2021-2025年新高考卷阅读D篇 题型专项 突破 4 -2026届高三英语二轮复习专项

2021-2025年新高考卷阅读D篇专题突破练习答案 【2025年新课标I卷】 【文章‌概要】 文章讨论了微塑料污染问题，并介绍了一项研究：通过煮沸和过滤自来水，可以显著降低水中的微塑料含量。 【逐题‌解析‌】 32. C 细节理解题。文章第一段通过列举微塑料污染的各种例子来呈现问题，如“they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.”（它们已经沉积在深海和喜马拉雅山上，卡在火山岩中，填满了海鸟的胃，甚至降落在南极的新鲜雪地上。）。故选C。 33. A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.”（至关重要的是，这个过程依赖于水中含有足够的碳酸钙来捕获塑料。）可知，水的硬度（碳酸钙含量）决定了捕获微塑料的有效性。故选A。 34. B 推理判断题。文章第四段提到“Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.”（甚至瓶装水，科学家今年早些时候发现，其含有的微塑料比原先认为的要多10到1000倍。）。结合上下文推知，作者提到瓶装水是为了凸显微塑料问题的严重性。故选B。 35. D 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“we should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay建议应当改进饮用水处理厂，以去除水中的微塑料。因此，她的建议属于研究成果潜在的应用场景，具体来说，是将研究成果应用于改善饮用水处理工艺。故选D。 【2025年新课标II卷】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了通过纽约Blue Hill餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”，揭示食物浪费问题的严重性，并探索创新解决方案（如利用非常规食材），呼吁公众提高环保意识。 32. A 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase ‘there are children starving in Africa’ was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.”可知，作者在南非长大，常听到“非洲有孩子挨饿”的提醒（“uncomfortable reminder of fact”），暗示他亲历过食物短缺的社会环境。故选A。 33. B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.”可知，Blue Hill的实验目的是让公众关注食物浪费。故选B。 34. C 段落大意题。根据文章第五段详细描述菜品原料（如“kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes”），说明“非常规食材如何被利用”，以及“Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.”可知，该段重点在于说明这些食材的来源，而不是它们的制作过程或其他方面。故选C。 35. A 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment”可知，wastED是一个短期的实验，尽管获得了热烈的评价，但它按照计划结束。故选A。 【2024年新课标I卷】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的专家发现上传生物样本数据的方式（电子媒介或拍照）有局限，这些观测数据存在偏差，并提出了改善建议。 32. B 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.”可知，现在收集的大部分生物多样性记录都是照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式，即主要是电子版的形式。故选B。 33. C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”（这些观测数据现在超过了来自物理标本的主要数据，并且我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何对全球变化作出反应。我想知道：这些数据是否可用？）可知，Daru的研究主要聚焦于这些观察性数据是不是可以代表实际的全球生物多样性背后的规律。所以Daru的研究聚焦点是观察性数据。故选C。 34. C 推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知，Daru特别感兴趣的是采样中可能导致数据偏差的方面，比如网民们会因为花比草更加显眼而拍花，而不是拍草；以及第五段最后一句话“These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.”（这些数据也偏向于具有吸引力或引人注目的特征的某些物种。）可知，导致偏差的原因是采样方式不当。故选C。 35. D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”可知，采样的用户可以征求专家的意见，以来核实他们上传图片的真实身份，也就是说专家可以给网民科学家一些指导。故选D。 【2024年新课标II卷】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要评述了Catriona Campbell所著的《人工智能设计：与人工智能共生的计划》，分析了当前AI发展的趋势和即将到来的AI革命，强调了人类需要对AI进行控制，以防止被边缘化甚至出现更糟的后果。 32. C 词义猜测题。根据文章第二段画线词后文中的but可知，所在句子前后是转折关系。but前提到，这本书可能会像计算机代码一样复杂难懂；but后指出这本书的作者Campbell拥有二十多年的专业经验，能将枯燥难懂的内容变得通俗易懂。由此可推知，but前应该是假设一个除了Campbell之外的作者写这本书，也就是指的是不太称职、不太专业的人写这本书的情况，与作者形成对比，突出作者的专业。故选C。 33. B 推理判断题。根据文章第二段最后一句话“She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.”可知，本书的作者从商业人士（而非学者）的实用角度出发，使得这本书极易理解、内容丰富，即这本书采用一种接地气的写作风格。其中down-to-earth与文中的“practical”和“highly accessible”相呼应。故选B。 34. C 推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.”可知，她提醒人们必须保持对人工智能的控制，即作者呼吁人们联合起来共同控制人工智能的发展，以避免失去对其的控制和面临潜在的威胁。故选C。 35. A 写作目的题。通读全文尤其根据文章的最后一段可知，文章主要评述了Catriona Campbell所著的《人工智能设计：与人工智能共生的计划》这本书，并且作者强烈推荐这本书，因为它能够通俗易懂地为普通人提供人工智能的知识信息。因此，这篇文章的写作目的是推荐一本关于AI的书。故选A。 【2023年新课标I卷】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有关“群体智慧”效应的基本原理以及Joaquin Navajas在此基础上的进一步研究——允许互相讨论的小组比同等数量的独立个体有更准确的预测。 32. B 段落大意题。根据第二段第一句“This effect capitalizes on the fact that ...”及第三句“When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.”可知，该段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑，即独立估算的平均值如何由于误差的消除而得出较准确的预测。故选B。 33. D 细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，“群体智慧”效应注重的是独立，再由题干中的“Navajas’ study”可定位至第三段，题干中的“the average accuracy could increase”与该段第二句中的“the averages from these groups were more accurate”为同义替换。再根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.”可知，当把群体进一步分成允许讨论的小组时，他们比独立的个体能得出更为准确的预测。也就是说，即使预测不是完全独立的，平均值的准确度也能提高。故选D。 34. C 推理判断题。根据题干中的“the follow-up study”可定位至倒数第二段，再由“the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”及后面一连串的提问可推知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 35. D 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容尤其是“the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous”可知，虽然Navajas的研究仍然有局限性和很多问题，但对于小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知，作者对于Navajas研究的态度是赞许的。故选D。 【2023年新课标II卷】 本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，城市中自然场所的存在对居民的健康至关重要。研究团队通过收集公园游客与大自然互动的体验，并将其归类，发现了一个被称为“自然语言”的模式。 32. B 细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知，生活在城市中的人很难接触到自然，在城市中找到相对野生的地方是不常见的。故选B。 33. D 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“The researchers then examined these submissions, coding experiences into different categories.”以及第四段第一句“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.”可知，基于参与者总结的公园中最有意义的人与自然互动体验，研究者们将参与者的投稿归类，发现了一个被称为“自然语言”的模式。故选D。 34. C 推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.”可知，同一种自然体验——步行可以有不同的形式。故选C。 35. B 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it”可知，我们在与大自然互动之前，需要做的是保护自然环境。故选B。 【2022年新高考I卷】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类语音的发展与农业发展所带来的饮食结构的变化有着密不可分的关系。 32. D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds”和第二段中的“how and why this trend arose”可知，Damián Blasi的研究与人类语音的发展有关。故选D。 33. C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth ... by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.”可知，要发出唇齿音，上牙需要触碰到下嘴唇，而古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，这种下颌骨结构让他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。 34. A 段落大意题。上文提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，且根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that ... after the Neolithic age”可知，一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，由此可推知第五段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的“also confirmed”是关键词。故选A。 35. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable ... is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution”可知，人类的语音并不是一成不变的，而是一个包含生物进化和文化演变等复杂的、相互作用的系统。故选C。 【2022年新高考II卷】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了锻炼对于心脏的好处。 32. D 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“‘Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,’ says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.（‘想想橡皮筋，一开始它是有弹性的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易断，’德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。）”可知，莱文想通过橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程。故选D。 33. C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.（第一组每周参加三次无氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行四天或更多的高强度有氧运动。）”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同。故选C。 34. A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.（第二组在教练的指导下每周进行四天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。）”和第四段中的“‘We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,’ says Levine.（莱文说：‘我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回到了30岁或35岁。’）”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻。故选A。 35. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.（但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。）”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。 【2021年新高考I卷】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了人们对情商概念的误解，以及作者对未来情商研究的期望。 32. D 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and ‘people skills’.”可知，许多人误把情商理解为一个人的性格中无法被智商测试所衡量的几乎可取的一切，也就是指一个人的积极品质。故选D。 33. B 推理判断题。第二段首句“We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.”是介绍情商的概念，由此推断出提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对这一概念的解释。故选B。 34. A 观点态度题。根据第三段的首句“Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。又根据“The most positive aspect of this popularization ...”和“The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped ...”可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。故选A。 35. B 段落大意题。根据最后一段中的“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.”可知，虽然情商继续有普遍的吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学研究和学术研究更大的兴趣。又根据下文的“It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.”可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。故选B。 【2021年新高考II卷】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚的一名教授正在开发一种依靠太阳能和电力驱动的机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。 32. B 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“... a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage”可知，几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。 33. A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。 34. B 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry — and failed attempts to use technology — have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.（但Bonds认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是骑在马上的人。）”可推知，Bonds仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。 35. D 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段中的“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长Michael Kelsey Paris说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $2021-2025年新高考卷阅读D篇专题突破练习 【2025年新课标I卷】 Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 【2025年新课标II卷】 Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1, 000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 32. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine. C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home. 33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste. C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 35. What can we learn about wastED? A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs. C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs. 【2024年新课标I卷】 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【2024年新课标II卷】 Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 【2023年新课标I卷】 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【2023年新课标II卷】 As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 【2022年新高考I卷】 Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 【2022年新高考II卷】 As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a year-long exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 34. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【2021年新高考I卷】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills”. Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 【2021年新高考II卷】 An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as corn and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it’s increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry — and failed attempts to use technology — have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets. 32. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry? A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers. C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability. 33. What will Sukkarieh’s robot be able to do? A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle. C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes. 34. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle? A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better. C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life. 35. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey? A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor. C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $