专题14动词的时态与语态（清单+专项训练）2026年高考英语临考终极必记词汇&必练题型

专题14动词的时态与语态（清单+专项训练） 目录 动词的时态与语态语法清单 动词的时态与语态语法易错点专项突破 动词的时态与语态语法临考抢分技巧 动词的时态与语态语法必练题型 动词的时态与语态语法综合小测 动词的时态与语态语法清单 一、核心时态（10 种，高考高频考查 8 种，基础 2 种） （一）基础时态（2 种，时态运用基础） 一般现在时 基本结构：主语 + do/does（第三人称单数）；be 动词用 am/is/are 核心用法：①客观真理 / 自然规律（The earth goes around the sun.）；②经常性 / 习惯性动作（I get up at 6 every morning.）；③现阶段状态 / 特征（He likes music.）；④时间 / 条件状语从句中表将来（If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.） 特殊考点：集体名词（family/class）表整体用单数，表成员用复数；表按计划 / 时刻表的将来（The train leaves at 8 a.m.） 一般过去时 基本结构：主语 + did；be 动词用 was/were 核心用法：①过去某一具体时间发生的动作 / 状态（yesterday, last week, in 2020）；②过去经常性动作（used to do/would do）；③虚拟语气中表与现在事实相反（If I were you, I would try again.） 特殊考点：瞬间动词（die/borrow/buy）不可与时间段连用，需转换为延续性动词（have been dead/kept/had） （二）高频时态（8 种，高考单选 / 语法填空 核心考点） 一般将来时 基本结构：will/shall do；be going to do；be to do；be about to do 用法区分：①will/shall：表纯粹将来 / 临时决定（I will help you.）；②be going to：表计划好的事 / 有迹象的将来（It’s going to rain.）；③be to do：表正式计划 / 义务 / 命令（The meeting is to be held at 3 p.m.）；④be about to：表即将发生（不与具体时间连用，be about to do...when...） 现在进行时 基本结构：am/is/are + doing 核心用法：①此刻正在进行的动作（He is reading now.）；②现阶段正在进行（暂时动作，I am learning French this term.）；③表将来（表计划 / 安排的动作，come/go/leave/arrive 等位移动词，He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.）；④情感色彩（always/constantly，表抱怨 / 赞扬，He is always late.） 过去进行时 基本结构：was/were + doing 核心用法：①过去某一时刻 / 时间段正在进行的动作（I was reading at 8 last night.）；②过去两个动作同时进行（while 连接，He was reading while his mother was cooking.）；③过去将来的计划（He said he was going to London.）；④背景铺垫（故事开头，It was raining when we arrived.） 现在完成时 基本结构：have/has + done 核心用法：①过去动作对现在的影响 / 结果（already/yet/just/ever/never，I have finished my homework.）；②过去动作持续到现在（for/since/so far/up to now，He has lived here for 10 years.）；③最近完成的动作（recently/lately） 关键考点：时间状语不可接具体过去时间（yesterday/last week）；瞬间动词需转换为延续性动词 过去完成时 基本结构：had + done 核心用法：①过去的过去（过去某一动作之前已完成的动作，by the time/when/before，He had left when I arrived.）；②虚拟语气（wish/if only/it’s time that，I wish I had studied harder.）；③表过去未曾实现的希望 / 计划（hope/plan/expect，I had hoped to see you, but I was busy.） 关键考点：必须有明确的过去时间参照点，无参照点不用过去完成时 现在完成进行时 基本结构：have/has + been + doing 核心用法：①过去开始的动作持续到现在且仍在进行（for/since，I have been studying for 2 hours.）；②过去开始的动作刚结束，仍有现在影响（He is tired because he has been working all day.） 与现在完成时区别：强调动作的持续性 / 进行性，现在完成时侧重结果 / 完成 过去将来时 基本结构：would do；was/were going to do；was/were to do 核心用法：主句为过去时，宾语从句中表将来（He said he would come.）；过去的计划 / 打算（She was going to travel, but she fell ill.） 过去完成进行时 基本结构：had + been + doing 核心用法：过去的过去一直在进行的动作（by the time he came, we had been waiting for an hour.）；表过去持续的动作对过去的影响（His eyes were red because he had been crying.） （三）时态核心辨析（高考易混点） 易混时态 核心区别 例句 一般过去时 vs 现在完成时 一般过去时：只表过去动作，与现在无关；现在完成时：过去动作与现在有影响 / 持续到现在 ①I saw the film yesterday.（仅表昨天看了，现在无关联） ②I have seen the film.（现在知道剧情，有影响） 现在完成时 vs 现在完成进行时 现在完成时：侧重结果 / 完成；现在完成进行时：侧重动作持续 / 进行 ①I have written 3 letters.（结果：写了 3 封） ②I have been writing a letter.（持续：一直在写，可能还没写完） 一般过去时 vs 过去完成时 一般过去时：过去某一动作；过去完成时：过去的过去的动作 ①He left at 5.（仅表 5 点离开） ②He had left before I called.（打电话是过去，离开在打电话之前） 二、动词的语态（主动语态 + 被动语态，高考重点考查被动语态） （一）被动语态基本规则 构成：助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词（done）；be 动词随时态 / 人称 / 数变化 核心前提：只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词（happen/appear/arrive/last）无被动；不及物动词 + 介词（look after/listen to）可接被动（The children are looked after well.） 基本用法：①强调动作承受者（The window was broken by Tom.）；②动作执行者不明 / 无需提及（Rice is grown in China.）；③正式文体中表客观（Rules must be obeyed.） （二）各时态的被动语态（高考核心，需熟记） 时态 主动结构 被动结构 例句 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are + done English is spoken all over the world. 一般过去时 did was/were + done The letter was sent yesterday. 一般将来时 will do/be going to do will be done/be going to be done The bridge will be built next year. 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done The house is being built now. 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done The problem was being discussed at that time. 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done The work has been finished. 过去完成时 had done had been done The task had been completed before he came. 过去将来时 would do would be done He said the book would be published soon. （三）被动语态特殊考点（高考单选 / 改错高频） 带双宾语的被动：将间接宾语（人）变为主语，直接宾语保留；若将直接宾语变为主语，需加介词 to/for 主动：He gave me a book. → 被动：①I was given a book. ②A book was given to me. 常考动词：give/send/teach/bring（+to）；buy/make/cook/get（+for） 带宾语补足语的被动：宾语补足语变为主语补足语，不定式作宾补时，主动省略 to，被动必须加 to 主动：We saw him go out. → 被动：He was seen to go out. 常考动词：see/watch/hear/make/let/have（感使动词） 情态动词的被动：情态动词（can/may/must/should）+ be + done 例句：The work must be finished on time. 主动表被动的情况（高考易错题，无被动形式） ①系动词类：look/sound/smell/taste/feel/prove/seem（后接形容词，表状态）→ The cake tastes delicious. ②表示 “主语属性 / 特征” 的动词：sell/write/read/wash/cut/lock（常与 well/easily 等副词连用）→ The pen writes well. ③be + 不定式（表计划 / 安排 / 义务，主语为动作承受者）→ The meeting is to be held tomorrow. ④介词 in/under/on + 名词（表被动含义）→ under discussion（在讨论中）/in use（在使用中） 被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态：表动作，可接 by 短语，可用于进行时；系表结构：be + done（作形容词），表状态，不可接 by 短语，不可用于进行时 ①The door was closed by Tom.（被动，动作：汤姆关了门） ②The door is closed.（系表，状态：门是关着的） （四）非谓语动词的被动（语法填空 / 改错核心，关联时态） 不定式的被动：to be done（表将来 / 被动）；to have been done（表过去 / 被动，动作先于主句） 例句：①The work is to be finished. ②He is said to have been sent to London. 动名词的被动：being done（表进行 / 被动）；having been done（表完成 / 被动，动作先于主句） 例句：①He likes being praised. ②Having been told many times, he still made a mistake. 现在分词的被动：being done（作定语 / 状语，表进行 / 被动）；having been done（作状语，表完成 / 被动） 例句：①The building being built is a hospital.（定语，正在建的） ②Having been shown around the factory, we left.（状语，先被带领参观，再离开） 过去分词：done（表完成 / 被动，作定语 / 状语 / 宾补，无时间限制） 例句：①The broken glass was on the floor.（定语，碎了的） ②Seen from the sky, the city is beautiful.（状语，被看） 动词的时态与语态语法易错点专项突破 一、时态类核心易错点（8 大高频类型） 易错点 1：一般过去时与现在完成时混用（高考改错 / 单选头号易错点） 错因：忽略「动作与现在是否有关联」，误将带具体过去时间的动作用现在完成时，或无具体过去时间但与现在无关的动作误用现在完成时。 核心区分： 一般过去时：仅表过去发生的动作 / 状态，与现在无任何关联，常接具体过去时间状语（yesterday/last week/in 2020/just now）。 现在完成时：过去动作对现在有影响 / 结果，或持续到现在，常接模糊时间状语（already/yet/so far/up to now/since/for），不可接具体过去时间。 错句：I have met him in the street yesterday. 正句：I met him in the street yesterday.（有具体时间 yesterday，仅表过去动作） 错句：I saw this film. I know the plot very well. 正句：I have seen this film. I know the plot very well.（过去看电影的动作对现在有影响：知道剧情） 避坑技巧：看到具体过去时间状语，直接用一般过去时，排除现在完成时。 易错点 2：现在完成时与现在完成进行时混淆 错因：忽略两者「侧重结果 / 完成」与「侧重动作持续 / 进行」的核心差异。 核心区分： 现在完成时（have/has done）：侧重动作的结果、完成量或经历，动作可能已结束。 现在完成进行时（have/has been doing）：侧重动作的持续性、进行性，动作可能仍在进行，或刚结束且有明显现在影响（如疲惫、口渴）。 例句对比： ① I have written 5 emails this morning.（侧重结果：完成了 5 封，动作可能结束） ② I have been writing an email this morning.（侧重持续：一早上都在写，可能还没写完） ③ He is tired because he has worked all day.（侧重结果）→ He is tired because he has been working all day.（侧重持续，更贴合 “疲惫” 的原因） 避坑技巧：题干中若有表 “持续状态” 的提示（如 tired/always/for + 时间段），优先考虑现在完成进行时。 易错点 3：过去完成时的滥用与漏用 错因 1：无 “过去的过去” 的时间参照点，随意用过去完成时； 错因 2：有明确的 “过去的过去” 逻辑，却误用一般过去时。 核心规则：过去完成时（had done）必须有明确的过去时间参照点（如一般过去时的动作、by + 过去时间、before/until + 过去时间），表示动作发生在 “参照点之前”。 错句：He had finished his homework.（无过去参照点，单独使用错误） 正句：He had finished his homework before his mother came back.（came 是过去参照点，finish 在其前，用过去完成时） 错句：When I arrived, he left.（arrived 是过去参照点，leave 在其前，需用过去完成时） 正句：When I arrived, he had left. 高频考法：by the time + 一般过去时，主句必须用过去完成时。 例：By the time we got to the station, the train had left. 避坑技巧：判断是否用过去完成时，先找句子中的 “过去参照动作”，无参照点绝不用。 易错点 4：一般将来时的四大结构混用（will/be going to/be to/be about to） 错因：忽略四大结构的用法场景差异，尤其忽略 be about to 的特殊限制。 核心区分（高考高频考法）： will do：①纯粹将来；②临时决定（说话时才做出的决定）；③表意愿 / 承诺。 例：—Someone is knocking at the door. —I will go and open it.（临时决定） be going to do：①计划好的将来；②有明显迹象的将来（从客观现象判断）。 例：It’s cloudy. It is going to rain.（有迹象） be to do：①正式计划 / 安排（官方、书面）；②义务 / 命令 / 注定。 例：The meeting is to be held at 9 a.m. tomorrow.（正式计划） be about to do：即将、马上发生（动作在瞬间发生），绝对不能与具体时间状语（tomorrow/at 5）连用，常考搭配be about to do...when...（正要做某事，突然……）。 错句：I am about to go to school tomorrow. 正句：I am about to go to school. / I will go to school tomorrow. 避坑技巧：看到when 引导的 “突然” 语境，优先考虑 be about to do...when... 结构。 易错点 5：现在进行时的特殊用法漏判 错因：仅知道现在进行时表 “此刻正在进行”，忽略其表现阶段动作、表将来、表情感色彩的特殊考法。 三大特殊用法（高考高频）： 表现阶段正在进行（动作并非此刻进行，只是近期的临时动作），常接时间状语（this week/this term/recently）。 例：I am learning driving this term.（这学期在学开车，并非此刻正在学） 表将来（仅适用于位移动词：come/go/leave/arrive/start/return 等），表计划好的将来。 例：My father is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. 表情感色彩（褒义 / 贬义），常与 always/constantly/forever 连用，翻译为 “总是、老是”。 例：He is always helping others.（褒义：总是乐于助人）；He is constantly late for school.（贬义：老是上学迟到） 避坑技巧：看到位移动词 + 将来时间，优先用现在进行时表将来；看到 always + 进行时，注意体会情感色彩。 易错点 6：瞬间动词与时间段的连用错误 错因：将瞬间动词（动作发生后立即结束，无持续）与for/since/How long等表时间段的状语连用。 高频瞬间动词：die/borrow/buy/leave/come/go/join/start/finish/marry 核心解法：将瞬间动词转换为对应的延续性动词 / 短语，再与时间段连用。 必考转换清单： die → have been dead borrow → have kept buy → have had leave → have been away (from) come/go → have been in/at join → have been in (the club) / have been a member (of) marry → have been married (to) 错句：He has bought this bike for 2 years. 正句：He has had this bike for 2 years. 错句：How long have you joined the army? 正句：How long have you been in the army? 避坑技巧：看到 for/since/How long，先判断动词是否为瞬间动词，若是则立即转换。 易错点 7：过去将来时的语境判断错误 错因：忽略过去将来时的核心使用前提—— 主句为一般过去时，宾语从句中表 “从过去视角看将来的动作”。 核心规则：过去将来时（would do/was/were going to do）不能单独使用，必须依附于 “过去的语境”（主句为过去时）。 错句：I would go to Beijing tomorrow.（无过去语境，单独使用错误） 正句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.（主句 said 为过去时，从句用过去将来时，注意 tomorrow→the next day） 高频考法：宾语从句、间接引语中，主句为过去时，表将来的动作一律用过去将来时。 避坑技巧：看到主句有said/told/thought/asked等过去时动词，从句若表将来，直接用过去将来时。 易错点 8：固定句式中的时态固定搭配错用 错因：忽略高考常考固定句式的时态专属规则，随意更换时态。 高考必考时态固定句式（背会即得分）： It is the first/second...time that + 从句 → 从句用现在完成时 例：It is the third time that I have visited the Great Wall. It was the first/second...time that + 从句 → 从句用过去完成时 例：It was the first time that I had eaten western food. Hardly...when.../No sooner...than... → 主句过去完成时，从句一般过去时（注意倒装：Hardly/No sooner 置于句首，主句助动词 had 提前） 例：Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. Since 引导的时间状语从句 → 从句一般过去时，主句现在完成时 例：Since he came to China, he has learned a lot of Chinese. 避坑技巧：将这些固定句式当作 “公式” 背会，从句时态严格按公式匹配，不随意更改。 二、语态类核心易错点（7 大高频类型） 易错点 1：不及物动词误用被动语态 错因：混淆及物动词与不及物动词，将无宾语的不及物动词用被动语态。 核心规则：只有及物动词（能接宾语）才有被动语态，不及物动词（不能接宾语，或接宾语需加介词）无被动语态。 高频不及物动词（无被动）：happen/take place/break out/appear/disappear/arrive/leave/go/come/last/occur 错句：The accident was happened yesterday. 正句：The accident happened yesterday. 拓展：不及物动词 + 介词构成的短语动词，若相当于及物动词，可有被动语态（将整个短语视为一个整体）。 例：The children are looked after well by their teacher.（look after 是短语动词，有被动） 避坑技巧：判断是否用被动，先看动词是否能直接接宾语，不能则无被动。 易错点 2：感使动词的被动语态漏加 to 错因：忽略 “感使动词主动语态中省 to，被动语态中必须加 to” 的规则。 高频感使动词：see/watch/hear/notice/observe/make/let/have 核心规则： 主动：主语 + 感使动词 + 宾语 + do（省略 to 的不定式） 被动：宾语（变主语） + 感使动词的过去分词 + to do（必须加 to） 错句：He was seen play basketball on the playground. 正句：He was seen to play basketball on the playground. 错句：The boy was made work all day. 正句：The boy was made to work all day. 注意：have 表 “让、使” 时，无被动语态，需用 get 代替：I had him repair my bike. → My bike was got repaired by him.（高考极少考，了解即可） 避坑技巧：看到感使动词的被动语态，立即检查是否加 to。 易错点 3：带双宾语动词的被动语态介词漏加 错因：将直接宾语变为主语时，忽略加介词 to/for，导致句子结构错误。 核心规则：带双宾语的动词（give/send/teach/buy/make 等），被动语态有两种形式： 间接宾语（人）变主语：主语 + be + done + 直接宾语（无需加介词） 直接宾语（物）变主语：主语 + be + done + to/for + 间接宾语（必须加介词） 高频介词搭配： +to：give/send/teach/bring/lend/pass/show +for：buy/make/cook/get/choose/sing 错句：A book was given me by my teacher.（直接宾语 a book 作主语，漏加 to） 正句：A book was given to me by my teacher. / I was given a book by my teacher. 错句：A cake was made me by my mother.（漏加 for） 正句：A cake was made for me by my mother. / I was made a cake by my mother. 避坑技巧：双宾语被动中，若主语是物，立即检查是否加 to/for。 易错点 4：主动表被动的情况误用被动语态（高考改错高频） 错因：将本身含被动含义的主动结构，随意加 be 动词变被动，导致句式冗余错误。 高考必考主动表被动的 4 种情况（背会）： 系动词类：look/sound/smell/taste/feel/prove/seem/appear（后接形容词，表 “主语的特征 / 状态”，无被动） 例：The flower smells sweet.（正）；The flower is smelt sweet.（错） 表主语属性 / 特征的动词：sell/write/read/wash/cut/lock/close/open（常与 well/easily/smoothly 等副词连用，表 “某物易 / 难做某事”，无被动） 例：This pen writes well.（正）；This pen is written well.（错）；The door locks easily.（正） need/want/require/deserve + doing = need/want/require/deserve + to be done（表 “某物需要被……”，主动表被动，高考语法填空必考） 例：The room needs cleaning. = The room needs to be cleaned. be worth doing（表 “值得被……”，主动表被动，注意：worth 后不能接 to be done） 例：The book is worth reading.（正）；The book is worth to be read.（错） 避坑技巧：看到上述动词 / 结构，直接用主动语态，排除被动语态。 易错点 5：被动语态与系表结构的混淆 错因：将 “be + 过去分词” 的系表结构（表状态）误判为被动语态（表动作），或反之。 核心区分： 类型 核心含义 能否接 by 短语 能否用于进行时 过去分词属性 被动语态 表动作（主语被做某事） 能（by + 动作执行者） 能（being done） 动词性（表动作） 系表结构 表状态（主语处于某种状态） 不能 不能 形容词性（表状态） 例句对比： ① The door was closed by Tom.（被动语态，表动作：汤姆关了门，可接 by Tom） ② The door is closed.（系表结构，表状态：门是关着的，不可接 by 短语） ③ The window was broken by a stone.（被动，表动作：被石头砸破） ④ The window is broken.（系表，表状态：窗户是破的） 避坑技巧：看是否强调 “谁做的动作”（能接 by 短语），是则为被动语态；若仅描述 “主语的状态”，则为系表结构。 易错点 6：情态动词的被动语态结构错误 错因：将情态动词的被动结构 “情态动词 + be+done” 误写为 “情态动词 + done” 或 “情态动词 + is/are+done”。 核心规则：情态动词（can/may/must/should/need/could/might）后接动词原形，因此被动语态为：情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词（be 必须用原形，不能随主语变化）。 错句：This work must finished on time.（漏加 be） 正句：This work must be finished on time. 错句：The letter can is sent tomorrow.（be 误用为 is） 正句：The letter can be sent tomorrow. 高频考法：情态动词的被动语态在语法填空中考查，常考 “情态动词 +____+done”，直接填 be。 避坑技巧：情态动词后接被动，必为 “情态动词 + be+done”，be 的原形不可变。 易错点 7：非谓语动词的被动形式错用 错因：忽略非谓语动词与逻辑主语的被动关系，或混淆 “一般式” 与 “完成式” 的时间逻辑，导致形式错误（高考语法填空 / 改错核心）。 核心规则：非谓语动词的被动形式，需同时满足两个条件：①与逻辑主语是被动关系；②根据时间逻辑选一般式（与主句动作同时 / 稍后）或完成式（先于主句动作）。 高考必考非谓语被动形式清单： 非谓语类型 一般被动式（同时 / 稍后） 完成被动式（先于主句） 适用场景 不定式 to be done to have been done 作主语 / 宾语 / 表语 / 宾补 动名词 being done having been done 作主语 / 宾语 / 表语 现在分词 being done having been done 作定语 / 状语 过去分词 done（本身表完成 + 被动） 无 作定语 / 状语 / 宾补 / 表语 错句：He wants to invite to the party.（to invite 与 he 是被动关系，漏用被动） 正句：He wants to be invited to the party.（to be done，一般被动式） 错句：Being told many times, he still made the mistake.（tell 先于 make，需用完成被动式） 正句：Having been told many times, he still made the mistake. 错句：The building built now is a library.（build 与 building 是被动，且正在进行，需用 being done） 正句：The building being built now is a library. 避坑技巧：做非谓语题，第一步先判断逻辑主语与非谓语的主动 / 被动关系，第二步判断非谓语动作与主句动作的时间先后。 三、时态与语态综合易错点（2 大实战类型） 综合易错点 1：无明确时间状语时的时态判断错误 错因：题干无标志性时间状语，无法根据语境判断动作的时间逻辑（先后 / 持续 / 影响）。 实战解法：根据上下文的 “动作逻辑” 判断，优先找隐藏的时间参照点（如从句动作、语境中的动作先后）。 例：—Sorry, I didn’t know you were here. —It doesn’t matter. （解析：“不知道你在这” 是过去的动作，看到对方后现在知道了，因此用 didn’t know，而非 don’t know） 例：We ______ (work) on the project for a month, and we will finish it next week. （解析：for a month 表持续，且动作仍在进行，will finish 提示现在还没完成，因此用 have been working） 避坑技巧：无时间状语时，以 “现在” 为基准，判断动作是 “过去无影响”“过去有影响”“持续到现在” 还是 “过去的过去”。 综合易错点 2：主语为单数时，时态与语态的主谓一致错误 错因：被动语态中，忽略 be 动词的单复数变化；现在时中，第三人称单数主语的动词漏加 s/es。 核心规则： 主动语态一般现在时：第三人称单数主语（he/she/it/ 单数名词）→ 动词加 s/es； 被动语态：be 动词的单复数 / 时态完全随主语变化。 错句：The news are spread all over the country.（主语 news 是不可数名词，be 用 is） 正句：The news is spread all over the country. 错句：He play basketball every day.（第三人称单数，play 加 s） 正句：He plays basketball every day. 避坑技巧：做完题后，回头检查主语与动词的主谓一致，尤其是不可数名词、集体名词作主语的情况。 动词的时态与语态语法临考抢分技巧 一、时态快速判定技巧 1. 时间状语判定法（最直接） 过去时：yesterday, last week, in 2000, ago, just now 现在完成时：since, for, already, yet, recently, so far 将来时：tomorrow, next month, in the future, soon 进行时：now, at this moment, look!（句首）, listen! 2. 时态呼应黄金法则 宾语从句：主句过去，从句一般也用过去（客观事实除外） He said he would come.（主句said过去，从句过去将来） The teacher said the earth revolves around the sun.（真理，仍用现在时） 时间/条件状语从句：用现在时表将来 I’ll call you when I arrive there.（不用will arrive） 3. 高频易错时态对比 时态 关键区别 例题提示 一般过去 vs 现在完成 过去时强调动作发生在过去某个时间；现在完成强调对现在的影响或持续到现在的状态 有具体过去时间（yesterday）用过去时；有since/for用完成时 过去进行 vs 一般过去 进行时强调动作正在进行；一般过去强调动作完成 While后常用进行时；when后常用一般过去 二、被动语态快速识别 1. 被动语态结构公式 be + 过去分词（+ by sb） 注意：be动词需根据时态变化 现在时：am/is/are done 过去时：was/were done 将来时：will be done 现在完成时：have/has been done 2. 必用被动语态的情况 不知道或没必要指出动作执行者 The window was broken yesterday. 强调动作承受者 This book is loved by millions. 科技文章、说明文中常见 The experiment was conducted carefully. 3. 主动表被动的特例（每年必考） 感官动词（look, feel, sound, taste, smell）+ adj The cloth feels soft. 某些不及物动词（sell, read, write, wash, wear）+ adv This book sells well. need/want/require + doing 表被动 The car needs repairing.（= needs to be repaired） 三、临考解题三步法 第一步：看时间状语 先找句中的时间词，快速缩小时态范围。 第二步：判主被动 看主语和动词的关系——主语是执行动作（主动）还是承受动作（被动）。 第三步：套结构验证 将选项套入对应时态结构，检查是否正确完整。 四、高频考点陷阱提醒 by短语不是被动语态的唯一标志 We were surprised by his sudden arrival.（by表示“被”，是被动） We will finish it by Friday.（by表示“到…为止”，不是被动） have been to vs have gone to have been to：去过（已回） have gone to：去了（未回） “It is said that…”固定句型 这是被动语态的高频句型，需熟记： It is reported/believed/said that…（据报道/据信/据说…） 五、最后三天冲刺建议 做真题找规律：近三年真题中的时态语态题单独重做，总结高频考点 背熟特例：重点记忆“主动表被动”的特殊动词 口诀速记： “时态看时间，语态看主谓” “Since完成，For完成，现在完成最可能” “主过从过，真理永不过” 动词的时态与语态语法必练题型 一、单项选择（必考题型） 此类题需综合运用时间状语、语境和固定结构判断。 例题1：时间状语直接判定 — Have you seen Dr. Adams recently? — No. He ________ Hong Kong for an international conference. He’ll come back tomorrow. A. has gone to B. has been to C. had gone to D. had been to 例题2：时态呼应（宾语从句） The scientist said the earth ________ around the sun. A. Moved B. moves C. is moving D. had moved 例题3：固定句型（被动语态） It is widely ________ that smoking can cause cancer. A. Believed B. believing C. believes D. believe 二、语法填空（高频拉分点） 需根据句子上下文、时间线索和语法结构，用动词的正确时态和语态填空。 例题4：综合语境判断 When I was a child, I ________ (spend) hours playing with my dog in the park. Those ________ (be) the happiest days of my life. 例题5：被动语态与时间状语结合 A new bridge ________ (build) over the river next year, which will greatly reduce traffic pressure. 例题6：主动表被动的特例 This kind of cloth ________ (wash) very easily. 三、改错（难点突破） 需要在语篇中识别时态和语态的错误，常考时态不一致、语态误用等。 例题7：时态不一致 Last Sunday, I go to the museum with my friends. We see many amazing artworks there and have a wonderful time. 例题8：语态误用 The problem was discussing at the meeting yesterday, and a solution has found now. 四、实战综合练习（模拟高考） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In recent years, online learning ________ (become) increasingly popular. It is reported that millions of courses ________ (offer) on various platforms so far. While some people worry that traditional classrooms might ________ (replace) in the future, most educators believe that online and offline learning will coexist. A study ________ (conduct) by a university last year showed that blended learning ________ (be) more effective for many students. 五、必练考点清单 临考前，请确保已掌握以下必考情景的时态语态判断： “By the time...” 时间状语从句：主句常用完成时。 By the time he arrived, the meeting had ended. “It/This is the first time...” 结构：从句用现在完成时。 This is the best novel I have ever read. 在“since”从句中：主句用现在完成时，since从句用一般过去时。 He has lived here since he was a child. 非谓语动词中的被动：to be done（表将来被动），being done（表进行被动），done（表完成被动或状态）。动词的时态与语态语法综合小测 第一部分：单项选择（每题2分，共30分） 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。 1. — You look tired. — Yes, I ________ the room for an hour and I’m still not finished. A. Painted B. have painted C. have been painting D. had painted 2. By the end of last year, she ________ in that company for five years. A. Worked B. has worked C. had worked D. would work 3. If it ________ tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic. A. Rains B. will rain C. is raining D. rained 4. The new library ________ next month. It will be open to the public. A. will complete B. is completed C. will be completed D. has been completed 5. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at that time. A. has worked B. was working C. had worked D. had been working 6. This kind of cloth ________ well. I think it is suitable for your dress. A. Washes B. is washed C. has washed D. washed 7. — Can I join your club, Dad? — You can when you ________ a bit older. A. Get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got 8. The book ________ into many languages since it was published. A. has translated B. translated C. has been translated D. had translated 9. — Where is your brother? — He ________ to the library. He’ll be back soon. A. goes B. has been C. has gone D. went 10. The teacher told us that light ________ faster than sound. A. Travels B. traveled C. would travel D. had traveled 11. A new cinema ________ here now. They hope to finish it next month. A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built 12. When I got to the station, the train ________ for ten minutes. A. had left B. left C. had been away D. has been away 13. It is said that the early European playing cards ________ for entertainment and education. A. Designed B. were designed C. have designed D. have been designed 14. — I’m sorry, but the manager isn’t here yet. Shall I have her call you when she ________ back? — No, I’ll call back later. A. Comes B. came C. will come D. is coming 15. — How are you today? — Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time. A. didn’t feel B. haven’t felt C. wasn’t feeling D. don’t feel 第二部分：语法填空（每题2分，共20分） 用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. In the past few years, my hometown ________ (change) a lot. 2. The problem ________ (discuss) when I entered the meeting room. 3. It is the first time that I ________ (visit) the Great Wall. 4. The bridge ________ (build) last year and now it is open to traffic. 5. She won’t go to the party unless she ________ (invite). 6. This novel ________ (translate) into over 20 languages so far. 7. When I was young, my grandmother often ________ (tell) me stories. 8. The flowers want ________ (water). They are too dry. 9. I ________ (read) a book when the telephone rang. 10. The room is empty. All the chairs and desks ________ (remove). 10 / 29 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题14动词的时态与语态（清单+专项训练） 目录 动词的时态与语态语法清单 动词的时态与语态语法易错点专项突破 动词的时态与语态语法临考抢分技巧 动词的时态与语态语法必练题型 动词的时态与语态语法综合小测 动词的时态与语态语法清单 一、核心时态（10 种，高考高频考查 8 种，基础 2 种） （一）基础时态（2 种，时态运用基础） 一般现在时 基本结构：主语 + do/does（第三人称单数）；be 动词用 am/is/are 核心用法：①客观真理 / 自然规律（The earth goes around the sun.）；②经常性 / 习惯性动作（I get up at 6 every morning.）；③现阶段状态 / 特征（He likes music.）；④时间 / 条件状语从句中表将来（If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.） 特殊考点：集体名词（family/class）表整体用单数，表成员用复数；表按计划 / 时刻表的将来（The train leaves at 8 a.m.） 一般过去时 基本结构：主语 + did；be 动词用 was/were 核心用法：①过去某一具体时间发生的动作 / 状态（yesterday, last week, in 2020）；②过去经常性动作（used to do/would do）；③虚拟语气中表与现在事实相反（If I were you, I would try again.） 特殊考点：瞬间动词（die/borrow/buy）不可与时间段连用，需转换为延续性动词（have been dead/kept/had） （二）高频时态（8 种，高考单选 / 语法填空 核心考点） 一般将来时 基本结构：will/shall do；be going to do；be to do；be about to do 用法区分：①will/shall：表纯粹将来 / 临时决定（I will help you.）；②be going to：表计划好的事 / 有迹象的将来（It’s going to rain.）；③be to do：表正式计划 / 义务 / 命令（The meeting is to be held at 3 p.m.）；④be about to：表即将发生（不与具体时间连用，be about to do...when...） 现在进行时 基本结构：am/is/are + doing 核心用法：①此刻正在进行的动作（He is reading now.）；②现阶段正在进行（暂时动作，I am learning French this term.）；③表将来（表计划 / 安排的动作，come/go/leave/arrive 等位移动词，He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.）；④情感色彩（always/constantly，表抱怨 / 赞扬，He is always late.） 过去进行时 基本结构：was/were + doing 核心用法：①过去某一时刻 / 时间段正在进行的动作（I was reading at 8 last night.）；②过去两个动作同时进行（while 连接，He was reading while his mother was cooking.）；③过去将来的计划（He said he was going to London.）；④背景铺垫（故事开头，It was raining when we arrived.） 现在完成时 基本结构：have/has + done 核心用法：①过去动作对现在的影响 / 结果（already/yet/just/ever/never，I have finished my homework.）；②过去动作持续到现在（for/since/so far/up to now，He has lived here for 10 years.）；③最近完成的动作（recently/lately） 关键考点：时间状语不可接具体过去时间（yesterday/last week）；瞬间动词需转换为延续性动词 过去完成时 基本结构：had + done 核心用法：①过去的过去（过去某一动作之前已完成的动作，by the time/when/before，He had left when I arrived.）；②虚拟语气（wish/if only/it’s time that，I wish I had studied harder.）；③表过去未曾实现的希望 / 计划（hope/plan/expect，I had hoped to see you, but I was busy.） 关键考点：必须有明确的过去时间参照点，无参照点不用过去完成时 现在完成进行时 基本结构：have/has + been + doing 核心用法：①过去开始的动作持续到现在且仍在进行（for/since，I have been studying for 2 hours.）；②过去开始的动作刚结束，仍有现在影响（He is tired because he has been working all day.） 与现在完成时区别：强调动作的持续性 / 进行性，现在完成时侧重结果 / 完成 过去将来时 基本结构：would do；was/were going to do；was/were to do 核心用法：主句为过去时，宾语从句中表将来（He said he would come.）；过去的计划 / 打算（She was going to travel, but she fell ill.） 过去完成进行时 基本结构：had + been + doing 核心用法：过去的过去一直在进行的动作（by the time he came, we had been waiting for an hour.）；表过去持续的动作对过去的影响（His eyes were red because he had been crying.） （三）时态核心辨析（高考易混点） 易混时态 核心区别 例句 一般过去时 vs 现在完成时 一般过去时：只表过去动作，与现在无关；现在完成时：过去动作与现在有影响 / 持续到现在 ①I saw the film yesterday.（仅表昨天看了，现在无关联） ②I have seen the film.（现在知道剧情，有影响） 现在完成时 vs 现在完成进行时 现在完成时：侧重结果 / 完成；现在完成进行时：侧重动作持续 / 进行 ①I have written 3 letters.（结果：写了 3 封） ②I have been writing a letter.（持续：一直在写，可能还没写完） 一般过去时 vs 过去完成时 一般过去时：过去某一动作；过去完成时：过去的过去的动作 ①He left at 5.（仅表 5 点离开） ②He had left before I called.（打电话是过去，离开在打电话之前） 二、动词的语态（主动语态 + 被动语态，高考重点考查被动语态） （一）被动语态基本规则 构成：助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词（done）；be 动词随时态 / 人称 / 数变化 核心前提：只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词（happen/appear/arrive/last）无被动；不及物动词 + 介词（look after/listen to）可接被动（The children are looked after well.） 基本用法：①强调动作承受者（The window was broken by Tom.）；②动作执行者不明 / 无需提及（Rice is grown in China.）；③正式文体中表客观（Rules must be obeyed.） （二）各时态的被动语态（高考核心，需熟记） 时态 主动结构 被动结构 例句 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are + done English is spoken all over the world. 一般过去时 did was/were + done The letter was sent yesterday. 一般将来时 will do/be going to do will be done/be going to be done The bridge will be built next year. 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done The house is being built now. 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done The problem was being discussed at that time. 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done The work has been finished. 过去完成时 had done had been done The task had been completed before he came. 过去将来时 would do would be done He said the book would be published soon. （三）被动语态特殊考点（高考单选 / 改错高频） 带双宾语的被动：将间接宾语（人）变为主语，直接宾语保留；若将直接宾语变为主语，需加介词 to/for 主动：He gave me a book. → 被动：①I was given a book. ②A book was given to me. 常考动词：give/send/teach/bring（+to）；buy/make/cook/get（+for） 带宾语补足语的被动：宾语补足语变为主语补足语，不定式作宾补时，主动省略 to，被动必须加 to 主动：We saw him go out. → 被动：He was seen to go out. 常考动词：see/watch/hear/make/let/have（感使动词） 情态动词的被动：情态动词（can/may/must/should）+ be + done 例句：The work must be finished on time. 主动表被动的情况（高考易错题，无被动形式） ①系动词类：look/sound/smell/taste/feel/prove/seem（后接形容词，表状态）→ The cake tastes delicious. ②表示 “主语属性 / 特征” 的动词：sell/write/read/wash/cut/lock（常与 well/easily 等副词连用）→ The pen writes well. ③be + 不定式（表计划 / 安排 / 义务，主语为动作承受者）→ The meeting is to be held tomorrow. ④介词 in/under/on + 名词（表被动含义）→ under discussion（在讨论中）/in use（在使用中） 被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态：表动作，可接 by 短语，可用于进行时；系表结构：be + done（作形容词），表状态，不可接 by 短语，不可用于进行时 ①The door was closed by Tom.（被动，动作：汤姆关了门） ②The door is closed.（系表，状态：门是关着的） （四）非谓语动词的被动（语法填空 / 改错核心，关联时态） 不定式的被动：to be done（表将来 / 被动）；to have been done（表过去 / 被动，动作先于主句） 例句：①The work is to be finished. ②He is said to have been sent to London. 动名词的被动：being done（表进行 / 被动）；having been done（表完成 / 被动，动作先于主句） 例句：①He likes being praised. ②Having been told many times, he still made a mistake. 现在分词的被动：being done（作定语 / 状语，表进行 / 被动）；having been done（作状语，表完成 / 被动） 例句：①The building being built is a hospital.（定语，正在建的） ②Having been shown around the factory, we left.（状语，先被带领参观，再离开） 过去分词：done（表完成 / 被动，作定语 / 状语 / 宾补，无时间限制） 例句：①The broken glass was on the floor.（定语，碎了的） ②Seen from the sky, the city is beautiful.（状语，被看） 动词的时态与语态语法易错点专项突破 一、时态类核心易错点（8 大高频类型） 易错点 1：一般过去时与现在完成时混用（高考改错 / 单选头号易错点） 错因：忽略「动作与现在是否有关联」，误将带具体过去时间的动作用现在完成时，或无具体过去时间但与现在无关的动作误用现在完成时。 核心区分： 一般过去时：仅表过去发生的动作 / 状态，与现在无任何关联，常接具体过去时间状语（yesterday/last week/in 2020/just now）。 现在完成时：过去动作对现在有影响 / 结果，或持续到现在，常接模糊时间状语（already/yet/so far/up to now/since/for），不可接具体过去时间。 错句：I have met him in the street yesterday. 正句：I met him in the street yesterday.（有具体时间 yesterday，仅表过去动作） 错句：I saw this film. I know the plot very well. 正句：I have seen this film. I know the plot very well.（过去看电影的动作对现在有影响：知道剧情） 避坑技巧：看到具体过去时间状语，直接用一般过去时，排除现在完成时。 易错点 2：现在完成时与现在完成进行时混淆 错因：忽略两者「侧重结果 / 完成」与「侧重动作持续 / 进行」的核心差异。 核心区分： 现在完成时（have/has done）：侧重动作的结果、完成量或经历，动作可能已结束。 现在完成进行时（have/has been doing）：侧重动作的持续性、进行性，动作可能仍在进行，或刚结束且有明显现在影响（如疲惫、口渴）。 例句对比： ① I have written 5 emails this morning.（侧重结果：完成了 5 封，动作可能结束） ② I have been writing an email this morning.（侧重持续：一早上都在写，可能还没写完） ③ He is tired because he has worked all day.（侧重结果）→ He is tired because he has been working all day.（侧重持续，更贴合 “疲惫” 的原因） 避坑技巧：题干中若有表 “持续状态” 的提示（如 tired/always/for + 时间段），优先考虑现在完成进行时。 易错点 3：过去完成时的滥用与漏用 错因 1：无 “过去的过去” 的时间参照点，随意用过去完成时； 错因 2：有明确的 “过去的过去” 逻辑，却误用一般过去时。 核心规则：过去完成时（had done）必须有明确的过去时间参照点（如一般过去时的动作、by + 过去时间、before/until + 过去时间），表示动作发生在 “参照点之前”。 错句：He had finished his homework.（无过去参照点，单独使用错误） 正句：He had finished his homework before his mother came back.（came 是过去参照点，finish 在其前，用过去完成时） 错句：When I arrived, he left.（arrived 是过去参照点，leave 在其前，需用过去完成时） 正句：When I arrived, he had left. 高频考法：by the time + 一般过去时，主句必须用过去完成时。 例：By the time we got to the station, the train had left. 避坑技巧：判断是否用过去完成时，先找句子中的 “过去参照动作”，无参照点绝不用。 易错点 4：一般将来时的四大结构混用（will/be going to/be to/be about to） 错因：忽略四大结构的用法场景差异，尤其忽略 be about to 的特殊限制。 核心区分（高考高频考法）： will do：①纯粹将来；②临时决定（说话时才做出的决定）；③表意愿 / 承诺。 例：—Someone is knocking at the door. —I will go and open it.（临时决定） be going to do：①计划好的将来；②有明显迹象的将来（从客观现象判断）。 例：It’s cloudy. It is going to rain.（有迹象） be to do：①正式计划 / 安排（官方、书面）；②义务 / 命令 / 注定。 例：The meeting is to be held at 9 a.m. tomorrow.（正式计划） be about to do：即将、马上发生（动作在瞬间发生），绝对不能与具体时间状语（tomorrow/at 5）连用，常考搭配be about to do...when...（正要做某事，突然……）。 错句：I am about to go to school tomorrow. 正句：I am about to go to school. / I will go to school tomorrow. 避坑技巧：看到when 引导的 “突然” 语境，优先考虑 be about to do...when... 结构。 易错点 5：现在进行时的特殊用法漏判 错因：仅知道现在进行时表 “此刻正在进行”，忽略其表现阶段动作、表将来、表情感色彩的特殊考法。 三大特殊用法（高考高频）： 表现阶段正在进行（动作并非此刻进行，只是近期的临时动作），常接时间状语（this week/this term/recently）。 例：I am learning driving this term.（这学期在学开车，并非此刻正在学） 表将来（仅适用于位移动词：come/go/leave/arrive/start/return 等），表计划好的将来。 例：My father is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. 表情感色彩（褒义 / 贬义），常与 always/constantly/forever 连用，翻译为 “总是、老是”。 例：He is always helping others.（褒义：总是乐于助人）；He is constantly late for school.（贬义：老是上学迟到） 避坑技巧：看到位移动词 + 将来时间，优先用现在进行时表将来；看到 always + 进行时，注意体会情感色彩。 易错点 6：瞬间动词与时间段的连用错误 错因：将瞬间动词（动作发生后立即结束，无持续）与for/since/How long等表时间段的状语连用。 高频瞬间动词：die/borrow/buy/leave/come/go/join/start/finish/marry 核心解法：将瞬间动词转换为对应的延续性动词 / 短语，再与时间段连用。 必考转换清单： die → have been dead borrow → have kept buy → have had leave → have been away (from) come/go → have been in/at join → have been in (the club) / have been a member (of) marry → have been married (to) 错句：He has bought this bike for 2 years. 正句：He has had this bike for 2 years. 错句：How long have you joined the army? 正句：How long have you been in the army? 避坑技巧：看到 for/since/How long，先判断动词是否为瞬间动词，若是则立即转换。 易错点 7：过去将来时的语境判断错误 错因：忽略过去将来时的核心使用前提—— 主句为一般过去时，宾语从句中表 “从过去视角看将来的动作”。 核心规则：过去将来时（would do/was/were going to do）不能单独使用，必须依附于 “过去的语境”（主句为过去时）。 错句：I would go to Beijing tomorrow.（无过去语境，单独使用错误） 正句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.（主句 said 为过去时，从句用过去将来时，注意 tomorrow→the next day） 高频考法：宾语从句、间接引语中，主句为过去时，表将来的动作一律用过去将来时。 避坑技巧：看到主句有said/told/thought/asked等过去时动词，从句若表将来，直接用过去将来时。 易错点 8：固定句式中的时态固定搭配错用 错因：忽略高考常考固定句式的时态专属规则，随意更换时态。 高考必考时态固定句式（背会即得分）： It is the first/second...time that + 从句 → 从句用现在完成时 例：It is the third time that I have visited the Great Wall. It was the first/second...time that + 从句 → 从句用过去完成时 例：It was the first time that I had eaten western food. Hardly...when.../No sooner...than... → 主句过去完成时，从句一般过去时（注意倒装：Hardly/No sooner 置于句首，主句助动词 had 提前） 例：Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. Since 引导的时间状语从句 → 从句一般过去时，主句现在完成时 例：Since he came to China, he has learned a lot of Chinese. 避坑技巧：将这些固定句式当作 “公式” 背会，从句时态严格按公式匹配，不随意更改。 二、语态类核心易错点（7 大高频类型） 易错点 1：不及物动词误用被动语态 错因：混淆及物动词与不及物动词，将无宾语的不及物动词用被动语态。 核心规则：只有及物动词（能接宾语）才有被动语态，不及物动词（不能接宾语，或接宾语需加介词）无被动语态。 高频不及物动词（无被动）：happen/take place/break out/appear/disappear/arrive/leave/go/come/last/occur 错句：The accident was happened yesterday. 正句：The accident happened yesterday. 拓展：不及物动词 + 介词构成的短语动词，若相当于及物动词，可有被动语态（将整个短语视为一个整体）。 例：The children are looked after well by their teacher.（look after 是短语动词，有被动） 避坑技巧：判断是否用被动，先看动词是否能直接接宾语，不能则无被动。 易错点 2：感使动词的被动语态漏加 to 错因：忽略 “感使动词主动语态中省 to，被动语态中必须加 to” 的规则。 高频感使动词：see/watch/hear/notice/observe/make/let/have 核心规则： 主动：主语 + 感使动词 + 宾语 + do（省略 to 的不定式） 被动：宾语（变主语） + 感使动词的过去分词 + to do（必须加 to） 错句：He was seen play basketball on the playground. 正句：He was seen to play basketball on the playground. 错句：The boy was made work all day. 正句：The boy was made to work all day. 注意：have 表 “让、使” 时，无被动语态，需用 get 代替：I had him repair my bike. → My bike was got repaired by him.（高考极少考，了解即可） 避坑技巧：看到感使动词的被动语态，立即检查是否加 to。 易错点 3：带双宾语动词的被动语态介词漏加 错因：将直接宾语变为主语时，忽略加介词 to/for，导致句子结构错误。 核心规则：带双宾语的动词（give/send/teach/buy/make 等），被动语态有两种形式： 间接宾语（人）变主语：主语 + be + done + 直接宾语（无需加介词） 直接宾语（物）变主语：主语 + be + done + to/for + 间接宾语（必须加介词） 高频介词搭配： +to：give/send/teach/bring/lend/pass/show +for：buy/make/cook/get/choose/sing 错句：A book was given me by my teacher.（直接宾语 a book 作主语，漏加 to） 正句：A book was given to me by my teacher. / I was given a book by my teacher. 错句：A cake was made me by my mother.（漏加 for） 正句：A cake was made for me by my mother. / I was made a cake by my mother. 避坑技巧：双宾语被动中，若主语是物，立即检查是否加 to/for。 易错点 4：主动表被动的情况误用被动语态（高考改错高频） 错因：将本身含被动含义的主动结构，随意加 be 动词变被动，导致句式冗余错误。 高考必考主动表被动的 4 种情况（背会）： 系动词类：look/sound/smell/taste/feel/prove/seem/appear（后接形容词，表 “主语的特征 / 状态”，无被动） 例：The flower smells sweet.（正）；The flower is smelt sweet.（错） 表主语属性 / 特征的动词：sell/write/read/wash/cut/lock/close/open（常与 well/easily/smoothly 等副词连用，表 “某物易 / 难做某事”，无被动） 例：This pen writes well.（正）；This pen is written well.（错）；The door locks easily.（正） need/want/require/deserve + doing = need/want/require/deserve + to be done（表 “某物需要被……”，主动表被动，高考语法填空必考） 例：The room needs cleaning. = The room needs to be cleaned. be worth doing（表 “值得被……”，主动表被动，注意：worth 后不能接 to be done） 例：The book is worth reading.（正）；The book is worth to be read.（错） 避坑技巧：看到上述动词 / 结构，直接用主动语态，排除被动语态。 易错点 5：被动语态与系表结构的混淆 错因：将 “be + 过去分词” 的系表结构（表状态）误判为被动语态（表动作），或反之。 核心区分： 类型 核心含义 能否接 by 短语 能否用于进行时 过去分词属性 被动语态 表动作（主语被做某事） 能（by + 动作执行者） 能（being done） 动词性（表动作） 系表结构 表状态（主语处于某种状态） 不能 不能 形容词性（表状态） 例句对比： ① The door was closed by Tom.（被动语态，表动作：汤姆关了门，可接 by Tom） ② The door is closed.（系表结构，表状态：门是关着的，不可接 by 短语） ③ The window was broken by a stone.（被动，表动作：被石头砸破） ④ The window is broken.（系表，表状态：窗户是破的） 避坑技巧：看是否强调 “谁做的动作”（能接 by 短语），是则为被动语态；若仅描述 “主语的状态”，则为系表结构。 易错点 6：情态动词的被动语态结构错误 错因：将情态动词的被动结构 “情态动词 + be+done” 误写为 “情态动词 + done” 或 “情态动词 + is/are+done”。 核心规则：情态动词（can/may/must/should/need/could/might）后接动词原形，因此被动语态为：情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词（be 必须用原形，不能随主语变化）。 错句：This work must finished on time.（漏加 be） 正句：This work must be finished on time. 错句：The letter can is sent tomorrow.（be 误用为 is） 正句：The letter can be sent tomorrow. 高频考法：情态动词的被动语态在语法填空中考查，常考 “情态动词 +____+done”，直接填 be。 避坑技巧：情态动词后接被动，必为 “情态动词 + be+done”，be 的原形不可变。 易错点 7：非谓语动词的被动形式错用 错因：忽略非谓语动词与逻辑主语的被动关系，或混淆 “一般式” 与 “完成式” 的时间逻辑，导致形式错误（高考语法填空 / 改错核心）。 核心规则：非谓语动词的被动形式，需同时满足两个条件：①与逻辑主语是被动关系；②根据时间逻辑选一般式（与主句动作同时 / 稍后）或完成式（先于主句动作）。 高考必考非谓语被动形式清单： 非谓语类型 一般被动式（同时 / 稍后） 完成被动式（先于主句） 适用场景 不定式 to be done to have been done 作主语 / 宾语 / 表语 / 宾补 动名词 being done having been done 作主语 / 宾语 / 表语 现在分词 being done having been done 作定语 / 状语 过去分词 done（本身表完成 + 被动） 无 作定语 / 状语 / 宾补 / 表语 错句：He wants to invite to the party.（to invite 与 he 是被动关系，漏用被动） 正句：He wants to be invited to the party.（to be done，一般被动式） 错句：Being told many times, he still made the mistake.（tell 先于 make，需用完成被动式） 正句：Having been told many times, he still made the mistake. 错句：The building built now is a library.（build 与 building 是被动，且正在进行，需用 being done） 正句：The building being built now is a library. 避坑技巧：做非谓语题，第一步先判断逻辑主语与非谓语的主动 / 被动关系，第二步判断非谓语动作与主句动作的时间先后。 三、时态与语态综合易错点（2 大实战类型） 综合易错点 1：无明确时间状语时的时态判断错误 错因：题干无标志性时间状语，无法根据语境判断动作的时间逻辑（先后 / 持续 / 影响）。 实战解法：根据上下文的 “动作逻辑” 判断，优先找隐藏的时间参照点（如从句动作、语境中的动作先后）。 例：—Sorry, I didn’t know you were here. —It doesn’t matter. （解析：“不知道你在这” 是过去的动作，看到对方后现在知道了，因此用 didn’t know，而非 don’t know） 例：We ______ (work) on the project for a month, and we will finish it next week. （解析：for a month 表持续，且动作仍在进行，will finish 提示现在还没完成，因此用 have been working） 避坑技巧：无时间状语时，以 “现在” 为基准，判断动作是 “过去无影响”“过去有影响”“持续到现在” 还是 “过去的过去”。 综合易错点 2：主语为单数时，时态与语态的主谓一致错误 错因：被动语态中，忽略 be 动词的单复数变化；现在时中，第三人称单数主语的动词漏加 s/es。 核心规则： 主动语态一般现在时：第三人称单数主语（he/she/it/ 单数名词）→ 动词加 s/es； 被动语态：be 动词的单复数 / 时态完全随主语变化。 错句：The news are spread all over the country.（主语 news 是不可数名词，be 用 is） 正句：The news is spread all over the country. 错句：He play basketball every day.（第三人称单数，play 加 s） 正句：He plays basketball every day. 避坑技巧：做完题后，回头检查主语与动词的主谓一致，尤其是不可数名词、集体名词作主语的情况。 动词的时态与语态语法临考抢分技巧 一、时态快速判定技巧 1. 时间状语判定法（最直接） 过去时：yesterday, last week, in 2000, ago, just now 现在完成时：since, for, already, yet, recently, so far 将来时：tomorrow, next month, in the future, soon 进行时：now, at this moment, look!（句首）, listen! 2. 时态呼应黄金法则 宾语从句：主句过去，从句一般也用过去（客观事实除外） He said he would come.（主句said过去，从句过去将来） The teacher said the earth revolves around the sun.（真理，仍用现在时） 时间/条件状语从句：用现在时表将来 I’ll call you when I arrive there.（不用will arrive） 3. 高频易错时态对比 时态 关键区别 例题提示 一般过去 vs 现在完成 过去时强调动作发生在过去某个时间；现在完成强调对现在的影响或持续到现在的状态 有具体过去时间（yesterday）用过去时；有since/for用完成时 过去进行 vs 一般过去 进行时强调动作正在进行；一般过去强调动作完成 While后常用进行时；when后常用一般过去 二、被动语态快速识别 1. 被动语态结构公式 be + 过去分词（+ by sb） 注意：be动词需根据时态变化 现在时：am/is/are done 过去时：was/were done 将来时：will be done 现在完成时：have/has been done 2. 必用被动语态的情况 不知道或没必要指出动作执行者 The window was broken yesterday. 强调动作承受者 This book is loved by millions. 科技文章、说明文中常见 The experiment was conducted carefully. 3. 主动表被动的特例（每年必考） 感官动词（look, feel, sound, taste, smell）+ adj The cloth feels soft. 某些不及物动词（sell, read, write, wash, wear）+ adv This book sells well. need/want/require + doing 表被动 The car needs repairing.（= needs to be repaired） 三、临考解题三步法 第一步：看时间状语 先找句中的时间词，快速缩小时态范围。 第二步：判主被动 看主语和动词的关系——主语是执行动作（主动）还是承受动作（被动）。 第三步：套结构验证 将选项套入对应时态结构，检查是否正确完整。 四、高频考点陷阱提醒 by短语不是被动语态的唯一标志 We were surprised by his sudden arrival.（by表示“被”，是被动） We will finish it by Friday.（by表示“到…为止”，不是被动） have been to vs have gone to have been to：去过（已回） have gone to：去了（未回） “It is said that…”固定句型 这是被动语态的高频句型，需熟记： It is reported/believed/said that…（据报道/据信/据说…） 五、最后三天冲刺建议 做真题找规律：近三年真题中的时态语态题单独重做，总结高频考点 背熟特例：重点记忆“主动表被动”的特殊动词 口诀速记： “时态看时间，语态看主谓” “Since完成，For完成，现在完成最可能” “主过从过，真理永不过” 动词的时态与语态语法必练题型 一、单项选择（必考题型） 此类题需综合运用时间状语、语境和固定结构判断。 例题1：时间状语直接判定 — Have you seen Dr. Adams recently? — No. He ________ Hong Kong for an international conference. He’ll come back tomorrow. A. has gone to B. has been to C. had gone to D. had been to 答案与解析：A。“He'll come back tomorrow”说明他此刻仍在香港未归，应用 has gone to（去了未归）。has been to 表示“去过已回”。 例题2：时态呼应（宾语从句） The scientist said the earth ________ around the sun. A. Moved B. moves C. is moving D. had moved 答案与解析：B。尽管主句是过去时（said），但从句陈述的是客观真理（地球绕太阳转），时态不受主句影响，用一般现在时。 例题3：固定句型（被动语态） It is widely ________ that smoking can cause cancer. A. Believed B. believing C. believes D. believe 答案与解析：A。固定句型 It is believed/thought/said/reported that...（据信/据说/据报道...），that从句前必须用“be + 过去分词”形式。 二、语法填空（高频拉分点） 需根据句子上下文、时间线索和语法结构，用动词的正确时态和语态填空。 例题4：综合语境判断 When I was a child, I ________ (spend) hours playing with my dog in the park. Those ________ (be) the happiest days of my life. 答案与解析： spent。时间状语“When I was a child”明确指向过去，用一般过去时。 were。主语“Those”指代前文的复数概念，时态与上文一致，用一般过去时。 例题5：被动语态与时间状语结合 A new bridge ________ (build) over the river next year, which will greatly reduce traffic pressure. 答案与解析：will be built。时间状语“next year”表将来，主语“bridge”是动作“build”的承受者，所以用一般将来时的被动语态。 例题6：主动表被动的特例 This kind of cloth ________ (wash) very easily. 答案与解析：washes。主语“This kind of cloth”是物，动词“wash”在此用主动形式表被动含义，且描述一般特性，用一般现在时。类似用法的动词还有 sell, read, write, wear 等。 三、改错（难点突破） 需要在语篇中识别时态和语态的错误，常考时态不一致、语态误用等。 例题7：时态不一致 Last Sunday, I go to the museum with my friends. We see many amazing artworks there and have a wonderful time. 答案与解析： go → went。时间状语“Last Sunday”要求全段基本时态为过去时。 see → saw。与上文时态保持一致。 have → had。同上。 例题8：语态误用 The problem was discussing at the meeting yesterday, and a solution has found now. 答案与解析： discussing → discussed。“问题”被讨论，应用被动语态（was discussed）。 has found → has been found。“解决方案”被找到，应用现在完成时的被动语态（has been found）。 四、实战综合练习（模拟高考） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In recent years, online learning ________ (become) increasingly popular. It is reported that millions of courses ________ (offer) on various platforms so far. While some people worry that traditional classrooms might ________ (replace) in the future, most educators believe that online and offline learning will coexist. A study ________ (conduct) by a university last year showed that blended learning ________ (be) more effective for many students. 答案与解析： has become。时间状语“In recent years”通常与现在完成时连用。 have been offered。“so far”是现在完成时的标志，且“课程”被提供，用现在完成时的被动语态。 be replaced。在情态动词（might）后，用动词原形；且“教室”被替代，用被动语态（be replaced）。 was conducted。时间状语“last year”用一般过去时，且“研究”被进行，用被动语态。 was。主句谓语动词“showed”是过去时，从句时态需与其呼应，且“blended learning”是单数。 五、必练考点清单 临考前，请确保已掌握以下必考情景的时态语态判断： “By the time...” 时间状语从句：主句常用完成时。 By the time he arrived, the meeting had ended. “It/This is the first time...” 结构：从句用现在完成时。 This is the best novel I have ever read. 在“since”从句中：主句用现在完成时，since从句用一般过去时。 He has lived here since he was a child. 非谓语动词中的被动：to be done（表将来被动），being done（表进行被动），done（表完成被动或状态）。动词的时态与语态语法综合小测 第一部分：单项选择（每题2分，共30分） 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。 1. — You look tired. — Yes, I ________ the room for an hour and I’m still not finished. A. Painted B. have painted C. have been painting D. had painted 答案：C 解析：“for an hour”和“still not finished”表明动作从过去持续到现在且仍在进行，强调“一直在做”，应用现在完成进行时（have been doing）。 2. By the end of last year, she ________ in that company for five years. A. Worked B. has worked C. had worked D. would work 答案：C 解析：“By the end of last year”是“过去的过去”，表示到过去某个时间点已经完成的动作，应用过去完成时（had done）。 3. If it ________ tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic. A. Rains B. will rain C. is raining D. rained 答案：A 解析：在条件状语从句（if从句）中，用一般现在时（rains）表示将来，遵循“主将从现”原则。 4. The new library ________ next month. It will be open to the public. A. will complete B. is completed C. will be completed D. has been completed 答案：C 解析：时间状语“next month”表将来，主语“library”是动词“complete”的承受者，应用一般将来时的被动语态（will be done）。 5. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at that time. A. has worked B. was working C. had worked D. had been working 答案：B 解析：“at that time”指过去某个具体时间点（三年前），强调当时“正在工作”，应用过去进行时（was/were doing）。 6. This kind of cloth ________ well. I think it is suitable for your dress. A. Washes B. is washed C. has washed D. washed 答案：A 解析：某些动词（如 wash, sell, read, write）可用主动形式表示被动含义，描述事物特性。此处“这种布料好洗”是一般性质，用一般现在时。 7. — Can I join your club, Dad? — You can when you ________ a bit older. A. Get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got 答案：A 解析：时间状语从句（when从句）中，用一般现在时（get）表示将来，与第3题原理相同。 8. The book ________ into many languages since it was published. A. has translated B. translated C. has been translated D. had translated 答案：C 解析：“since it was published”是现在完成时标志，主语“book”是“翻译”动作的承受者，应用现在完成时的被动语态（has been done）。 9. — Where is your brother? — He ________ to the library. He’ll be back soon. A. goes B. has been C. has gone D. went 答案：C 解析：根据“He’ll be back soon”可知，他去了图书馆但尚未返回，应用“has gone to”（去了未归）。“has been to”表示“去过已回”。 10. The teacher told us that light ________ faster than sound. A. Travels B. traveled C. would travel D. had traveled 答案：A 解析：尽管主句是过去时（told），但宾语从句陈述的是客观真理（光速比声速快），时态不受主句影响，用一般现在时。 11. A new cinema ________ here now. They hope to finish it next month. A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built 答案：D 解析：“now”表明动作正在进行，“正在被建造”，应用现在进行时的被动语态（is/are being done）。 12. When I got to the station, the train ________ for ten minutes. A. had left B. left C. had been away D. has been away 答案：C 解析：主句“got”是过去时，“火车离开”发生在其之前，是“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。leave是短暂动词，不能与“for ten minutes”连用，需转换为延续性状态“had been away”。 13. It is said that the early European playing cards ________ for entertainment and education. A. Designed B. were designed C. have designed D. have been designed 答案：B 解析：主语“cards”是“设计”的承受者，且讲述历史事实，应用一般过去时的被动语态（were done）。 14. — I’m sorry, but the manager isn’t here yet. Shall I have her call you when she ________ back? — No, I’ll call back later. A. Comes B. came C. will come D. is coming 答案：A 解析：时间状语从句（when从句）中，用一般现在时（comes）表示将来。 15. — How are you today? — Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time. A. didn’t feel B. haven’t felt C. wasn’t feeling D. don’t feel 答案：B 解析：“for a very long time”是现在完成时标志，强调从过去持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时（haven’t felt）。 第二部分：语法填空（每题2分，共20分） 用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. In the past few years, my hometown ________ (change) a lot. 答案：has changed 解析：时间状语“In the past few years”通常与现在完成时连用，表示从过去持续到现在的变化。 2. The problem ________ (discuss) when I entered the meeting room. 答案：was being discussed 解析：根据“when I entered”，描述过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，且主语“problem”是“讨论”的承受者，用过去进行时的被动语态（was/were being done）。 3. It is the first time that I ________ (visit) the Great Wall. 答案：have visited 解析：固定句型“It/This is the first time that...”中，that从句用现在完成时。 4. The bridge ________ (build) last year and now it is open to traffic. 答案：was built 解析：时间状语“last year”用一般过去时，且“桥”是被建造的，用一般过去时的被动语态（was/were done）。 5. She won’t go to the party unless she ________ (invite). 答案：is invited 解析：在条件状语从句（unless从句）中，用一般现在时表示将来；主语“she”是“邀请”的承受者，用被动语态（is done）。 6. This novel ________ (translate) into over 20 languages so far. 答案：has been translated 解析：“so far”是现在完成时标志，且“小说”被翻译，用现在完成时的被动语态（has been done）。 7. When I was young, my grandmother often ________ (tell) me stories. 答案：told 解析：“When I was young”表示过去习惯性动作，用一般过去时。 8. The flowers want ________ (water). They are too dry. 答案：watering / to be watered 解析：need/want/require后接doing表示被动含义（= to be done），两种形式均可。 9. I ________ (read) a book when the telephone rang. 答案：was reading 解析：“when the telephone rang”表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，用过去进行时。 10. The room is empty. All the chairs and desks ________ (remove). 答案：have been removed 解析：根据“The room is empty”可知，桌椅“已被搬走”，对现在造成影响，用现在完成时的被动语态。 10 / 29 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $