专题1 题型1 阅读理解C、D篇培优练(2) 课时作业-【优化探究】2026年高考英语二轮专题复习配套课件

自然与环境专题 阅读理解C、D篇培优练(二) A组 C (2025·河北石家庄质检)A third of the Arctic's tundra (北极冻原), forests and wetlands have become a source of carbon emissions, a new study has found, as global heating ends thousands of years of carbon storage. For thousands of years, Arctic land ecosystems have acted as a deep freeze, holding potential emissions in the tundra. But ecosystems in the region are releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere with rising temperatures, a study published in Nature Climate Change concluded. More than 30% of the region was a source of CO2, according to the analysis, rising to 40% when emissions from wildfires were included. By using data from 200 study sites between 1990 and 2020, the research demonstrates how the Arctic's tundra, forests and wetlands are being transformed by rapid warming. The shift is occurring despite the Arctic becoming greener. “One place where I work in Alaska, when the tundra unfreezes, the plants that absorb CO2 grow more, so you can sometimes get an uptick in carbon storage，” Sue Natalia, the lead researcher, said. “But the tundra continues to unfreeze and the microbes (微生物) take over. You can visually see the changes in the landscape.” There is a growing concern about the natural processes that regulate the Earth's climate, which are being affected by rising temperatures. Together, the planet's oceans, forests, soils and other natural carbon sinks absorb about half of all human emissions, but there are signs that these sinks are under stress. The Arctic ecosystem has been gathering carbon for thousands of years, helping cool the atmosphere. In a warming world, the researchers say, its carbon cycle is beginning to change and needs better monitoring. Dr. Anna Virkkala, the author of the study, said, “The carbon in the Arctic soil is close to half of the Earth's soil carbon pool, much more than in the atmosphere. This huge pool should ideally stay in the ground. But now, rising temperatures are speeding the breakdown of plant and animal remains, which releases stored carbon back into the air as greenhouse gases like CO2, creating a cycle that fuels even more warming.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，因全球变暖，三分之一的北极冻原、森林和湿地变为碳排放源。多年以来，北极的陆地生态系统扮演着储存碳的“冷冻柜”角色，现因升温释放出更多的二氧化碳。人们需要更好地监测北极的碳循环变化。 1 2 3 4 1．What's the main reason for the release of carbon from Arctic soil? A．Tundra defrosting.　　　 B．Wildfires erupting. C．Trees over-cutting. D．Wetlands disappearing. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“For thousands of years, Arctic land ecosystems have acted as a deep freeze...But ecosystems in the region are releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere with rising temperatures”以及第四段中的“But the tundra continues to unfreeze and the microbes take over.”可知，北极的陆地生态系统在过去的几千年里一直是碳储存的“冷冻柜”，但随着全球变暖，这些生态系统正在释放更多的二氧化碳；冻原仍在持续解冻，微生物开始占据主导地位。故可推知，冻原解冻是北极土壤中碳释放的主要原因。故选A。 1 2 3 4 2．What does the underlined word “uptick” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Boost. B．Loss. C．Limit. D．Release. 答案：A 解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“when the tundra unfreezes, the plants that absorb CO2 grow more, so you can sometimes get an uptick in carbon storage”并结合常识可知，当冻原解冻时，吸收二氧化碳的植物会生长得更多，所以在这种情况下碳储存量应该是有所增加。故选 A。boost“增长，提高”。 1 2 3 4 3．What can we infer about the Arctic's soil carbon pool according to Dr. Anna Virkkala? A．It has less carbon than the air. B．It ought to be stored in the tundra. C．It can break down organic matter. D．It is less affected by global warming. 答案：B 1 2 3 4 解析：推理判断题。根据第六段中Anna Virkkala博士说的话“The carbon in the Arctic soil is close to half of the Earth's soil carbon pool, much more than in the atmosphere. This huge pool should ideally stay in the ground.”可知，Anna Virkkala认为北极土壤中的碳库巨大，理想情况下它应该留在地下，也就是应该被储存在冻原中。故选B。 1 2 3 4 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Arctic greening cuts carbon emissions. B．More carbon is being released in Arctic. C．Arctic carbon storage is growing rapidly. D．Extreme climate makes Arctic inhabitable. 答案：B 1 2 3 4 解析：主旨大意题。文章开篇就指出三分之一的北极冻原、森林和湿地已成为碳排放源，接着阐述了随着全球变暖，北极生态系统的变化导致更多的碳被释放，虽然北极绿化状况有所改善，但整体上北极还是在释放更多的碳，所以文章主要是在说北极正在释放更多的碳。故选B。 1 2 3 4 语料积累 必备 单词 Para.1：storage n．贮存，贮藏(空间) Para.2：ecosystem n．生态系统　potential adj.潜在的　release v．释放，放出，放走 Para.3：demonstrate v．证明，证实，论证，说明　transform v．使改变外观(或性质)，使改观 Para.4：unfreeze v．(使)解冻，化冻，融化 Para.5：regulate v．调节，控制(速度、压力、温度等) Para.6：cycle n．循环　monitor v．监视，检查，跟踪调查　breakdown n．分解 必备 短语 Para.4：take over接替，取代 Para.5：carbon sink 碳汇 D (2025·四川蓉城名校联盟考试)A new study by an international team of experts highlights how global methane (甲烷) emissions have been rising rapidly since 2006, particularly since 2020, a trend that's expected to continue unless we do something very significant very soon.The study authors have then outlined some strategies countries can use to take action, and developed an online tool to help with this. This continual climb in methane emissions is largely due to the continued use of fossil (化石) fuels rather than cleaner options, the researchers say.It's directly produced by oil, gas, and coal drilling and processing.The increasing release of methane from natural wetlands, caused by a hotter climate, is now also contributing.Methane is produced by rubbish sites, thawing permafrost, and animals too.The researchers, led by physicist and climate specialist Drew Shindell of Duke University in the US，suggest these are minor contributors at the moment—although ones that also need to be closely watched. “Worldwide efforts to limit climate change are rightly focused on carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary driver，”writes the team in their published paper. “However, since humanity has failed to properly address climate change for several decades, keeping warming below agreed goals now requires that we address all major climate pollutants.” There is currently much less methane in our atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO2), but methane is a stronger greenhouse gas. We know that methane is a major contributor to the warming of the world, trapping heat like CO2 does.It also contributes to the formation of ozone (臭氧) at ground level, increasing the risk of death through respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular diseases. “Rapid reductions in methane emissions this decade are essential to slowing warming in the near future, limiting the overshoot by the middle of the century and keeping low-warming carbon budgets within reach，”write the researchers. Warnings from scientists about the state of the Earth's climate path are now reaching a deafening level.Humanity should pay close attention to those warnings and take action. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。自2006年，尤其是2020年以来，全球甲烷排放量一直在迅速上升，并且这一趋势预计将继续。作者呼吁人类应立刻采取措施来应对这一紧急情况。 5 6 7 8 5．What do we know about methane emissions? A．They are currently a minor concern. B．They have been going up since 2006. C．They have decreased steadily since 2020. D．They are mainly caused by cleaner options. 答案：B 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“how global methane emissions have been rising rapidly since 2006, particularly since 2020”可知，自2006年，尤其是2020年以来，全球甲烷排放量一直在迅速上升。故选B项。文中的“rising”和B项中的“going up”是同义替换。 6．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The continued use of methane emissions. B．Strategies for reducing methane emissions. C．The impact of methane emissions on human health. D．The contributions of sources to methane emissions. 答案：D 5 6 7 8 解析：段落大意题。根据第二段中的“This continual climb in methane emissions...cleaner options”和“The increasing release of methane...and animals too.”可知，甲烷排放量的持续攀升主要是由于化石燃料的持续使用。由于气候变暖，自然湿地释放的甲烷越来越多，这也是原因之一。此外，垃圾场、融化的永冻土和动物也会产生甲烷。由此可知，第二段主要介绍的是甲烷排放的促成因素。故选D项。 5 6 7 8 7．Why is reducing methane emissions considered urgent? A．Methane lessens the amount of ozone. B．Methane limits climate change effectively. C．Methane promotes global warming greatly. D．Methane keeps low-warming carbon budgets. 答案：C 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“methane is a major contributor to the warming of the world, trapping heat like CO2 does”可知，甲烷是全球变暖的重要原因，它像二氧化碳一样吸收热量。故选C项。 5 6 7 8 8．What is the author's purpose in writing the text? A．To call on people to handle methane emissions. B．To introduce the history of methane emissions. C．To highlight the dangers of the formation of methane. D．To advocate for the increased use of fossil fuels. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：写作意图题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段可知，甲烷作为温室气体对全球变暖有重大影响，尤其是自2020年以来，甲烷的排放量一直在迅速上升，并且这一趋势预计将继续。科学家们对地球气候变化轨迹的警告现在已经达到了震耳欲聋的程度。人类应该密切关注这些警告并采取行动。由此可知，作者写本文的目的是呼吁人类密切关注甲烷排放并采取行动。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 语料积累 必备 单词 Para.1：outline v．概述，略述 Para.2：continual adj.接连不断的，连续的　specialist n．专家；专科医生　contributor n．促成物 Para.3：primary adj.主要的，最重要的，基本的 Para.4：pollutant n．污染物 Para.5：currently adv.现时，当前 Para.6：formation n．形成，组成 Para.8：deafening adj.震耳欲聋的 熟词 生义 Para.3：driver n．常用义：驾驶员，司机　文章义：驱动因素 必备 短语 Para.7：within reach伸手可及的距离，够得着的 长难句 分析 A new study by an international team of experts highlights how global methane emissions have been rising rapidly since 2006, particularly since 2020, a trend that's expected to continue unless we do something very significant very soon.(Para.1) 分析：本句为主从复合句。本句的主干为A new study highlights how global methane emissions have been rising rapidly。how引导宾语从句；a trend作宾语从句的同位语；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词a trend，从句中unless引导条件状语从句。 译文：一个国际专家小组的一项新研究强调，自2006年，特别是2020年以来，全球甲烷排放量一直在迅速上升，除非我们很快采取一些非常重要的措施，否则这一趋势预计将持续下去。 B组 C (2025·湖南长沙长郡中学月考)Scientists have long linked the Permian-Triassic mass extinction some 252 million years ago to vast volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia.The resulting CO2 emissions rapidly accelerated climate warming, resulting in the collapse of ecosystems.But climate warming alone cannot explain because when the tropics become too hot, species migrate to the cooler, higher latitudes (纬度).So，what wiped out almost all life on land, including plants and usually resilient insects, has remained a mystery. One new study, published in the journal Science and co-led by the University of Bristol and China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), has shed new light.Tremendous ocean warming El Niño events were the key, with global conditions swinging wildly over decades. The scale of Permian-Triassic warming was revealed by studying oxygen isotopes (同位素) in the fossilized (石化的) tooth material of tiny extinct swimming organisms called conodonts (牙形虫).By studying the temperature record of conodonts from around the world, the researchers were able to show remarkable temperature instability, especially in the low and mid latitudes. Dr.Farnsworth, who used pioneering climate modeling to evaluate the findings, said, “The changes responsible for the climate patterns were profound because there were much more intense and prolonged El Niño events than witnessed today.Species were simply not equipped to adapt or evolve quickly enough.” The results of the climate modeling also help explain the abundant charcoal (木炭) found in rock layers of that age.“Wildfires became very common in a drought-prone climate.Earth got stuck in a crisis state where the land was burning and the oceans were lifeless.There was nowhere to hide，”he added. In recent years, El Niño events have caused major changes.2023－2024 was one of the hottest years on record globally due to a strong El Niño event in the Pacific, which was further worsened by increased human-induced CO2 driving catastrophic drought and fires around the world.Fortunately, events like this so far have only lasted one to two years at a time. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了二叠纪—三叠纪大灭绝的原因。 1 2 3 4 1．What does the text mainly talk about? A．The exact cause of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. B ．The impacts of volcanic eruptions on species on Earth. C．The connection between El Niño events and CO2 emissions. D．The survival skills of some ancient plants and resilient insects. 答案：A 解析：主旨大意题。实验研究类语篇一般会在语篇开头交代研究问题。根据文章第一段最后两句“但是，仅凭气候变暖本身无法解释，因为当热带地区变得过热时，物种会迁移到较凉爽的较高纬度地区。因此，是什么消灭了包括植物和通常具有适应能力的昆虫在内的几乎所有陆地生命一直是一个谜”可知，文章主要讨论了二叠纪—三叠纪大灭绝的确切原因。故选A项。 1 2 3 4 2．How did researchers know about the unstable global temperature in the Permian-Triassic period? A．By making reference to previous climate models. B．By comparing temperatures in low and mid latitudes. C．By studying different sea creatures around the world. D．By conducting scientific research on relevant fossils. 答案：D 1 2 3 4 解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的“the unstable global temperature in the Permian-Triassic period”可将答案定位到第三段，此段主要讲述了科学家通过研究一种名为牙形虫的微小已灭绝的游泳生物的石化牙齿材料中的氧同位素，揭示了二叠纪—三叠纪变暖的规模。通过研究全球各地牙形虫的温度记录，研究人员能够展示出显著的温度不稳定性。由此可知，应选D项。D项中的“relevant fossils”与第三段中的“fossilized tooth material”呼应。 1 2 3 4 3．What happened some 252 million years ago according to the researchers? ①Threatened species made instant evolution. ②Massive amounts of charcoal were formed. ③Disastrous wildfires happened frequently. ④The earth almost turned into a burning planet. A．①② B．③④ C．①②③ D．②③④ 答案：D 1 2 3 4 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Species were simply not equipped to adapt or evolve quickly enough.”可知，物种根本没有能力快速适应或进化，故①错误；根据第五段中的“the abundant charcoal found in rock layers of that age”可知，那时形成了大量的木炭，故②正确；根据第五段中的“Wildfires became very common in a drought-prone climate.”可知，在容易发生干旱的气候中，野火变得非常普遍，故③正确；根据第五段中的“Earth got stuck in a crisis state where the land was burning and the oceans were lifeless.”可知，地球陷入了危机状态，陆地在燃烧，海洋无生命，故④正确。综上所述，D项正确。 1 2 3 4 4．What is implied in the last paragraph? A．History always repeats itself. B．The cloud has a silver lining. C．Every day is a leaf in history. D．Nature is indeed what we see. 答案：B 1 2 3 4 解析：推理判断题。最后一段虽然提及了厄尔尼诺事件导致的负面结果和人为引起的全球灾难性的干旱和火灾，但文章最后一句表述了“幸运的是，这样的事件到目前为止一次只持续一到两年”，情感副词“Fortunately”的使用暗含了作者乐观的态度。由此可知，应选B项。 1 2 3 4 语料积累 必备 单词 Para.1：extinction n．(植物、动物、生活方式等的)灭绝，绝种，消亡　eruption n．爆发，喷发　accelerate v．(使)加速，加快　collapse n．(突然的)倒塌，塌陷，垮掉　resilient adj.可迅速恢复的；有适应力的 Para.4：pioneering adj.开拓性的；先驱性的；探索性的 必备 短语 Para.1：wipe out摧毁；使灭绝 Para.5：get stuck in...陷入…… Para.6：on record有记录以来 D (2025·河北石家庄摸底考试)As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe.But climate change, environmental disasters and wars threaten these modern Noah's Arks.Now，a team of researchers are brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution: building one of these vaults (库) on the moon. A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon's south pole could be far more stable than those on the Earth.This part of the moon usually remains around －196℃， perfect for storing most animal cells long-term, marine biologist Mary Hagedorn and colleagues report in BioScience. Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world.In 2017, melting (融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan.A different team has proposed building a lunar ark in lava (熔岩) tubes that run beneath the moon's surface.But that design requires a solar-powered cooling system; any loss of power, and the samples would be destroyed.In the moon's forever-frozen shadowed regions, a lunar vault wouldn't need energy or constant human maintenance，Hagedorn's team says. Given the shadowy south pole's low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today”—fibroblasts.Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells.“And then those stem cells can be used for cloning，”she says.The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human settlements on the moon or Mars. The proposal has its share of barriers.For instance, the moon's permanently dark regions aren't free from temperature swings, says lunar scientist Benjamin Greenhagen of Johns Hopkins University.“They are still cold but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of temperature management.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家考虑在月球建立生物样本库，以应对地球上气候变化等威胁。月球南极的低温使其成为储存生物样本的理想地点。 5 6 7 8 5．Why is the moon an ideal place for the biobank? A．It's not affected by wars. B．It's not environmentally polluted. C．It has proper temperatures. D．It has rich resources for research. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A biobank in a permanently shadowed region...perfect for storing most animal cells long-term”可知，月球南极永久阴影区的温度通常保持在零下196摄氏度左右，非常适合长期储存大多数动物细胞。由此可知，月球上适宜的温度使其成为生物样本库的理想地点。故选C项。 5 6 7 8 6．What led to Hagedorn's proposal of a lunar biobank? A．The solar-powered cooling system. B．The lava tubes on the moon's surface. C．The problem facing the Norway Vault. D．The discovery of ice on the lunar pole. 答案：C 5 6 7 8 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway...highlighting the need for a backup plan.”可知，Hagedorn和同事们从挪威的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库获得了灵感，该种子库利用北极零下的温度保存了来自世界各地的数百万颗种子。2017年，融化的冻土随时都可能淹没种子库，这凸显了备用计划的必要性。再结合第三段最后一句可知，挪威种子库面临的问题使Hagedorn和同事们考虑在月球上建立生物样本库。 5 6 7 8 7．What can scientists use fibroblasts to do? A．Form stem cells for cloning. B．Explore the conditions of the moon soil. C．Help land humans on the moon. D．Improve the ecosystem of the Earth. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的“fibroblasts”可将答案定位至第四段。根据“a vault there...transform these animal cells into stem cells.‘And then those stem cells can be used for cloning，’she says.”可知，考虑到南极阴影区的低温，那里的样本库可以储存“我们如今拥有的最强的细胞之一”——成纤维细胞。科学家可以将这些动物细胞转化为干细胞，然后这些干细胞可以用于克隆。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 8．What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Lunar Exploration：The Next Frontier of Cloning B.Relieving Climate Change: The Moon Biobank Project C.The Moon as a Backup: A New Solution for Seed Storage D.Building Biobanks on the Moon: A Proposal to Save Biodiversity 答案：D 5 6 7 8 解析：标题归纳题。文章围绕在月球上建立生物样本库的提议展开，强调其在保护生物多样性中的潜在价值及面临的挑战。D项“在月球上建立生物样本库：拯救生物多样性的提议”适合作为文章标题。 5 6 7 8 语料积累 必备 单词 Para.1：biobank n．生物样本库　brainstorm v．集体讨论，集思广益 Para.2：shadow v．在……上投下阴影 Para.3：constant adj.不断的；不变的，固定的，恒定的　maintenance n．保持，维持；维护，养护，保养 Para.4：regenerate v．(使)再生；使复兴，使振兴，使恢复 必备 短语 Para.3：a backup plan一个备用计划 感谢您的观看 $