备考前沿 高考冲刺必备的提分能力——破解长难句-【优化探究】2026年高考英语二轮专题复习配套课件

备考前沿 高考冲刺必备的提分能力——破解长难句 新高考英语阅读材料多元化，涵盖了丰富的题材，如科技、文化、社会、环保、心理等，要求考生具备广泛的知识背景和较强的阅读理解能力。这些题材丰富且专业的语料有一个显著的共同特征——生词和长难句偏多，这极大地增加了阅读理解的难度。下面我们以高考真题中的句子为例，讲解长难句的基本类型以及相应的破解技巧。 长难句的基本类型： (1)长简单句：一个简单句中含有多个短语修饰成分。 (2)并列句：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上的简单句。 (3)复合句：由从属连词连接的主从复合句。 (4)并列复合句：既有由并列连词连接的并列句，还有由从属连词连接的主从复合句。 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 提分能力1　长简单句的破解——抓主干，去修饰 提分能力2 并列句的破解——先找并列连词，再分析并列分句 提分能力3　复合句的破解——先找从属连词，知从句类型，再分析主从句 提分能力4 并列复合句的破解——先找并列连词，再找从属连词，分析各分句间的逻辑关系 提分能力1　长简单句的破解——抓主干，去修饰 [典例] [分析] (2025·全国一卷·C) Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway，Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” 抓主干 句子的主干为Jane Jacobs called on her mayor 去修饰 句中describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway为现在分词短语作状语；不定式短语 to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through” 作宾语补足语 译文 在表达对这个公园拟被改建成高速公路的担忧时，Jane Jacobs呼吁市长支持 “将纽约打造成一个适宜居住的好地方，而不仅仅是一个让人匆匆路过的地方”。 【微练习】 分析并翻译以下长难句 1．(2025·全国一卷·D) Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. [分析]　句子的主干为①_____________________________；containing enough calcium carbonate为现在分词短语作②_____；to trap the plastics为不定式短语作③___________。 [译文]　__________________________________________________ _____________________ this process relies on the water 定语 目的状语 关键的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够的碳酸钙的水来捕 获塑料。 2．(2025·全国一卷·语法填空) A decent winner always tries to beat the opponent by no more than one or two points as a gesture (姿态) of respect for the other side. [分析]　句子的主干为①___________________________________； by no more than one or two points为介词短语作②_________；as a gesture of respect for the other side为介词短语作③___________。 [译文]　___________________________________________________ _______________________________ A decent winner tries to beat the opponent 方式状语 目的状语 一位体面的胜者总是试图以不超过一两分的优势打败对手， 以示对对方的尊重。 3．(2025·全国二卷·完形填空) Determined to turn her life around, Ms. Donohue began to work out and follow a healthy lifestyle, before discovering a passion for weightlifting. [分析]　句子的主干为①___________________________________ ___________________；determined to turn her life around为过去分词短语作②____________；before discovering a passion for weightlifting为介词短语作③____________。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ______________________________________ Ms. Donohue began to work out and follow a healthy lifestyle 原因状语 时间状语 决心扭转人生的Donohue女士开始健身并遵循健康的 生活方式，随后发现了对举重的热爱。 4．(2025·全国二卷·语法填空) Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines to dry clothing, denying me the chance to discover one of the great wonders of sunshine—the sweet “sunshine scent” after sunning clothes for an entire day. [分析]　句子的主干为①___________________________________ _____________；growing up为现在分词短语作②________；denying me...sunshine为现在分词短语作③___________；the sweet...day为名词短语作④____________。 my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines 时间状语 结果状语 同位语 [译文]　_____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 在我的成长过程中，我的家人和邻居们从未用过晾衣绳来 晾衣服，这让我失去了发现阳光的一大奇迹的机会——把衣服晒一 整天后，会有一股甜美的“阳光香”。 5．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·A) The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner, experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow's mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks. [分析]　句子的主干为①____________________________________ ________________________；to enjoy...walks为动词不定式短语作②_________，修饰③___________。 [译文]　_______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity 定语 opportunity 卡洛秋季徒步节是初学者、有经验的徒步者或高级 徒步者享受卡洛山区徒步挑战或森林漫步的平静的绝佳机会。 提分能力2 并列句的破解——先找并列连词，再分析并列分句 [典例] [分析] (2025·全国二卷·C) Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. 找连词 本句为but连接的并列句 析成分 第二个分句中the stress hormone in our body是名词短语作同位语 译文 植物能以多种方式改善我们的心理状态，但是最主要的一种方式是通过降低我们体内皮质醇(一种压力激素)的水平。 [温馨提示] (1)常见的并列连词(词组)有and、but、so、or、not only...but (also)...、not...but...等。 (2)常见的并列结构有“句子1，并列连词＋句子2”或“句子1，句子2，并列连词＋句子3”，以此类推。但是要注意的是，有并列连词的句子不一定就是并列句，有时它们只是句子成分的并列，只有当它们连接并列的句子时才是并列句。 【微练习】 分析并翻译以下长难句 1．(2025·全国二卷·完形填空) Ms. Donohue used to be laughed at for being too old to work out, but she has proved the doubters wrong in the best possible way and has indeed become an inspiration for many social media users. [分析]　本句为①______连接的并列句。第一个分句为简单句，主干为②________________________________；第二个分句主干为③_______________________________________________________ but Ms. Donohue used to be laughed at she has proved the doubters wrong and has become an inspiration。 [译文]　______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________ Donohue女士过去常常因年龄太大不适合锻炼而被嘲 笑，但她以最绝妙的方式证明了那些质疑者错了，并真正成 为许多社交媒体用户的榜样。 2．(2025·全国二卷·语法填空) Nothing in my life before prepared me for this one—and to be sure, the first time I came here I never imagined I would ever feel comfortable in this area. [分析]　本句为①_________连接的并列句。第一个分句为简单句，主干为②___________________________；第二个分句为主从复合句，主句为③______________，其中I would...area为省略引导词that的④_______从句。 [译文]　______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ and Nothing prepared me for this one I never imagined 宾语 我过去的生活从未为这样的日子做过准备——说实 话，初来此地时，我从未想过自己会在此感到自在。 3．(2024·全国甲卷·C) Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-­ray scans and prescriptions. [分析]　本句为①______连接的并列句。第一个分句为简单句，主干为②__________________________________；第二个分句的主干为③_________________________________________________________ _______________________________ [译文]　________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ and Each stop lasts an average of two days the doctors and nurses provide rural populations with basic medical care, X-­ray scans and prescriptions。 每站停留平均持续两天，在此期间，列车上的医生和 护士为农村人口提供基本医疗护理、X光扫描和处方药。 4．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读七选五) Travel promotes understanding, expands our minds, makes us better people, and boosts local economies and communities, but the rapid growth of travel has led to overtourism in certain regions and destinations. [分析]　本句为①_______连接的并列句。第一个分句中promotes、expands、makes和boosts为并列②_____；第二个分句的主干为③_______________________________________。 [译文]　______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________ but 谓语 the rapid growth of travel has led to overtourism 旅行促进理解，拓宽我们的视野，让我们成为更好 的人，并振兴当地经济和社区，但旅行的快速增长也导致了 某些地区和目的地的过度旅游问题。 5．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·C) From a 21st-­century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-­powered e-­reader. [分析]　本句为①_________连接的并列句。第一个分句的主干为②___________________________________；第二个分句中as interactive as...为as...as...同级比较结构，并且在句中作系动词remains的③___________。 [译文]　________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ but the printed book is certainly ancient 表语 从一个21世纪的角度来看，印刷书籍当然是古老的， 但它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性。 提分能力3　复合句的破解——先找从属连词，知从句类型，再分析主从句 [典例] [分析] (2025·全国一卷·A) As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation—which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-­related greenhouse gas emissions. 找连词 句中as引导时间状语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句 析成分 主句为it faces particular problems；with transportation 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 problems 译文 随着世界竞相实现全面脱碳，它在交通运输领域面临着特殊难题——该领域约占与能源相关的温室气体排放的四分之一。 【微练习】 分析并翻译以下长难句 1．(2025·全国一卷·B) In my ninth­-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A's, and a modern-­day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。主句为①____________________ _______________________；三个who均引导②______从句；in my ninth-­grade writing class last year是介词短语作③______。 I met a cowboy, a strict father and a modern­-day Juliet 定语 状语 [译文]　________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 在去年的九年级写作课上，我读到了一个拯救了小镇的牛仔的 故事，一个要求儿子门门功课都拿A的严厉父亲的故事，还有一个现 代版的朱丽叶因父母反对她青春岁月里的爱情而心碎离世的故事。 2．(2025·全国一卷·C) Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。主句为①________________________ ____________；who引导②______从句；to stop the destruction of her local park 为不定式短语作③___________。 [译文]　__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________ a Canadian journalist led a campaign 定语 目的状语 其中最著名的例子是一位在20世纪50年代初与家人迁居 曼哈顿的加拿大记者，她领导了一场运动，旨在阻止她所在社区 的公园被毁坏。 3．(2025·全国一卷·阅读七选五) One thing Murphy may not know is that her smile is contagious (有感染力) and can be the difference in a student having a much better day than they were having before seeing her. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。主句为①_______________；Murphy may not know 为省略了关系代词的②_________从句；that her smile...seeing her为that引导的③_____从句，该从句中包含两个并列谓语，其中having a much better day为现在分词短语作④_________；than引导⑤______________从句。 [译文]　____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ One thing is that... 定语 表语 后置定语 比较状语 Murphy可能不知道的一件事是，她的微笑具有感染力，能 让学生在见到她之后，拥有比之前好得多的一天。 4．(2025·全国一卷·完形填空) We had decided on key items for the apartment we were moving to in town, donated what we could, and rented a place to store our supposedly important objects. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。主句为①________________________ __________________；we were moving to in town为省略了关系代词的②____从句；what we could为what引导的③____从句；to store our supposedly important objects为动词不定式短语作④________。 [译文]　__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ____________________ We had decided on..., donated..., and rented... 宾语 目的状语 我们已经为即将搬去的镇上的公寓选好了重要物品，把能 捐的东西都捐了，还租了一个地方来存放我们那些自以为重要的 东西。 定语 5．(2025·全国一卷·语法填空) Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces, and the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk­screen prints for the exhibition. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。主句为①_______________；that引导②____从句，从句的主干为 ③______________________________ _______________________；following each move为现在分词短语作④_____；to create...prints为动词不定式短语作⑤___________。 Tu says that the balance, the beauty and the energy flow inspired artists 定语 宾语补足语 宾语 [译文]　__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________  屠表示，黑白棋子之间的平衡、棋子战略性布局之美，以 及每一步棋所带来的能量流动，激发了艺术家们为这次展览创作 油画、雕塑、数字生成图像和丝网印刷作品。 提分能力4 并列复合句的破解——先找并列连词，再找从属连词，分析各分句间的逻辑关系 [典例] [分析] (2025·全国二卷·阅读七选五) You may know the “feel-good” emotions that come with helping others, but there are even more unexpected ways volunteering will positively affect the whole family. 找连词 本句是由并列连词but连接的并列复合句 析成分 第一个分句为主从复合句， that引导定语从句；第二个分句也是主从复合句，volunteering will...family为省略关系词的定语从句 译文 你可能知道帮助他人所带来的“感觉良好”的情绪，但志愿服务对整个家庭产生积极影响的方式还有更多意想不到的方面。 【微练习】 分析并翻译以下长难句 1．(2025·全国二卷·读后续写) Every time I gave a self­-introduction, I had to explain how to pronounce my name at least five times, yet they still could not say it the way I did. [分析]　本句为①_____连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中every time引导②_____________从句，how to pronounce my name为“疑问词＋不定式短语”作③_________；第二个分句中I did为省略关系词的④________从句。 [译文]　___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ yet 时间状语 宾语 定语 每次自我介绍时，我至少要解释五遍我的名字要如何发 音，但他们依然无法像我那样说出我的名字。 2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B) After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. [分析]　本句为①____连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中after引导②________从句；第二个分句中so...that...引导③_________从句。 [译文]　__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ __________________________________ but 时间状语 结果状语 Charlie心脏病发作后，Tindale说，她本来准备让它安乐 死，但Farber的治疗减轻了她的狗如此多的痛苦，以至于能够让它 再多活五个月。 3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D) These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? [分析]　本句为①______连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中that引导②______从句，修饰先行词③________；第二个分句中since引导④_____________从句，其中to investigate...change为不定式短语作⑤____________，how引导⑥_________从句。 [译文]　__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ and 定语 data 原因状语 目的状语 宾语 现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数 据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对 全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可用吗？ 4．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D) Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. [分析]　本句为①_______连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中given the...lives作②_____________，to deal with...future为不定式短语作③___________；第二个分句中where引导④_________从句。 [译文]　__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ and 条件状语 目的状语 表语 鉴于人工智能改变我们的生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采 取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，而这就是《人工智能设计： 与人工智能共存的计划》这本书发挥作用的地方。 5．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D) In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. [分析]　本句为①______连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中that引导②_____从句，修饰③_____；第二个分句中translating...understandable为现在分词短语作④_______，修饰⑤____________。 [译文]　____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ but 定语 code 定语 experience 由能力不够的人来写，这本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算 机代码一样复杂，难以处理，但幸运的是，Campbell拥有20多年的专 业经验，能够将令人晕头转向的内容转化为易懂的内容。 综上所述，在遇到长难句时，我们先根据句中是否出现连词或连词的类别，将句子分类。然后认真分析句子结构，找出句子的主干，弄清楚各修饰部分所修饰的对象，根据其意义和语法结构的内在关系将句子划分成不同的意群，以降低对长难句的理解的难度。 总之，要准确理解长难句确实不容易，但是一旦掌握了以上破解技巧，英语阅读将变得十分轻松。 感谢您的观看 $