基础动词用法 谓语动词分类系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪教版）

高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 寒假专版 【专题】谓语动词分类系统讲解 基础动词用法专项突破 考频分析 沪教上海版高中基础动词用法中，谓语动词分类是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的20%左右，贯 穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择2-3题、完形填空3-4题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达核心考察，直 接影响句子完整性与准确性。在语境理解类题目中，谓语动词的时态、语态及词义辨析往往是解题 关键。 考查内容 ·动词分类深化：系动词（感官类、变化类、状态类）的语义辨析与主谓一致：实义动词及物与不及物的 用法区别：情态动词(can/may/must/.should/will等)的推测语气与虚拟用法：助动词(do/does/did/have/has/had/will/w 等)在强调、疑问及否定句中的功能 。时态与语态拓展：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、 过去完成时、将来完成时的时态标志词识别与语境匹配，主动语态与被动语态在不同时态中的转换 及特殊结构（如情态动词的被动语态） ·主谓一致规则：语法一致原则（第三人称单数、复数名词作主语等）、意义一致原则（集体名词、不 定代词等)、就近一致原则(there be句型、or/either.or..等连接词连接并列主语)的具体应用 知识点一：动词的分类及基础用法 1.系动词（无实义，后接表语) 1.常见类型 ●be动词(am/is/are/was/were) ·感官动词(look/sound/taste/smell/feel) 。变化类动词(become/get/hurm/gow) 2.例句： ●The cake tastes sweet.(感官系动词，后接形容词作表语) 高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 ·He became a doctor last year.(变化类系动词，后接名词作表语) 2.实义动词（有具体含义，可独立作谓语） 1.及物动词（后接宾语)：eat(吃)、visit(参观) ●例句：She visited her grandparents yesterday. 2.不及物动词（不接宾语，或需加介词后接宾语）：un(跑)、listen(听) ·例句：He runs fast./She listens to music every evening. 3.情态动词（表语气，后接动词原形） 1.常见情态动词：can/could(能力/许可)、may/might(许可/推测)、must/have to(必须)、should(建 议) 2.例句： ·You can borrow this book from the library.(表能力) ●He must finish his homework before9pm.(表必须) 4.助动词（无实义，辅助构成时态/语态疑问句） 1.常见助动词：do/does/did(辅助实义动词构成疑问句/否定句)、be(辅助构成进行时/被动语态)、 have/has(辅助构成完成时) 2.例句： ·Do you like English?(do辅助构成一般现在时疑问句) ·They have finished their homework.(have辅助构成现在完成时) 知识点二：谓语动词分类及核心用法 1.实义动词（有具体动作或状态意义的动词） 1.及物动词（必须接宾语，意义才完整） ·常见动词：love(爱)、teach(教)eat(吃)、visit(参观) 。结构：主语+及物动词+宾语 ·例句： 1.She loves her family.(her family是宾语，说明”爱”的对象) 2.They visited the museum last week.(the museum是宾语，说明'参观”的地点) 2.不及物动词（无需接宾语，意义已完整：若接宾语需加介词） 高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 ·常见动词：arrive(到达)、come(来)、go(去)、live（居住往)、happen(发生) ·结构：主语+不及物动词(+介词+宾语) 。例句： 1.The bus arrived late.(无宾语，”到达”的动作完整) 2.He lives in Beijing.(接宾语Beijing时需加介词in) 2.系动词（连接主语和表语，说明主语的性质、状态或身份） 1.状态系动词（表示主语的状态） ·常见动词：be(是)、look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel （感觉)、seem(似乎) 。结构：主语+系动词+表语（名词/形容词/介词短语等） ·例句： l.She is a doctor.(名词a doctor作表语，说明身份) 2.The flowers smell sweet.（形容词sweet作表语，说明特征) 2.变化系动词（表示主语的变化过程） ·常见动词：become(变得)、get(变得)、tum(变成)、grow(变得) 。结构：主语+系动词+表语（多为形容词） 。例句： l.The weather became cold in winter..(形容词cold作表语，说明变化后的状态) 2.He grew taller last year.(形容词taller作表语，说明成长变化) 3.助动词（无实际意义，协助构成时态、语态、否定或疑问） l.构成时态的助动词：be(am/is/are/was/were)、do/does/did、have/has/had、will/would ·用法示例： l.现在进行时：She is reading a book.(is协助构成进行时，无实际意义) 2.一般过去时否定句：They didn't go to school..(didn't协助构成否定，无实际意义) 3.现在完成时：We have finished homework.(have协助构成完成时，无实际意义) 2.构成被动语态的助动词：be(am/is/are/was/were/been)、been ·用法示例： l.The letter was written by her..(was协助构成被动语态，无实际意义) 3.构成疑问/否定的助动词：do/does/did 。用法示例： 1.Do you like English?(Do协助构成疑问句，无实际意义) 3 高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 2.He doesn't play football.(doesn't协助构成否定句，无实际意义) 4.情态动词（表示说话人的语气、情态，如能力、许可、推测等） 1.常见情态动词：can(能/会)、may(可以/可能)、must(必须/一定)、should(应该)、will(将要/愿 意)、would(将要/愿意，will的过去式) 2.特点：后接动词原形，无人称和数的变化 3.例句： ·You can swim well..(表示能力，can后接原形swim) ●We must follow the rules.(表示义务，must后接原形follow) ·May I use your pen?(表示许可，may后接原形use) 知识点三：非谓语动词 1.todo(不定式) 1.基础搭配拓展（中考必背）： ·offer to do(主动提出做)→例句：He offers to carry the heavy box for me.. ·promise to do（承诺做)→例句：She promises to return the book next week, ●choose to do(选择做)→例句：They choose to stay at home on weekends. ·prepare to do(准备做)→例句：We prepare to have a picnic. 。seem to do(似乎做)→例句：He seems to know the answer. ·agree to do(同意做)→例句：My parents agree to buy me a new bike.. 。refuse to do(拒绝做)→例句：She refuses to help him. ·expect to do(期望做)→例句：I expect to get good grades.. 。afford to do(负担得起做)→例句：We can't afford to buy a new house. ·happen to do(碰巧做)一例句：I happen to meet my old friend in the street.. 2.特殊结构搭配（中考易错）： ●ask sb.not to do（要求某人不要做)→例句：The teacher asks us not to be late. ·tell sb.not to do(告诉某人不要做)→例句：My mother tells me not to watch too much TV. 。It takes sb.some time to do(做某事花费某人多少时间)→例句：It takes me an hour to finish my homework 2.doing(动名词/现在分词) 1.基础搭配拓展（中考必背）： 4 高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 ·miss doing(错过做)→例句：I missed taking the early bus. 。dislike doing(不喜欢做)→例句：She dislikes eating vegetables. ·keep on doing(继续做)→例句：He keeps on working hard. ·feel like doing(想要做)→例句：Do you feel like going for a walk? ·can't help doing(忍不住做)→例句：Ican't help laughing when I hear the joke. ·stop doing（停止做)→例句：He stops talking when the teacher comes in, ·start doing(开始做)→例句：They start learning English at the age of six, ·continue doing(继续做)→例句：She continues reading after a short rest.. ·consider doing(考虑做)→例句：I am considering buying a new car 。suggest sb.doing(建议某人做)→例句：He suggests us going to the park, 2.固定短语搭配（中考常考）： ·be busy doing(忙于做)→例句：My mother is busy cooking dinner 。be worth doing(值得做)→例句：The movie is worth watching. ·have fun doing(做某事很有趣)→例句：We have fun playing games. 3.done(过去分词) 1.基础用法（中考理解)： 。作定语：The broken window needs to be repaired.(破碎的窗户需要被修理。) ●作表语：The door is closed.(门是关着的。) ·作宾语补足语：I heard the song sung in English.(我听到这首歌被用英语唱。) 。用于被动语态：The homework is finished by me..(作业被我完成了。) ●用于完成时态：I have lived here for five years.(我已经在这里住了五年了。) 考法精析 考法一：情态动词用法辨析 核心：根据语境判断情态动词表能力、许可、推测、必须等不同语气，选择正确情态动词并掌握其 基础用法 真题1（语法填空)： -I borrow your dictionary? -Sure,here you are. 答案：May/Can/Could 解析：根据语境”请求许可”，可用may(正式)、can(口语化)或could(委婉语气)，符合情态动 高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 词表许可的用法。 真题2（单项选择)： Yoube quiet in the library.It's a rule A.can B.must C.may D.might 答案：B 解析：由'it's a rule'”可知，此处表”必须’遵守的规定，ust表”必须'，符合语境：can表能力/许 可，may/might表许可/推测，均不符合。 考法二：非谓语动词与定语从句融合 核心：结合非谓语动词（不定式、分词）作定语与定语从句的转换，判断先行词与动词的逻辑关系 (主动/被动、动作先后) 真题1（语法填空)： The girl(stand)at the door is my best friend.She has waited for me for half an hour. 答案：standing 解析：句中已有谓语动词is,需用非谓语动词作定语：girl与stand是主动关系，用现在分词standing (相当于who is standing的定语从句省略)。 真题2（单项选择)： We need someone_can help us with the project.The person_to join our team must have experience. A.who;choosing B.which;chosen C.who;chosen D.which;choosing 答案：C 解析：第一空先行词someone指人，定语从句用关系代词who作主语；第二空person与choose是 被动关系，用过去分词chosen作定语（相当于who is chosen的省略）。 考法三：动词分类与时态、语态的综合运用 核心：结合动词分类（实义动词/系动词情态动词）判断时态和语态，掌握不同动词在被动语态中 的变化规则 真题1（单项选择)： The flowers_every morning.They look so beautiful now. A.water B.watered C.are watered D.were watered 答案：C 解析：主语'the flowers”是动作”water”的承受者，需用被动语态；由时间标志词every morning”可 知，用一般现在时被动语态，结构为”an/is/are+过去分词'，water的过去分词为watered。. 真题2（语法填空）： 6 高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 These photos_(take)by my father when we visited the park last summer. 答案：were taken 解析：主语”hese photos'”是动作take”的承受者，用被动语态；由时间标志词'last summer'”可知， 用一般过去时被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用were,take的过去分词为taken。 解题小妙招 情态动词妙招 情态动词辨语气，语境分析是核心： 请求许可may/can/could,.must表必须记分明： 能力许可can为主，推测语气看语境： 结合答语和标志，语气匹配是关键。 非谓定语转换招 非谓作定看关系，主动用现分，被动用过分： 定语从句找先行，指人用who/whom,指物which/that: 主从复合若转换，主动现分换who is doing,被动过分换who is done; 主谓结构不完整，非谓省略关系词，关系代词作主语不可略。 综合运用解题招 非谓定状先判断，主被动关系是起点： 定语从句看先行，指人指物选对词： 时态语态融语境，时间标志是依据： 过去分词表被动，现在分词表主动进行： 完成时态看since,被动结构be done搭配助动词： 多空联动细分析，排除法与直选法结合用。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.Youreturn the book to the library by Friday,or you will be fined. A.can B.must C.may D.might 2.English well requires consistent practice and patience. A.Learn B.Learning C.To learning D.Learned 3.The house_in 1990 needs to be repaired.Many parts of it are broken. A.building B.built C.to build D.being built 4.I don't know he will arrive tomorrow.Please call me when he comes. A.that B.what C.when D.where 7 高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 5.The teacher asked the students_late for class again. A.not be B.don't be C.not to be D.to not be 6.This is the museum_we visited last month.I learned a lot there. A.where B.which C.what D.who 7.By the time we arrived at the station,the train.We had to wait for the next one. A.left B.has left C.had left D.will leave 8.-the heavy rain,they still went out to help the people in need. A.Though B.Because C.If D.Unless 9.The novel by Mo Yan has been translated into many languages since it was published. A.write B.writing C.written D.to write 10.My brotherin the factory for five years,and he is now looking for a new job. A.works B.worked C.has worked D.has been working 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.She decided(study)abroad next year to improve her language skills. 2.The children(play)in the park when it suddenly started to rain. 3.This is the first time I(visit)the Great Wall.It's more amazing than I imagined. 4.The book(borrow)from the library must be returned within two weeks. 5.(learn)a second language at a young age is helpful for brain development. 6.The teacher told us that the earth(go)around the sun. 7.He was late for school yesterday because he(miss)the early bus. 8.We are looking forward to _(meet)you at the conference next month. 9.The meeting room(clean)by the workers every morning to keep it tidy. 10.-you_(finish)your homework yet?The class will start in ten minutes. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A new library_(build)in our community last year.It is a two-story building with a large reading room and several study areas.The library,-(design)by a famous architect,has become a popular place for both children and adults. Every weekend,many people come here_(read)books or work on their projects.There are also special activities,such as story-telling for kids and book clubs for teenagers.One of the most popular sec- tions is the science comner,where you can find books_(introduce)new technologies and space exploration. 8 高中基础动词用法沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 Last month,I met a writerhas published three novels.He told me that he(write)his next book about the history of our city.He often comes to the library(research)old newspapers and documents. The library(visit)by over 500 people every day since it opened.It_(regard)as a"cultural center"of our community now.We all love it because it provides us with a quiet and comfortable place(learn)and grow. 答案区 演练-：1B2B3B4.C5.C6B7.C8.A9.C10.C 1.to study 2.were playing 3.have visited 4.borrowed 5.Learning 6.goes 7.missed 8.meeting 9.is cleaned 10.Have;finished 1.was built 2.designed 3.to read 4.introducing 5.who/that 6.is writing/will write 7.to research 8.has been visited 9.is regarded 10.to learn 9