基础词法 冠词与数词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪教版）

高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 语法专项 冠词与数词系统讲解 沪教上海版高中英语语法全解 考频分析 沪教上海版高中基础词法中，冠词与数词是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷 核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(2-3题)、书面表达（基础考察，影 响名词搭配的准确性)。在语境理解类题目中，冠词的泛指特指及数词的固定搭配往往是解题关键。 考查内容 。冠词基本用法：不定冠词a/an的泛指与类指功能，定冠词the的特指、上文提及、独一无二事物等 用法，零冠词在专有名词、抽象名词等场景的应用 ·冠词特殊搭配：固定短语中冠词的有无（如in hospital/in the hospital),姓氏复数前定冠词表一家人， 季节、月份前冠词的使用规则 ·数词系统应用：基数词与序数词的转换及句法功能（作定语、表语、宾语等），分数、倍数、年代、 年龄的表达法，概数词(hundred/.thousand/million)的单复数及of的搭配规则 知识点一：冠词与数词系统讲解 1.不定冠词(a/an,表泛指”一个)） 1.用法区别： 。a用于辅音音素开头的单词前 ●an用于元音音素开头的单词前 2.例句： ·I need a university student.(辅音音素开头) 。She bought an umbrella yesterday.(元音音素开头) 2.定冠词(the,表特指或特定概念) 1.基本用法：特指上文提到的人/物、独一无二的事物、序数词前 1 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 2.例句： ●The book on the desk is mine.(特指桌上的书) 。The sun rises in the east.(独一无二事物) 3.零冠词（不使用冠词，表泛指或固定搭配） 1.常见场景：复数名词表泛指、学科/语言名称、三餐球类运动前 2.例句： 。Students should study hard.(复数表泛指) ·We play basketball every Sunday.(球类运动) 4.基数词（表数量，后接可数名词复数） 1.基础形式：one(一)、two(二)、twenty(二十)、hundred(百) 2.例句 。There are thirty students in our class.(表具体数量) ·Three hundred people attended the meeting.(hundred前有具体数词不加s) 5.序数词（表顺序，前常加定冠词the) 1.构成规则：first(1st)、second(2nd)、third(3rd)、fourth（4th)、tenth(10th) 2.例句： ●She won the first prize in the competition.(表顺序) ·This is my second time visiting Beijing..(序数词前加the) 知识点二：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.用法区别： ·a用于辅音音素开头的单词前（如a book,a university一university首字母发音为/ju:/,为辅音 音素) 。an用于元音音素开头的单词前（如an apple,an hour-hour首字母不发音，首个音素为/au/, 为元音音素) 2.常见用法：表示”一个”（但不强调数量）、泛指某类人物、用于单数可数名词前表类别 3.例句： 2 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 。I need a pen to write with.(泛指”一支笔”，pen以辅音音素p/开头) ·She is an honest girl..(honest以元音音素/o/开头) 。A doctor should be kind to patients.(泛指'医生”这一类别) 2.定冠词(the) 1.用法场景：特指上文提到过的人物、特指双方都清楚的人/物、用于世界上独一无二的事物前（如 the sun,the moon)、用于序数词/形容词最高级前、用于乐器名称前 2.例句 。The book on the desk is mine.(特指'桌子上的那本书”) ·Open the window,please.(双方都知道指的是哪个窗户) ·The first lesson is easy.（序数词first前用the) 。She plays the piano very well.(乐器piano前用the) 3.零冠词（不用冠词） 1.用法场景：复数名词表泛指、不可数名词表泛指、学科名称前（如Math,English)、球类运动前（如 play basketball,play football)、三餐名称前（如have breakfast,have dinner) 2.例句： 。Dogs are loyal animals.(复数名词dogs表泛指'狗'这一类) ●Water is important for life..(不可数名词water表泛指) ●We learn English at school.(学科English前不用冠词) ·He often plays football after class.(球类football前不用冠词) 4.基数词 1.基本构成： 。1-l2独立拼写(one,two.twelve) 。l3-l9以-teen结尾(thirteen,.fourteen..nineteen) ●20-90整十数以-ty结尾(twenty,thirty..ninety) 。几十几用'整十数+连字符+个位数，（如twenty-one,hity-five) 2.用法：表示具体数量，后接可数名词复数（基数词为1时接单数） 3.例句： ·There are twenty students in the classroom.(20个学生，后接复数名词students) ●I have two sisters and one brother.(2个姐妹，1个兄弟) 3 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 5.序数词 1.基本构成： 。1-3特殊拼写(first,second,third) ·4-l9在基数词后加-th(fourth,fifth.nineteenth,注意fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth拼写变化) 。整十数变y为i加-eth(twentieth,thirtieth.) 。几十几的序数词”整十数序数词+连字符+个位数序数词”（如wenty-first,.thirty-third) 2.用法：前通常加he,后接可数名词单数 3.例句： ●He is the first to arrive.(序数词first前加the,后接不定式to arrive) 。This is my third time to visit Beijing.(third前加the,后接单数名词time) ·Today is her twentieth birthday.(twentieth前加the,后接单数名词birthday) 6.数词的常见搭配 1.分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时分母加-s(如one third,two thirds) 2.倍数表达：基数词+times（如twice两倍，three times三倍) 3.例句： ●Two thirds of the students like music.(三分之二的学生，分子two大于l,分母third加-s) ●The room is twice as big as that one.(这个房间是那个的两倍大) 知识点三：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。表示泛指的人或物→例句：I have a book.(我有一本书。) 。用于可数名词单数前，表示，一”的概念→例句：There is an apple on the table.(桌子上有一个 苹果。) ·用于首次提到的人或事物→例句：This is a pen.The pen is red.(这是一支钢笔。这支钢笔是红 色的。) ·用于表示职业、身份的名词前一→例句：She wants to be a doctor..(她想成为一名医生。) 。用于”a/an+形容词+名词”结构中→例句：He is a tall boy.(他是一个高个子男孩。) ·用于固定搭配'a lot of,中→例句：There are a lot of students in the classroom.(教室里有很多学 生。) 4 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 ·用于half an hour'”等表达中→例句：It takes half an hour to get there.(到那里需要半小时。) ●用于have a rest'”等固定短语中→例句：Let's have a rest.(我们休息一下吧。) ·用于”once a week”等表示频率的短语中一例句：I go shopping once a week.(我每周去购物一 次。) 。用于以辅音音素开头的可数名词单数前用a”,以元音音素开头的用”an”→例句：auniversity(一 所大学)，an hour(一小时)。 2.定冠词(the) 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。表示特指的人或物→例句：The book on the desk is mine.(桌子上的那本书是我的。) 。用于世界上独一无二的事物前→例句：The sun is shining brightly.（太阳正明亮地照耀着。) ·用于序数词前一→例句：He is the first one to come to school.(他是第一个来学校的。) ·用于形容词最高级前→例句：This is the best film I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最好的电影。) ·用于乐器类名词前→例句：She plays the piano very well..(她钢琴弹得很好。) ·用于姓氏复数前，表示一家人→例句：The Smiths are having dinner.(史密斯一家正在吃晚饭。) ·用于江河湖海、山脉等专有名词前→例句：The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.（长江 是中国最长的河流。) 。用于上文提到过的人或事物前一例句：I have a cat..The cat is very cute.(我有一只猫。这只猫很 可爱。) 。用于'the+形容词'表示一类人例句：We should help the old..(我们应该帮助老人。) 。用于固定搭配'in the morning/afternoon/evening”"中→例句：I usually read books in the evening. (我通常在晚上看书。) 3.数词 1.基数词（中考核心)： 。表示数量→例句：There are twenty students in our class.(我们班有二十个学生。) 。表示年龄→例句：He is twelve years old.(他十二岁了。) ·表示时间一例句：It's eight o'clock now.(现在八点钟了。) ·表示电话号码一例句：My phone number is138-1234-5678.(我的电话号码是138-1234-5678。) 。表示编号→例句：Room302(302房间)。 2.序数词（中考核心）： ·表示顺序一例句：He got the first prize in the competition.(他在比赛中获得了一等奖。) ·用于日期→例句：Today is October the first.（今天是十月一日。) ●用于”the+序数词+名词'结构一例句：The second lesson is English.（第二节课是英语。) 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 。分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时分母加's”→例句：One third of the students are girls.(三分之一的学生是女生。)，Two fifths of the cake is eaten..(蛋糕的五分之二被吃了。) 。倍数表达：”基数词+times'”→例句：This room is three times bigger than that one.(这个房间比那 个大三倍。) 解题小妙招 不定冠词a/an妙招 判断a/an看音素，元音音素前用an,辅音音素前用a: 单词开头非关键，首发音是硬道理： university虽u开头，ju:/辅音a来配： umbrella/W元音起，an要放在它前头。 考法精析 考法一：不定冠词a/an用法辨析 核心：根据单词开头的音素（而非字母)，判断使用a还是an 真题1（语法填空）： There isuniversity near my home.It has a beautiful campus. 答案：a 解析：university虽以元音字母u开头，但发音以辅音音素ju:/开头，故用a。 真题2（单项选择)： My mother bought meumbrella as my birthday gift. A.a B.an C.the D./ 答案：B 解析：umbrella以元音音素//开头，表泛指”一把伞，故用an。 考法三：冠词、数词与被动语态的综合应用 核心：结合语境判断冠词的泛指/特指用法，运用数词表达数量或顺序，同时根据动作承受者确定 被动语态的时态和结构 真题1（单项选择）： eighth lesson is about environmental protection.Itby a young scientist last month A.A;is written B.The;was written C.An;wrote D./has written 答案：B 6 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 解析：序数词'eighth”前需用定冠词he表顺序：主语”it'指代课程，是动作”write”的承受者，用 被动语态，时间标志词'last month'”提示用一般过去时，结构为”was+过去分词”，wite的过去分 词为written。 真题2（语法填空）： Three_(hundred)trees _(plant)in our school last spring.Now they are growing well. 答案：hundred were planted 解析：数词hundred,前有具体数字three'”时不加s:主语'trees”是动作”plant'的承受者，用被动 语态，时间标志词'last spring''提示用一般过去时，主语为复数，be动词用were,plant的过去分词 为planted。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.She bought_useful dictionary yesterday. Aa B an Cthe D/ 2.We usually playbasketball after school. Aa B an Cthe D/ 3.English well is necessary for students. A Learn B Learning C To learning D Learned 4.My brother enjoys music in his free time. A listen to B listening to Cto listen to D listened to 5.The girl_in red is my sister. A dress B dressing C dressed D to dress 6.This is the book I bought last week. A who B which C whom Dwhose 7.ITV when the phone rang last night. A watch B watched C am watching D was watching 8.Hein this city for 10 years by 2020. A has lived B had lived C lived D will live 7 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 9.The room_every day. A cleans B is cleaned C cleaned D was cleaned 10.the homework,he went to bed. A Finishing B Finished C Having finished D To finish 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.There are_(three)books on the desk 2.She is_(one)student to arrive. 3.He wants_(go)to the park. 4.I like-(swim)in summer. 5.The(break)window needs to be repaired. 6.This is the househe was born. 7.If it (rain)tomorrow,we will stay at home. 8.I(live)here since 2010. 9.The letter(write)by her yesterday. 10.-(see)the teacher,the students stopped talking. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） I still remember the day I first came to this school.The weather was fine,and the sun_(shine)brightly. I was accompanied by my parents,who_(carry)my luggage.When we arrived,we saw many students -(welcome)new comers.A teacher_(dress)in a red coat came to us and showed us around.She told us that the school(build)in 1950 and had a long history.There were many trees and flowers_(plant)in the yard,which made the school very beautiful.During the tour,I met a boy_name was Tom.He said he 8 高中沪教上海版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 _(study)here for two years.We talked happily and became friends soon.I feel lucky_(study)in such a good school. 答案区 演练-：1.A2D3.B4.B5.C6.B7D8.B9B10.C 1.three 2.the first 3.to go 4.swimming 5.broken 6.where 7.rains 8.have lived 9.was written 10.Seeing 1.when 2.was shining 3.were carrying 4.welcoming 5.dressed 6.was built 7.planted 8.whose 9had studied 10.to study 9