基础词法 冠词与数词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（北师大版）

高中北师大版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 语法精讲 冠词与数词系统讲解 北师大版高中英语语法全解 考频分析 北师大版高中基础词法中，冠词与数词是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷 所有核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(2-3题)、书面表达（核心考 察，直接影响句子规范性与准确性)。在语境理解类题目中，冠词的泛指特指及数词的固定搭配往 往是解题关键。 考查内容 。冠词基本用法：定冠词the、不定冠词a/an、零冠词的辨析与适用场景 。数词分类应用：基数词、序数词的构成规则与功能，分数、倍数、年代的表达 ·冠词与数词综合运用：在名词短语、固定搭配及语境中的准确选用 知识点一：冠词与数词系统讲解 1.不定冠词(a/an,表泛指“一个”) 1.用法区别： ●a用于辅音音素开头的单词前(a book,a university) 。an用于元音音素开头的单词前(an apple,an hour) 2.例句： ·She bought a pen yesterday.(泛指一支钢笔) ·He is an honest boy.(honest以元音音素/o/开头) 2.定冠词(the,表特指或双方已知的人/物) 1.常见用法： ·特指上文提到的事物(I saw a cat..The cat was black.) 1 高中北师大版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 。独一无二的事物(the sun,.the Great Wall) ●序数词/形容词最高级前(the first lesson,.the tallest boy) 2.例句： ·Open the window,please.(特指双方都知道的窗户) ●He is the best student in our class..(形容词最高级前) 3.零冠词（不用冠词的情况） 1.常见场景： ·三餐/球类运动前(have breakfast,.play basketball) ·复数名词表泛指(Dogs are loyal animals) ●专有名词(China,Mount Everest) 2.例句： ·We have lunch at12:00.(三餐前不加冠词) 。They often play football after school..(球类运动前不加冠词) 4.基数词（表数量，如one,two,three) 1.基本构成 。1-12特殊拼写(one,two.twelve) ●13-l9后缀-teen(thirteen,.nineteen) ·20-90整十数后缀-ty(twenty,ninety) 。几十几用连字符(twenty-one,forty-five) 2.例句： ●There are thirty students in the classroom.(表数量30) ·My brother is twenty-five years old.(25的表达) 5.序数词（表顺序，如first,second,third) 1.基本构成： 。l-3特殊拼写(first,second,.third) ●4-19基数词+th(fourth,ninth) ·整十数变y为i计eth(twentieth,fiftieth) 。几十几前半基数词后半序数词(twenty--first,thirty-third) 2 高中北师大版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 2.例句： ·She got the first prize in the competition.(表第一) ·Today is his thirty-second birthday.(32nd的表达) 知识点二：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 1.基本用法： 。用于可数名词单数前，表示“一个”“某一个”，泛指人或事物 。a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，n用于元音音素开头的单词前 2.例句： ●I have a book.(book以辅音音素b/开头，用a) ●She is an English teacher..(English以元音音素/r/开头，用an) 3.固定搭配： 。have a rest(休息一下)、in a hurry(匆忙)、take an umbrella(带一把伞) 4.例句：He often has a walk after dinner.(has a walk散步) 2.定冠词(the) 1.基本用法： 。表示特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，指双方都知道的人或物 ·用于世界上独一无二的事物前 ·用于序数词、形容词最高级前 2.例句： 。The book on the desk is mine.(特指桌子上的那本书) ·The sun is bigger than the moon.(太阳、月亮是独一无二的事物) 。He is the tallest boy in our class..（形容词最高级tallest前用the) 3.固定搭配 ·play the piano(弹钢琴)、in the morning(在早上)、by the way(顺便说一下) 4.例句：She likes playing the violin.(violin是西洋乐器，前用the) 3.零冠词 3 高中北师大版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 1.基本用法： ·用于不可数名词前表示泛指 ·用于可数名词复数前表示泛指 ·用于三餐、球类运动、学科名称前 2.例句： ●Water is important for us..(water是不可数名词，泛指时不用冠词) ·Students should study hard.(students是可数名词复数，泛指学生群体) ·We have breakfast at7:O0a.m.(breakfast是三餐，前不用冠词) ·He often plays basketball after school.(basketball是球类运动，前不用冠词) 4.基数词（表示数量） 1.基本构成： .1-12:one,two...twelve ●13-l9:-teen结尾(thirteen.nineteen) 。20-90整十数：-ty结尾(twenty..ninety) 。几十几：整十数+连字符+个位数(twenty-one,thirty-five) 2.用法： ·表示数量、年龄、日期等 3.例句： ●There are thirty students in our class.(thirty表示数量30) ·My brother is twelve years old.(twelve表示年龄l2) ·Today is October first,.2023.(first是序数词，此处表示日期“十月一日”) 5.序数词（表示顺序） 1.基本构成： ●1-3：first,second,third 。4-19:基数词+th(fourth.nineteenth) ●20以上：整十数词去y加ieth(twentieth.ninetieth) ·几十几：整十数序数词+连字符+个位数序数词(twenty-first,.thirty-second) 2.用法： 。表示顺序、日期、楼层等，前面通常加定冠词the 高中北师大版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 3.例句： ·He is the first to come to school.(first表示“第一”) 。This is the third time I see him.(third表示“第三”) ·She lives on the fifth floor.(fifh表示“第五层”，前加the) 知识点三：冠词与数词系统 1.不定冠词(a/an) 基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 1.泛指某类人/事物中的一个→例句：I have a cat.It's very cute 2.用于辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前(a)→例句：She is reading a book 3.用于元音音素开头的单数可数名词前(an)→例句：There is an apple on the table. 4.表示“一”（数量）→例句：I need a pen and a piece of paper.. 5.用于首次提到的人/事物→例句：A girl is waiting for you at the door. 特殊用法（中考易错)： l.a/an+抽象名词→表示“一种”“一场”→例句：It’s a pleasure to meet you 2.a/an+专有名词→表示“某一个”“类似的一个”→例句：AMr.Smith called you this morning 3.固定搭配：have a rest(休息一下)→例句：Let's have a rest after work. 2.定冠词(the) 基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 1.特指某（些）人/事物→例句：The book on the desk is mine. 2.指双方都知道的人/事物一例句：Pass me the salt,,please.. 3.用在序数词前→例句：She is the first student to arrive. 4.用在形容词最高级前→例句：This is the tallest building in the city. 5.用在乐器名称前→例句：He plays the piano very well. 特殊用法（中考常考）： 1.用在世界上独一无二的事物前→例句：The sun rises in the east 2.用在姓氏复数前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇”→例句：The Greens are having dinner now. 3.用在江河湖海、山脉群岛等名词前→例句：We visited the Great Wall last year 高中北师大版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 3.零冠词（不用冠词） 基础用法拓展（中考必背）： l.复数名词表示泛指→例句：Dogs are loyal animals. 2.不可数名词表示泛指→例句：Water is important for life. 3.星期、月份、季节前一→例句：We have class on Monday. 4.三餐名称前→例句：I have breakfast at7a.m. 5.球类、棋类运动前→例句：He likes playing basketball. 特殊用法（中考易错)： 1.固定搭配：at school(在上学)→例句：She is good at school.. 2.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词时→例句：This is my book 3.某些专有名词（国家、城市、人名等）→例句：China is a big country. 解题小妙招 非谓语动词妙招 非谓功能先辨析，主宾表定状分明： 目的结果用todo,let/make/see后省to: 主动进行用doing,被动完成用done: 动作先后看语境，完成时态having done: 将来被动to be done,结合标志准能行。 考法精析 考法一：动词不定式用法辨析 核心：判断动词不定式在句中的功能（如作主语、宾语、状语等）及特殊结构中是否省略o 真题1（语法填空）： She opened the window(let)fresh air in. 答案：tolet 解析：此处表目的，用动词不定式作状语，故填to let。 真题2（单项选择)： We saw himthe room quietly just now. 6 高中北师大版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 A.to leave B.leave C.leaving D.left 答案：B 解析：感官动词see用于主动语态时，后接不带to的不定式作宾补，强调动作全过程，故填leave。 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 核心：根据语境判断非谓语动词的形式及时态，结合主动被动关系选择正确形式 真题1（语法填空)： -(finish)his homework,he went out to play basketball with his friends. 答案：Having finished 解析：”完成作业”发生在”出去玩”之前，表主动完成，用现在分词完成式having done 真题2（单项选择)： The meeting-tomorrow is very important,so we must attend it on time. A.holding B.held C.to be held D.being held 答案：C 解析：由时间状语”tomorrow'可知会议尚未举行，表将来被动，用动词不定式的被动式to be done 考法三：冠词、数词与被动语态的综合运用 核心：结合语境判断冠词的使用(a/an/he/零冠词)、数词的正确形式（基数词/序数词），并运用被 动语态的基本结构(be+过去分词) 真题1（单项选择)： The_lesson is about environmental protection.It-by our teacher last week. A.ninth;was taught B.nine;taught C.ninth;taught D.nine;was taught 答案：A 解析：第一空表示“第九课”，需用序数词ninth,序数词前加定冠词the:第二空主语“It”（指代 lesson)是动作“teach”的承受者，用被动语态，由时间标志词“last week”可知用一般过去时被 动语态，结构为“was+过去分词”，teach的过去分词为taught。 真题2（语法填空）： There are-(twelve)months in a year.The_(five)month is May.Many flowers-(plant)in May. 答案：twelve;:fifth;are planted 解析：第一空表示数量“十二个”，用基数词twelve:第二空表示“第五个”月，用序数词fifh,序 数词前加定冠词the(此处填空已隐含)：第三空主语“flowers'”是动作“plant”的承受者，用被动 语态，此处表客观事实，用一般现在时被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用are,plant的过去分词为 planted 7 高中北师大版 【基础词法】冠词与数词系统讲解 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.She usually gets up at 6:00 a.m.,but yesterday sheup at 7:00 because she was ill. A.get B.gets C.got D.will get 2.We need _the work before Friday,so we must work hard. A.finish B.to finish C.finishing D.finished 3.The teacher told us that the earth around the sun A.goes B.went C.will go D.has gone 4.By the time I arrived at the station,the trainalready. A.leaves B.left C.has left D.had left 5.I heard her_in the next room when I passed by. A.sing B.to sing C.singing D.sung 6.The novel_by Lu Xun is still popular with readers today. A.writing B.written C.to write D.writes 7.Youfollow the traffic rules when crossing the road. A.can B.may C.must D.might 8.-English well,he practices speaking every day A.Learn B.To learn C.Learning D.Learned 9.The meeting-next Monday is about environmental protection. A.held B.being held C.to be heldD.holding 10.My brother enjoys-basketball with his friends after school. A.play B.to play C.playing D.played 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.He bought_umbrella yesterday because it rained heavily. 2.There are_(thirty-five)students in our class. 3.She is the (two)student to finish the exam. 4.We often have dinner at 7:00 p.m. 5.The work_(complete)by the workers last week. 6.My parents told me_(study)hard for the coming exam. 7.(see)from the mountain,the city looks like a big garden. 8.I have lived in this city2010. 9.Let him_(help)you with your homework 8 高中北师大版 【基础词法】 冠词与数词系统讲解 10.The children(play)football on the playground now. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 English is one of the most important languages in the world.Many people want to learn it well,but it's not easy.To improve your English,you need 1.-(practice)every day.For example,you can read English books,listen to English songs,and speak with native speakers. Last year,I 2.-(join)an English club.There,I met many friends who shared the same interest.We often practiced 3.-(speak)English together.By the end of last month,we 4.(hold)ten English parties. Now,I can communicate with foreigners 5.-(easy).My teacher says I have made great progress.I know that learning English is a long journey,but I will keep 6.(try). Yesterday,my friend Tom asked me 7.(help)him with his English.He said he was worried about the exam next week.I told him,"If you 8.(study)hard,you 9.(pass)it." English 10.(use)widely around the world,so it's necessary for us to learn it well. 参考答案 演练-：1.C2.B3.A4.D5.C6.B7.C8B9.C10.C 1.an 2.thirty-five 3.second 4./5.was completed 6.to study 7.Seen 8.since 9.help 10.are playing 1.to practice 2.joined 3.speaking 4.had held 5.easily 6.trying 7.to help 8.study 9.will pass 10.is used 9