非谓语动词 分词 doing done 系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪教版）

高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 非谓语动词全解 语法专版 【专题】非谓语动词之分词doing/done 系统讲解与真题突破 考频分析 沪教上海版高中英语中，分词doing/done是重点语法模块，考频占非谓语动词语法总量的60%左 右，贯穿试卷核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(2-3题)、阅读理解 (涉及长难句分析，影响句意理解)。在语境理解类题目中，分词的主动与被动含义、作定语和状语 的用法区别往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·分词形式与意义：现在分词doing表示主动或进行，过去分词done表示被动或完成的基本区别 。句法功能：作定语（前置/后置）、状语（时间、原因、伴随等）、表语、宾语补足语的用法及语境匹 配 。固定搭配与特殊结构：感官动词+宾语+doing/done的复合结构，with+宾语+doing/done的独立主 格结构，以及与介词、连词搭配的固定用法 知识点一：分词的分类及基础用法 1.现在分词(doing形式，表示主动或进行) 1.构成方式：动词原形+ing(如：work→working,study-→studying) 2.功能及例句： 。作定语：The running water is clear..(unning修饰water,表主动) ·作状语：Ie stood there,.waiting for the bus.(waiting表伴随动作，主动关系) 2.过去分词(done形式，表示被动或完成) 1.构成方式：规则动词加-ed(如：finish一→finished),不规则动词需特殊记忆（如：see→seen,take→taken) 2.功能及例句： 。作定语：The broken window needs repairing.(broken修饰window,表被动) 1 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 非谓语动词全解 ·作表语：The cup is broken.(broken表状态，完成意义) 3.分词的常见搭配及用法 1.现在分词：常与be动词构成进行时（如：She is reading a book.),或用于介词后作宾语（如：Heis good at swimming. 2.过去分词：常与have/has构成完成时被动语态（如：The work has been done.),或独立作后置定语 (如：the books written by Lu Xun) 知识点二：非谓语动词之现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done) 1.现在分词(doing):表示主动或进行 1.功能一：作定语（修饰名词，表主动或正在进行的动作) 。结构：名词+doing(前置定语)/doing+名词（后置定语，多用于短语） ●例句： 1.The running boy is my brother..(running修饰boy,表主动“正在跑的”) 2.I know the girl singing in the park.(singing in the park修饰girl,表主动“正在公园唱歌的”) 2.功能二：作状语（表时间、原因、伴随等，逻辑主语与句子主语一致，表主动） ·结构：doing+句子（逗号隔开）/句子+doing(逗号隔开，表伴随) 。例句： l.Walking in the street,I met an old friend.(表时间“当走在街上时”，I与walk是主动关系) 2.He sat on the chair,reading a newspaper.(表伴随“坐着的同时读报纸”，he与read是主动关 系) 3.功能三：作宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的动作，表主动或进行） ·结构：主语+动词（如see,hear,keep)+宾语+doing 。例句： 1.I saw her dancing in the hall.(dancing补充说明her的动作，“看见她正在跳舞") 2.We kept the fire burning all night.(burning补充说明fire的状态，“让火一直燃烧”) 2.过去分词(done):表示被动或完成 1.功能一：作定语（修饰名词，表被动或已完成的动作) ·结构：名词+done(前置定语)/done+名词（后置定语，多用于短语） 。例句： 1.The broken window was repaired yesterday.(broken修饰window,表被动“被打破的”) 2 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 非谓语动词全解 2.I like the books written by Mo Yan.(written by Mo Yan修饰books,表被动“被莫言写的”) 2.功能二：作状语（表时间、原因、条件等，逻辑主语与句子主语一致，表被动） ·结构：done+句子（逗号隔开）/句子+done(逗号隔开，表被动结果) 。例句 1.Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful.(表条件“从山上被看时”，city与see是被动关系) 2.Encouraged by his mother,he worked harder.(表原因“被妈妈鼓励后”，he与encourage是被 动关系) 3.功能三：作宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的状态，表被动或完成） ●结构：主语+动词（如see,have,make)+宾语+done 。例句： 1.I heard the song sung in English.(sumg补充说明song的状态，“听到这首歌被用英语唱”) 2.We had our car washed yesterday..(washed补充说明car的动作，“让我们的车被洗了”) 3.现在分词与过去分词的区别（核心考点） 1.语态不同：doing表主动，done表被动（如“the running dog”（主动跑）vs“the killed dog”（被动 被杀) 2.时间不同：doing表进行（如“boiling water”(正在沸腾的水）)，done表完成（如“boiled water”(已 烧开的水)) 3.例句对比： ●The girl crying loudly is my sister..(crying主动“正在哭的女孩"”) 。The girl criticized by the teacher is my sister..(criticized被动“被老师批评的女孩”) 知识点三：非谓语动词 1.todo（不定式) 1.基础搭配拓展（中考必背）： 。offer to do(主动提出做)→例句：He offers to help me with my English, ·forget to do(忘记去做)→例句：Don't forget to turn off the lights. 。remember to do(记得去做)→例句：Remember to buy some milk on your way home. ·agree to do(同意做)→例句：She agrees to join our club, ·refuse to do(拒绝做)→例句：He refuses to tell me the truth. 。choose to do(选择做)→例句：They choose to stay at home on Sunday. 。promise to do（承诺做)一例句：I promise to return the book on time. 3 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 非谓语动词全解 ·expect to do(期望做)→例句：We expect to get good grades.. 。prepare to do(准备做)→例句：She prepares to have a party. 。afford to do（负担得起做)→例句：My family can't afford to buy a new car.. 2.特殊结构搭配（中考易错)： ·ask sb.not to do(要求某人不要做)→例句：The teacher asks us not to be late. 。tell sb.not to do(告诉某人不要做)→例句：Mly mother tells me not to eat too much candy. 。want sb.todo(想要某人做)→例句：I want my brother to help me. 2.doing(动名词/现在分词) 1.基础搭配拓展（中考必背）： 。consider doing(考虑做)→例句：He considers studying abroad ·suggest doing(建议做)→例句：She suggests going for a walk. ·delay doing(推迟做)→例句：They delay leaving for Beijing. 。admit doing(承认做)→例句：He admits breaking the window ·deny doing(否认做)→例句：She denies stealing the money. ·escape doing(逃避做)一例句：He escapes being punished. 。imagine doing(想象做)→例句：I imagine flying in the sky ●allow doing（允许做)→例句：The school allows running on the playground, ·permit doing（允许做)一例句：My parents permit watching TV after dinner. ·forbid doing(禁止做)→例句：The sign forbids parking here. 2.固定短语搭配（中考常考）： ·be busy doing(忙于做)→例句：She is busy cooking dinner.. 。feel like doing(想要做)→例句：I feel like eating ice cream. ·give up doing(放弃做)一例句：He gives up playing computer games. 3.done(过去分词) 1.基础搭配拓展（中考必背）： ●be interested in done(对被…感兴趣)→例句：She is interested in being taught English. 。be used to done(被用来做)→例句：Knives are used to cut things. ·get done(被…)一例句：My bike gets repaired. 。have sth.done(让某事被做)一例句：I have my hair cut. ●nake sth.done(使某事被做)→例句：He makes his homework finished. 4 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 非谓语动词全解 ·keep sth.done(使某事保持被做)一例句：Keep the door closed 。find sth.done(发现某事被做)→例句：I find the window broken. ·see sth.done(看见某事被做)一例句：She sees the letter sent. 。hear sth.done(听见某事被做)→例句：We hear the song sung. ●watch sth.done(观看某事被做)→例句：They watch the work finished. 2.特殊结构搭配（中考易错）： 。done+名词（过去分词作定语）→例句：I have a broken cup. 。be+done(被动语态)→例句：The book is written by him. ·gt+done（被动语态)→例句：My phone gets lost. 考法精析 考法一：分词作定语的用法辨析 核心：根据被修饰词与分词的逻辑关系（主动/被动）及动作状态（进行/完成），选择正确的现在分 词或过去分词作定语 真题1（语法填空)： The_(fall)leaves covered the whole ground in autumn. 答案：falling 解析：leaves与fall是主动关系，且表示“正在落下的”进行状态，故用现在分词falling作定语。 真题2（单项选择)： We should pay attention to the-instructions before using the machine. A.written B.writing C.write D.writes 答案：A 解析：instructions与write是被动关系，“被写下的说明”表被动完成，故用过去分词written作定 语。 考法二：分词作状语与独立主格结构辨析 核心：根据逻辑主语是否与主句主语一致，判断使用分词作状语还是独立主格结构，并选择正确 的分词形式（主动/被动） 真题1（语法填空)： (see)from the hill,the village looks like a picture. 答案：Seen 解析：分词作状语，逻辑主语是主句主语the village,与see是被动关系，用过去分词seen 5 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 非谓语动词全解 真题2（完形填空）： -the rain stopping,we decided to go out for a walk. A.With B.Having C.When D.As 答案：A 解析：独立主格结构，逻辑主语therain与主句主语we不一致，用with复合结构(with+宾语+现 在分词)表主动进行 考法三：分词作状语与独立主格结构的综合应用 核心：区分分词作状语（逻辑主语为主句主语）与独立主格结构（自带逻辑主语)，结合主动/被动 关系选择现在分词或过去分词 真题1（单项选择）： _the homework,he went out to play basketball. A.Finishing B.Finished C.Having finished D.The homework finished 答案：D 解析：主句主语he”与”homework”不一致，需用独立主格结构表作业被完成”的被动关系，逻辑 主语'the homework”后接过去分词finished。AB/C项为分词作状语，要求逻辑主语与主句主语 致，此处不符合。 真题2（语法填空）： The meeting_(hold)yesterday,we had no time to visit the museum 答案：held 解析：逗号前后无连词，后半句为主句，前半句需用独立主格结构。逻辑主语the meeting”与hold 是被动关系，且动作已完成，故填过去分词held。若用'Having been held'则为分词作状语，但主句 主语we”并非meeting”的逻辑主语，因此独立主格结构更准确。 解题小妙招 分词作定妙招 现在分词表主动，进行状态也用它： 过去分词表被动，完成状态莫忘啦： 被修饰词是关键，逻辑关系先定下。 分词作状妙招 分词作状找主语，主句主语是一家： 主动关系-ing,被动关系-ed加： 逻辑主语不一致，独立主格来当家。 6 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 非谓语动词全解 独立主格妙招 自带主语独立格，两部分间无连接： 主动用-ing,被动用-ed: with结构常相伴，宾补形式跟着它。 综合辨析妙招 先看主语是否同，同为主语用分状： 不同主语独立格，逻辑关系再细察： 主动进行-ing,被动完成-cd加： 无连词时多留意，独立主格别落下。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The_student is always the first to answer questions in class. A.raising B.risen C.rising D.rose 2.-the news,she couldn't help crying. A.Hearing B.Heard C.To hear D.Hear 3.We visited the museum-by many famous artists last year. A.designing B.designed C.to design D.design 4.his homework,he went out to play basketball. A.Finishing B.Finished C.Having finished D.To finish 5.-the storm coming,all flights were canceled. A.With B.As C.When D.Because 6.The girl in the corner is my sister. A.seat B.seating C.seated D.to seat 7.-from the top of the tower,the city looks more beautiful at night. A.Seeing B.Seen C.To see D.See 8.in 1949,this university has a history of over 70 years. A.Founding B.Founded C.To found D.Found 9.The meetingover,we started to discuss the next plan. A.is B.was C.being D.be 10.the problem,they had a heated discussion A.Facing B.Faced C.To face D.Face 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 7 高中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 非谓语动词全解 1.The_(break)glass was cleaned up by Tom just now. 2._(walk)along the street,I met my old classmate yesterday. 3.The book_(write)by Lu Xun is still popular today. 4.-(tire)after the long journey,she went to bed immediately. 5.The children ran out of the room,-(laugh)loudly. 6.(give)more time,I could have solved the problem better. 7.The(fall)snow covered the entire mountain. 8.-(see)the teacher,the students stopped talking at once. 9.The machine_(invent)last year has been widely used now. 10.(know)his telephone number,I can call him anytime. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） Last Sunday,my friends and I decided to go hiking.-(prepare)everything in the momning,we set off at 8 o'clock.The path_(lead)to the mountain was a bit steep.Along the way,we saw many-(color) flowers and_(sing)birds._(walk)for about two hours,we finallyreached the top._(look)down from the top,the whole city seemed like a small village.We took many photos(stand)on the edge of the cliff. After resting for a while,we started to go down.-(tire)but happy,we arrived home at 6 pm.The trip (make)us closer to nature,and we all felt it was a meaningful experience._(think)about the beautiful views,I couldn't help smiling. 答案区 演练-：1.C2.A3B4.C5.A6.C7B8B9.C10.A 1.broken 2.Walking 3.written 4.Tired 5.laughing 6.Given 7.falling 8.Seeing 9.invented 10.Know- ing 1.Having prepared 2.leading 3.colorful 4.singing 5.Having walked6.Looking 7.standing 8.Tired 9.made 10.Thinking