UNIT 12 SECTION 5 LESSON 3 STEPHEN HAWKING-【创新教程】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册五维课堂课时作业word（北师大版）

[基础性] Ⅰ.单词拼写 1．There has been a sharp 　decline　 (下降) in profits this year. 2．The stone rolled down the mountain by 　gravity　 (重力)． 3．The wedding was a very 　grand　(宏大的) occasion. 4．She 　overcame　(克服) injury to win the Olympic gold medal last year. 5．I offered to give them a lift but they 　declined　(拒绝)． 6．The first year provides students with a sound 　theoretical　(理论的) basis for later study. 7．Being able to walk to work is an added 　bonus　(意外收获) of the new job. 8．Further treatment will 　prevent　 (阻止) cancer from developing. Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．　Despite　 the heavy snow，he managed to come. 2．Thankfully the smoking of cigarettes is 　on　 the decline. 3．He spent 7 days in the wind and snow, cold and 　hungry　(hunger)． 4．Not only Tom and Mary but also I 　am　 (be) fond of swimming. 5．Her sudden arrival prevented him 　going　 (go) out. 6．Not only 　are　 mothers not paid but also most of their boring work is unnoticed. [应用性] Ⅲ.完成句子 1．　In_spite_of　(不顾) the fog the crew can distinguish the coastline fairly well. 2．Although his illness had 　prevented　 him 　from　(阻止……做……) studying，he managed to pass the exam. 3．Water companies should concentrate on reducing waste 　instead_of　(而不是) building new lakes. 4．His lack of experience had 　led_to　(导致) his downfall. 5．I have nothing to do 　other_than_to_wait　. 我没有别的办法，只好等待。 6．This pair of shoes are comfortable 　rather_than_pretty　. 这双鞋子谈不上漂亮，但穿起来很舒服。 7．He has visited every country in Asia 　other_than_Japan　. 除了日本之外，他访问了所有的亚洲国家。 8．　Not_only　 he 　but_also　 you are wrong. 不但他错了，你也错了。 9．Most of the meals can serve two people and are under $10，so 　not_only　 is it affordable 　but　 practical as well. 大部分饭菜花不了10美元就够两个人享用，因此它不仅实惠而且实用。 10．As a community with a shared future，people in China 　have_worked_hand_ in_hand_to_overcome_difficulties　. 作为一个命运共同体，中国人民同舟共济、攻坚克难。 [综合性] Ⅰ.阅读理解 A For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology.More air conditioning, better­designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help lessen the effects of a warmer world.Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour.In a paper published in Trends in Ecology & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a professor in Australia, shows that is already happening.In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, the beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871.Similar trends are seen in species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, tails, legs and wings. All that fits nicely with evolutionary theory.“Allen's rule”， named after Joel Asaph Allen, who suggested it in 1877, holds that warm­blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages (附属肢体) than those in mild areas.Such adaptation boosts an animal's surface area relative to its body volume, helping it to shed extra heat.Fennec foxes, meanwhile, which are native to the Sahara Desert, have strikingly large ears, especially compared with their Arctic cousins. Ryding's team combined data from different species in different places.Now that they have little in common apart from living on a warming planet, climate change is the most reasonable explanation.Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade­offs, it is unclear how far the process might go.Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding, for instance.Larger wings are heavier, and bigger legs cost more energy to grow. Honestly, studying a broader range of animals will help firm up exactly what is happening.For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%.That may change as warming accelerates.But it seems clear that the world of the future is not just going to be hotter than humans are used to.The animals living in it will look different, too. [语篇解读]　 本文是一篇说明文。介绍了动物为适应气候变暖产生了进化的迹象，揭示了气候变化与动物的进化之间的联系。 1.What does the author want to tell us by mentioning the Australian parrot in Paragraph 1 ? A．Climate change is affecting animals. B．Scientists are doing research on animals. C．Humans can adapt to climate change more easily. D．Animals are adapting to warmer climate in their own ways. 解析：D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour...In some species of Australian parrot，for instance，the beak size has increased by between 4% and 10% since 1871.”可知，作者在第一段中提到澳洲鹦鹉是想告诉我们动物们正在以自己的方式适应更温暖的气候。故选D。] 2．What is the benefit of having bigger body parts according to the passage? A．Getting rid of additional heat. B．Becoming larger and stronger. C．Enlarging animals' surface area. D．Becoming more sensitive to the environment. 解析：A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“warm­blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger appendages than those in mild areas.Such adaptation boosts an animal's surface area relative to its body volume，helping it to shed extra heat”可知，拥有更大的身体部位的好处是可以排出额外的热量。故选A。] 3．What do we know about the change in animals from the third paragraph? A．Its cause is definite. B．It comes at the expense of something. C．Its process will end soon. D．It happens in the same habitat. 解析：B　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade­offs，...Bigger beaks might interfere with feeding，for instance. Larger wings are heavier，and bigger legs cost more energy to grow.”可推断，动物为适应气候变暖而产生的变化是有代价的。故选B。] 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Evolution to Survive Heat B．Living on a Warming Planet C．Measures to Fight Against Heat D．Pioneering Research on Animals 解析：A　[主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviour.”和文章其他内容可知，本文主要介绍了动物们为适应气候变暖产生了进化的迹象，揭示了气候变化与动物进化之间的联系。A项“为了在高温下生存的进化”适合作为文章的标题。故选A。] B People get distracted by irrelevant websites and unproductive tasks occasionally.According to McKinsey, high­skilled workers in the U．S.spend a surprising 28% of their working hours reading and replying to e­mail messages.But if we learned to manage our distraction caused by communication technology in a more efficient manner, we could give the economy a $ 900 million to $1.3 trillion boost per year. How did we end up in this situation? The 21st century is characterized by connectivity.Over the past couple of decades, it has become increasingly difficult to disconnect from sources of information.And this addiction becomes especially apparent when we lose our phones or our Internet connection drops out.For example, have you ever mislaid your phone for a few hours and become crazy at the thought of missing out on social media updates? Originally, smartphones and other portable devices were designed to maximize convenience.Unfortunately, now they have turned into a distraction that often interrupts our daily lives.Every time your attention is diverted away from your task, you lose time.It takes effort to get back on track, and repeated interruptions can demotivate you.The more complicated your project is, the longer it takes to regain your focus, because your brain has to put in considerable effort when switching between complex objectives. So what can you do? First, when focusing on an important project, you can put your phone and other devices away.If you don't receive any messages, you won't be distracted.There's also a useful technique that will quickly get you back on track：The 20­Second Rule.It's believed by some psychologists that if something—such as checking your social media—takes you 20 seconds longer to do, you're less likely to do it.So you need to make it slightly more difficult to give in to temptation.For example, uninstall (卸载) a messaging app so that it takes you 20 seconds longer to install it again and log in.This approach means you do not have to rely on willpower.Instead, you will set up a reliable system that facilitates the forming of good habits. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章指出人们在工作中很容易因通信技术带来的信息干扰而分心这一现象，并给出了相关的建议。 5．For what purpose does the writer use numbers in the first paragraph? A．To picture the bad results caused by distraction in work. B．To point out few workers reply to e­mail messages in the U．S. C．To prove reading and replying to e­mails is good for the economy. D．To tell how much more money can be made by replying to e­mails. 解析：A　[推理判断题。根据第一题中的“According to McKinsey，high­skilled workers in the U．S.spend a surprising 28% of their working hours reading...we could give the economy a $900 million to $1.3 trillion boost per year.”可知，作者列举的三个数据分别是人们花在通信上的大把时间和由此带来的经济损失，很直观地让读者感受到了通信技术分散注意力带给我们的危害。因此，作者在第一段中使用数字的目的是描述工作分心造成的坏结果。故选A。] 6．What is the result of distraction if we are doing more complicated work? A．We'll completely lose time. B．We'll be interrupted repeatedly. C．It'll make us never get back on track. D．It'll be harder to regain our attention. 解析：D　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The more complicated your project is，the longer it takes to regain your focus”可知，如果我们在做更复杂的工作，分心的结果是很难重新集中注意力。故选D。] 7．What can we learn about the 20­Second Rule? A．It helps us to deal with distraction more effectively. B．It makes us check social media longer than 20 seconds. C．It has proved to be effective with the help of willpower. D．It suggests uninstalling all the messaging apps in your phone. 解析：A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“There's also a useful technique that will quickly get you back on track：The 20­Second Rule.”可知，“20秒规则”可以帮助人们快速地重新专注于自己的工作，即有效地摆脱分心，也就是说它能帮助我们更有效地应对分心。故选A。] 8．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．No Phones, No Distraction B．Why We Get Distracted Easily? C．The Shocking Price of Distraction D．Distraction Brings Us Harm or Benefits? 解析：C　[主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段中的“According to McKinsey，high­skilled workers in the U．S.spend...we could give the economy a $ 900 million to $ 1.3 trillion boost per year.”可知，本文主要介绍了通信技术使人分心的现象及其严重后果。因此，恰当的标题是C项“The Shocking Price of Distraction(分心的惊人代价)”。故选C。] Ⅱ.完形填空 Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good observer.He makes full 　__1__　of the facts he observes.He doesn't accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, and therefore 　__2__　 to accept authority as the only reason for the truth.He always checks ideas 　__3__　 and makes experiments to prove them. The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 　__4__　 as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1292.He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to 　__5__　 that we should learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 　__6__　 many important truths. Galileo (1564—1642), however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 　__7__　 began to show how many important truths could be discovered by observation by degrees.Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more 　__8__　 towards the earth than small ones, 　__9__　 Aristotle said so.But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let two 　__10__　 stones fall and proved Aristotle was wrong.It is Galileo's 　__11__　 of going direct to nature, and proving our opinions and theories by experiment, that has 　__12__　 all the discoveries of modern science. What 　__13__　 those people good scientists? From the example of Galileo, we know 　__14__　 that successful scientists are those whose observations have 　__15__　 better results. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。作者通过实例论证自己的一个观点：一位科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。 1.A.trust　　　　　　　 B．sense C．speed D．use 解析：D　[考查名词。根据“A successful scientist is generally a good observer.”可知，他充分利用了他观察到的事实。make full use of意为“充分利用”，为固定短语。trust信任；sense意识；speed速度；use使用，用途。故选D。] 2.A.refuses B．desires C．intends D．regrets 解析：A　[考查动词。根据“He doesn't accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts，and therefore”可知，此处指拒绝相信权威是真理的唯一理由。refuse拒绝；desire想要；intend打算；regret后悔。故选A。] 3.A.casually B．carefully C．quickly D．privately 解析：B　[考查副词。根据“He always checks ideas”和“and makes experiments to prove them”可知，此处表示他仔细地核查想法。casually随便地；carefully仔细地；quickly迅速地；privately私下地。故选B。] 4.A.date B．keep C．look D．emerge 解析：A　[考查动词。根据“the years 1214 and 1292”可知，现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。keep保留，维持；look看；emerge出现。date back意为“追溯到”，为固定短语。故选A。] 5.A.command B．suspect C．suggest D．conclude 解析：C　[考查动词。根据“we should learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us” 可知，这里应是罗杰·培根提出的建议。command命令；suspect怀疑；suggest建议；conclude推断。故选C。] 6.A.brought B．discovered C．handled D．announced 解析：B　[考查动词。根据“many important truths”可知，他本人发现了很多重要的真理。bring带来；discover发现；handle处理；announce宣布。故选B。] 7．A.who B．when C．that D．where 解析：A　[考查定语从句。分析可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰指人的先行词several great men，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who。故选A。] 8．A.slowly B．rapidly C．lightly D．heavily 解析：B　[考查副词。根据“Aristotle said so”并联系史实可知，亚里士多德曾经认为重的物体比轻的物体下降得快。slowly缓慢地；rapidly快速地；lightly轻轻地；heavily沉重地。故选B。] 9．A.if B．when C．because D．although 解析：C　[考查连词。根据“Aristotle said so”可知，这里表示因为亚里士多德是这样说的。if如果；when当……的时候；because因为；although尽管。故选C。] 10．A.big B．small C．constant D．unequal 解析：D　[考查形容词。根据“and proved Aristotle was wrong”可知，此处表示使用了两块不同重量的石头。big大的；small小的；constant不断的；unequal不相等的。故选D。] 11．A.spirit B．skill C．theory D．wish 解析：A　[考查名词。根据“But Galileo，going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa...proved Aristotle was wrong.”可知，此处表示伽利略的直接走向自然通过实验证明自己的观点和理论的精神。spirit精神；skill技能；theory理论；wish愿望。故选A。] 12．A.put forward B．turned to C．set up D．led to 解析：D　[考查动词短语。put forward提出；turn to转向；set up建立；lead to导致。根据“all the discoveries of modern science”可知，此处表示正是伽利略的这种精神导致现代科学能有所发现。故选D。] 13．A.considers B．promises C．prevents D．makes 解析：D　[考查动词。根据“those people good scientists”可知，此处表示什么使那些人成为好的科学家。consider 考虑；promise 许诺；prevent 阻止；make 使得。故选D。] 14．A.efficiently B．clearly C．naturally D．unwillingly 解析：B　[考查副词。从伽利略的例子中，我们能清楚地看到现代科学的发展来源于伽利略等一些伟大科学家的科学研究精神。efficiently 有效率地；clearly 清楚地；naturally 自然地；unwillingly 不情愿地。故选B。] 15．A.foreseen B．rejected C．produced D．challenged 解析：C　[考查动词。根据“better results”可知，此处指那些科学家们的观察产生了更好的结果。foresee 预见；reject 拒绝；produce 使产生；challenge 挑战。故选C。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $