句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（北师大版）

高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 句法专版 句子基本类型与成分讲解 北师大版高中英语语法全解 考频分析 北师大版高中句法中，句子基本类型与成分讲解是核心语法模块，考频占句法总量的30%左右，贯 穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、阅读理解（隐含考察，影响长难句分析）、语法填空(2-3 题)、书面表达（基础考察，直接影响句子结构规范性）。在语法应用类题目中，句子成分的划分及 基本句型的识别往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·句子基本类型：陈述句、疑问句（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句）、祈使句、 感叹句的结构特征与用法区别 ·句子成分：主语、谓语（简单谓语、复合谓语）、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语、状语、 补语的构成形式（名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等）与句法功能辨析 知识点一：句子基本类型与成分讲解 1.简单句（由一个主谓结构构成） 1.基本结构：主语+谓语(+宾语/表语/状语等) 2.例句： 。She sings well.(主谓结构，well为状语) 。We love our country.(主谓宾结构，our country为宾语) 2.并列句（由并列连词连接两个或多个简单句） 1.常见并列连词：and(和)、but(但是)、or(或者)、so(因此) 2.例句： ·I like apples and my brother likes bananas.(and连接两个并列分句) 。He studied hard but he didn't pass the exam.(but连接表转折的并列分句) 高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 3.复合句（由主句和一个或多个从句构成） 1.名词性从句（作主句的主语、宾语、表语或同位语）：What he said is true.(主语从句，what he said 作主句主语) 2.定语从句（修饰主句中的名词或代词）：The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.(that I bought yesterday修饰先行词book) 3.状语从句（修饰主句的谓语、形容词或副词，表时间、原因、条件等）：When I grow up,I want to be a teacher.(when I grow up为时间状语从句) 4.句子成分（构成句子的基本要素） 1.主语（动作的发出者或描述对象）：Tom plays basketball every day..(Tom为主语) 2.谓语（表示主语的动作或状态）：She is a student.(is为谓语) 3.宾语（动作的承受者）：He bought a new car.(a new car为宾语) 4.表语（与系动词连用，说明主语的身份、特征或状态）：The flowers are beautiful..(beautiful为表语) 5.定语（修饰名词或代词）：This is a red apple.(red为定语) 6.状语（修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表时间、地点、方式等）：She runs quickly.(quickly为 方式状语) 知识点二：句子基本类型与成分 1.陈述句（陈述事实或观点，句末用句号） 1.肯定句结构：主语+谓语+其他成分 例句： l.She studies hard every day.(主语She,谓语studies,状语every day) 2.The sun rises in the east.(主语The sun,谓语rises,状语in the east) 2.否定句 结构：主语+助动词(do/does/did)+not+动词原形+其他成分（实义动词）：主语+be动词+not +其他成分(be动词作谓语) 例句： 1.They do not play football on Mondays.(实义动词play,加助动词do not) 2.He is not a doctor.(be动词is,直接加not) 2.疑问句（提出问题，句末用问号） 2 高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 1.一般疑问句（用yes/no回答） 结构：助动词(Do/Does/Did/Be/Have/Wil等)+主语+动词原形/其他成分 例句： 1.Do you like English?(助动词Do提前，主语you,动词原形like) 2.Is she reading a book now?(be动词Is提前，主语she,现在分词reading) 2.特殊疑问句（用疑问词回答） 结构：疑问词(What/Who/When/Where/Why/How)+一般疑问句语序 例句： l.What does he usually do on weekends?(疑问词What,助动词does提前，主语he) 2.Where were you born?(疑问词Where,be动词were提前，主语you) 3.祈使句（发出命令、请求或建议，主语常省略，句末用句号或感叹号） 1.肯定祈使句 结构：动词原形+其他成分 例句： 1.Open the window,please.(动词原形Open,宾语the window) 2.Listen to me carefully..(动词原形Listen,介词短语tome) 2.否定祈使句 结构：Do't+动词原形+其他成分 例句： 1.Don't talk in class.(Don't+动词原形talk) 2.Don't be late for school.(Dont+be动词原形be) 4.感叹句（表达强烈情感，句末用感叹号） 1.What引导（修饰名词） 结构：What+(aan)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！ 例句： l.What a beautiful flower it is!(What+a+形容词beautiful+名词flower) 2.What interesting books they are!(What+形容词interesting+名词books) 3 高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 2.H0w引导（修饰形容词/副词/动词)》 结构：How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！/How+动词+主语！ 例句： l.How tall the tree is!!(How+形容词tall,主语the tree,.谓语is) 2.How fast he runs!(How+副词fast,主语he,谓语rns) 5.句子基本成分（构成句子的核心要素） 1.主语（动作的发出者或被描述的对象，通常由名词、代词、动名词等充当） 例句： 1.Tom likes swimming.（名词Tom作主语) 2.She is a teacher..(代词She作主语) 2.谓语（说明主语的动作或状态，通常由动词或动词短语充当） 例句： l.They are playing basketball..(动词短语are playing作谓语) 2.He seems happy.(系动词seems作谓语) 3.宾语（动作的承受者，通常由名词、代词等充当，分直接宾语和间接宾语） 例句： 1.I bought a book yesterday.(名词a book作直接宾语) 2.She gave me a pen.(代词me作间接宾语，名词apen作直接宾语) 4.定语（修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等充当） 例句： l.This is ared apple.(形容词red修饰名词apple) 2.I have three books.(数词three修饰名词books) 5.状语（修饰动词、形容词或副词，说明时间、地点、方式、原因等，通常由副词、介词短语等充当） 例句： 1.He runs fast.(副词fast修饰动词uns) 2.Ve will meet at the station.(介词短语at the station修饰动词meet) 4 高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 6.表语（跟在系动词后，说明主语的性质、状态或身份，通常由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当） 例句： 1.Her mother is a nurse.(名词a nurse作表语，系动词is) 2.The weather becomes warm.(形容词waIm作表语，系动词becomes) 知识点三：句子基本类型与成分 1.陈述句 1.基础结构拓展（中考必背）： ·主谓(S+V)例句：Birds fly.(鸟飞。) ·主谓宾(S+V+O)→例句：She eats apples.(她吃苹果。) 。主系表(S+LinkV+P)一→例句：He is a student.（他是一名学生。) ·主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO)→例句：My mother gave me a book.(妈妈给了我一本书。) 。主谓宾补(S+V+O+C)→例句：We made him happy.(我们让他开心。) 2.否定形式（中考基础）： 。be动词+not→例句：They are not teachers.(他们不是老师。) ·情态动词+not+动词原形→例句：She can not swim.(她不会游泳。) ·实义动词+don't/doesn't/didh't→例句：He doesn't like coffee.(他不喜欢咖啡。) 2.疑问句 1.一般疑问句（中考核心)： ●Be动词提前→例句：Are you a student?(你是学生吗？) ·情态动词提前一例句：Can he speak English?(他会说英语吗？) ·Do/Does/Did提前→例句：Do they play football?(他们踢足球吗？) 2.特殊疑问句（中考常考）： 。What(什么)→例句：What is your name?(你叫什么名字？) ·Where(哪里)→例句：Where do you live?(你住在哪里？) ·When(何时)→例句：When will you go?(你什么时候走？) 。Why(为什么)→例句：Why are you late?(你为什么迟到？) ·How（如何)→例句：How do you get there?(你怎么到那里？) 3.感叹句 高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 1.what引导（中考必背）： ·What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数→例句：What a beautiful girl!（多美的女孩啊！) ·What+adj.+不可数名词→例句：What clean water!(多干净的水啊！) ·What+adj.+可数名词复数→例句：What lovely children!(多可爱的孩子们啊！) 2.how引导（中考易错）： 。How+adj.→例句：How tall he is!(他多高啊！) ●How+adv.→例句：How fast she runs!（她跑得真快啊！) ·How+句子→例句：How I miss you!（我多么想你啊！) 4.祈使句 1.肯定形式（中考基础）： 。动词原形开头→例句：Open the door.(打开门。) ·Let+宾语+动词原形→例句：Let'sgo.(我们走吧。) 2.否定形式（中考常考）： 。Don't+动词原形→例句：Don't smoke.(不要吸烟。) ·Not名词/动名词→例句：No parking.(禁止停车。) 。Let+宾语+not+动词原形→例句：Let him not go.(别让他走。) 考法精析 考法一：非谓语动词作定语辨析 核心：根据被修饰词与非谓语动词的逻辑关系（主动/被动）及动作状态（进行完成)，选择正确的 非谓语形式(todo/doing/done) 真题1（语法填空)： I have a lot of homework _(finish)tonight,so I can't go out with you. 答案：to finish 解析：被修饰词homework”与finish”构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且动作尚未发生，用动词不定式作 后置定语表将要发生的动作。 真题2（单项选择）： The girl-in red is my best friend. A.dress B.dressing C.dressed D.to dress 答案：C 解析：”dress”与逻辑主语'the girl为被动关系（女孩'被打扮”)，过去分词dressed作定语表被动 状态，相当于”who is dressed'。 6 高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 核心：根据语境判断非谓语动词的形式及时态，注意主动被动关系和动作发生时间 真题1（语法填空)： The students_(finish)their homework are allowed to go home. 答案：having finished 解析：”finish'”与”students”是主动关系，且”完成作业发生在”被允许回家之前，用现在分词的 完成式。 真题2（单项选择)： -the project on time,they have to work extra hours. A.Completing B.Complete C.To complete D.Completed 答案：C 解析：此处用动词不定式作目的状语，表示”为了按时完成项目”，符合语境要求。 考法三：复合句中的时态与被动语态综合运用 核心：结合复合句（如定语从句、状语从句）的结构特点，判断主句与从句的时态关系，并正确使 用被动语态 真题1（单项选择)： The storybook my father bought for me last month_in America. A.which was written B.which wrote C.which is written D.which writes 答案：A 解析：第一空为定语从句修饰先行词The storybook”,关系代词which作bought的宾语，可省略： 第二空”故事书被写”需用被动语态，由last month'”可知”买是过去动作，”写发生在”买”之前， 用一般过去时被动语态，结构为”was+过去分词”，write的过去分词为written。 真题2（语法填空)： The boy_(who see)the accident yesterday said that the car_(drive)by a young man then. 答案：saw was being driven 解析：第一空为定语从句，先行词the boy”与see为主谓关系，由'yesterday'可知用一般过去时saw: 第二空”车被驾驶”需用被动语态，由”thn”(当时)可知表示过去某时正在进行的动作，用过去进 行时被动语态，结构为'was being+过去分词'，drive的过去分词为driven。 解题小妙招 非谓作定看关系，主动doing被动done: 动作未发用todo,完成主动having done: 目的状语不定式，todo放句首表目的： 复合句中非谓定，主动doing被动done: 时态呼应看主句，过去完成had+done”; suggest后接动名词，牢记用法不混淆。 7 高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The meetingtomorrow is very important for our project A.hold B.holding C.to hold D.to be held 2.He was busy his homework when I called him last night. A.doing B.to do C.do D.done 3.-the early bus,she has to get up at 5:30 every morning A.Catch B.Catching C.To catch D.Caught 4.The bookby Mo Yan has been translated into many languages. A.write B.writing C.written D.to write 5.I don't know he will come or not tomorrow. A.that B.if C.what D.which 6.She said she_the Great Wall twice before she came to Beijing. A.visits B.visited C.has visited D.had visited 7.The studentsin the classroom are listening to the teacher carefully. A.sit B.sitting C.sat D.to sit 8.If it rain tomorrow,we will go hiking. A.doesn't B.won't C.didn't D.isn't 9.he is young,he has already written three novels. A.Because B.Though C.If D.When 10.The reason-he was late was that he missed the bus. A.why B.when C.where D.which 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.I have a letter(write)to my parents this evening. 2.The girl_(stand)at the door is my sister. 3.He decided(study)abroad after finishing high school. 4.-(learn)English well,we need to practice every day. 5.The meeting_(hold)yesterday was about environmental protection. 6.She was very tired after_(work)for 12 hours. 7.This is the first time I(visit)the Palace Museum. 8.The classroom(clean)by the students every day. 9.I wonder ifhe(come)to the party tomorrow. 8 高中北师大版 【句法专版】 语法全解 10.They_(live)in this city for 10 years by next month. 演练三：语法填空试题 Dear Tom, I'm writing to tell you about my recent experience.Last week,I joined a volunteer program(organize) by our school.We went to a villagemany children couldn't afford books.The moment we arrived,the children(welcome)us warmly.Some of them were sitting under the tree,(read)old storybooks with broken pages.I felt sad(see)that. We brought a lot of books and stationery.After(distribute)the materials,we started teaching them English.A little girl(name)Lucy asked me,"How can I improve my English quickly?I told her the best way was(practice)every day.Before leaving,we promised_(visit)them again next month. (spend)time with these children made me realize how lucky I am.I hope more people can help them. What do you think of this volunteer work?I'm looking forward to-(hear)from you. Yours, Li Hua 答案区 演练-：1D2.A3.C4.C5B6.D7B8.A9B10.A 1.to write 2.standing 3.to study 4.To learn 5.held 6.working 7.have visited 8.is cleaned 9.will come 10.will have lived 1.organized2.where 3.welcomed 4.reading 5.to see 6.distributing 7.named8.to practice9.Spend- ing 10.hearing 9