基础词法 名词与代词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪教版）

高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 语法全解 【专题】名词与代词系统讲解 基础词法专项突破 考频分析 沪教上海版高中基础词法中，名词与代词是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿试 卷所有核心题型：单项选择(2-3题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(2-3题)、书面表达（核心考 察，直接影响句子指代明确性与语法正确性)。在语境理解类题目中，名词的单复数、所有格及代 词的人称、物主、指示代词辨析往往是解题关键。 考查内容 。名词核心考点：可数与不可数名词的辨析及量化表达，名词所有格('s所有格、o所有格)的构成 与用法，名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语的句法功能 ·代词系统应用：人称代词主格与宾格的区分，物主代词（形容词性、名词性）的用法，反身代词的固定 搭配，指示代词(this/that/hese/those)的指代功能，不定代词(some/any/no/evey系列，both/either/neither, all/one等)的辨析与语境选择 ·名词性从句连接词：that、whether/.if、wh-疑问词(what/who/.which/whose/when/where/why/how)引 导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时的用法及区别 知识点一：名词与代词的分类及基础用法 1.名词（表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词） 1.专有名词（首字母大写，特指某人W某物）：China(中国)、Monday(星期一)、Tom(汤姆) 例句：Beijing is the capital of China. 2.普通名词（分为可数与不可数） 。可数名词：book(书)、student(学生) 单数：a book;复数：two books: 例句：She has three storybooks 。不可数名词：water(水)、information(信息) 常用“数词+量词+of”修饰：a glass of water:: 例句：Would you like some milk? 1 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 2.代词（代替名词或名词短语，避免重复） 1.人称代词 ·主格：I(我)、you(你/你们)、he(他)she(她)、it(它)、we(我们)、they(他们) 例句：He is my brother. 。宾格：me(我)、him(他)、her(她)、us(我们)、them(他们) 例句：My mother bought a gift for me.. 2.物主代词 ·形容词性物主代词：my(我的)、your(你的)、his(他的) 后接名词：my bag;例句：Her name is Lily: 。名词性物主代词：mine（我的)、yours(你的)、his(他的) 独立使用：The red pen is mine. 3.指示代词（指代人或事物）：his(这个)、that（那个)、these(这些)、those(那些) 例句：These apples are sweet.That is a dog 4.反身代词（表示“亲自”“自己”）：myself(我自己)、himself(他自己)、themselves(他们自己) 例句：She taught herself English, 知识点二：名词与代词系统 1.名词的分类及用法 1.专有名词（特定人、地、物、机构等的专属名称） 特点：首字母必须大写，通常无复数形式（部分特殊情况除外，如the Smiths表示“史密斯一家人”） 例句： ·Beijing is the capital of China.(北京是中国的首都) 。We will visit the Great Wall next month.(我们下个月将参观长城) 2.普通名词（表示一类人、事物或抽象概念的名称） ·可数名词（可计数，有单复数形式） 结构：单数形式直接使用：复数形式一般在词尾加-s,以sx/sh/ch结尾加-es,以辅音字母+y 结尾变y为i加-es,不规则变化需特殊记忆（如mn→men,child-→children) 例句 1.There is a book on the desk.(桌上有一本书) 2.She bought three tomatoes and two knives.(她买了三个西红柿和两把刀) ·不可数名词（不可直接计数，无复数形式，表达数量需借助量词） 常见类型：物质名词（如water,milk,rice)、抽象名词（如happiness,knowledge,time) 结构：表示数量时用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”，量词有单复数变化 例句： 2 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 l.I need a glass of water..(我需要一杯水) 2.He has much knowledge about history..(他有很多历史知识) 2.代词的分类及用法 1.人称代词（指代人或事物的代词） 主格（作主语）：I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they 宾格（作宾语）：me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them 例句： ·She is my sister.I love her very much.(她是我妹妹，我非常爱她) ·They are students.The teacher often helps them.(他们是学生，老师经常帮助他们) 2.物主代词（表示所属关系的代词） 形容词性物主代词（后接名词)：my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their 名词性物主代词（相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，独立使用）：mine,yours,,his,hers,its,ours, yours,theirs 例句： 。This is my book.That is yours.(这是我的书，那是你的) 。Her bag is red.Hers is bigger than mine.(她的包是红色的，她的包比我的大) 3.反身代词（指代主语本身，表示“自己”） 常见形式：myself,yourself,himself,,herself,.itself,ourselves,.yourselves,themselves 用法：常作宾语、表语或同位语，强调主语亲自做某事 例句： ·He taught himself English.(他自学英语) ·We enjoyed ourselves at the party.(我们在聚会上玩得很开心) 4.指示代词（指示人或事物的代词） 单数：his（这个)，that(那个)：复数：these(这些)，those（那些) 用法：this/these指较近的人或物，that/hose指较远的人或物；打电话时常用this介绍自己，that询 问对方 例句： 。This is a pen.That is a pencil.(这是一支钢笔，那是一支铅笔) ·These are apples..Those are oranges.(这些是苹果，那些是橘子) 5.不定代词（指代不确定的人或事物的代词） 常见不定代词：some(一些，用于肯定句或希望得到肯定回答的疑问句)，any(一些，用于否定句 和疑问句)，many(许多，修饰可数名词复数)，much(许多，修饰不可数名词)，few(很少，修饰 可数名词复数，表否定)，afew(几个，修饰可数名词复数，表肯定)，little(很少，修饰不可数名 词，表否定)，a little(一点，修饰不可数名词，表肯定)，everyone(每个人)，something(某事) 例句： 3 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 ·I have some books.Do you have any?(我有一些书，你有吗？) ●There are many students in the classroom,but few of them are girls.（教室里有很多学生，但很少是 女生) 。He has a little money.He can buy a pen.(他有一点钱，他可以买一支钢笔) 知识点三：名词与代词系统 1.名词的数（中考必背) 1.规则名词复数：一般在词尾加-s→例句：book→books(书) 2.以s,x,ch,sh结尾加-Cs→例句：bus→buses（公共汽车) 3.以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i加-es一→例句：city→cities(城市) 4.以o结尾的有生命名词加-es→例句：tomato→tomatoes（西红柿) 5.以f/fe结尾变ffe为v加-es→例句：leaf→leaves(叶子) 6.不规则复数变化→例句：man→men（男人)：child→children（孩子) 7.单复数同形→例句：sheep→sheep(绵羊)：fish→fish(鱼) 8.集体名词表整体时单数，表成员时复数→例句：The family is big.(家庭整体)；The family are watching TV.(家庭成员) 2.代词的分类及用法（中考核心） 1.人称代词： 。主格作主语→例句：He is a student.(他是一名学生) ·宾格作宾语→例句：I like her.(我喜欢她) 2.物主代词： 。形容词性物主代词+名词→例句：This is my book.(这是我的书) ·名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词→例句：The pen is mine..(这支笔是我的) 3.反身代词： ·强调自身→例句：She did it herself.(她自己做的) ·固定搭配：enjoy oneself(玩得开心)→例句：They enjoyed themselves at the party. 4.指示代词： 。this/these近指→例句：This is a cat.（这是一只猎) ·that/those远指→例句：Those are apples.（那些是苹果) 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 3.名词所有格（中考易错） 1.基础构成 。有生命名词直接加's→例句：Tom'sbag(汤姆的包) ·以s结尾的复数名词加'→例句：Teachers'office(老师们的办公室) ·无生命名词用of结构→例句：the door of the room（房间的门) 2.特殊用法： 。共同所有只在最后一个名词后加's→例句：Lucy and Lily's mother(露西和莉莉的妈妈) ·分别所有每个名词后都加's一例句：Lucy's and Lily's books(露西和莉莉的书) 。表时间、距离、国家等名词的所有格→例句：today's news(今天的新闻)：ten minutes'walk(十 分钟的步行路程) 考法精析 考法一：冠词用法辨析 核心：根据泛指/特指、名词类型及固定搭配，判断是否使用冠词及冠词类型 真题1（语法填空）： We usually have_breakfast at 7:00 a.m.,and then go to _school. 答案：11 解析：三餐(breakfast)和学校(school,表上学概念)前用零冠词。 真题2（完形填空）： _Sun is much bigger than_moon. A.A;a B.The;the C./;D.An;an 答案：B 解析：独一无二的天体(sun,moon)前需用定冠词the。 考法二：代词与介词搭配辨析 核心：结合语境判断代词类型，同时正确使用时间/地点介词及固定搭配 真题1（语法填空)： My brother left his dictionary at home,so he borrowed(I)this morning.We plan to study together_ the library-3 p.m. 答案：mine in at 解析：第一空后无名词，需用名词性物主代词mine指代'my dictionary';第二空在图书馆”是封 闭空间，用介词in;第三空3p.m.”为具体时刻，用介词at。 真题2（完形填空）： -Whose books are these? -They are_.Our teacher told us to read them_the Reading Week. 5 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 A.our on B.ours during C.us in D.we at 答案：B 解析：第一空独立使用表示”我们的书'，用名词性物主代词ouS:第二空”在阅读周期间”用固定 搭配during,符合during+时间段”的用法（干扰项im虽可接时间段，但此处强调”在期间的过 程性，during更准确)。 考法三：名词代词与连词在复合句中的综合运用 核心：正确辨析名词单复数、代词格的选择，并结合连词引导的从句结构完成语法填空或单选题 真题1（单项选择）： Neither the students nor their teacher_(know)where the library books_(put)yesterday.They need to find them soon. A.knows;were put B.know;put C.know;were put D.knows;put 答案：A 解析：第一空考查neither..nor.的就近原则，就近主语为“their teacher”(第三人称单数)，谓语动 词用knows:第二空主语“books”是动作“put”的承受者，且时间标志“yesterday”提示用一般过 去时被动语态，结构为“were+过去分词”，put的过去分词为put。 真题2（语法填空）： My brother and I often help_(we)parents with housework on weekends.Last Saturday,-we were cleaning the living room,my mother told us that some friends of_(our)would visit us,so we finished quickly. 答案：our;while,:ours 解析：第一空后接名词“parents”,用形容词性物主代词our;第二空“cleaning”为延续性动作，用 while引导时间状语从句：第三空“some friends of+名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，填ours。 解题小妙招 冠词用法妙招 泛指特指要分清，泛指a/an特指he: 三餐球类和学科，学校hospital(表功能)，零冠词来用： 独一无二天体名，江河海洋山脉名，乐器建筑最高级，定冠词h莫忘记。 代词介词妙招 代词类型看位置，主格作主宾格宾，名词性物主代独立，形容词性后加名： 时间介词要记牢，at点on天in年月季，during用于时间段，强调过程更清晰： 地点介词辨空间，大地点in小t,封闭空间用in,on表表面by表旁。 语法综合填空妙招 名词代词格为先，名代搭配看语境： 6 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】名词与代词系统讲解 冠词使用按规则，泛指特指零冠词： 介词搭配要固定，时间地点辨清楚： 时态呼应看标志，语法填空无难事。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.My father bought a new bike for me,butis still in the garage because I haven't learned to ride it yet. A.he B.his C.it D.its 2.-honest boy never tells lies,andboy in blue jacket is one of them. A.An;the B.A;a C.The;an D./;the 3.We will have a picnic-Sunday morning if the weather is fine.Don't forget to bring-umbrella. A.in;a B.on;an C.at;the D.for;/ 4.-Whose notebook is this? -It must be Lucy's.Look,_name is written on the cover. A.she B.her C.hers D.herself 5.-of the teachers in our school are women,and_of them have been working here for over 10 years. A.Two third;three fourth B.Two thirds;three fourths C.Two third;three fourths D.Two thirds;three fourth 6.My brother is goodplaying basketball,and he often practices-the school playground after class. A.at;on B.in;in C.for;at D.with;to 7.You won't pass the exam-you study harder.Remember,-you put in,-result you will get. A.unless;more;better B.if;the more;the better C.unless;the more;the better D.if;more;better 8.I wonder the meeting will start.My mother told me it begins at 9 a.m.,but she isn't sure. A.when;if B.that;when C.if;that D.when;that 9.The storybook-I borrowed from the library yesterday is very interesting.I have read-third chapter already. A.which;the B.who;a C.that;an D./; 10.Not only my parents but also Iinterested in traveling.We plan to visit Japan-autumn this year. A.am;in B.are;on C.is;at D.be;during 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.This is_(Tom)new bike.He rides it to school(two)a week. 2.My sister lost_(she)wallet last week,so I lent_(my)to her. 7 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 3.We should protect _(nature)environment,because it is important for(we)future. 4._(hundred)of students took part in the sports meet,and_(ninth)graders won the most medals. 5.The moviewe watched last night was about a girl_traveled around the world alone. 6.I will call you_soon as I arrive in Beijing.Please wait-me at the airport. 7.is known to all,the earth goes around-sun. 8.She spends half an hour_(read)English every morning.Her pronunciation is getting _(good)than before 9.The little boy taught(he)to play the piano.Now he can play many beautiful pieces. 10.We are looking forward to(see)you at the party-Saturday evening. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） Last Sunday,I went to-park with my family.-park is near our home,so we walked there.On the way, we met Mr.Li,-is my father's old friend.He told us he was going to visit his son in America-next month When we arrived at the park,there were many children playing.A girl was flying-kite,and_kite was shaped like a butterfly.I wanted to join them,but my mother said we should first have-picnic.We spread a blanket on the grass and took out sandwiches,fruit,and drinks.My little brother ate three sandwiches! After lunch,we played games.My father taught me how to play badminton.At first,I couldn't hit the shuttlecock,but after practicing forhour,I could play well.My mother took photos of us.She said the photos would be a good memory for_ was getting late when we left the park.We felt tired but happy.It was-wonderful day! 答案区 演练-：1.C2.A3B4.B5B6.A7.C8.A9.A10.A 1.Tom's;twice 2.her;mine 3.natural;our 4.Hundreds;ninth 5.that/which;who 6.as;for 7.As; the 8.reading;better 9.himself 10.seeing;on 演练三：1.the2.The3.wh04./5.a6.the7.a8.an9.us10.It11.a 8