基础句法 03-2025-2026学年英语中考复习语法知识点全解（外研版)

初中外研版 【基础句法】 语法全解 核心语法 基本句型：主系表、主谓宾、主谓双宾、 主谓宾补 基础句法专项突破 考频分析 基础句法外研版中，基本句型是核心语法模块，考频占句法总量的30%左右，贯穿试卷所有核心题 型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(4-5题)、语法填空(2-3题)、书面表达（核心考察，直接影响 句子结构的正确性与逻辑性)。在语境理解类题目中，基本句型的成分分析及应用往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·句型构成要素：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语的成分识别与功能分析 。基础句型辨析：主系表（主语+系动词+表语）、主谓宾（主语+谓语+宾语）、主谓双宾（主语+ 谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)、主谓宾补（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语）的结构特征与判断 ·句型语境应用：结合具体语境判断句子所属句型，分析不同句型在表达意义上的差异 知识点一：基本句型结构及用法 1.主系表句型（主语+系动词+表语) ·结构特点：表语说明主语的性质、状态或身份，通常由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当 ·例句： l.The flowers are beautiful.(be动词+形容词作表语) 2.She is a student.(be动词+名词作表语) 2.主谓宾句型（主语+谓语+宾语) 。结构特点：谓语为及物动词，宾语表示动作的承受者 。例句： l.He eats an apple.(实义动词eat后接名词作宾语) 初中外研版 【基础句法】 语法全解 2.They visited Beijing.(实义动词visit后接名词作宾语) 3.主谓双宾句型（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语） ·结构特点：间接宾语通常指人，直接宾语通常指物 。例句： 1.My mother bought me a gift.(me为间接宾语，a gift为直接宾语) 2.He told us a story.(us为间接宾语，a story为直接宾语) 4.主谓宾补句型（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语) ·结构特点：宾语补足语补充说明宾语的动作或状态，使句意完整 。例句： l.We made him happy..(形容词happy补充说明宾语him的状态) 2.They call her Lily.(名词Lily补充说明宾语her的身份) 知识点二：核心句型结构及应用 1.主系表句型（主语+系动词+表语，说明主语的状态/性质特征) 。系动词分类：be动词(am/is/are/was/were)、感官动词(look看起来、sound听起来、smell闻起来、 taste尝起来、feel摸起来)、状态变化动词(become变成、get变得、tum转变为) ·表语构成：名词（如teacher)、形容词（如happy)、介词短语（如in the park)、副词（如here/here) 不定式（如to learn) 。例句： l.She is a student.(be动词is+名词student作表语) 2.The flowers smell sweet.(感官动词smell+形容词sweet作表语) 3.He became angry yesterday.(状态变化动词became+形容词angry作表语) 2.主谓宾句型（主语+谓语动词+宾语，强调主语发出的动作及对象） ·谓语动词特点：必须是及物动词(vt.),后面需接宾语（人/物）才能表达完整意思，如love,eat,buy ·宾语构成：名词（如apples)、代词（如him)、动名词（如swimming)、不定式（如to read) 。例句： 1.They love music.(及物动词love+名词music作宾语) 2.I helped her yesterday..(及物动词helped+代词her作宾语) 2 初中外研版 【基础句法】 语法全解 3.She enjoys dancing.(及物动词enjoys+动名词dancing作宾语) 3.主谓双宾句型（主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，表”给/递/教/买” 等动作，涉及人和物两个宾语) ·谓语动词特点：常为”给予类”动词：give给、teach教、send送、buy买、show展示 ·结构转换：主语+谓语+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语(to表方向，for表目的) 。例句 l.My mother bought me a book.(me间接宾语，a book直接宾语) →My mother bought a book for me..(for表”为我买) 2.He taught us English.(us间接宾语，English直接宾语) →HIe taught English to us..(to表”给我们教”) 3.She showed me her new pen.(me间接宾语，her new pen直接宾语) →She showed her new pen to me.(to表'向我展示”) 4.主谓宾补句型（主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的状 态/动作/身份) ·谓语动词特点：需通过宾补使句意完整，常见动词：make使、，keep保持、find发现、call称呼、see 看见 ·宾补构成：形容词（如happy)、名词（如monitor)、动词原形（如go,let/make后）、现在分词（如 unning)、过去分词（如closed) 。例句： 1.We made the room clear.(宾语room+形容词clean作宾补，表状态) 2.They call him Tom.(宾语him+名词Tom作宾补，表身份) 3.I saw her dancing..（宾语her+现在分词dancing作宾补，表动作正在进行) 4.He kept the door closed.(宾语door+过去分词closed作宾补，表被动状态) 知识点三：并列句 1.并列连词and(表并列/顺承) 。基础用法拓展（中考必背)： 1.连接两个并列主语→例句：Tom and I are good friends.. 2.连接两个并列谓语→例句：She sings and dances happily. 3.连接两个并列分句（顺承关系）→例句：I finish my homework and then I watch TV. 4.固定搭配：both.and.(两者都)→例句：Both my brother and I like playing football. 3 初中外研版 【基础句法】 语法全解 2.并列连词but（表转折) 。基础用法拓展（中考必背）： l.连接两个意义相反的分句→例句：He is young but very clever,. 2.连接两个并列谓语（转折）→例句：She tried hard but failed the exam, 3.固定搭配：not.but.(不是…而是…)→例句：It is not a dog but a cat. 3.并列连词0r(表选择/否定句并列) 。基础用法拓展（中考必背）： l.连接选择关系的分句→例句：Do you like tea or coffee? 2.连接否定句中的并列成分→例句：Idon't like apples or bananas. 3.固定搭配：either..or..(要么…要么…)→例句：Either you or he is right,. 4.并列连词s0（表结果) 。基础用法拓展（中考必背）： l.连接因果关系的分句（前因后果）→例句：It rained heavily,.so we stayed at home. 2.简单结果句→例句：He was ill,so he didn't go to school.. 3.固定搭配：so.that.（如此…以至于…)→例句：She is so kind that everyone likes her. 考法精析 考法一：主系表句型结构辨析 核心：识别句子中的系动词类型(b动词/感官动词/变化类动词)，判断表语成分（名词/形容词/介 词短语等)，选出符合句型结构的正确选项 真题1（语法填空)： The soup_(taste)delicious.Would you like some? 答案：tastes 解析：句中delicious”为形容词作表语，需用感官系动词taste';主语'the soup'”为第三人称单数， 感官动词用三单形式tastes。 真题2（单项选择)： He_a famous singer when he was 25 A.become B.becomes C.became D.will become 答案：C 解析：句中"'a famous singer'”为名词作表语，需用变化类系动词become',;由时间标志词"when he was25,可知动作发生在过去，用一般过去时became。 考法二：基本句型与祈使句辨析 4 初中外研版 【基础句法】 语法全解 核心：根据句子结构特点及语境，区分基本句型（主系表/主谓宾等）与祈使句，并正确运用语法规 则 真题1（语法填空)： -(be)careful when you cross the road.It's dangerous. 答案：Be 解析：此句为祈使句，以动词原形开头，b+形容词”构成肯定祈使句，句首首字母大写。 真题2（单项选择）： My mother often tells me_too much time playing games. A.not spend B.don't spend C.not to spend D.not spending 答案：C 解析：”tell sb.not to do sth.”为固定结构（主谓宾补句型），其中”not to spend''为动词不定式作宾语 补足语；句中”tells”是及物动词，”me”是宾语，"not to spend too much time playing games'”补充说明 宾语'me”的动作。 考法三：句型结构综合辨析与祈使句转换 核心：结合主系表、主谓宾等基础句型结构特点，判断句子类型并能进行祈使句与其他句型的转换 应用 真题1（单项选择）： Which sentence is a subject-predicate-object-complement structure? A.The cake tastes delicious. B.She bought her sister a dress. C.We should keep the room clean. D.Please open the window. 答案：C 解析：选项A为主系表结构（主语+感官动词+tastes+-形容词delicious作表语）：选项B为主谓双 宾结构（间接宾语her sister+直接宾语a dress):选项C为主谓宾补结构（宾语the room+形容词 clean作宾补)：选项D为祈使句（动词原形open开头）。 真题2（句型转换)： Turn off the lights when you leave the classroom.(改为同义句，使用'祈使句+or+简单句'结构) _off the lights when you leave the classroom,_you will waste electricity. 答案：Turn or 解析：原句为肯定祈使句，转换为”祈使句+o+简单句”结构时，前半句保留动词原形开头，后半 句用or连接表”否则'，符合”不做某事会产生某种后果”的语境逻辑。 解题小妙招 主系表句型妙招 系动类型要辨清，be动感官变化类 5 初中外研版 【基础句法】 语法全解 表语成分看搭配，名形介短常出现： be动用法需注意，时态人称要统一： 感官系动后接形，三单形式别忘记： 变化系动表过程，时态标志是关键。 祈使句与基本句型辨析妙招 祈使句无主语，动词原形放句首： 主系表句型有主语，系动连接主和表： 主谓宾补看动词，tell等词接宾补： 不定式作宾补时，否定形式not在前。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择（共10题） 1.The musicbeautiful.Let's listen to it again. A.sounds B.looks C.tastes D.smells 2.My father a teacher in this school for 20 years. A.is B.was C.has been D.will be 3.She oftenher little brother stories before bedtime. A.tells B.speaks C.says D.talks 4.We should keep our classroom-every day. A.clean B.cleaning C.to clean D.cleaned 5._quiet!The baby is sleeping in the next room A.Be B.Is C.Are D.Am 6.My mother bought_a new dress on my birthday. A.me B.I C.my D.mine 7.He_an engineer when he grows up. A.become B.becomes C.will become D.became 8.Don't forgetthe door when you leave the room A.lock B.to lock C.locking D.locked 9.The students English now. A.learn B.learns C.are learning D.learned 10.hard,and you will get good grades. A.Study B.Studies C.Studying D.Studied 演练二：填空（共10题） 6 初中外研版 【基础句法】 语法全解 1.The flowers(look)very fresh in the morning. 2.My sister often(help)me with my homework 3.Our teacher told us_(not be)late for class. 4.Let's-(go)to the park this weekend. 5.The little girl(become)happy when she saw the gift. 6.My father bought a new bike_me yesterday.(用介词填) 7.(keep)the windows open,please.It's hot inside 8.They found a little boy_(cry)in the street. 9.No_(smoke)in the reading room. 10.The soup(taste)better if you add some salt. 演练三：语法填空（共10空） It was Sunday morning.Lily 1.-(wake)up early.She felt excited because her parents planned to take her to the zoo.After breakfast,they 2.(leave)home.On the way,Lily saw a little bird.It 3.-(look) sad and couldn't fly.She asked her father,"Can we help it?Her father smiled and said,"Of course."He carefully 4.(pick)up the bird and put it in a box. At the zoo,Lily saw many animals.The pandas 5.(eat)bamboo,and the monkeys 6.(play)in the trees.She thought the tigers 7._(look)scary but strong.In the afternoon,they took the bird to a vet.The vet said,"It 8.(be)fine in a few days."Lily was happy. Before leaving,her mother bought her a toy panda.Lily 9.-(say)to her parents,"Today is great!Thank you!"Her parents told her,"10.-(help)others makes us happy too." 答案区 演练-：1.A2.C3.A4.A5.A6.A7.C8B9.C10.A 演练二：1.look2.helps3.not to be4.go5.became6.for7Keep8.crying9.smoking10.tastes 1.woke 2.left 3.looked 4.picked 5.were eating 6.were playing 7.looked 8.will be 9.said 10.Help- ing 7