特殊结构与综合语法 主谓一致系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪教版）

高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 语法专版 【专题】主谓一致系统讲解 高中语法专项突破 考频分析 沪教上海版高中特殊结构与综合语法中，主谓一致是重点语法模块，考频占句法总量的15%左右， 贯穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(2-3题)、书面表达 (核心考察，直接影响句子结构正确性与逻辑一致性)。在语境理解类题目中，主谓一致的语法规则 及特殊结构的应用往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·语法规则核心：主语单复数形式与谓语动词的匹配（如不可数名词、可数名词单复数作主语时的动 词形式) 。特殊句式应用：there be句型、倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致 。复杂结构辨析：主语含并列结构(with,together with等连接词)、不定代词(each,none等)、从句 作主语时的主谓一致 知识点一：主谓一致的基本原则及应用场景 1.语法一致原则（主语单复数决定谓语形式) ·规则说明：单数主语后接单数谓语动词，复数主语后接复数谓语动词 ·例句： l.The girl plays the piano every day.(单数主语+单数谓语) 2.These books belong to the school library..(复数主语+复数谓语) 2.意义一致原则（主语意义单复数决定谓语形式) 。集体名词示例：family(家庭/家人)、class(班级/同学)→例句： 1.His family is a big one..(强调整体，单数谓语) 2.His family are watching TV now.（强调成员，复数谓语) ·形式复数名词：news(新闻)、maths(数学)一例句：The news is very exciting.(形式复数但意 义单数，接单数谓语) 1 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 3.就近一致原则（谓语形式随最近主语变化） 。常见结构：either.or.（要么.要么.)、neither..nor..(既不..也不..)、not only.but also..(不 仅.而且.) ·例句： l.Either you or he is responsible for this mistake.(最近主语he为单数，用is) 2.Not only the teacher but also the students are interested in the topic.（最近主语students为复数， 用are) 4.特殊主语的主谓一致 ·不定代词作主语：everyone(每个人)、something(某事)→例句：Everyone in the room knows this secret..(不定代词视为单数) 。数量概念作主语：three years(三年)、two kilos(两公斤)→例句：Three years has passed since we met..(表示整体时间，视为单数) 知识点二：主谓一致核心规则 1.语法一致原则（主语单复数决定谓语形式） ·单数主语（第三人称单数、不可数名词、单数代词) 结构：谓语动词用第三人称单数形式（动词+s/es) 例句 1.The book is on the desk.(主语book为单数，be动词用is) 2.She studies English every day.(主语she为三单，动词study变studies) ·复数主语（名词复数、复数代词、并列主语） 结构：谓语动词用原形（非三单形式） 例句： l.These students like playing football.(主语students为复数，动词like用原形) 2.They are reading in the library..(主语they为复数，be动词用are) 2.意义一致原则（主语意义单复数决定谓语) 。集合名词(family,.class,team等)表整体时 结构：谓语用单数：表成员时用复数 例句： 1.Our family is a happy one.(整体概念，用is) 2.My family are watching TV now.(成员动作，用are) ·单复数同形名词(sheep,deer,fish等) 结构：根据上下文意义判断单复数 例句： 2 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 1.A sheep is eating grass.(一只羊，用is) 2.Three sheep are over there.(三只羊，用are) 3.就近一致原则（并列主语中靠近谓语的名词决定单复数) .neither...nor...either...or.../not only...but also... 结构：谓语与靠近的主语保持一致 例句： 1.Neither he nor I am good at math.(靠近谓语的I是第一人称，用am) 2.Not only the students but also the teacher likes the film.（靠近谓语的teacher是三单，用likes) ·there be句型 结构：be动词与后面第一个名词单复数一致 例句： l.There is a pen and two books on the desk.(第一个名词pen是单数，用is) 2.There are two books and a pen on the desk.(第一个名词books是复数，用are) 4.特殊主语的主谓一致 ·不定代词(everyone,.everything,.nobody等)作主语 结构：谓语用单数 例句： l.Everyone in our class likes music.(everyone表单数，用likes) 2.Nothing is impossible.(nothing表单数，用is) ·分数/百分数+of+名词作主语 结构：谓语与of后的名词单复数一致 例句： l.Two thirds of the water is clean.(water不可数，用is) 2.Half of the students are girls..(students复数，用are) 知识点三：主谓一致特殊结构 1.集体名词作主语（中考核心） 。family(表整体)→例句：My family is a big one 。family(表成员)一→例句：My family are watching TV now ·class(表整体)→例句：Our class wins the game. 。class(表成员)→例句：Our class are having a party.. 。team(表整体)→例句：The team plays well.. 。team(表成员)→例句：The team are talking about the match ·group(表整体)→例句：The group is very united. 3 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 ·group(表成员)一例句：The group are doing different jobs. 2.不定代词作主语（中考易错） ·everyone/.everybody→例句：Everyone is here today. 。someone/somebody→例句：Someone is knocking at the door. ·no one/nobody→例句：Nobody knows the answer. ●something/anything/nothing→例句：Something is wrong with my bike. ●each(of)→例句：Each of the students has a book. 。either/neither→例句：Neither of the answers is correct. 3.特殊句式中的主谓一致（中考常考) 。there be句型（就近原则）： 1.There is a book and two pens on the desk. 2.There are two pens and a book on the desk 。not only.but also.(就近原则)： 1.Not only he but also I am interested in music. 2.Not only the students but also the teacher likes the film. 。either..or.neither.nor.(就近原则)： 1.Either you or he is right 2.Neither the dog nor the cats are hungry. a number of the number of: 1.A number of students are in the classroom 2.The number of students in our class is 45. 考法精析 考法一：主谓一致原则应用 核心：根据主语的语法形式、意义单复数或就近原则，确定谓语动词的单复数形式 真题1（语法填空）： Neither the students nor their teacher_(be)late for class this morning. 答案：was 解析：根据就近一致原则，谓语动词形式随最近主语“their teacher”(单数)变化，用is的过去式 Was。 真题2（单项选择）： Three years-passed since we graduated from high school. A.have B.has C.are D.is 答案：B 4 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 解析：“Three years”表示整体时间概念，视为单数主语，现在完成时中助动词用has。 考法二：主谓一致与非谓语动词结合 核心：分析句子主语单复数确定谓语动词形式，同时判断非谓语动词的句法功能及正确形式 真题1（语法填空）： Everyone in our class-(hope)to join the volunteer activity-(organize)by the school. 答案：hopes organized 解析：第一空主语everyone为不定代词，视为单数，谓语动词用hopes::第二空非谓语动词作定语 修饰activity,organize与activity是被动关系，用过去分词organized。. 真题2（单项选择)： Not only my parents but also my sister enjoys_(read)books in the library and often-(spend)weekends there. A.reading spends B.to read spend C.read spending D.reading spend 答案：A 解析：enjoy后接动名词作宾语，用reading;not only..but also..连接主语时遵循就近一致原则，最 近主语my sister为单数，谓语动词用spends。 考法三：主谓一致与被动语态在时态中的综合应用 核心：结合主谓一致原则判断主语单复数，根据时态要求确定被动语态结构(b+过去分词)，同 时满足语法一致或意义一致规则 真题1（单项选择)： Three years-passed since the old bridge-built by the workers. A.has was B.have were C.has were D.have was 答案：A 解析：第一空主语“Three years”表示整体时间，根据意义一致原则视为单数，谓语用has:第二空 “bridge”是动作“build”的承受者，用被动语态，由“since'”可知“建造”发生在过去，主语为单 数，be动词用was,build的过去分词为buit。 真题2（语法填空)： Our class_(win)the first prize last week.Now the trophy_(show)in the school hall. 答案：won is shown 解析：第一空主语“class”表整体，根据意义一致原则用单数，“last week”提示用一般过去时，win 的过去式为won:第二空“trophy”是动作“show”的承受者，用被动语态，“now”提示用一般现 在时，主语为单数，be动词用is,show的过去分词为howm。 解题小妙招 5 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 主谓一致妙招 主谓一致看三原则，语法意义就近看： 语法一致单对单，集体名词看整体： 意义一致看含义，复数形式意义单： 就近原则遇并列，靠近主语定单复： not only.but also,there be句型适用它。 非谓语动词妙招 非谓功能有多样，定状补语要分明： 作定先找逻辑主，主动被动辨关系： 主动-ing或todo,被动-ed或being done: 作状常表因或果，主句主语是逻辑： 固定搭配要牢记，enjoy后接-ing。 综合运用妙招 非谓主谓综合考，先分主从再判断： 主句谓语看主语，单复一致是关键： 从句非谓找逻辑，主动被动要辨清： 被动语境莫慌张，done标志被动关系： since时态要注意，主句完成从过去。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.The police searching for the missing child in the forest now. A.is B.are C.was D.were 2.Neither my friends nor I able to solve this math problem yesterday. A.am B.is C.are D.was 3.To-the early bus,he has to wake up at 5:30 every morning. A.catch B.catching C.caught D.catches 4.The old man was seen_in the park when it started to rain. A.walk B.walking C.walked D.to walk 5.Not only the students but also their teacher_interested in the new science exhibition. A.be B.am C.is D.are 6.Three kilometers-not a long distance for experienced hikers. A.is B.are C.was D.were 7.I have a letterto my parents this weekend. A.write B.writing C.written D.to write 6 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 8.The film_by a famous director last year won three awards A.direct B.directing C.directed D.to direct 9.My brother enjoys_basketball after school,but he doesn't like_today because of the rain. A.play,to play B.playing;to play C.play,playing D.playing;playing 10.By the time we arrived,the meeting_already_for 10 minutes A.has;started B.had;started C.has;been on D.had;been on 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.The news that our team won the game_(be)very exciting. 2.Each of the students_(have)a new dictionary for the English class 3.She decided_(not join)the party because of her busy schedule 4.-(learn)a foreign language well requires a lot of practice and patience. 5.The little girl was heard(sing)happily in her room just now. 6.This is the first time I(visit)the Great Wall in my life 7.A lot of money(raise)for the homeless children since last month 8.The book(write)by Mo Yan has been translated into many languages. 9.He sat there quietly,_(read)a novel all afternoon without moving. 10.Either you or your brother_(be)responsible for cleaning the room today. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Nowadays,more and more people enjoy 1._(travel)to historical cities.Last summer,I went to Xi'an,a city with a long history.Three days 2._(spend)visiting the Terracotta Army,the Bell Tower and other famous places. One morning,I decided 3.(visit)the Shaanxi History Museum.When I arrived,there 4._(be)a long line outside.I waited for about 30 minutes before entering.Inside,many ancient artifacts 5.(display) in glass cases.A guide was explaining the history of a bronze ware when I walked past,so I stopped 6._ (listen)carefully. The museum 7.-(build)in 1991 and has become one of the most popular attractions in Xi'an.It is said that over 3 million visitors 8._(come)here every year.To protect the artifacts,visitors are not allowed 9. (take)photos inside. Leaving the museum,I felt deeply impressed by China's rich cultural heritage.I hope 10.-(visit)more 7 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 historical cities in the future to learn more about our country's past. 答案区 演练-：1B2.D3.A4.B5.C6.A7D8.C9B10D 1.is 2.has 3.not to join 4.To learn 5.singing 6.have visited 7.has been raised 8.written 9.reading 10.is 1.traveling 2.were spent 3.to visit 4.was 5.were displayed 6.to listen 7.was built 8.come 9.to take 10.to visit