内容正文:
名词nouns(n.)
概念:
是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据其词汇意义,种类可分为
专有名词(Proper Nouns)
普通名词(Common Nouns)
名词按可数性分为可数名词
不可数名词
辨认下列哪些是名词,
不是名词的单词是什么词:
computer, take coffee, water,
run. notebook. bring,table, sport interesting, Monday ,age ,new ,a, actor sell ,in,oh,two,
动词表示动作 形容词是修饰名词
冠词是用于名词前面,帮助限定名词
介词 感叹词表示说话时的情绪
数词表示数量
专有名词:
指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。
具体说来,它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。
Jim 吉姆 China 中国 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生
July 七月 Friday 星期五 the Yellow River 黄河
Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》
专有名词的首字母通常要大写
名词:专有名词和普通名词
普通名词:需要小写
指表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。
例如:
表示东西、事物的。 如book、computer、tree、quilt、map…
表示一类人的。如 boy 、girl、woman女人、man男人、teacher、father…
表示抽象概念,像人的情感、品质、精神的。如 happiness 、trouble、pleasure(愉快、快乐)、industry(勤劳)…
普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:book。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family,class。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air,water。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work, happiness
名词
可数名词
不可数名词
单数
复数
转变
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
可数名词
当人或事物只有一个时,用a ,an, one,this这个 或 that那个来表示单个的数量。
a peach
a watermelon
a cherry
可数名词复数前可用 :
some (肯定句),any(否定,疑问句): 一些
many : 很多
a lot of / lots of /a number of:许多
two两个 these这些 those那些
these eggs a lot of oranges
总结:
a/an/one/this这个/that那个 + 名词单数
two/these这些/those那些/some/many/lots of/a lot of/ a number of +名词复数
the book the teacher the baby
the books the teachers the babies the +名词单/复
my ruler your uncle his key
my rulers your uncles his keys my+名词单/复
my/your/his他的/her她的/its它的/our我们的/their他们的 是形容词性物主代词 + 名词
可数名词变复数的规则
an orange
two oranges
可数名词
有单数和复数2种形式
可数名词单数变复数变化规则
规则变化
1. 一般情况, +s
在元音和浊辅音后发/z/,在清辅音后发/s/ book→books /s/
bag→bags /z/,eye→eyes /z/
2. 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾,+es 发/iz/ class→classes
3. 辅+y结尾, 改y为 i , +es city→cities
4. 有生命的以o结尾+es 无生命的以 o结尾+s potato→potatoes, tomato→tomatoes,
photo→photos
5. 以f, fe 结尾, 改 v+es life→lives, leaf→leaves
1.可数名词的规则复数形式
④ 以o结尾的名词有生命的加es,无生命的加s
口诀:黑人 英雄 爱吃 西红柿 炖 土豆
Negroes
[ˈniːɡrəʊ]
heroes
tomatoes
potatoes
pianos
photos
zoos
12
1.可数名词的规则复数形式
⑤ 以f或fe结尾的名词:变f或fe为v再加es
leaf
leaves
thief
thieves
knife
knives
wife
wives
wolf
wolves
口诀:“小偷”(thief)的“妻子”(wife)用“刀子”(knife)和“树叶”(leaf) 把“狼”(wolf)杀了
13
2. 不规则变化
变化形式 例 词
1.改变元音字母
2.直接加-s
man-men , woman-women ,
foot-feet , tooth-teeth, goose-geese
German - Germans
American- Americans、Indians
3.单复数同形
fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese
child-children, mouse-mice 老鼠, ox-oxen 公牛
4.词尾变化
5.通常为复数形式
clothes , trousers , glasses(眼镜),shoes
e.g: There are many fish in the river.
We have a fish for lunch.
2.可数名词的不规则复数形式
⑤中日瑞不变,其他后面加s
Americans
Germans
Australians
Europeans
+s
中日瑞不变
Chinese
Japanese
Swiss
瑞士
15
注意:
一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成词,在构成复数时与 man, woman 的变化形式相同,如:
policeman / policemen(警察), Englishman / Englishmen (英国人),
Frenchman/ Frenchmen(法国人)
注意:
1)普通名词作定语修饰名词:
an apple tree- two apple trees
a baby dog- some baby dogs
2)man、woman两个词组成的复合词,名词本身和这个词都要变成复数。
a woman doctor- women doctors
a man worker- men workers
a man driver- men drivers
3)sports,clothes作定语修饰名词,永远为复数
a sports hat- many sports hats
a clothes shop- five clothes shops
a sports field- some sports fields
当名词修饰名词时,前一个名词为定语,有三种形式。
定语+名词
定语修饰后面的名词,定语常用三类:名词+ 名词
形容词+名词
doing + 名词
beef noodles this dictionary page two color words
family photos family members family trees
a music hall a student center classroom buildings
a school hall an art building science buildings
a dining hall the desk drawers 40 student desks
a music club an art class school clubs
delicious cakes a beautiful mother some big houses
long brown hair smart whiteboards long tables
Chinese food my favorite place a good idea
daily routines your everyday life musical instruments
sleeping habits a reading room a reading corner
a fishing rod the following words that guessing game
eating habits some swimming pools the cooking club
meeting time a shopping list
写出下列名词的复数形式
1.规则变化:
minute ______ half ______ classmate______
tree ______ glass ______ cup______
family ______ match ______ knife ______
park ______ factory ______ potato ______
thief ______ photo ______ baby ______
minutes
halves
classmates
trees
glasses
cups
families
matches
knives
parks
factories
potatoes
thieves
photos
babies
watch ______ hero ______ key ______
party ______ article ______ brush ______
leaf ______ piano ______ mouth ______
box ______ life ______
2. 不规则变化:
goose ______ man ______ woman ______
people ______ sheep ______ child ______
foot ______ tooth ______ deer ______
watches
keys
articles
brushes
leaves
pianos
mouths
boxes
lives
geese
men
women
people
sheep
children
feet
deer
heroes
parties
teeth
二.不可数名词
肉类、饮料、纸张,面包等一般是不可数的,通常只有单数形式
想一想
我们能讲 a meat, two milks, five waters, juices吗?
1) 液体类不可数名词:water 水, juice 果汁,tea 茶,coffee 咖啡,
cola 可乐,milk 牛奶,ink 墨水,soup 汤...
2) 食品类不可数名词:rice 米,food 食物, bread 面包,cheese 奶酪,meat肉,pork猪肉,chicken鸡肉,beef牛肉,sugar 白糖...
No
3) 其他:work工作,homework 作业,air 空气,love 爱,
housework家务,happiness快乐,sand沙子...
不可数名词可与much许多/a little有一点/the定冠词/my形物代
some一些/little几乎没有 等连用
想一想:
我们还学过哪些表示单位量词?
不可数名词前不能用a /an, 数词two/many/a number of等来修饰
答疑解惑
不可数名词前通常用“基数词+单位量词+of ”来表示数量。
如: a piece of paper 一张纸
a piece of tofu 一块豆腐
a piece of music 一首音乐
some pieces of music 几首音乐
three pieces of bread 三片面包
杯
瓶
袋
盒/箱
张/片
双/对
cup
bottle
bag
box
piece
pair
一杯茶
二瓶水
三袋牛奶
四盒/箱咖啡
五张/片面包
六双/对眼睛
a cup of tea
two bottles of water
three bags of milk
four boxes of coffee
five pieces of bread
six pairs of eyes
这些表示量的名词一般是可数的,有复数形式。
基数词 + 单位量词 + of + 不可数名词/名复
知识拓展
some/lots of/a lot of + 名复/不名
不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数"量词"时,谓语动词要用复数形式
1.Some water _____ in the cup.
2.There ____ a lot of fish in the plate.
3.There ____ two bowls of fish on the table.
is
are
are
4.Here some bread.
5.Here some pieces of bread.
6.Here a piece of music.
is
are
is
There ______ two cups of tea on the table.
There ______ much milk in the cup.
Many bowls of rice _____ on the desk.
Juice ____ my favourite drink.
My favourite food ____ eggs.
is
is
are
are
is
语法:
主谓一致(主语my favourite food为food不可数名词,谓语用单数is
= My favourite food is the egg.
and连接2个不可数名词,表示2个事物时,要用复数
Milk and juice ____ my favourite drinks.
are
Meat and fish _____ healthy food.
are
Practice:
There are many (bus) and (car) on the street.
.I have two (watch), so I give a
(watch) to my sister.
Yesterday I went to the supermarket and bought some (dish)
cars
buses
watches
watch
dishes
1.We need more (potato), can you go and take some , please ?
2.(Knife) are used for cutting things.
3.When we saw his face, we knew the
(news) was bad.
4.Please remember give the horse some tree (leaf).
potatoes
Knives
news
leaves
注意:
复合名词变复数通常是将其主要名词变为复数:
passer-by / passers-by 过路人
looker-on / lookers-on 旁观者
a ten-year-old boy / ten-year-old boys
a two-hundred-page book /
two-hundred-page books
若没有主要名词,则通常在最后一个词尾加s:
a grown-up/grown-ups 成年人
练习:
写出下列单词的单数或复数形式
friend
cat
tree
s
s
question
s
s
key
s
toy
s
photo
s
tomato
es
potato
es
leaf
/leaves
zoo
s
radio
s
holiday
s
baby
/babies
city
/cities
roof
s
bus
es
box
es
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