基础词法 形容词与副词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪教版）

高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 寒假专版 【专题】形容词与副词系统讲解 基础词法专项突破 考频分析 沪教上海版高中基础词法中，形容词与副词是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿 试卷所有核心题型：单项选择2-3题、完形填空3-4题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达核心考察，直 接影响句子描述的准确性与生动性。在语境理解类题目中，形容词与副词的比较等级、词义辨析及 句法功能往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·形容词与副词的语法功能：形容词作定语、表语、宾语补足语的基本用法：副词作状语修饰动词、 形容词、副词及整个句子的功能 ·比较等级：原级、比较级、最高级的构成规则（规则变化与不规则变化），比较级句型(than结构、 he+比较级.the+比较级.)与最高级句型(in/of范围表达) ·易混词辨析：以-ly结尾的副词与形容词的区别（如hard与hardly),形容词与副词的同源词辨析 (如good与well),以及语境中形容词与副词的选择 知识点一：形容词与副词的基本用法及区别 1.形容词（修饰名词/代词，作定语/表语) 1.功能：描述人或事物的特征、性质或状态 2.位置： 。作定语：置于名词前(a beautiful garden) 。作表语：置于系动词后(She looks happy) 3.例句 l.This is an interesting story.(定语修饰名词story) 2.The soup tastes delicious.(表语置于感官系动词后) 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 2.副词（修饰动词/形容词/其他副词，表程度/方式/时间/地点） 1.常见类型 ·方式副词：quickly,.carefully(修饰动词) ·程度副词：vey,quite（修饰形容词/副词) ·时间副词：always,recently(修饰整个句子或动词) 2.例句： 1.She sings beautifully.(方式副词修饰动词sings) 2.He is quite tall..(程度副词修饰形容词tall) 3.形容词与副词的转换规则 1.规则变化：形容词+y→副词（quick→quickly:low→slowly) 2.不规则变化：good→well:fast→fast:hard→hard 3.例句： 1.He is a good swimmer.(形容词good修饰名词) 2.He swims well.（副词well修饰动词) 4.常见易混淆形容词与副词辨析 l.late（形容词：迟到的)vs lately(副词：最近) →例句：She was late for school.(形容词作表语)/I haven't seen her lately.(副词作时间状语) 2.hard(形容词：困难的；副词：努力地)vs hardly(副词：几乎不) →例句：It's a hard task.(形容词修饰名词)/He works hard.(副词修饰动词)/She hardly eats meat. (副词表否定含义) 知识点二：形容词与副词的用法及区别 1.形容词（修饰名词代词，作定语或表语） 1.基本用法： ·作定语：放在名词前，修饰名词的特征或性质。 例句： 口She has a beautiful dress.(beautiful修饰名词dress,说明裙子的特征) 口This is an interesting story.(interesting修饰名词story,描述故事的性质) 2 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 。作表语：放在系动词(be/look/feel/sound等)后，说明主语的状态或特征。 例句： The flowers are red.(ted放在系动词are后，说明主语flowers的颜色) 口He looks happy.(happy放在系动词looks后，描述主语he的状态) 2.形容词的比较级和最高级（规则变化）： ·比较级：用于两者比较，结构为”形容词比较级+ham”;最高级：用于三者及以上比较，结构 为the+形容词最高级+范围 ·规则变化： ·一般单音节词：直接加-er(比较级)、-est(最高级)，如tall-taller-→tallest -以不发音e结尾：加-r、-st,如nice→nicer-→nicest -以'辅音字母+y”结尾：变y为i加-er、-est,如easy→easer-→easiest -重读闭音节且末尾只有一个辅音字母：双写尾字母加-er、-est,如big一→bigger-→biggest 。例句： 口Tom is taller than Mike.(taller为比较级，than连接比较对象) 口This is the easiest question in the test.(easiest为最高级，in the test表示范围) 2.副词（修饰动词/形容词/其他副词，作状语） 1.基本用法： ·修饰动词：说明动作的方式、程度、时间等，通常放在动词后或句末。 例句： She sings beautifully.(beautifully修饰动词sings,说明唱歌的方式) He runs fast.(fast修饰动词nuns,描述跑的速度) ·修饰形容词：放在形容词前，加强或减弱形容词的程度。 例句： This book is very interesting..(vey修饰形容词interesting,强调程度) 口The room is quite small..（quite修饰形容词smal,说明小的程度) 。修饰其他副词：放在被修饰副词前。 例句： He speaks English very fluently..(very修饰副词fluently,加强程度) 口She runs rather fast.(rather修饰副词fast,说明速度的程度) 2.副词的比较级和最高级（规则变化)： 。比较级：两者比较，结构为”副词比较级+han”:最高级：三者及以上比较，结构为”he+副词 最高级+范围” ·规则变化： -一般副词：加-more(比较级)、-most(最高级)，如slowly-→nore slowly-→nost slowly -部分单音节副词：直接加-er、-est,如fast→faster-一→fastest,hard→harder-hardest 3 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 。例句： 口He runs faster than his brother.(faster为比较级，than连接比较对象) 口She studies the most carefully in her class.(most carefully为最高级，in her class表示范围) 3.形容词与副词的区别 1.功能不同：形容词修饰名词/代词，作定语或表语：副词修饰动词/形容词/其他副词，作状语。 例句对比： -形容词：He is a quick runner.(quick修饰名词unner,作定语) -副词：He runs quickly.(quickly修饰动词uns,作状语) 2.后缀不同：部分副词由形容词加-ly构成（如careful-→carefully),但有些副词与形容词同形（如fast、 hard)。 例句： 口He is a hard worker.(hard为形容词，修饰名词worker) 口He works hard.(hard为副词，修饰动词works) 知识点三：形容词与副词的比较等级 1.形容词比较级（两者比较） 1.基础规则变化（中考必背）： 口直接加er:tall→taller(更高的)→例句：Tom is taller than Mike. 口以e结尾加r:nice→nicer（更好的)→例句：This book is nicer than that one. 口辅音字母+y结尾变y为i加er:happy→happier(更开心的)一例句：She feels happier today than yesterday. 口重读闭音节双写尾字母加er:big-bigger(更大的)→例句：My apple is bigger than yours. 口部分双音节词加more:careful--→nore careful(更仔细的)→例句：He is more careful than his brother. 2.常用句型（中考核心)： ☐A+be+比较级+than+B→例句：Winter is colder than autumn. ☐比较级+and+比较级（越来越…）→例句：The weather is getting warmer and warmer. 口the+比较级，the+比较级（越…，越…）→例句：The more you read,the smarter you will be. 2.形容词最高级（三者及以上比较） 1.基础规则变化（中考必背)： ☐直接加est:tall→tallest(最高的)→例句：He is the tallest in his class. 口以e结尾加st:nice→nicest(最好的)一→例句：This is the nicest gift I have ever received D辅音字母+y结尾变y为i加cst:happy--happiest(最开心的)一例句：Today is the happiest day of my life. 口重读闭音节双写尾字母加est:big一→biggest(最大的)→例句：This is the biggest room in the house. 口部分双音节词加most:careful-→nost careful(最仔细的)→例句：She is the most careful student in our group. 4 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 2.常用句型（中考核心)： 口A+be+the+最高级+in/of+范围→例句：Mount Qomolangma is the highest mountain in the world.. 口one of the+最高级+复数名词（最…之一）→例句：London is one of the biggest cities in Europe. 3.副词原级与比较等级 1.副词原级常用结构（中考基础）： ☐as+副词原级+as(和…一样…)→例句：He runs as fast as his father. 口not as/so+副词原级+as(不如…)→例句：She doesn't dance as beautifully as her sister. 2.副词比较级与最高级（中考常考）： 口规则变化：fast一→faster-→fastest(快地一更快地→最快地)一→例句：He runs faster than me./He runs the fastest in his team. 口不规则变化：well→better-→best(好地→更好地→最好地)→例句：She sings better than before. She sings the best in the competition. 口much/a little+比较级(…得多/一点)→例句：This car runs much faster than that one./Can you speak a little more slowly? 考法精析 考法一：形容词与副词辨析 核心：根据修饰对象（名词/动词/形容词）判断使用形容词或副词，掌握规则及不规则转换形式 真题1（语法填空)： The little girl danced(beautiful)at the party and won the first prize. 答案：beautifully 解析：修饰动词danced需用副词，形容词beautiful的副词形式为规则变化+y,即beautifully。 真题2（单项选择)： He studies very一，so he always gets good grades. A.hard B.hardly C.easy D.easily 答案：A 解析：修饰动词studies用副词，hard作副词时意为”努力地”，符合句意；hardly意为”几乎不”，不 符合语境。 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 核心：根据非谓语动词所表时间含义（如不定式表将来、分词表主动/被动）及上下文时态，判断正 确形式 真题1（语法填空）： The meeting-(hold)tomorrow is about environmental protection.Please prepare thematerials in advance 答案：to be held 解析：由时间标志词'tomorrow”可知会议为将来发生的动作，非谓语动词作定语表将来用不定式： 5 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 会议与hold,为被动关系，故用to be held。 真题2（单选题)： -the novel last year,she decided to write a review for it. A.Reading B.Read C.Having read D.To read 答案：C 解析：”last year'”表明”阅读”发生在”决定写评论”之前，即过去的过去”，非谓语动词用现在分 词完成式Having read表主动完成的动作，作原因状语。 考法三：形容词、副词与被动语态在语境中的综合运用 核心：结合语境判断形容词/副词的正确形式，同时识别被动语态的时态及结构(b+过去分词) 真题1（单项选择)： The story sounds_and it by many people last week. A.interesting was read B.interestingly read C.interested was reading D.interest reads 答案：A 解析：第一空”sound”为系动词，后接形容词作表语，”interesting”修饰事物”stoy”;第二空主语”it 指代故事，是read'的承受者，由'last week”可知用一般过去时被动语态，结构为”was+过去分词”， read的过去分词为read。 真题2（语法填空）： This kind of food(taste)delicious and(sell)well in the market every day. 答案：tastes sells 解析：第一空taste'”为系动词，主动形式表被动含义，主语为不可数名词，用一般现在时tastes:第 二空'sell well'”为固定搭配，主动形式表被动意义，主语为单数，用sells。 解题小妙招 形容词副词妙招 修饰名词用形容，修饰动形副用副： 规则加y变副词，特殊变化要记牢： hard本是形副同，hardly含义大不同： 形副辨析看语境，结合词性准判断。 非谓语动词妙招 非谓形式有三类，to do doing和done: 不定式表将来或目，分词主动用doing: 被动完成用done,完成主动having done: 6 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 时间先后看标志，主动被动辨关系： 作定作状看功能，结合语境选对形。 语境综合运用妙招 非谓作状看主动，现在分词表进行： 形修名来副修动，hard形副意不同； 从句引导看先行，逻辑关系是关键： 综合运用需细心，语境分析是核心。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题 1.The music sounds_and all the audience listened_ A.beautiful;careful B.beautifully;carefully C.beautiful;carefully D.beautifully;careful 2.My brother works_every day,but he_watches TV on weekends. A.hard;hard B.hard;hardly C.hardly;hard D.hardly,hardly 3.English well,she practices speaking with foreigners every morning A.Learn B.Learning C.To learn D.Learned 4.The filmlast week is now showing in our local cinema. A.to release B.releasing C.released D.being released 5.If it tomorrow,wethe sports meeting. A.rains;will cancel 7 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 B.will rain;cancel C.rains;cancel D.will rain;will cancel 6.She hasfinished her homework,but she hasn't cleaned her room- A.already,yet B.yet;already C.already,already D.yet;yet 7.The teacher asked the students_late for class again A.not be B.don't be C.not to be D.to not be 8.This is the park-we had a picnic last summer. A.which B.where C.when D.why 9.by the story,many children decided to help the poor girl. A.Moving B.Moved C.To move D.Move 10.By the time we arrived at the station,the train_ A.leaves B.left C.has left D.had left 演练二：填空试题 1.The little boy ran_(quick)to catch the school bus. 2.It's (danger)to play with fire. 8 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 基础词法知识点全解 3.She enjoys_(read)novels in her free time. 4.The meeting(hold)yesterday was very important 5.We(learn)English for six years by next summer. 6.My mother told me(not eat)too much junk food. 7.The girl(wear)a blue coat is my cousin 8.He speaks English so(fluent)that everyone admires him. 9.If it(snow)tomorrow,we will make a snowman. 10.I have(hard)seen such a beautiful sunset before. 演练三：语法填空试题 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Last Sunday,I decided to visit the National Museum with my friends.We planned(meet)at the entrance at 9 a.m.However,Tom arrived late because his bike broke down.While we(wait)for him,a guide (dress)in traditional clothes gave us a brief introduction to the museum's history. After Tom joined us,we started our visit.The first exhibition hall showed ancient tools_(use)by early humans.The tools,_(make)of stone and wood,looked simple but practical.Next,we went to the hall of modern art,where we saw many paintings_(create)by famous artists.One painting,(call)*Sunset Over the Sea*,was so beautiful that I couldn't stop-(take)photos of it. At noon,we had lunch at a cafe near the museum.The food there tasted(delicious),and the service was excellent.In the afternoon,we attended a lecture-(give)by a history professor.He talked about the development of Chinese culture,which made us(feel)proud of our heritage. By the time we left the museum,it was already 5 p.m.Though we felt a little tired,we had a great day learning about history and art. 答案区 演练-：1.C2.B3.C4.C5.A6.A7.C8B9.B10D 1.quickly 2.dangerous 3.reading 4.held 5.will have learned 6.not to eat 7.wearing 8.fluently 9.snows 10.hardly 1.to meet 2.were waiting 3.dressed 4.used 5.made 6.created 7.called8.taking 9.delicious 10.given 11.feel 9