studying abroad-(be)a valuable opportunity,but it requires careful planning 参考答案 演练-：1B2.C3.C4.C5.B6.A7.C8.D9B10.A 1.will be built 2.were;would fly 3.mustn't park 4./;an 5.should have been solved 6.Could 7.is needed 8had studied;would have passed 9.an 10.must be completed 1.had 2.the 3.must improve 4.the 5.didn't prepare 6.might feel 7.joined 8.would enrich 9.must remember 10.is