外研版（2012）九年级2026年春寒假衔接——专题二 非谓语动词 + 三大从句基础

九年级2026年春寒假——专题二 非谓语动词 + 三大从句基础 【热身小练】 写出下列单词的过去式、过去分词 ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 begin__________ __________ break__________ __________ bring__________ __________ buy__________ __________ catch__________ __________ choose__________ __________ draw__________ __________ drink__________ __________ drive__________ __________ fall__________ __________ feel__________ __________ find__________ __________ fly__________ __________ hear__________ __________ keep__________ __________ 中考语法考点专讲③——非谓语动词 非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式，在句子中不能单独作谓语。 包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(-ing,-ed)三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。 一.动词不定式： 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“to do”构成。它的否定形式“not to do”。有时可以省略to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义。help sb.(to) do sth. make sb. do sth. 功能 例句 说明 主语 To speak English is not easy for us =It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。 表语 My work is to clean the room everyday. =To clean the room every day is my work. 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。 宾语 —What sports does he like to play? 他喜欢什么动？ —He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。 只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。 宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。 定语 Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗？ 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。 状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因） I went to the library to study English.（表目的） 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。 1. 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末 其结构为：It+be+adj.（+ for/ of sb.）+动词不定式 如：To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment. 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如： It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。 It's very clever of you to do like that. 你那样做真是太聪明啦。 2.不定式作宾语。 1)及物动词+不定式一般形式： 谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语) [说 明] want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) + to (do) (无) help(帮助) to可以省略 begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 [比较] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关) forget to do忘记要做某事 He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) forget doing 忘记做过某事 Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话) 2)在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。 如：I found to learn to ride a bike not very easy . =I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易) 3) 常见的一些不带to的动词不定式 Why not do...=Why don't you do..., had better（not）do..., would rather do, could/would/will you please（not）do... I would rather stay in the room.我宁愿待在房间里。 3.不定式作宾语补足语。 谓 语 动 词(vt.) + 宾语 (人 / 物) +不定式 (作宾语补足语) ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) +sb. / sth. +to (do) make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb. / sth. + (do) 如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭) I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母) The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时) Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) [注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较： I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况) I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程) 注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有： 一感（feel）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let, make, have）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）。 但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如： My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。 4. 不定式作定语。 不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。 [A] 记住下面的一些结构： 被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语) 汉 语 意 思 a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子 give her a book to read 给她一本书读 Is there any (+名词/代词) to (do)? 有…要(做的)吗? It’s time to go. 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。 Do you have any work to do? 你有工作要做吗? I’d like something to eat. 我要点儿吃的。 I have nothing to say. 我没有话要说。 Would you like something to drink? 你要点儿喝的吗？ 5.不定式作状语 [A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。 如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的) I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的) [B] 放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。 如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩) I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿) [C] 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。 如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的) [注意] stop to do 与stop doing的不同。 如：They stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语) They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容) 不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉学生们做什么。 He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。 【即学即练】根据提示完成句子 ①I hope 　 　(find)a good job in a foreign company after I graduate from school.  ②He found it hard 　 　(catch up with)his classmates.  ③Father asks me 　 　(not play)computer games before finishing my homework.  ④All the children like Mr.White very much because he often makes them 　 　(laugh).  ⑤Let him 　 　(have)a rest.I think he must be tired after the long walk.  ⑥We have two rooms 　 　(live)in,but I can’t decide which one 　 　(choose).  二、动名词 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。 动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。 功能 例句 说明 主语 Eating too much is bad for your health. 谓语动词用单数形式。 动词宾语 介词宾语 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球。 Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是被用来寄信的。 表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。 表语 His hobby is collecting stamps. =Collecting stamps is his hobby. 多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语。 定语 She is in the reading room.她在阅览室。 We should improve our teaching methods. 只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。 2.动名词可以作宾语。 1）want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。 如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修) My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理) 2）remember / forget / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。 如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了) 注意：英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有：finish, mind, be worth, be busy, practice,have fun, have trouble/problem（in）, spend...（in）, feel like, be used to（习惯于）, give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。 完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy） 继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up） 考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can't help, feel like） 喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind） 3. 动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。 如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) 4.动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如： Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补) 三、分词： 1.包含现在分词（-ing）和过去分词(-ed)。 主要区别：现在分词一般有主动或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动作已经完 成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 2.分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。 1）作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly.(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊！) Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人) He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气) 2）现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语) 谓语动词(vt.) 宾语 宾语补足语 keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到) sb./sth. (do)ing 如：Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作) When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子) In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动) 3)现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。 如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸) I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试) 4)过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。 常用过去分词作表语的结构有：be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in (对…感兴趣)等等。 5） 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意：have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆) 动词用法辨析： take、spend、pay、cost的用法： spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型：sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth. She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说) take的主语通常是事情,句型：It + (take)+sb.+时间+to do…sth.。 This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job.(做这件事情要花我两天的时间) cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. How much does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱？) pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型：sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物. I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元从他那儿买了书) 根据句子意思和时态，用spend, take, cost和pay 的正确形式来填空。 1. I ________ two hours on this math problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。 2. The car ________ him around ten thousand US dollars. 这车花去他一万美元左右。 3. They _______________two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。 4. I _______ a lot of money for the new computer. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。 5. It _________ them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 一、单项选择 1.During our holidays, we should avoid 　　　up at night and oversleeping in the morning.  A.stay　　　 B.to stay C.stayed　　　 D.staying 2.I would be interested to see the pandas in the Wolong Panda Reserve, because it allows people 　　　closer to them.   A.get　　　 B.to get C.getting　　　 D.got 3.　　　 the online shopping, my grandma bought a smart phone.  A.Enjoyed　　　 B.Enjoying C.Enjoy　　　 D.To enjoy 4.I was deeply moved by the film Hi, Mom. I think it's well worth 　　　.  A.to watch　　　 B.watch　　　 C.watching 5.The doctors and nurses managed 　　　the lives of patients, though they didn't have enough medicine.  A.save　　　 B.saving C.to save　　　 D.to saving 6.Frank and his friends had great fun 　　　volleyball on the beach yesterday.  A.play　　　 B.playing　　　 C.to play 二、语法选择 Many of us have feelings of loneliness as we grow up. As a teenager, just 　1　 alone in the cafeteria can be unbearable, and girls even go to the restroom hand in hand. They fear 　2　 a “loner”. In these cases, we might use the word “loner” in a disapproving way. However, it can actually have a positive meaning as well.  It all depends on our attitudes towards being alone. If we see 　3　 alone as something negative, we will resist (抵制) it. But if we understand that it's an everyday part of life, we'll be able 　4　 it.  In some countries, more young people are choosing 　5　 loners. In South Korea, “honjok” has become a popular lifestyle. The term comes from “hon” (alone) and “jok” (tribe). These people eat alone, travel alone, and enjoy 　6　 alone.  “I hope it grows into a self-supporting culture of happiness,” said Jang Jae Young, a South Korean who runs a website about this solo lifestyle 　7　 honjok.me.  In Japan, people have developed a strong “loner culture” and even a “loner economy”. There are many solo karaoke bars and solo cafes. Even some restaurants are specially designed for solo diners. Clapboards (隔板) separate each seat. They fill out a form 　8　 an order, and then press a button to call the waiter. So they don't have to see the faces of other customers or waiters.  People are becoming more experienced in and comfortable about 　9　 solitude (独处). This doesn't mean we should totally shut ourselves from the outside world, of course. But it doesn't hurt 　10　 some “me time” once in a while.  1.A.eat　　　 B.to eat　　　 C.eating　　　 D.eaten 2.A.be called　　　 B.to be called C.be calling　　　 D.being called 3.A.is　　　 B.are　　　 C.be　　　 D.being 4.A.hug　　　 B.to hug　　　 C.hugging　　　 D.hugged 5.A.to be　　　 B.be　　　 C.being　　　 D.been 6.A.be　　　 B.to be　　　 C.being　　　 D.been 7.A.call　　　 B.to call　　　 C.calling　　　 D.called 8.A.place　　　 B.to place　　　 C.placing　　　 D.placed 9.A.embrace　　　 B.to embrace　　　 C.embracing　　　 D.embraced 10.A.have　　　 B.to have　　　 C.having　　　 D.had 三、语法填空 Most people today are only worried about 　1　(get)good jobs to make lots of money. In their free time, they think about what 　2　(do) for fun. However, few people think about what they can do　3　(help) others.   There are many people who are less lucky than us. 　4　(volunteer) our time to help these people is a good way to spend our free time. For example, we can make plans to visit sick children in the hospital or raise money for homeless people. Some people even stop　5　(do) their jobs for a few months to move to another place, like one of the countries in Africa, and help people there.   1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　  中考语法考点专讲④——宾语从句 在复合句中，宾语从句是充当主句宾语的从句，通常放在及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后。 一、宾语从句的引导词 宾语从句的引导词需根据从句的性质来选择，主要分为三类： 1. 陈述句作宾语从句 引导词用 that，that 无实际意义，在口语或非正式文体中可省略。 - He says (that) he will finish the work tomorrow. - I know (that) she is a good student. 2. 一般疑问句作宾语从句 引导词用 if/whether，含义为“是否”，不可省略。二者多数情况可互换，但 whether 能与 or not 连用，if 不能。 - She asks if/whether we will go to the park. - I don’t know whether he will come or not. 3. 特殊疑问句作宾语从句 引导词用对应的特殊疑问词，如 what, who, where, when, why, how 等，不可省略。 - Do you know where he lives? - He asked me how I solved the problem. 二、宾语从句的语序 所有宾语从句都必须使用陈述句语序，即“主语 + 谓语”的结构，不能用疑问句语序。 错误：He asked me what was I doing. 正确：He asked me what I was doing. 错误：I don’t know where does she go. 正确：I don’t know where she goes. 三、宾语从句的时态 宾语从句的时态需和主句的时态保持呼应，具体规则如下： 1. 主句为一般现在时/一般将来时，从句可根据实际情况使用任意时态。 - He says that he has seen the movie. - I will ask her where she went yesterday. 2. 主句为一般过去时，从句需使用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时等。 - She said that she was reading a book at that time. - He told me that he had finished his homework. 3. 从句表述客观真理、科学事实、名言警句时，时态不受主句影响，始终用一般现在时。 - The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. - He said that practice makes perfect. 四、宾语从句的否定转移 当主句主语为第一人称，谓语动词为 think, believe, suppose, expect 等时，从句的否定词需转移到主句上，构成“否定主句，肯定从句”的结构。 - I don’t think he will come. （不能说：I think he won’t come.） - We don’t believe that the story is true. 五、巩固练习题 （一）单项选择 1. — Do you know ______ the meeting will start? — At 9:00 tomorrow morning. A. when B. where C. that 2. She asked me if I ______ to Beijing the next week. A. will go B. went C. would go 3. I don’t know ______ he will come or not. A. if B. whether C. that 中考语法考点专讲⑤——状语从句 在复合句中作状语的从句叫状语从句。 状语从句有 时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、地点和方式等种类。 一、时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连接词有: when, as, while, after, before, since, ever since, as soon as, once, till, until, whenever, every time, each time, any time, the first time, next time, last time, all the time, by the time等。 ( 第一次见到你 一见到你 直到见到你 五岁时见到你 ) ( 表示时间 —— 时间状语从句 ) ( 我就喜欢上了你 。 ) 1.表示“一···就···”的句型 1) as soon as/once As soon as he arrives, I'll call you.他一到，我就给你打电话。【主将从现】 （as soon as 侧重时间或动作先后衔接紧，而once侧重条件，表示“一旦...”） As soon as I saw you, I liked you.=I liked you as soon as I saw you .一见到你,我就喜欢上了你。 2）the moment, the instant, the minute, the second,the first time The moment I saw him, I recognized him.我一看见他，就认出了他。 We'll leave the minute you are ready.你一准备好，我们就出发。 The first time I saw you, I liked you.第一次见到你，我就喜欢上了你。 2. when, while, as引导时间状语从句 1) when的用法 when既可指时间点，也可指时间段（即：从句动词可以是短暂的也可是延续的）；主从句动作可同时也可先后发生。 I was thin when I was a child. 当我是个孩子的时候,我很瘦。 It was raining when I arrived.我到达时，天正在下雨。 When I saw you at my age of five, I liked you.五岁时见到你,就喜欢上了你。 He does miss you when you are not here.你不在的时候他非常想念你。 2）while用法 while只能指一段时间，从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。强调某一段时间内发生主句动作，相当于during the time that.... My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.当我在做作业时，妈妈在做饭。 I am safe while I am here.我在这儿的时候，我很安全。 注意 while除引导时间状语从句外，还引导对比句，作“然而”讲；并可在句首引出让步状语从句作“虽然···但”讲。 I like watching TV, while he likes reading.我喜欢看电视，而他喜欢读书。 While he has his own car, he often uses mine.尽管他自己有车，他却常用我的。 3) as的用法 ① as引导时间状语从句时常可和when换用，但较强调同时发生，多指短暂动作。 As I left the house, I forgot the key.我离家时，忘了带钥匙。 ② as还可说明两种正在发展或变化的情况，“随着...”的意思，表时间的推移。如： As I get older, I get more optimistic.随着年龄的增长，我变得更加乐观。 3. until和till 1)“延续性动词肯定式+until”表示“动作延续到…为止，”译为“直到…为止”，如： I waited for him until he came back. 我一直等到他回来。 2)“终止性动词的否定式+ until”表示“直到···才”。 He didn't go to bed until he had finished his work. 直到完成工作他才睡觉。 Donald will remain in college until/till he finished his PhD course.= Donald won’t leave college until he finished his PhD course. I didn’t like you until I saw you. 直到见到你，我就喜欢上你。 3)用于强调句式“It is not until ...that ...” It was not until the professor came that we began the experiment.在教授到来之后，我们才开始实验。 4) not until放在句首时，主句倒装。 Not until he graduated did he succeed in obtaining this compound. 直到他毕业他才成功获得这种化合物。 注意 句首和强调句中要用until，而不用till；not...until...句型中不用till。 二、条件状语从句【主将从现】 1．由if, unless（if...not）, so/as long as,in case（如果）, on condition that（条件是...） 如果我有时间，我就告诉你。 I will tell you if I have time. I won't tell you unless I have time. I will tell you as long as I have time . I will tell you on condition that I have time. 2.条件状语从句中一般要用一般现在时态表将来。【主将从现】 I will go if you go. 三、原因状语从句 原因状语从句由because, as , since, now (that)（既然）,considering that（考虑到）For the reason that 由于…原因，due to the fact that 由于…事实等引导。 1. because用来回答why提出的问题，表直接的因果关系，用于告知对方不知道的原因，语气最强，可用于强调句。 他没参加会议，因为他病了。 He didn't attend the meeting because he was ill. =He didn’t attend the meeting for the reason that he was ill. = The reason why he didn’t attend the meeting is that he was ill. It was because he was ill that he didn't go with us. 因为他有病，他没有和我们一起去。 这是为了我的一个承诺 I'm here because I made a promise. 注意 because和because of的区别：because是连词，引导从句，because of是短语介词，后接名词性词语，如： The football match was put off because it rained. The football match was put off because of the rain.因为下雨，足球赛延期了。 2. for也可以表示原因，属并列连词，不是说明直接原因，而是对某种情况加以推断，表示补充说明理由。而推断的理由会因人而异。语气很弱，它引出的分句必须放在另一分句后。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 并列连词：and,but,so,for,or... 主从连词：because... 四、让步状语从句 由though, although, even if/though , no matter wh-, wh-ever词，whether...or（不管...都），when, while等引导。 1. though, although这两个连词用法基本一样，只是前者口语化，后者较正式，常位于句首，都不与连用，但可以和yet，still，nevertheless连用。though还可作副词单独放在句尾，表示“然而”的意思。 他很累，但是他依然坚持努力工作。 He is tired, but he still keeps on working hard. =Although/though he is tired, he (still) keeps on working hard. Though /Although he was worn out, he kept on working. 2. even if（尽管；即使）, even though（尽管） 这两个复合连词意义基本相同，常用以强调让步概念，有退一步想的意思（有时用于虚拟）。表“即使”时有假设含义，一般用even if。 We'll make trip even if(though) the weather is bad. Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.（虚拟） 3.“no matter + wh-”引导让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句时“疑问句-ever”相当于“no matter +疑问词”，此时： no matter who = whoever 无论是谁 no matter what = whatever no matter which = whichever no matter where = wherever no matter how = however No matter what happened, he would not mind. It's a nice room no matter whom (whoever) it belongs to. 4.while引导让步状语从句时置于主句前，与though同，但though从句可到装，while从句不可倒装。 五、目的状语从句 由so that（以便）， in order that（为了）=for the purpose that，引导，谓语常含may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词。 They set out early so that they might arrive at the station in good time. I'll speak slowly so that you can hear me. 为了你可以听见。 ★当从句与主句主语一致时，可用to do, so as to do, in order to do结构换用。 He worked day and night in order that he could succeed. =He worked day and night in order to succeed. 六、结果状语从句 1.常用的连词有so that，so ... that, too...to...,such...that, that（带古英语痕迹）。 （结果状语从句中一般无情态动词） He had overslept so that he was late for work. ( How+adj. How beautiful the girl is! What+n. What a beautiful girl she is! ) My pen fell under my desk that I couldn't see it. 2. so/such ...that所用句式 ①so + adj（adv) + that从句 The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. ②so+adj +a/an+单名+ that从句＝such a/an+adj.+单名+that从句 She is so beautiful a girl that all the boys of our class like her. =She is such a beautiful girl that all the boys of our class like her. 一、将下列句子改为同义句 1.Mr.Jiang bought a robot so as to have more free time. Mr.Jiang bought a robot 　 　 have more free time.  2.The match was so exciting that the audience clapped. It was 　 　 that the audience clapped.  3.You will be late for school if you don’t hurry. You will be late for school　 　you hurry.  4.It is thirty years since Mr.Green left his hometown. Mr.Green 　 　 his hometown for thirty years.  5.Cycling is not as interesting as diving. Cycling is 　 　 interesting　 　diving.  二、填空题 1.—Have you ever been to the Summer Palace? —Yes. I have visited it many times 　　　 2009.  2.Students can ask for help 　　　(无论何时)they need it at school.  3.When I knew there was going to be a free meal of hotpot to welcome the new students, I was so excited 　　　 I went to the canteen quickly.  4.Our world will get better and better 　　　 each of us lives a greener life.  5.I am really proud of my group　　　we’re always discussing and sharing study secrets together. How important the group work is!  6.　　　 the dinner was all over,everyone helped wash the dishes.  7.　　　 Mike didn’t win the race,he was still wearing a smile on his face.  三、单项选择 1.He could find the way home 　　　 he was only three years old.  A.though B.because C.where D.if 2.Bob, dinner is ready. Please wash your hands　　　you eat.  A.until B.after C.while D.before 3.It’s not always safe to pay over the Internet, 　　　 you should be careful.  A.so B.after C.because D.as soon as 4.The actor was happy he got a part in a movie, 　　　the part was a small one.  A.since B.while C.though D.unless 5.A stupid man tells a woman to shut up,while a wise man tells her that her mouth is quite beautiful　　　it is closed.  A.unless B.since C.when D.though 6.My family always go somewhere interesting　　　the holiday begins.  A.as soon as B.so C.so that D.even though 7.To make your DIY work perfect, you’d better not start 　　　 you get all the tools ready.  A.when B.while C.before D.after 8.There will be less pollution　　　 more people use public transportation.  A.but B.though C.unless D.if 9.We had to wait half an hour　　　 we had already booked a table.  A.or B.once C.although D.as 10.—Mike,what were your parents doing at 8:00 last night? —My mother was reading　　　 my father was playing computer games.  A.while B.when C.unless D.as long as 11.Our business won’t improve 　　　 we offer better services to our customers.  A.because B.unless C.after D.since 12.Little Jack has learned to do lots of things on his own,　　　he is only four years old.  A.if B.though C.for D.since 13.You can surf the Internet　　　you want to know about the 2020 World Middle School Games.  A.until B.after C.if 14.　　　 it is often cold in the mountains, you need to wear warm clothes.  A.Though B.Unless C.As D.Until 15.—I wonder if our foreign teacher Mr. White 　　　 to his hometown next Tuesday.  —I’m not sure. But if he returns to his hometown, I 　　　 him off.  A.returns,see B.will return,see C.will return,will see 16.I am really proud of my group　　　we’re always discussing and sharing study secrets together. How important the group work is!  A.because B.though C.unless 17.Julie didn’t leave her office　　　the police arrived.  A.however B.whenever C.while D.until 18.We had to wait half an hour　　　we had already booked a table.  A.or B.once C.although D.as 19.—Does your school hold the raising of the national flag every Monday morning? —Yes,　　　it rains heavily.  A.if B.since C.because D.unless 中考语法考点专讲⑥——定语从句 一．关系代词的用法 在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词, 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词有两种: 关系代词who,whom,whose, that,which,as和关系副词when,where, why. 关系代词3个作用：1）连接作用2）替代作用3）在从句中充当成分：作主语/宾语/表语/定语。 如下图所示： 先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句 ↓ ↓ ↓ Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. 一．判断定语从句的关系代词的方法： 如果名词或代词后有一个句子，并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分，则该句子就是定语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断： 1.找准先行词（定语从句前的名词或代词）。 2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当什么成分。 3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的引导词。 二．关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 指代 在从句中的成分 that 人/物 主语/宾语/表语 which 物 主语/宾语/表语 who 人 主语/宾语/表语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人/物 定语 三．易混的关系代词辨析： （一）that 和 which 1.用that，不用which的情况 ①当先行词为不定代词：everything,anything,nothing, all, any, much, many, some, few, little, none等或当先行词被no, some, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。 To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。 Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗? He answered few questions that were asked by the reporters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。 ②当先行词被the only, the very, the same等词修饰时。 That’s the only thing that we can do now This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我找的钢笔。 ③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。 ④当先行词中同时包括人和物时。 I’m going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.我要谈论一下我访问的国家和人民。 ⑤当要避免与疑问词which重复时。  Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 那件体恤衫最适合我？ 2.用which，不用that的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中 Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是有趣的运动。 ②介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。 This is the room in which my father lived last year. = This is the room (that/ which) my father lived in last year. 这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。 四．关系代词易错点： 1.关系代词的省略 关系代词做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略，在非限制性定语从句中不省略。 Hangzhou is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want to visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略） 杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。 Hangzhou ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。 2.从句中代词的重复多余 定语从句中的引导词指代先行词,从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。 The book that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（×） The book that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√） 我昨天读的那本书很有趣。 3.what不引导定语从句 定语从句中有关系代词that和which而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。 All that we need is a supply of oil. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all) What we need is a supply of oil. (what引导主语从句) 我们需要的是石油供应。 4.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开） 在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用who/ whom，指代“物”，用which。 The basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted lots of attention. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。 He has become a doctor, which he wanted to be. 他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。 5.whose+n. = the+n +of which =of which+the+n. 名词之前必须有the。 I live in the room whose window/the window of which / of which the window faces south.我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。 6. 定语从句中的主谓一致: 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。 注意：当先行词为“one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (only/very)one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 He is a good student who likes to help others. 他是一个乐于助人的好学生。 They are good students who like to help others. 他们是乐于助人的好学生。 He is one of the students who were praised. 他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。 He is the one/ the only one of the students who was praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。 7.关系代词前有介词时 (介词提前) .指人只用whom, 指物只用which This is the boy with whom he talked. This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars. 用正确的关系代词填空 1.She never gives in to those ________ have money. 2.This is the best film ________ has been shown so far in the city. 3.February is the only month ________ has fewer than 30 days. 4.My son made notes of everything ________ he read. 5.Will you show me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang? 6.Please pass me the book _____is lying on the table. 7.My grandparents like stories ________ endings are happy. 8.Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist _____ is leading a search to develop “sea rice”. 9.The teacher _______I like best often encourages me to fight for my dream. 10.Children ______ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. 二．关系副词的用法 一．关系副词的基本用法 关系副词 在从句中的作用 例句 When (=at/in/ on+which) 时间状语 I shall never forget the day when we moved into our new house. （先行词the day还原到从句中为: we moved into our new house on the day , 作时间状语，用when 或 on which） 我永远不会忘记我们搬入新房子的那一天。 Where （=at/ in/on +which） 地点状语 This is the house where I lived two years ago. （先行词the house还原到从句中为: I lived in the house two years ago, 作地点状语，用where 或in which）这就是我两年前居住的房子。 Why (=for which ) 原因状语 There are many reasons why people like traveling. （先行词the reason还原到从句中为: people like traveling for the reasons, 作原因状语，用why 或for which） 人们喜欢旅游有很多原因。 二．关系副词和关系代词的正确使用 先行词在定语从句中充当状语，则用关系副词；主宾表，则用关系代词 I’ll never forget the day when I worked with you on the farm. (先行词the day还原到从句中为: I worked with you on the farm on the day, 作时间状语，用when或on which) 我永远不会忘记我们在农场一起工作的那一天。 He works in the factory where these bikes are made. (先行词the factory还原到从句中为: these bikes are made in the factory, 作地点状语, 用where或in which) 他在制造这些自行车的那个工厂工作。 This is the reason (that/ which )he explained to us. (先行词the reason还原到从句中为: he explained the reason to us, 作explained的宾语，用that/ which) 这就是他对我们解释的理由。 I don’t know the reason why he was so angry.( 先行词the reason还原到从句中为: he was so angry for the reason, 作原因状语， 用why或for which)我不知道他如此生气的原因。 5.”介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 A.若先行词指人，关系代词whom；若先行词指物，关系代词用 which。 I’ll never forget the day on which（=when） first met Lucy.我永远不会忘记初次见露西的那一天。 This is the town in which（=where）Shakespeare was born.这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。 I’d like you to explain the reason for which（=why） you were absent.我想让你解释一下你没来的原因。 B.关系代词前介词的选择。 将先行词还原到定语从句中，即可确定介词。 （1）I can’t remember the age at which he won the prize.我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age） （2）The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他们正在寻找的文件已经找到了。（search for） （3）The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的气体叫作氧气，没有了它我们无法生存。 C.介词可以后移，此时关系代词可以省略（省略时，介词必须后移） This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book which/that you asked for.这是你要的那本书。 注意 一些与动词搭配的介词可以提到关系代词之前构成“介词＋关系代词”结构，但有些含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开，如 look for, look after, call on, care for, hear of, take care of等。 · 我必须要照顾的最小的妹妹非常可爱。 【正】My youngest sister, whom have to look after, is very lovely. 【误】My youngest sister, after whom have to look, is very lovely. 用适当的关系副词或关系代词填空 1. I still remember the day______ I first came to Beijing. 2.This is the room ______ my grandparents lived last year. 3.Do you know the reason______ he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. 4.This is the hospital______ my mother works. 5.That is the reason ______ I did the job. 6. ______ we know, this is the day______ the quake happened thirty-five years ago. 7.He works in a factory______ makes this type of iPhone. 8.This is the hospital ______ we visited the day before yesterday. 9. Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world. 10.The way _____ our chemistry teacher did the experiment was very interesting. 阅读拓展 一 Every student knows the importance of taking notes in class. But the skill of note-taking isn’t only used in school. Adults need to take 1 in meetings or training sessions for work. So here are some tips to help you develop this key skill. Begin with the date and the topic of the class. This may seem clear, but it’s easy to forget. It will help you keep your notes 2 . Focus on the most important points. Trying to write down everything the speaker says will only frustrate(使沮丧) you. 3 , listen for the key ideas the person wants to communicate. If the speaker uses a PowerPoint you may not need to copy the slides(幻灯). Ask if the PowerPoint will be available afterward. If so, you can pay attention to 4 the things the speaker says. Or you can take a picture with a phone. Meanwhile, the PowerPoint or a document(文件) with notes may be available before the class or meeting. If so, print it out so you can write notes on it. Think about 5 you want to take notes by hand or with a computer. Writing notes by hand has been shown to help you remember things better. But with a 6 , notes are easier to organize. Perhaps it’s best to combine the two methods. Write notes by hand first, and then type them up as part of your review. Think about different note-taking methods. If you’re a new learner, 7 drawing a chart or picture. Another method is to write an outline 8 facts described as examples. 9 your notes again after taking them. This will give you the chance to add any information that you didn’t write down. It’s best to do this as soon as possible so that you don’t forget anything. This extra review will also increase your chances of 10 what you wrote. Note-taking is a practical skill, so it’s important to practice doing it well. 1．A．photos B．steps C．risks D．notes 2．A．organized B．creative C．important D．similar 3．A．Still B．Even C．Instead D．Otherwise 4．A．writing B．reading C．watching D．checking 5．A．when B．whether C．how D．where 6．A．video B．television C．radio D．computer 7．A．stop B．finish C．consider D．miss 8．A．for B．with C．in D．beyond 9．A．Look through B．Look for C．Look after D．Look around 10．A．improving B．encouraging C．remembering D．allowing 二 Do you like beautiful scenery(风景)? Then you will love New Zealand. It is in the 1 (east)part of the Pacific Ocean, across the sea from its nearest neighbour, Australia. New Zealand has three official(官方的)languages—English, Maori and New Zealand Sign Language. English is the most 2 (wide)used language in this country. Maori 3 (teach)in some schools. New Zealand has two main islands, the North Island and the South Island. Wellington, the capital city, and Auckland, the country’s 4 (large)city, 5 (lie)on the North Island. Auckland is known as the “City of Sails” because many people in the city own sailing boats. The South Island is famous for its high mountains and beautiful Milford Sound. There are many 6 (attraction)for visitors on the two islands. Have you 7 (hear)of Sky Tower? It’s a 328-metre-tall tower on the North Island. You can climb to the top of it and enjoy the natural landscape. Travel south to Rotorua. There are natural hot springs(温泉)here, which are perfect for bathing and 8 (relax). On the South Island, you can visit Queenstown and enjoy different kinds of adventure activities. Take a trip to Milford Sound 9 (see)its high waterfalls pouring down the mountains. The scenery in New Zealand is amazing! If you’re travel lovers, New Zealand can always meet your 10 (need)! $ 九年级2026年春寒假——专题二 非谓语动词 + 三大从句基础 【热身小练】 写出下列单词的过去式、过去分词 ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 begin__________ __________ break__________ __________ bring__________ __________ buy__________ __________ catch__________ __________ choose__________ __________ draw__________ __________ drink__________ __________ drive__________ __________ fall__________ __________ feel__________ __________ find__________ __________ fly__________ __________ hear__________ __________ keep__________ __________ 中考语法考点专讲③——非谓语动词 非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式，在句子中不能单独作谓语。 包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(-ing,-ed)三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。 一.动词不定式： 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“to do”构成。它的否定形式“not to do”。有时可以省略to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义。help sb.(to) do sth. make sb. do sth. 功能 例句 说明 主语 To speak English is not easy for us =It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。 表语 My work is to clean the room everyday. =To clean the room every day is my work. 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。 宾语 —What sports does he like to play? 他喜欢什么动？ —He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。 只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。 宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。 定语 Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗？ 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。 状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因） I went to the library to study English.（表目的） 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。 1. 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末 其结构为：It+be+adj.（+ for/ of sb.）+动词不定式 如：To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well. It’s important for us to protect the environment. 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如： It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。 It's very clever of you to do like that. 你那样做真是太聪明啦。 2.不定式作宾语。 1)及物动词+不定式一般形式： 谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语) [说 明] want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) + to (do) (无) help(帮助) to可以省略 begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 [比较] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关) forget to do忘记要做某事 He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) forget doing 忘记做过某事 Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话) 2)在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。 如：I found to learn to ride a bike not very easy . =I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易) 3) 常见的一些不带to的动词不定式 Why not do...=Why don't you do..., had better（not）do..., would rather do, could/would/will you please（not）do... I would rather stay in the room.我宁愿待在房间里。 3.不定式作宾语补足语。 谓 语 动 词(vt.) + 宾语 (人 / 物) +不定式 (作宾语补足语) ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) +sb. / sth. +to (do) make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb. / sth. + (do) 如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭) I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母) The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时) Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) [注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较： I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况) I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程) 注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有： 一感（feel）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let, make, have）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）。 但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如： My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。 4. 不定式作定语。 不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。 [A] 记住下面的一些结构： 被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语) 汉 语 意 思 a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子 give her a book to read 给她一本书读 Is there any (+名词/代词) to (do)? 有…要(做的)吗? It’s time to go. 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。 Do you have any work to do? 你有工作要做吗? I’d like something to eat. 我要点儿吃的。 I have nothing to say. 我没有话要说。 Would you like something to drink? 你要点儿喝的吗？ 5.不定式作状语 [A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。 如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的) I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的) [B] 放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。 如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩) I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿) [C] 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。 如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的) [注意] stop to do 与stop doing的不同。 如：They stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语) They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容) 不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉学生们做什么。 He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。 【即学即练】根据提示完成句子 ①I hope 　 　(find)a good job in a foreign company after I graduate from school.  ②He found it hard 　 　(catch up with)his classmates.  ③Father asks me 　 　(not play)computer games before finishing my homework.  ④All the children like Mr.White very much because he often makes them 　 　(laugh).  ⑤Let him 　 　(have)a rest.I think he must be tired after the long walk.  ⑥We have two rooms 　 　(live)in,but I can’t decide which one 　 　(choose).  答案：to find、to catch up with、not to play、laugh、have、to live、to choose 二、动名词 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。 动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。 功能 例句 说明 主语 Eating too much is bad for your health. 谓语动词用单数形式。 动词宾语 介词宾语 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球。 Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是被用来寄信的。 表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。 表语 His hobby is collecting stamps. =Collecting stamps is his hobby. 多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语。 定语 She is in the reading room.她在阅览室。 We should improve our teaching methods. 只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。 2.动名词可以作宾语。 1）want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。 如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修) My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理) 2）remember / forget / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。 如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了) 注意：英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有：finish, mind, be worth, be busy, practice,have fun, have trouble/problem（in）, spend...（in）, feel like, be used to（习惯于）, give up, keep on, consider, suggest, can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。 完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy） 继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up） 考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can't help, feel like） 喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind） 3. 动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。 如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) 4.动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如： Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补) 三、分词： 1.包含现在分词（-ing）和过去分词(-ed)。 主要区别：现在分词一般有主动或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动作已经完 成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 2.分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。 1）作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly.(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊！) Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人) He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气) 2）现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语) 谓语动词(vt.) 宾语 宾语补足语 keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到) sb./sth. (do)ing 如：Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作) When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子) In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动) 3)现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。 如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸) I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试) 4)过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。 常用过去分词作表语的结构有：be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in (对…感兴趣)等等。 5） 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意：have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆) 动词用法辨析： take、spend、pay、cost的用法： spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型：sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth. She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说) take的主语通常是事情,句型：It + (take)+sb.+时间+to do…sth.。 This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job.(做这件事情要花我两天的时间) cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. How much does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱？) pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型：sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物. I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元从他那儿买了书) 根据句子意思和时态，用spend, take, cost和pay 的正确形式来填空。 1. I ________ two hours on this math problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。 2. The car ________ him around ten thousand US dollars. 这车花去他一万美元左右。 3. They _______________two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。 4. I _______ a lot of money for the new computer. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。 5. It _________ them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 答案：spend，costs，spend，pay，takes 一、单项选择 1.During our holidays, we should avoid 　　　up at night and oversleeping in the morning.  A.stay　　　 B.to stay C.stayed　　　 D.staying 2.I would be interested to see the pandas in the Wolong Panda Reserve, because it allows people 　　　closer to them.   A.get　　　 B.to get C.getting　　　 D.got 3.　　　 the online shopping, my grandma bought a smart phone.  A.Enjoyed　　　 B.Enjoying C.Enjoy　　　 D.To enjoy 4.I was deeply moved by the film Hi, Mom. I think it's well worth 　　　.  A.to watch　　　 B.watch　　　 C.watching 5.The doctors and nurses managed 　　　the lives of patients, though they didn't have enough medicine.  A.save　　　 B.saving C.to save　　　 D.to saving 6.Frank and his friends had great fun 　　　volleyball on the beach yesterday.  A.play　　　 B.playing　　　 C.to play 答案：DBDCCB 二、语法选择 Many of us have feelings of loneliness as we grow up. As a teenager, just 　1　 alone in the cafeteria can be unbearable, and girls even go to the restroom hand in hand. They fear 　2　 a “loner”. In these cases, we might use the word “loner” in a disapproving way. However, it can actually have a positive meaning as well.  It all depends on our attitudes towards being alone. If we see 　3　 alone as something negative, we will resist (抵制) it. But if we understand that it's an everyday part of life, we'll be able 　4　 it.  In some countries, more young people are choosing 　5　 loners. In South Korea, “honjok” has become a popular lifestyle. The term comes from “hon” (alone) and “jok” (tribe). These people eat alone, travel alone, and enjoy 　6　 alone.  “I hope it grows into a self-supporting culture of happiness,” said Jang Jae Young, a South Korean who runs a website about this solo lifestyle 　7　 honjok.me.  In Japan, people have developed a strong “loner culture” and even a “loner economy”. There are many solo karaoke bars and solo cafes. Even some restaurants are specially designed for solo diners. Clapboards (隔板) separate each seat. They fill out a form 　8　 an order, and then press a button to call the waiter. So they don't have to see the faces of other customers or waiters.  People are becoming more experienced in and comfortable about 　9　 solitude (独处). This doesn't mean we should totally shut ourselves from the outside world, of course. But it doesn't hurt 　10　 some “me time” once in a while.  1.A.eat　　　 B.to eat　　　 C.eating　　　 D.eaten 2.A.be called　　　 B.to be called C.be calling　　　 D.being called 3.A.is　　　 B.are　　　 C.be　　　 D.being 4.A.hug　　　 B.to hug　　　 C.hugging　　　 D.hugged 5.A.to be　　　 B.be　　　 C.being　　　 D.been 6.A.be　　　 B.to be　　　 C.being　　　 D.been 7.A.call　　　 B.to call　　　 C.calling　　　 D.called 8.A.place　　　 B.to place　　　 C.placing　　　 D.placed 9.A.embrace　　　 B.to embrace　　　 C.embracing　　　 D.embraced 10.A.have　　　 B.to have　　　 C.having　　　 D.had 答案：CDDBA CDBCB 三、语法填空 Most people today are only worried about 　1　(get)good jobs to make lots of money. In their free time, they think about what 　2　(do) for fun. However, few people think about what they can do　3　(help) others.   There are many people who are less lucky than us. 　4　(volunteer) our time to help these people is a good way to spend our free time. For example, we can make plans to visit sick children in the hospital or raise money for homeless people. Some people even stop　5　(do) their jobs for a few months to move to another place, like one of the countries in Africa, and help people there.   1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　  答案：1.getting　2.to do　3.to help　4.Volunteering　5.doing 中考语法考点专讲④——宾语从句 在复合句中，宾语从句是充当主句宾语的从句，通常放在及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后。 一、宾语从句的引导词 宾语从句的引导词需根据从句的性质来选择，主要分为三类： 1. 陈述句作宾语从句 引导词用 that，that 无实际意义，在口语或非正式文体中可省略。 - He says (that) he will finish the work tomorrow. - I know (that) she is a good student. 2. 一般疑问句作宾语从句 引导词用 if/whether，含义为“是否”，不可省略。二者多数情况可互换，但 whether 能与 or not 连用，if 不能。 - She asks if/whether we will go to the park. - I don’t know whether he will come or not. 3. 特殊疑问句作宾语从句 引导词用对应的特殊疑问词，如 what, who, where, when, why, how 等，不可省略。 - Do you know where he lives? - He asked me how I solved the problem. 二、宾语从句的语序 所有宾语从句都必须使用陈述句语序，即“主语 + 谓语”的结构，不能用疑问句语序。 错误：He asked me what was I doing. 正确：He asked me what I was doing. 错误：I don’t know where does she go. 正确：I don’t know where she goes. 三、宾语从句的时态 宾语从句的时态需和主句的时态保持呼应，具体规则如下： 1. 主句为一般现在时/一般将来时，从句可根据实际情况使用任意时态。 - He says that he has seen the movie. - I will ask her where she went yesterday. 2. 主句为一般过去时，从句需使用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时等。 - She said that she was reading a book at that time. - He told me that he had finished his homework. 3. 从句表述客观真理、科学事实、名言警句时，时态不受主句影响，始终用一般现在时。 - The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. - He said that practice makes perfect. 四、宾语从句的否定转移 当主句主语为第一人称，谓语动词为 think, believe, suppose, expect 等时，从句的否定词需转移到主句上，构成“否定主句，肯定从句”的结构。 - I don’t think he will come. （不能说：I think he won’t come.） - We don’t believe that the story is true. 五、巩固练习题 （一）单项选择 1. — Do you know ______ the meeting will start? — At 9:00 tomorrow morning. A. when B. where C. that 2. She asked me if I ______ to Beijing the next week. A. will go B. went C. would go 3. I don’t know ______ he will come or not. A. if B. whether C. that 答案1. A 2. C 3. B 中考语法考点专讲⑤——状语从句 在复合句中作状语的从句叫状语从句。 状语从句有 时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、地点和方式等种类。 一、时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连接词有: when, as, while, after, before, since, ever since, as soon as, once, till, until, whenever, every time, each time, any time, the first time, next time, last time, all the time, by the time等。 ( 第一次见到你 一见到你 直到见到你 五岁时见到你 ) ( 表示时间 —— 时间状语从句 ) ( 我就喜欢上了你 。 ) 1.表示“一···就···”的句型 1) as soon as/once As soon as he arrives, I'll call you.他一到，我就给你打电话。【主将从现】 （as soon as 侧重时间或动作先后衔接紧，而once侧重条件，表示“一旦...”） As soon as I saw you, I liked you.=I liked you as soon as I saw you .一见到你,我就喜欢上了你。 2）the moment, the instant, the minute, the second,the first time The moment I saw him, I recognized him.我一看见他，就认出了他。 We'll leave the minute you are ready.你一准备好，我们就出发。 The first time I saw you, I liked you.第一次见到你，我就喜欢上了你。 2. when, while, as引导时间状语从句 1) when的用法 when既可指时间点，也可指时间段（即：从句动词可以是短暂的也可是延续的）；主从句动作可同时也可先后发生。 I was thin when I was a child. 当我是个孩子的时候,我很瘦。 It was raining when I arrived.我到达时，天正在下雨。 When I saw you at my age of five, I liked you.五岁时见到你,就喜欢上了你。 He does miss you when you are not here.你不在的时候他非常想念你。 2）while用法 while只能指一段时间，从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。强调某一段时间内发生主句动作，相当于during the time that.... My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.当我在做作业时，妈妈在做饭。 I am safe while I am here.我在这儿的时候，我很安全。 注意 while除引导时间状语从句外，还引导对比句，作“然而”讲；并可在句首引出让步状语从句作“虽然···但”讲。 I like watching TV, while he likes reading.我喜欢看电视，而他喜欢读书。 While he has his own car, he often uses mine.尽管他自己有车，他却常用我的。 3) as的用法 ① as引导时间状语从句时常可和when换用，但较强调同时发生，多指短暂动作。 As I left the house, I forgot the key.我离家时，忘了带钥匙。 ② as还可说明两种正在发展或变化的情况，“随着...”的意思，表时间的推移。如： As I get older, I get more optimistic.随着年龄的增长，我变得更加乐观。 3. until和till 1)“延续性动词肯定式+until”表示“动作延续到…为止，”译为“直到…为止”，如： I waited for him until he came back. 我一直等到他回来。 2)“终止性动词的否定式+ until”表示“直到···才”。 He didn't go to bed until he had finished his work. 直到完成工作他才睡觉。 Donald will remain in college until/till he finished his PhD course.= Donald won’t leave college until he finished his PhD course. I didn’t like you until I saw you. 直到见到你，我就喜欢上你。 3)用于强调句式“It is not until ...that ...” It was not until the professor came that we began the experiment.在教授到来之后，我们才开始实验。 4) not until放在句首时，主句倒装。 Not until he graduated did he succeed in obtaining this compound. 直到他毕业他才成功获得这种化合物。 注意 句首和强调句中要用until，而不用till；not...until...句型中不用till。 二、条件状语从句【主将从现】 1．由if, unless（if...not）, so/as long as,in case（如果）, on condition that（条件是...） 如果我有时间，我就告诉你。 I will tell you if I have time. I won't tell you unless I have time. I will tell you as long as I have time . I will tell you on condition that I have time. 2.条件状语从句中一般要用一般现在时态表将来。【主将从现】 I will go if you go. 三、原因状语从句 原因状语从句由because, as , since, now (that)（既然）,considering that（考虑到）For the reason that 由于…原因，due to the fact that 由于…事实等引导。 1. because用来回答why提出的问题，表直接的因果关系，用于告知对方不知道的原因，语气最强，可用于强调句。 他没参加会议，因为他病了。 He didn't attend the meeting because he was ill. =He didn’t attend the meeting for the reason that he was ill. = The reason why he didn’t attend the meeting is that he was ill. It was because he was ill that he didn't go with us. 因为他有病，他没有和我们一起去。 这是为了我的一个承诺 I'm here because I made a promise. 注意 because和because of的区别：because是连词，引导从句，because of是短语介词，后接名词性词语，如： The football match was put off because it rained. The football match was put off because of the rain.因为下雨，足球赛延期了。 2. for也可以表示原因，属并列连词，不是说明直接原因，而是对某种情况加以推断，表示补充说明理由。而推断的理由会因人而异。语气很弱，它引出的分句必须放在另一分句后。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 并列连词：and,but,so,for,or... 主从连词：because... 四、让步状语从句 由though, although, even if/though , no matter wh-, wh-ever词，whether...or（不管...都），when, while等引导。 1. though, although这两个连词用法基本一样，只是前者口语化，后者较正式，常位于句首，都不与连用，但可以和yet，still，nevertheless连用。though还可作副词单独放在句尾，表示“然而”的意思。 他很累，但是他依然坚持努力工作。 He is tired, but he still keeps on working hard. =Although/though he is tired, he (still) keeps on working hard. Though /Although he was worn out, he kept on working. 2. even if（尽管；即使）, even though（尽管） 这两个复合连词意义基本相同，常用以强调让步概念，有退一步想的意思（有时用于虚拟）。表“即使”时有假设含义，一般用even if。 We'll make trip even if(though) the weather is bad. Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.（虚拟） 3.“no matter + wh-”引导让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句时“疑问句-ever”相当于“no matter +疑问词”，此时： no matter who = whoever 无论是谁 no matter what = whatever no matter which = whichever no matter where = wherever no matter how = however No matter what happened, he would not mind. It's a nice room no matter whom (whoever) it belongs to. 4.while引导让步状语从句时置于主句前，与though同，但though从句可到装，while从句不可倒装。 五、目的状语从句 由so that（以便）， in order that（为了）=for the purpose that，引导，谓语常含may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词。 They set out early so that they might arrive at the station in good time. I'll speak slowly so that you can hear me. 为了你可以听见。 ★当从句与主句主语一致时，可用to do, so as to do, in order to do结构换用。 He worked day and night in order that he could succeed. =He worked day and night in order to succeed. 六、结果状语从句 1.常用的连词有so that，so ... that, too...to...,such...that, that（带古英语痕迹）。 （结果状语从句中一般无情态动词） He had overslept so that he was late for work. ( How+adj. How beautiful the girl is! What+n. What a beautiful girl she is! ) My pen fell under my desk that I couldn't see it. 2. so/such ...that所用句式 ①so + adj（adv) + that从句 The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. ②so+adj +a/an+单名+ that从句＝such a/an+adj.+单名+that从句 She is so beautiful a girl that all the boys of our class like her. =She is such a beautiful girl that all the boys of our class like her. 一、将下列句子改为同义句 1.Mr.Jiang bought a robot so as to have more free time. Mr.Jiang bought a robot 　 　 have more free time.  2.The match was so exciting that the audience clapped. It was 　 　 that the audience clapped.  3.You will be late for school if you don’t hurry. You will be late for school　 　you hurry.  4.It is thirty years since Mr.Green left his hometown. Mr.Green 　 　 his hometown for thirty years.  5.Cycling is not as interesting as diving. Cycling is 　 　 interesting　 　diving.  答案：so that he could、such an exciting match、unless、has been away from、less、than 二、填空题 1.—Have you ever been to the Summer Palace? —Yes. I have visited it many times 　　　 2009.  2.Students can ask for help 　　　(无论何时)they need it at school.  3.When I knew there was going to be a free meal of hotpot to welcome the new students, I was so excited 　　　 I went to the canteen quickly.  4.Our world will get better and better 　　　 each of us lives a greener life.  5.I am really proud of my group　　　we’re always discussing and sharing study secrets together. How important the group work is!  6.　　　 the dinner was all over,everyone helped wash the dishes.  7.　　　 Mike didn’t win the race,he was still wearing a smile on his face.  【答案】since、whenever、that、if、because、When、Although 三、单项选择 1.He could find the way home 　　　 he was only three years old.  A.though B.because C.where D.if 2.Bob, dinner is ready. Please wash your hands　　　you eat.  A.until B.after C.while D.before 3.It’s not always safe to pay over the Internet, 　　　 you should be careful.  A.so B.after C.because D.as soon as 4.The actor was happy he got a part in a movie, 　　　the part was a small one.  A.since B.while C.though D.unless 5.A stupid man tells a woman to shut up,while a wise man tells her that her mouth is quite beautiful　　　it is closed.  A.unless B.since C.when D.though 6.My family always go somewhere interesting　　　the holiday begins.  A.as soon as B.so C.so that D.even though 7.To make your DIY work perfect, you’d better not start 　　　 you get all the tools ready.  A.when B.while C.before D.after 8.There will be less pollution　　　 more people use public transportation.  A.but B.though C.unless D.if 9.We had to wait half an hour　　　 we had already booked a table.  A.or B.once C.although D.as 10.—Mike,what were your parents doing at 8:00 last night? —My mother was reading　　　 my father was playing computer games.  A.while B.when C.unless D.as long as 11.Our business won’t improve 　　　 we offer better services to our customers.  A.because B.unless C.after D.since 12.Little Jack has learned to do lots of things on his own,　　　he is only four years old.  A.if B.though C.for D.since 13.You can surf the Internet　　　you want to know about the 2020 World Middle School Games.  A.until B.after C.if 14.　　　 it is often cold in the mountains, you need to wear warm clothes.  A.Though B.Unless C.As D.Until 15.—I wonder if our foreign teacher Mr. White 　　　 to his hometown next Tuesday.  —I’m not sure. But if he returns to his hometown, I 　　　 him off.  A.returns,see B.will return,see C.will return,will see 16.I am really proud of my group　　　we’re always discussing and sharing study secrets together. How important the group work is!  A.because B.though C.unless 17.Julie didn’t leave her office　　　the police arrived.  A.however B.whenever C.while D.until 18.We had to wait half an hour　　　we had already booked a table.  A.or B.once C.although D.as 19.—Does your school hold the raising of the national flag every Monday morning? —Yes,　　　it rains heavily.  A.if B.since C.because D.unless 答案：ADACC ACDCA BBCCC ADCD 中考语法考点专讲⑥——定语从句 一．关系代词的用法 在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词, 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词有两种: 关系代词who,whom,whose, that,which,as和关系副词when,where, why. 关系代词3个作用：1）连接作用2）替代作用3）在从句中充当成分：作主语/宾语/表语/定语。 如下图所示： 先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句 ↓ ↓ ↓ Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. 一．判断定语从句的关系代词的方法： 如果名词或代词后有一个句子，并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分，则该句子就是定语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断： 1.找准先行词（定语从句前的名词或代词）。 2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当什么成分。 3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的引导词。 二．关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 指代 在从句中的成分 that 人/物 主语/宾语/表语 which 物 主语/宾语/表语 who 人 主语/宾语/表语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人/物 定语 三．易混的关系代词辨析： （一）that 和 which 1.用that，不用which的情况 ①当先行词为不定代词：everything,anything,nothing, all, any, much, many, some, few, little, none等或当先行词被no, some, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。 To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。 Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗? He answered few questions that were asked by the reporters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。 ②当先行词被the only, the very, the same等词修饰时。 That’s the only thing that we can do now This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我找的钢笔。 ③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。 The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。 ④当先行词中同时包括人和物时。 I’m going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.我要谈论一下我访问的国家和人民。 ⑤当要避免与疑问词which重复时。  Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 那件体恤衫最适合我？ 2.用which，不用that的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中 Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是有趣的运动。 ②介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。 This is the room in which my father lived last year. = This is the room (that/ which) my father lived in last year. 这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。 四．关系代词易错点： 1.关系代词的省略 关系代词做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略，在非限制性定语从句中不省略。 Hangzhou is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want to visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略） 杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。 Hangzhou ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。 2.从句中代词的重复多余 定语从句中的引导词指代先行词,从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。 The book that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（×） The book that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√） 我昨天读的那本书很有趣。 3.what不引导定语从句 定语从句中有关系代词that和which而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。 All that we need is a supply of oil. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all) What we need is a supply of oil. (what引导主语从句) 我们需要的是石油供应。 4.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开） 在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用who/ whom，指代“物”，用which。 The basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted lots of attention. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。 He has become a doctor, which he wanted to be. 他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。 5.whose+n. = the+n +of which =of which+the+n. 名词之前必须有the。 I live in the room whose window/the window of which / of which the window faces south.我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。 6. 定语从句中的主谓一致: 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。 注意：当先行词为“one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (only/very)one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 He is a good student who likes to help others. 他是一个乐于助人的好学生。 They are good students who like to help others. 他们是乐于助人的好学生。 He is one of the students who were praised. 他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。 He is the one/ the only one of the students who was praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。 7.关系代词前有介词时 (介词提前) .指人只用whom, 指物只用which This is the boy with whom he talked. This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars. 用正确的关系代词填空 1.She never gives in to those ________ have money. 2.This is the best film ________ has been shown so far in the city. 3.February is the only month ________ has fewer than 30 days. 4.My son made notes of everything ________ he read. 5.Will you show me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang? 6.Please pass me the book _____is lying on the table. 7.My grandparents like stories ________ endings are happy. 8.Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist _____ is leading a search to develop “sea rice”. 9.The teacher _______I like best often encourages me to fight for my dream. 10.Children ______ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. 答案：1.who 2.that 3.that 4.that 5.whose 6. which/that 7. Whose 8. who/that 9. who/whom/that 19. whose 二．关系副词的用法 一．关系副词的基本用法 关系副词 在从句中的作用 例句 When (=at/in/ on+which) 时间状语 I shall never forget the day when we moved into our new house. （先行词the day还原到从句中为: we moved into our new house on the day , 作时间状语，用when 或 on which） 我永远不会忘记我们搬入新房子的那一天。 Where （=at/ in/on +which） 地点状语 This is the house where I lived two years ago. （先行词the house还原到从句中为: I lived in the house two years ago, 作地点状语，用where 或in which）这就是我两年前居住的房子。 Why (=for which ) 原因状语 There are many reasons why people like traveling. （先行词the reason还原到从句中为: people like traveling for the reasons, 作原因状语，用why 或for which） 人们喜欢旅游有很多原因。 二．关系副词和关系代词的正确使用 先行词在定语从句中充当状语，则用关系副词；主宾表，则用关系代词 I’ll never forget the day when I worked with you on the farm. (先行词the day还原到从句中为: I worked with you on the farm on the day, 作时间状语，用when或on which) 我永远不会忘记我们在农场一起工作的那一天。 He works in the factory where these bikes are made. (先行词the factory还原到从句中为: these bikes are made in the factory, 作地点状语, 用where或in which) 他在制造这些自行车的那个工厂工作。 This is the reason (that/ which )he explained to us. (先行词the reason还原到从句中为: he explained the reason to us, 作explained的宾语，用that/ which) 这就是他对我们解释的理由。 I don’t know the reason why he was so angry.( 先行词the reason还原到从句中为: he was so angry for the reason, 作原因状语， 用why或for which)我不知道他如此生气的原因。 5.”介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 A.若先行词指人，关系代词whom；若先行词指物，关系代词用 which。 I’ll never forget the day on which（=when） first met Lucy.我永远不会忘记初次见露西的那一天。 This is the town in which（=where）Shakespeare was born.这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。 I’d like you to explain the reason for which（=why） you were absent.我想让你解释一下你没来的原因。 B.关系代词前介词的选择。 将先行词还原到定语从句中，即可确定介词。 （1）I can’t remember the age at which he won the prize.我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age） （2）The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他们正在寻找的文件已经找到了。（search for） （3）The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的气体叫作氧气，没有了它我们无法生存。 C.介词可以后移，此时关系代词可以省略（省略时，介词必须后移） This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book which/that you asked for.这是你要的那本书。 注意 一些与动词搭配的介词可以提到关系代词之前构成“介词＋关系代词”结构，但有些含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开，如 look for, look after, call on, care for, hear of, take care of等。 · 我必须要照顾的最小的妹妹非常可爱。 【正】My youngest sister, whom have to look after, is very lovely. 【误】My youngest sister, after whom have to look, is very lovely. 用适当的关系副词或关系代词填空 1. I still remember the day______ I first came to Beijing. 2.This is the room ______ my grandparents lived last year. 3.Do you know the reason______ he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. 4.This is the hospital______ my mother works. 5.That is the reason ______ I did the job. 6. ______ we know, this is the day______ the quake happened thirty-five years ago. 7.He works in a factory______ makes this type of iPhone. 8.This is the hospital ______ we visited the day before yesterday. 9. Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world. 10.The way _____ our chemistry teacher did the experiment was very interesting. 答案1. when/ on which 2 where /in which 3. why/for which 4. where /in which 5. why/ for which 6. As ; when/ on which 7. that /which 8. that /which 9. that /which 10. that /in which 阅读拓展 一 Every student knows the importance of taking notes in class. But the skill of note-taking isn’t only used in school. Adults need to take 1 in meetings or training sessions for work. So here are some tips to help you develop this key skill. Begin with the date and the topic of the class. This may seem clear, but it’s easy to forget. It will help you keep your notes 2 . Focus on the most important points. Trying to write down everything the speaker says will only frustrate(使沮丧) you. 3 , listen for the key ideas the person wants to communicate. If the speaker uses a PowerPoint you may not need to copy the slides(幻灯). Ask if the PowerPoint will be available afterward. If so, you can pay attention to 4 the things the speaker says. Or you can take a picture with a phone. Meanwhile, the PowerPoint or a document(文件) with notes may be available before the class or meeting. If so, print it out so you can write notes on it. Think about 5 you want to take notes by hand or with a computer. Writing notes by hand has been shown to help you remember things better. But with a 6 , notes are easier to organize. Perhaps it’s best to combine the two methods. Write notes by hand first, and then type them up as part of your review. Think about different note-taking methods. If you’re a new learner, 7 drawing a chart or picture. Another method is to write an outline 8 facts described as examples. 9 your notes again after taking them. This will give you the chance to add any information that you didn’t write down. It’s best to do this as soon as possible so that you don’t forget anything. This extra review will also increase your chances of 10 what you wrote. Note-taking is a practical skill, so it’s important to practice doing it well. 1．A．photos B．steps C．risks D．notes 2．A．organized B．creative C．important D．similar 3．A．Still B．Even C．Instead D．Otherwise 4．A．writing B．reading C．watching D．checking 5．A．when B．whether C．how D．where 6．A．video B．television C．radio D．computer 7．A．stop B．finish C．consider D．miss 8．A．for B．with C．in D．beyond 9．A．Look through B．Look for C．Look after D．Look around 10．A．improving B．encouraging C．remembering D．allowing 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．B 9．A 10．C 二 Do you like beautiful scenery(风景)? Then you will love New Zealand. It is in the 1 (east)part of the Pacific Ocean, across the sea from its nearest neighbour, Australia. New Zealand has three official(官方的)languages—English, Maori and New Zealand Sign Language. English is the most 2 (wide)used language in this country. Maori 3 (teach)in some schools. New Zealand has two main islands, the North Island and the South Island. Wellington, the capital city, and Auckland, the country’s 4 (large)city, 5 (lie)on the North Island. Auckland is known as the “City of Sails” because many people in the city own sailing boats. The South Island is famous for its high mountains and beautiful Milford Sound. There are many 6 (attraction)for visitors on the two islands. Have you 7 (hear)of Sky Tower? It’s a 328-metre-tall tower on the North Island. You can climb to the top of it and enjoy the natural landscape. Travel south to Rotorua. There are natural hot springs(温泉)here, which are perfect for bathing and 8 (relax). On the South Island, you can visit Queenstown and enjoy different kinds of adventure activities. Take a trip to Milford Sound 9 (see)its high waterfalls pouring down the mountains. The scenery in New Zealand is amazing! If you’re travel lovers, New Zealand can always meet your 10 (need)! 【答案】1．eastern 2．widely 3．is taught 4．largest 5．lie 6．attractions 7．heard 8．relaxing 9．to see 10．needs $