特殊结构与综合语法 省略与替代系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（北师大版）

高中北师大版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 语法专版 【专题】省略与替代系统讲解 特殊结构与综合语法 考频分析 北师大版高中特殊结构与综合语法中，省略与替代是重要语法模块，考频占句法总量的15%左右， 涉及试卷多个核心题型：单项选择(1-2题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(1-2题)、阅读理解 (辅助理解长难句，提升阅读效率)。在语篇理解和语法应用类题目中，省略的逻辑关系及替代词的 指代一致性往往是解题关键。 考查内容 。基本省略规则：简单句中主语、谓语、宾语的承前省略，并列句中相同成分的省略，复合句中从句 主语和be动词的省略 ·替代词应用：one/ones、that/those、it的指代对象辨析，so/neither/nor引导的替代句式，do/does/did 对前文动词的替代 。语境中的灵活运用：对话情境中的省略表达（如省略主语I或助动词），书面语中不定式符号o的 保留与省略，比较状语从句中的省略与替代 知识点一：省略与替代系统讲解 1.省略（避免重复，使语言简洁） 1.常见类型： ·简单句中的省略（省略主语、谓语或宾语） ·并列句中的省略（省略相同的谓语部分） ·复合句中的省略（状语从句中省略主语和be动词） 2.例句： ·)Hope to see you soon.(省略主语I) ·He likes swimming and she(likes)dancing.(并列句中省略相同谓语likes) 。When(he was)walking in the street,.he met an old friend.(状语从句中省略主语he和was) 1 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 2.替代（用替代词代替上文出现的内容) 1.常见替代词： ·one/ones(替代可数名词) ·that/hose(替代不可数名词或特指的可数名词复数) 。do/does/did(替代实义动词) ·$0(替代上文内容或用于肯定回答) ●not(替代否定内容) 2.例句： ●I need ared pen.Can you pass me one?(one替代可数名词pen) ●The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.(that替代不可数名词weather) ·He plays basketball better than I do.(do替代实义动词play) ●一Will it rain tomorrow?I think so.(so替代上文"”it will rain tomorrow”) 知识点二：省略与替代系统 1.代词替代（避免重复前文提到的名词或内容） 1.人称代词： 。主格：I,you,he,she,it,we,they(作主语) 例句：Tom is a student..He studies hard.(He替代Tom) ·宾格：me,you,him,her,it,us,them(作宾语) 例句：Lily bought a book.I borrow it from her.(it替代a book,her替代Lily) 。形容词性物主代词：my,your,his,her,its,our,their（后接名词) 例句：This is my pen..That is your ruler.(my修饰pe,your修饰uler) ·名词性物主代词：mine,yours,.his,hers,its,ours,theirs(相当于”形容词性物主代词+名词) 例句：Your bag is red..Mine is blue.(Mine替代my bag) 2.指示代词： ·近指单数his(这个)、复数hese(这些)：远指单数hat(那个)、复数those(那些) 例句：This is a cat.That is a dog.(this指近处的猫，that指远处的狗) 3.不定代词： ·one替代单数可数名词，ones替代复数可数名词（避免重复前文名词） 例句：Idon't like this book.I want that one.(one替代book) I prefer red apples to green ones.(ones apples) 2 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 2.动词替代（用助动词/情态动词替代前文动词，避免重复) 1.用do/does/did替代实义动词（适用于一般现在时/一般过去时） 例句：—He plays basketball every day.一So do I..(do替代play basketball) 一She finished her homework.—I did too.(did替代finished her homework) 2.用情态动词+do替代(can/may/must/.should等+do) 例句：Can you swim?-Yes,Ican.(can后省略swim,完整为I can swim) 一You should study hard.I know I should.（should后省略study hard) 3.用have/has/had替代现在完成时/过去完成时的动词部分 例句：—Have you seen the movie?-Yes,I have.(have替代seen the movie) 一She had left before we arrived.—I had too.(had替代left before we arrived) 3.状语从句中的省略（当主从句主语一致，且从句谓语含be动词时，可省略 从句主语和be动词) 1.when/while/as引导的时间状语从句 例句：She was reading a book while(she was)waiting for the bus.(省略she was) When (I am)in trouble,I always ask my parents for help.I am) 2.if/unless引导的条件状语从句 例句：You will succeed if(you are)working hard.(省略you are) Unless (it is)necessary,you'd better not call him.it is) 3.though/although/even if引导的让步状语从句 例句：Though (he was)tired,he kept working.(省略he was) Even if (I am)invited,I won't go to the party.I am) 4.不定式的省略（保留0，省略后面的动词原形，避免重复前文出现的动词） 1.常见于hope/want/plan/ty/wish//like/.love等动词后 例句：Would you like to go shopping with me?一I'd like to.(to后省略go shopping with you) 一HIe plans to visit Beijing.一I plan to too.(to后省略visit Beijing) 2.用于had better/have to/.used to/ought to等结构后 例句：You don't have to come early,but I have to.(have to后省略come early) He used to smoke,but now he does't used to.(used to后省略smoke) 5.比较状语从句中的省略(than/as后常省略与主句相同的部分) 1.ha引导的比较状语从句 例句：She runs faster than I(un.(省略run) He has more books than his brother (has).has) 3 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 2.as.as..结构中的省略 例句：He is as tall as his father(is).(省略is) This story is as interesting as that(story is).story is) 6.there be句型中的省略(there be后可省略与前文重复的名词) 1.例句： 一Are there any apples on the table?一Yes,there are(apples).(省略apples) -Is there a pen in your bag?-No,there isn't (a pen).a pen) 知识点三：省略与替代 1.不定式省略（保留to) 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。避免重复前文中的动词原形→例句：He wanted to go shopping,.but I didn't want to.(他想去购物， 但我不想去。) ·感官动词/使役动词后省略to的不定式在被动语态中还原to→例句：The workers were made to work12 hours a day..(工人们被迫每天工作12小时。) ·助动词后省略实义动词→例句：一Do you like swimming?一Yes,Ido.(一你喜欢游泳吗？一是 的，我喜欢。) 2.代词替代（中考核心） 1.例句： ·人称代词替代前文名词→例句：My pen is broken.Can I use yours?(我的笔坏了，能用你的吗？) ·指示代词替代上文内容一例句：He said he would come,but that didn't happen.(他说他会来，但 没做到。) ·不定代词替代泛指概念一→例句：Some students like math,other's prefer English.(一些学生喜欢数 学，另一些喜欢英语。) 3.从句替代（中考易错） 1.例句： ·so/hor/neither替代前文陈述→例句：She can speak French,so can her brother.(她会说法语，她 弟弟也会。) ·that/those替代同名异物的可数名词→例句：The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai. (北京的天气比上海冷。) ●do/does/did替代前文实义动词→例句：He runs faster than I do.(他比我跑得快。) 4 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 考法精析 考法一：省略与替代判断 核心：识别句子中省略的成分或替代词指代的内容，理解语言简洁性原则 真题1（语法填空)： When_(walk)in the park,she saw a beautiful flower. 答案：walking 解析：状语从句中省略了主语she和be动词was,完整句子为When she was walking in the park”, 符合复合句中省略主语和be动词的规则。 真题2（单项选择)： The weather in Harbin is colder than in Guangzhou in winter. A.it B.one C.that D.those 答案：C 解析：根据替代规则，that用于替代不可数名词或特指的可数名词复数，此处替代不可数名词weather, 避免重复：it指代同一事物，one指代泛指的可数名词单数，those指代特指的可数名词复数，均不 符合语境。 考法二：非谓语动词与定语从句的融合应用 核心：结合非谓语动词作定语的用法与定语从句的转换，判断是否需要保留或省略关系代词及b 动词 真题1（语法填空)： The girl_ead)under the tree is my best friend.(用所给词的适当形式填空) 答案：reading 解析：此处可转换为定语从句The girl who is reading under the tree.”,因先行词the girl与read为 主动关系，省略关系代词who及be动词is,直接用现在分词reading作后置定语。 真题2（单项选择)： The meetingyesterday was about environmental protection. A.held B.was held C.holding D.to hold 答案：A 解析：句中已有谓语动词ws,空格处需用非谓语动词作定语。”会议”与”举行”为被动关系且动 作已完成，相当于定语从句The meeting which was held yesterday..”,省略关系代词which及be动 词was,用过去分词held. 考法三：定语从句与省略、替代的综合运用 核心：在定语从句中识别并正确运用省略（如关系词省略、状语从句省略）和替代（如代词替代、 动词替代)现象，结合语境判断语法结构的完整性与简洁性。 真题1（单项选择)： The storybook my mother bought for me last week is as interesting as the one_you lent me yesterday. 5 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 A.which;which B./that C.that;what D.who;whom 答案：B 解析：第一空为定语从句修饰先行词”storyb0ok”(物)，关系代词在从句中作宾语，可省略：第二 空替代前文的”storybook”,用one”,且先行词被”the”特指，关系代词用hat”(也可省略，但选项 中that”符合语法)。选项B中第一空省略关系词，第二空用that”符合语法规则。 真题2（语法填空）： She prefers the songs_(sing)by Jay Chou,though some ofare difficult to understand. 答案：sung;them 解析：第一空”songs”与”sing”是被动关系，省略了定语从句中的”which/that are”,直接用过去分 词”sung”作后置定语：第二空替代前文的”the songs'”,用复数代词them”作介词of的宾语。 解题小妙招 省略替代妙招 省略主语和be动词，主从句主语要一致： 替代that不可数，复数hose单数one: t指代同一物，避免重复是关键。 非谓定语妙招 非谓作定看关系，主动doing被动done 动作未发用todo,句中已有谓动用非谓： 定从转换找关系，关系代词加be可省略。 综合运用妙招 非谓作定主被动，doing主动done被动： 定从关系看成分，宾语关系可省略： 替代hat代不可数，whose表所属关系： 伴随状语用doing,主动关系是核心。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.The filmlast night was so moving that I couldn't help crying. A.shown B.showing C.to show D.was shown 2.My parents always tell me_too much time playing video games. A.not to spend B.not spending C.to not spend D.not spend 3.This is the same story I heard from my teacher last week. A.which B.as C.that D.what 6 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 4.The girl in the gym now is training for the school sports meet. A.run B.runs C.running D.to run 5.He asked me the reason I was absent from the meeting yesterday. A.which B.why C.when D.where 6.I prefer books at home rather thanout on rainy days. A.reading;going B.to read;go C.read;to go D.to read;going 7.The house_windows face south belongs to Mr.Smith A.which B.that C.whose D.where 8.carefully,the note can be easily understood. A.Read B.Reading C.To read D.Being read 9.We have visited the citymany great writers once lived. A.which B.when C.where D.that 10.The little boy was told_after drinking cold water immediately. A.not to exercise B.not exercising C.to not exercise D.not exercise 演练二：填空试题（共10题，用括号内单词的适当形式填空） 1.It is necessary_(learn)basic life skills at a young age. 2.The children(play)in the garden are my neighbor's kids. 3.She avoided(meet)her ex-boyfriend by taking another route. 4.The book(write)by Lu Xun is still popular today. 5.My brother practices-(play)the piano for two hours every day. 6.-(finish)his homework,he went out to play basketball. 7.I don't like the way(he speak)to his elders. 8.The students(invite)to the party are all top performers. 9.(be)late for class again,Tom was criticized by his teacher. 10.This is the first time I (see)such a beautiful sunset. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school.(stand)at the school gate,I felt both excited and nervous.A teacher-(wear)a red coat came up to me and asked,"Are you a new student?"I nodded and she offered_(show)me around. 7 高中北师大版 【语法专版】 特殊结构与综合语法 During the tour,she pointed to a building windows were all made of glass and said,"That's the library -you can read all kinds of books."She also told me about the school rules,such as_(not run)in the hallway and(keep)quiet in the library. In the classroom,I met my classmates,most of_were friendly and helpful.One girl_(sit)next to me even shared her notes with me.I realized that_(make)friends here wouldn't be as hard as I had thought. Now,three years have passed.Every time I walk through the school gate,I think of that first day,has become a precious memory in my life. 答案区 演练-：1.A2.A3.B4.C5B6B7.C8.A9.C10.A 演练二：l.to learn2,playing3.neeting4.written5 playing6.Having finished7.he speaks(或that he speaks/in which he speaks)8.invited 9.Having been 10have seen 1.Standing 2.wearing 3.to show 4.whose 5.where 6.not running 7.keeping 8.whom 9.sitting 10.making 11.which 8