精品解析：上海市杨浦区控江中学2025-2026学年第一学期高一年级英语期末考试卷

上海市控江中学2025学年第一学期高一年级英语期末考试卷 （满分150分） I. Listening Comprehension（25分） Section A Short Conversations Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. Five euros. B. Six euros. C. Eight euros. D. Ten euros. 2. A. Athlete. B. Doctor. C. Nurse. D. Activist. 3. A. He is careful. B. He is nervous. C. He is humorous. D. He is brave. 4. A. Effective ways to give up smoking. B. The harmful effects of second-hand smoke. C. How to improve physical health. D. How to avoid psychological harm. 5. A. Open the door carefully. B. Ask Tom to fix the lock. C. Fix the door by herself. D. Learn to be an expert. 6. A. Boss and secretary. B. Teacher and student. C. Husband and wife. D. Chef and customer. 7. A. Unbelievable. B. Sad. C. Disappointed. D. Anxious. 8. A. Do her homework. B. Watch a movie. C. Have a piano class. D. Babysit for her neighbors. 9. A. scientist. B. A translator. C. An economist. D. A writer. 10. A. The woman bought a wrong type of car. B. The self-driving system is to blame for the accident. C. The woman must have been driving at a fast speed. D. The woman made a wrong judgment when driving. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear several longer conversation(s) and short passage(s), and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation(s) and the passage(s). The conversation(s) and passage(s) will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. Technology and design. B. Cultural difference. C. Academic topics. D. Silicon Valley. 12. A. Ted has a history of more than 30 years. B. Ted is good at spreading ideas in the form of storytelling. C. Ted has made a lot of money so far and helped a lot of people. D. Audience members are selected using an audience submission chart. 13. A. The reasons for TED’s popularity. B. The selection of TED’s audience. C. The timeline of TED’s evolution. D. The quality of TED’s speakers. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. She wanted to make more friends online. B. She was tired of surfing the internet regularly. C. She wanted to create an interesting website for teenagers. D. She was interested in doing business and wished to own a company. 15. A. Eight. B. Thirteen. C. Sixteen. D. Nineteen. 16. A. Crazy and depressing. B. Crazy but relaxing. C. Stressful and frustrating. D. Stressful but exciting. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. Professor Raymond. B. An online advertisement. C. A theater notice. D. Some dance performers. 18. A. Observing art performances. B. Classroom discussions. C. Writing seminar papers. D. Scientific experiments. 19. A. The summer program can cater to 16 students at most. B. Program applicants must attend preparatory meetings first. C. Extra videos are required to prove applicants’ potential. D. The summer program will continue for two weeks. 20. A. The end of March. B. Early May. C. The end of May. D. Early July. II. Grammar（30分） Section A. Fill in the blanks 1. The party the students had been looking forward to _________ yesterday evening at last. A. was held B. was to hold C. being held D. be held 2. Michael Jackson gained popularity at a time when MTV was establishing _________ as a creative force. A. himself B. it C. his D. itself 3. A child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than _________ who lives in rich and varied surroundings. A. that B. one C. other D. either 4. The American approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many people because there is less emphasis on learning facts _________ is true in the systems of many other countries. A. than B. that C. which D. what 5. Mr. Green is reported ________ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem in the past. A. to do B. to have been done C. to be doing D. to have done 6. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ________ clear warnings before firing any shots. A. to issue B. being issued C. to have been issued D. to be issued 7. _______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. After being exposed D. Being exposed 8. The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 9. in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 10. — I must apologize for _____ ahead of time. — That’s all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know Section B Directions: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Antonine Plague (瘟疫) The year was 166 C.E., and the Roman Empire was in its prime (鼎盛时期). The successful Roman troops, under the command of Emperor Lucius Verrus, returned to Rome after defeating their Parthian enemies. As they marched west toward Rome, they carried with them more than the spoils of Parthian temples; they also carried an epidemic that ___11___ (ruin) the Roman Empire over the course of the next two decades. The Antonine Plague, ___12___ was known later, would reach every corner of the empire and is what claimed the life (夺取生命) of Lucius Verrus himself in 169- and possibly ___13___ of his co-emperor Marcus Aurelius in 180. The effect of the epidemic on Rome’s armies was obviously destructive. Closeness to sick fellow soldiers and bad living conditions made it possible for the outbreak to spread rapidly throughout the troops, such as those who were based along the northern frontier at Aquileia. Troops elsewhere in the empire ___14___ (strike) in the same way. To reverse their ___15___ (shrink) soldiers, they sent the sons of soldiers to troops. Army discharge certificates (退伍证书) from the Balkan region suggest that there was an obvious decrease in the number of soldiers who were allowed ___16___ (retire) from military service during the period of the plague. The effect on the civilian population was evidently by no means less severe. In his letter to Athens in 174, Marcus Aurelius loosened the requirements for membership to the ruling council of Athens, ___17___ there were now too few ___18___ (survive) upper-class Athenians who met the requirements he ___19___ (introduce) before the outbreak. It has been estimated that the death rate over the 23-year period of the Antonine Plague was 7—10 percent of the population. Besides the practical consequences of the outbreak, the psychological impact on the populations could not be ignored. It is easy to imagine the sense of fear and helplessness ____20____ ancient Romans must have felt in the face of such a ruthless, painful, disfiguring and frequently fatal disease. III. Vocabulary（20分） Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. push B. skip C. impress D. conflicts E. biologically F. survive G. blame H. socially I. functionally J. identity K. criticism Teenage rebellion (叛逆) often puzzles parents, who may ___21___on their kids’ bad attitudes. But this behavior isn’t meaningless-it’s a key part of growing up with clear underlying causes. ___22___, teens’ brains are still developing. Their prefrontal cortex, which controls decision-making, is immature, while the emotional part works overtime. This makes them likely to act impulsively and ignore risks. They ___23___against family rules not to be different, but to seek independence, a vital step toward adulthood ___24___, peer approval matters greatly to them. They may attempt risky things or break rules to ___25___friends and fit in. For example, some teens might ___26___study sessions to join group activities, just to gain a sense of belonging. To a large extent, this desire for social acceptance drives many rebellious acts. Another secret is their search for ___27___. Teens use unique clothing, hobbies or even defiance to figure out who they are. When parents try to fix every choice for them, it makes teens feel controlled. Ambitious teens especially hate being controlled, as they want to make their own decisions. The key point for parents is to avoid harsh ___28___. Instead, set reasonable boundaries. Rebellion helps teens learn to ___29___ challenges and build problem-solving skills. With empathy, parents can turn____30____into opportunities for closer bonds. Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. climate B. session C. headed D stir E. application F. credited G. abnormal H. struggle I. feverish J. assume K. ignored To Be a Genius, Think Like a 94-Year-Old In 1964, a 23-year-old Army veteran named John Goodenough____31____to the University of Chicago with a dream of studying physics. When he arrived, a professor warned him that he was already too old to succeed in the field. Recently, Dr. Goodenough recounted that story for me and then laughed. He ____32____the professor’s advice and today, at 94, has just set the tech industry abuzz (议论纷纷) with his amazing creativity. He and his team filed a patent (专利) ____33____on a new kind of battery that, if it works as promised, would be so cheap, lightweight and safe that it would revolutionize electric cars and kill off petroleum-fueled vehicles. His announcement has caused a ____34____in part, because Dr. Goodenough has done it before. In 1980, at age 57, he co-invented the lithium-ion (锂离子电池) that shrank power into a tiny package. We tend to ____35____that creativity becomes weak with age. But Dr. Goodenough’s story suggests that some people actually become more creative as they grow older. Unfortunately, those late-blooming geniuses have to ____36____with powerful biases against them. “Young people are just smart,” Mark Zuckerberg pronounced at an event at Stanford in 2007, when he was the 22-year-old chief executive of Facebook. Since that speech, Silicon Valley’s youth admiration seems to have grown even more ____37____. In such a ____38____ it’s easy for us middle-aged folk to believe that the great imaginative periods are behind us, and the innovation belongs to the kids. On the contrary, there’s plenty of evidence to suggest that late blooming is not ____39____. Dr. Goodenough said, “Some of us are turtles; we crawl and struggle along, and we haven’t maybe figured it out by the time we’re 30. But turtles have to keep on walking.” He ____40____old age with bringing him a new kind of intellectual freedom. He said, “You no longer worry about keeping your job.” Ⅳ. Reading Comprehension （15+32+8，共55分） Section A cloze Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Best Success Stories Often Begin With Failure Long before the iPhone made him the god of gadgets, Steve Jobs launched his technology career by hacking home phones to make free long-distance calls. J.K. Rowling spent countless nights in a café ____41____ to make her idea for a novel about wizards come to life before she became a best-selling author. Behind every success story is a tough first effort or a great change of ____42____. It’s these first clumsy steps on the road to fame and fortune that ____43____ writer Seth Fiegerman. He edited the blog OpeningLines.org. a collection of case studies on the ____44____ of famous careers. Fiegerman found a dream job as a research editor at Playboy magazine after graduating from New York University. But he had worked there for just half a year when the manager announced that most of the staff would soon be ____45____. As unemployment ____46____, Fiegerman felt at sea. He began to explore the Playboy archives (档案) ____47____a series of interviews with celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando to Malcolm X. Many of these successful people shared tales of their less ____48____ early days, and Fiegerman quickly became crazy about these origin stories. “When you see someone who’s very successful, you almost imagine that it was a(n) ____49____ conclusion, that they’re geniuses, that they were destined for great things,” says Fiegennan. “But actually few successful people were child prodigies (神童) like Mozart.” Reading about the difficulties that famous figures had to ____50____, Fiegerman began to learn that success was less a matter of innate talent and more the ____51____ of persistence, a ____52____ to fall down and stand up again and again. A star’s early struggles might disillusion (使幻想破灭) some fans, but Fiegerman found comfort in ____53____ beginnings and knew that his own early stumbling stone wasn’t ____54____. Today, he covers start-up businesses at the tech news website Mashable. While he spends less time on the blog, he hopes other young people will constantly ____55____ from his work. 41. A. attempting B. longing C. rushing D. planning 42. A. attitude B. direction C. method D. style 43. A. captured B. encouraged C. inspired D. promoted 44. A. causes B. origins C. results D. stories 45. A. laid down B. laid off C. laid on D. laid out 46. A. approached B. continued C. increased D. remained 47. A. locating B. discovering C. searching D. tracing 48. A. attractive B. competitive C. disgusting D. hopeful 49. A. logical B. impossible C. inevitable D. surprising 50. A. encounter B. face C. handle D. overcome 51. A. ending B. experience C. product D. reason 52. A. reluctance B. tendency C. willingness D. wish 53. A. lucky B. rough C. smooth D. successful 54. A. encouraging B. everlasting C. growing D. fascinating 55. A. benefit B. profit C. escape D. start Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. Every questions are provided with four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Laban and Miriam greeted me at their front gate and started telling me their story. Two years before, they had been smallholder farmers. Like most of their neighbors, they had been desperately poor. Laban would work odd jobs (打零工) to make ends meet. By the time I met them, their life had improved dramatically. They now had four cows, which were producing 26 liters of milk every day. Their cows earned them nearly $4 per day, which in that part of Kenya was enough to allow them to rebuild their home, grow pineapples for export, and send their children to school. Worldwide, there are over 500 million smallholder farms, and about two-thirds of people in poverty work in agriculture. Yet despite their large numbers, smallholder farmers are responsible for remarkably few greenhouse gas emissions, because they can’t afford to use nearly as many products and services that involve fossil fuels. A typical Kenyan produces 55 times less carbon dioxide than an American, and rural farmers like Laban and Miriam produce even less. The cruel injustice is that even though the world’s poor are doing essentially nothing to cause climate change, they’re the ones that are going to be suffering the most from it. As the climate gets warmer, droughts and floods will become more frequent, wiping out harvests more often. Livestock eat less and produce less meat and milk. The air and soil lose moisture, leaving less water available for plants. In South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, tens of millions of acres of farmland will become substantially drier. An increasing number of crop-eating pests are already invading more lands as they find more favorable environments to live in. The growing season will also get shorter. At four degrees Celsius of warming, most of sub-Saharan Africa could see it shrink by 20 percent or more. All of these problems will make food far more expensive for those who can least afford it. As food becomes less available, an already enormous inequity between rich and poor will get even worse. Today, a child born in Chad is 50 times more likely to die before his fifth birthday than a child born in Finland. More kids won’t get all the nutrients they need, weakening their bodies’ natural defenses and making them much more likely to die of infectious diseases. In the end, the worst impact of climate change in poor countries is that the rates of malnutrition and death will increase. 56. According to the article, Laban and Miriam managed to improve the quality of their life by ________. A. raising a few dairy cows B. selling pineapples abroad C. spending more time doing odd jobs D. involving their children in farm work 57. The underlined pronoun “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to ________. A. the growing season B. the size of farmland C. the duration of winter D. the number of crop-eating pests 58. According to the article, the world is likely to see an increase in ________. (1) less productive animals (2) harmful insects (3) natural disasters (4) infectious diseases A. (2)(3) B. (1)(2)(3) C. (1)(3) D. (1)(3)(4) 59. The writer thinks that the poor are going to be the hardest-hit victims of climate change because ________. A. the geographical location of their homeland is far from ideal B. nobody will be ready to help them fight against climate change C. climate change will considerably widen the gap between rich and poor D. they don’t know how to reduce the effects of greenhouse gas emissions (B) ADOPTADOLPHIN NOW And you will receive: ●WDC adoption pack ●A certificate of adoption ●Free magazine subscription ●Dolphin updates throughout the year She’s beautiful. She’s intelligent. Don’t let her die. Every two minutes another dolphin suffers a slow, painful death, accidentally trapped in fishing nets. Help end the suffering. More than 300000 dolphins die in fishing nets every year. You can help save dolphins around the world by adopting a UK dolphin for just £4 a month. Adopt now. WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, is the leading global charity dedicated to the conservation and protection of whales and dolphins. We defend these remarkable creatures against the many threats that they face through campaigns, lobbying, advising governments, conservation projects, field research and rescue. Our vision is a world where every whale and dolphin is safe and free- including the dolphin you adopt. Meet the dolphins The dolphins each have their own personalities- on the dolphin you would like to adopt. The dolphins of Scotland’s Moray Firth are amazing but they face many threats. When you adopt a dolphin you will build a special link with an individual and help us to protect the whole population and give them a safer future. Kesslet Kesslet is a young mum who likes to hunt and play with her calf. Charlie. Kesslet is easy to spot because of her curved dorsal fin. She is friends with lots of the local dolphins and can be often seen travelling in groups of mums and youngsters. Mischief Mischief is a very friendly male dolphin who is always in party mood! He is often seen in big groups leaping around with friends such as Sundance. Mischief is also a powerful hunter who can outrun even the biggest salmon. He is easily recognized by the big nick(缺口) in his dorsal fin. Sundance Sundance was first spotted in 1990 when he was a tiny calf and now he’s a big adult male bottlenose dolphin. Sundance is really sociable and he just loves to leap around with friends. Why adopt a dolphin? “I can thoroughly recommend adopting a dolphin with WDC. It’s a fantastic way to support their amazing work. Plus, you get to know an individual dolphin!" says Miranda Krestovinikoff, BBC TV Presenter. Oil and gas exploration and production, large marina (码头) development, pollution, fisheries and more are increasingly putting pressure on the dolphins and their home. By adopting a dolphin, you will build a special link with an individual and help us to protect the whole population. Extinction is forever—the Moray Firth dolphins cannot be replaced. When you adopt a dolphin you will be helping to fund our work protecting dolphins around the world including: ●Essential research—the more we understand about the dolphins, the better we can protect them. ●Political campaigns to ensure effective laws are in place to protect the dolphins and give them a safer future. ●Equipment such as binoculars, cameras and acoustic recorders to help with our research. Adapted from WDC (Whale and Dolphin Conservation) 60. What can be inferred about the dolphins referred to at the beginning of the advertisement? A. They are not killed on purpose. B. Many have been saved by adopters. C. Dolphins in UK are at the greatest risk. D. They are caught for commercial purposes. 61. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Adoption of dolphins is welcomed for its low cost. B. Kesslet is an easy target of hunters due to its curved dorsal fin. C. Some field researchers can in fact disturb dolphins’ lives. D. Once adopted, the dolphin’s latest news will be sent to adopters. 62. The money donated will be used by WDC in following ways except ________. A. more essential research into dolphins. B. building a special link with individual dolphins. C. purchasing equipment needed in dolphin research. D. funding political campaigns to pass laws protecting dolphins. 63. What is not mentioned in the passage? A. The introduction of WDC. B. The reason why adoption of a dolphin is encouraged. C. How WDC uses the fund to save dolphins. D. Some successful examples of adopted dolphins. (C) A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need to “speed up breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF mindset is similar to the Silicon Valley dictate — to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? The WEF meeting took place just two weeks after Harvard University President Claudine Gay stepped down after complaints were made about her political science scholarship. In response, Gay requested corrections to several of her papers. Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the scene of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by outstanding scientists and published in celebrated journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods, hence a question: Are scholars at supercompetitive places such as Harvard and Stanford rushing to publish rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing.” But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under tremendous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly. The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.” Good science takes time. More than 50 years elapsed between the 1543 publication of Copernicus’s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift. There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Consider the sheer volume of academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 64. WEF meeting in Switzerland advocated that ________. A. researchers need to achieve breakthroughs more rapidly B. public trust in science is not supposed to be easily broken C. WEF and Silicon Valley reach an agreement to move fast D. climate emergency and AI push scientific research hard 65. Which of the following examples fails to prove that good science takes time? A. Gay’s correction and retraction of papers. B. Publication of Copernicus’s theory. C. High-profile scholars’ tremendous output. D. Acceptance of the idea of continental drift. 66. The underlined word “counterincentives” in para. 5 probably means ________. A. measures to increase quantities of output B. discouragements of high quality papers C. rewards for leading universities’ research D. contradictory motives for future funding 67. Which of the following is best title of the passage? A. WEF Coincides with Silicon Valley B. Collapse of Public Trust C. Dilemma between Quantity and Quality D. Trouble in the Fast Lane (D) I’m a consumer psychologist who has studied social decision-making for over a decade. A common yet puzzling aspect of social life is how people respond to invitations, particularly when they reply with a vague “maybe”. Recently, my co-authors and I published a series of studies that directly examine what goes on in people’s heads when they are unsure whether to accept an invitation. Social invitations can be a delicate dance, and people often misread what someone extending an invite wants to hear. We consistently found that people overestimate an inviter’s likelihood of preferring a “maybe” over a “no”. Moreover, they fail to realize how much more disrespected people feel when they receive a “maybe” in response to their invitation. Another pattern emerged: The more someone incorrectly assumed that a host preferred a tentative response, the more likely they were to respond with a “maybe” themselves. Naturally, we wanted to figure out why this awkward dynamic plays out. We found that it’s largely due to something called “motivated reasoning”. Motivated reasoning occurs when a person interprets information in a biased way to arrive at a conclusion that is in line with their own wishes. Saying “no” right immediately eliminates one’s options and opens the door for FOMO, or fear of missing out, to emerge. That said, there were certain situations that made people more comfortable saying “no” to an invite. In one study, we had recipients of an invitation put themselves in the shoes of the person extending the invite. This made them more likely to realize that they’d probably prefer a definitive answer. That is, it seemed to prevent motivated reasoning from emerging. In another study, we had participants get invited to do something they didn’t want to do. We found that motivated reasoning then became irrelevant: They had no desire to keep their options open, so they were more likely to assume that a “no” was preferable to a “maybe”. Furthermore, other research has explored the subtle art of the decline, testing which reasons soften the bitterness of a rejected invitation. The findings are clear: saying you’re too busy comes across as a half-hearted excuse; saying you have a prior commitment lands with slightly more weight; but saying you simply don’t have the financial means to make it work is received with the greatest understanding. Beyond the choice of words, however, lies a more fundamental principle of communication. It might reduce your options. But it’ll keep those who invited you from being left in uncertainty. 68. What does the author intend to illustrate with the “delicate dance” metaphor in paragraph 2? A. To argue that inviters often have self-serving motivations when extending offers. B. To stress how easily people can misread others’ intentions in social exchanges. C. To suggest a tentative “maybe” is the most polite response in these situations. D. To prove the false assumption made by invitees who fear the consequences of refusal. 69. Based on the reasons for the “maybe” response, what can we conclude? A. Even when people dislike the activity, FOMO makes them hesitate over it. B. Receiving an unattractive invitation is the most effective way to eliminate FOMO. C. Taking the inviter’s perspective helps to overcome the bias and give a direct answer. D. People say “maybe” to avoid the duty of making an immediate decision for the inviter. 70. Based on the findings, what fundamental principle of communication does the author advocate? A. Prioritize straightforward and clear communication. B. Ensure refusals are credible with well-justified reasons. C. Favor accepting invitations when facing uncertainty. D. Maintain flexibility in one’s schedule when declining. 71. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? A. New Principles into Framing Invitations B. How to politely Refuse an Invitation C. Why “Maybe” Hurts and “No” Helps D. Psychology Behind Successful Invitations Section C Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Football and data A numbers game At most football clubs, the equation is simple: you put in vast amounts of money, and you get out star players and win victories. Take Manchester City, the Premier League’s reigning champions. Before its takeover in 2008 by a Middle East plutocrats (财阀) , the club often struggled in the bottom half of the table; it has won English football’s championship seven times since 2011. ____72____ The club was promoted into the Premier League in 2021 after striving for decades in the lower reaches of football. What makes its success surprising is not how much money its owner, Matthew Benham, has put into the team, but how little. In a new book “Smart Money”. Alex Duff, a lifelong Brentford fan, explains how a money-saving plan made profits. Mr Benham studied physics at Oxford University and then went to work in banking. In his early 30s, sensing correctly that bookmakers (赌注登记人) were inaccurate when setting odds for football matches, Mr Benham left banking to become a full-time gambler. He set up his own company, Smartodds, and competed with financial institutions to hire the best mathematicians. ____73____ Instead, their focus should be the “goal-scoring opportunities” it was creating. In time, he reckoned, the goals would come. The approach was so efficient that when Brentford, going through one of its periodic financial crises, put out a general appeal for help in 2005, Mr Benham offered his services. Within a decade he owned the club and was applying his ideas to how the team was constructed. ____74____ There were plenty of doubters within football about Brentford’s philosophy. But in time it worked. In their first season in the Premier League, Mr Benham’s investment of around £100m in the club — a tiny sum compared with competitors — realised its first profit of £25m. ____75____ Mr Benham identified set pieces (定位球) as an important part of creating scoring opportunities, and hired Gianni Vio, an Italian coach with 4,000 such plays in his career. Players are instructed to press the opposition and tackle players within ten seconds of them receiving the ball. Though Brentford is not competing for the title, in recent years the team has beaten several of football’s plutocrats — including Manchester City. What were the odds? A. Brentford FC has taken a different approach. B. Statistics have helped the team win on the court, too. C. He applied his talent to identifying the underlying strength of football teams. D. Analytics underlay and supported a remarkably profitable buy-low-sell-high transfer strategy. E. They were told to focus not on how many goals a team was scoring, which was subject to too much randomness. F. Like “Moneyball”, a hit book about the use of statistics in baseball, “Smart Money” is both informative and entertaining. V. Translation（5+5+5+5，共20分） Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 76. 那本杂志旨在给主修时尚设计的女孩看的。因此，唤起他们的时尚意识是重中之重。（mean）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 77. 有抱负，有决心，他一直在突破现在可能性的极限，无论做运动还是探索新地方。(push) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 78. 为了给他的朋友留下印象，他冒了个险，导致一场严重的交通事故，为此，他应该负责。（blame）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 79. 究竟是什么激发他学习电子工程的积极性无从得知。我们不妨等着瞧。（There is ...; may as well）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 上海市控江中学2025学年第一学期高一年级英语期末考试卷 （满分150分） I. Listening Comprehension（25分） Section A Short Conversations Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. Five euros. B. Six euros. C. Eight euros. D. Ten euros. 2. A. Athlete. B. Doctor. C. Nurse. D. Activist. 3. A. He is careful. B. He is nervous. C. He is humorous. D. He is brave. 4. A. Effective ways to give up smoking. B. The harmful effects of second-hand smoke. C. How to improve physical health. D. How to avoid psychological harm. 5. A. Open the door carefully. B. Ask Tom to fix the lock. C. Fix the door by herself. D. Learn to be an expert. 6. A. Boss and secretary. B. Teacher and student. C. Husband and wife. D. Chef and customer. 7. A. Unbelievable. B. Sad. C. Disappointed. D. Anxious. 8. A. Do her homework. B. Watch a movie. C. Have a piano class. D. Babysit for her neighbors. 9. A. scientist. B. A translator. C. An economist. D. A writer. 10. A. The woman bought a wrong type of car. B. The self-driving system is to blame for the accident. C. The woman must have been driving at a fast speed. D. The woman made a wrong judgment when driving. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear several longer conversation(s) and short passage(s), and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation(s) and the passage(s). The conversation(s) and passage(s) will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. Technology and design. B. Cultural difference. C. Academic topics. D. Silicon Valley. 12. A. Ted has a history of more than 30 years. B. Ted is good at spreading ideas in the form of storytelling. C. Ted has made a lot of money so far and helped a lot of people. D. Audience members are selected using an audience submission chart. 13. A. The reasons for TED’s popularity. B. The selection of TED’s audience. C. The timeline of TED’s evolution. D. The quality of TED’s speakers. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. She wanted to make more friends online. B. She was tired of surfing the internet regularly. C. She wanted to create an interesting website for teenagers. D. She was interested in doing business and wished to own a company. 15. A. Eight. B. Thirteen. C. Sixteen. D. Nineteen. 16. A. Crazy and depressing. B. Crazy but relaxing. C. Stressful and frustrating. D. Stressful but exciting. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. Professor Raymond. B. An online advertisement. C. A theater notice. D. Some dance performers. 18. A. Observing art performances. B. Classroom discussions. C. Writing seminar papers. D. Scientific experiments. 19. A. The summer program can cater to 16 students at most. B. Program applicants must attend preparatory meetings first. C. Extra videos are required to prove applicants’ potential. D. The summer program will continue for two weeks. 20. A. The end of March. B. Early May. C. The end of May. D. Early July. II. Grammar（30分） Section A. Fill in the blanks 1. The party the students had been looking forward to _________ yesterday evening at last. A. was held B. was to hold C. being held D. be held 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：学生们期待已久的晚会昨天晚上终于举行了。分析句子可知，“the students had been looking forward to”是定语从句，而hold是主句谓语动词，与主语The party之间是被动关系，结合时间状语yesterday evening at last可知，讲述过去的事情，应用一般过去时态，又因主语是单数名词，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故选A项。 2. Michael Jackson gained popularity at a time when MTV was establishing _________ as a creative force. A. himself B. it C. his D. itself 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查反身代词。句意：迈克尔·杰克逊走红的时候，MTV正将自己确立为一股创造性力量。根据句意可知，MTV正将自己确立为一股创造性力量。代词为反身代词itself。故选D项。 3. A child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than _________ who lives in rich and varied surroundings. A. that B. one C. other D. either 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查代词。句意：一个生活在枯燥环境中的孩子比生活在丰富多样环境中的孩子智力的发展要差。根据句意，句中比较了“一个生活在枯燥环境中的孩子”和“生活在丰富多样环境中的孩子”，设空处为比较对象“孩子”，泛指，指“生活在丰富多样环境中的任何孩子”，应用代词one代替名词a child。故选B项。 4. The American approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many people because there is less emphasis on learning facts _________ is true in the systems of many other countries. A. than B. that C. which D. what 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：美国的教学方法对许多人来说可能很陌生，因为美国的教学体系不像许多其他国家那样强调学习事实。空处引导定语从句，从句缺少主语，且先行词emphasis on learning facts被less修饰，应用关系代词than。故选A。 5. Mr. Green is reported ________ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem in the past. A. to do B. to have been done C. to be doing D. to have done 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：据报道，格林先生过去曾做过一项实验，以证明解决该问题的新方法。此处为短语be reported to do sth.，且“做实验”这个动作先于谓语动词完成，Mr. Green与do之间是主动关系，用动词不定式的完成式to have done作主语补足语。故选D。 6. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ________ clear warnings before firing any shots. A. to issue B. being issued C. to have been issued D. to be issued 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：一位军方发言人强调，所有士兵都已接到命令，在开枪前发出明确警告。order后接不定式作宾语补足语，构成固定用法order sb. to do sth.，其被动形式为sb. be ordered to do sth.；本句中soldiers是发出issue这个动作的主体，为主动关系，所以此处使用动词不定式形式to issue作主语补足语。故选A项。 7. _______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. After being exposed D. Being exposed 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。A. Exposed 暴露，揭露（expose的过去分词）; B. Having exposed; C. After being exposed 被曝光后; D. Being exposed 被暴露。分析句子可知，will do为谓语，设空处应为非谓语动词作主语。非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式作主语，而分词和介词短语不可以作主语，排除A、C项，另因exposed与one's skin之间为动宾关系，因此要用动名词的被动式being exposed。 故选D项。 8. The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：第一次在公元前776年举行的奥运会自导1912年才包括女子项目。分析句子可知，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，逻辑主语The Olympic Games个play之间是被动关系，且表动作已经完成，故用过去分词表被动和完成。虽然to be first played也表被动，但不定式表动作发生在将来，不合题意。故选C。 9. in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 【答案】C 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于陷入沉思中，他差点撞上了前面那辆车。分析句子可知，本句为过去分词作原因状语，其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he，逻辑主语省去了 。故选C。 10. — I must apologize for _____ ahead of time. — That’s all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查动名词否定形式。句意：我必须因为没有提前让你知道向你道歉。apologize for sth/doing sth因为某事或者做某事道歉；for是介词，后面接动名词，动名词的否定形式在前面直接加not。故B正确。 Section B Directions: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Antonine Plague (瘟疫) The year was 166 C.E., and the Roman Empire was in its prime (鼎盛时期). The successful Roman troops, under the command of Emperor Lucius Verrus, returned to Rome after defeating their Parthian enemies. As they marched west toward Rome, they carried with them more than the spoils of Parthian temples; they also carried an epidemic that ___11___ (ruin) the Roman Empire over the course of the next two decades. The Antonine Plague, ___12___ was known later, would reach every corner of the empire and is what claimed the life (夺取生命) of Lucius Verrus himself in 169- and possibly ___13___ of his co-emperor Marcus Aurelius in 180. The effect of the epidemic on Rome’s armies was obviously destructive. Closeness to sick fellow soldiers and bad living conditions made it possible for the outbreak to spread rapidly throughout the troops, such as those who were based along the northern frontier at Aquileia. Troops elsewhere in the empire ___14___ (strike) in the same way. To reverse their ___15___ (shrink) soldiers, they sent the sons of soldiers to troops. Army discharge certificates (退伍证书) from the Balkan region suggest that there was an obvious decrease in the number of soldiers who were allowed ___16___ (retire) from military service during the period of the plague. The effect on the civilian population was evidently by no means less severe. In his letter to Athens in 174, Marcus Aurelius loosened the requirements for membership to the ruling council of Athens, ___17___ there were now too few ___18___ (survive) upper-class Athenians who met the requirements he ___19___ (introduce) before the outbreak. It has been estimated that the death rate over the 23-year period of the Antonine Plague was 7—10 percent of the population. Besides the practical consequences of the outbreak, the psychological impact on the populations could not be ignored. It is easy to imagine the sense of fear and helplessness ____20____ ancient Romans must have felt in the face of such a ruthless, painful, disfiguring and frequently fatal disease. 【答案】11. would ruin 12. as 13. that 14. were stricken##were struck 15. shrinking 16. to retire 17. because 18. surviving 19. had introduced 20. that##which 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。公元166年，罗马帝国正处于鼎盛时期，罗马军队在皇帝卢修斯·维鲁斯的指挥下，成功地击败了他们的帕提亚敌人，返回罗马，跟随他们回来的，不止有胜利的荣耀，还有可怕的摧毁一切的安东尼瘟疫。 【11题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：当他们向西进军罗马时，他们携带的不仅仅是帕提亚神庙的战利品；他们还携带了一种流行病，这种流行病将在接下来的二十年里摧毁罗马帝国。根据“they also carried an epidemic”可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，根据“over the course of the next two decades”可知，此处描述将要发生的事情，所以应用过去将来时。故填would ruin。 【12题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：正如后来所知，安东尼瘟疫将波及帝国的每一个角落，最有可能在169年夺去卢修斯·韦鲁斯本人的生命，也可能在180年夺去他的共同皇帝马库斯·奥勒留的生命。在非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且根据“was known later”可知，此处是指“正如”，所以应用关系代词as。故填as。 【13题详解】 考查代词。句意：正如后来所知，安东尼瘟疫将波及帝国的每一个角落，最有可能在169年夺去卢修斯·韦鲁斯本人的生命，也可能在180年夺去他的共同皇帝马库斯·奥勒留的生命。代指前文中提到的life，应用指示代词that。故填that。 【14题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：帝国其他地方的军队也受到了同样的打击。此处描述过去发生的事情，所以应用一般过去时。动词strike意为“打击”，和主语troops构成被动关系，主语为复数形式，be动词使用were。故填were stricken/struck。 【15题详解】 考查形容词。句意：为了弥补不断缩减的士兵（数量），他们把士兵们的子女派到了部队中去。修饰名词soldiers用形容词shrinking。故填shrinking。 【16题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：来自巴尔干地区的军队退伍证明显示，在瘟疫肆虐期间，能够从军队退役的士兵数量明显减少了。短语be allowed to do sth.表示“被允许做某事”，不定式作补语。故填to retire。 【17题详解】 考查原因状语从句。句意：在174年写给雅典的信中，Marcus Aurelius放宽了雅典执政委员会成员的要求，因为现在符合他在疫情爆发前提出的要求的雅典上层社会成员太少了。根据“Marcus Aurelius loosened (放宽) the requirements for membership to the ruling council of Athens”和“there were now too few surviving upper-class Athenians”可知，前后构成因果关系，所以应用because表示“因为”引导原因状语从句。故填because。 【18题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在174年写给雅典的信中，Marcus Aurelius放宽了雅典执政委员会成员的要求，因为现在符合他在疫情爆发前提出的要求的雅典上层社会成员太少了。修饰upper-class Athenians用现在分词surviving，作定语，为主动关系，故填surviving。 【19题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：在174年写给雅典的信中，Marcus Aurelius放宽了雅典执政委员会成员的要求，因为现在符合他在疫情爆发前提出的要求的雅典上层社会成员太少了。根据“before the outbreak”可知，此处是指发生在过去的事情之前，所以应用过去完成时。故填had introduced。 【20题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：很容易想象，面对这样一种残酷、痛苦、毁容且往往致命的疾病，古罗马人必定会感到极度的恐惧和无助。在限定性定语从句中缺少宾语，且先行词为sense，所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that或which。 III. Vocabulary（20分） Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. push B. skip C. impress D. conflicts E. biologically F. survive G. blame H. socially I. functionally J. identity K. criticism Teenage rebellion (叛逆) often puzzles parents, who may ___21___on their kids’ bad attitudes. But this behavior isn’t meaningless-it’s a key part of growing up with clear underlying causes. ___22___, teens’ brains are still developing. Their prefrontal cortex, which controls decision-making, is immature, while the emotional part works overtime. This makes them likely to act impulsively and ignore risks. They ___23___against family rules not to be different, but to seek independence, a vital step toward adulthood ___24___, peer approval matters greatly to them. They may attempt risky things or break rules to ___25___friends and fit in. For example, some teens might ___26___study sessions to join group activities, just to gain a sense of belonging. To a large extent, this desire for social acceptance drives many rebellious acts. Another secret is their search for ___27___. Teens use unique clothing, hobbies or even defiance to figure out who they are. When parents try to fix every choice for them, it makes teens feel controlled. Ambitious teens especially hate being controlled, as they want to make their own decisions. The key point for parents is to avoid harsh ___28___. Instead, set reasonable boundaries. Rebellion helps teens learn to ___29___ challenges and build problem-solving skills. With empathy, parents can turn____30____into opportunities for closer bonds. 【答案】21. G 22. E 23. A 24. H 25. C 26. B 27. J 28. K 29. F 30. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了青少年叛逆行为背后的原因，并为家长应对该行为提供建议，让家长理解叛逆对青少年成长的意义，引导家长以正确方式处理与青少年的关系。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：青少年的叛逆行为常常让父母感到困惑，他们可能会将其归咎于孩子的不良态度。blame意思是“责怪；归咎于”，blame on为固定搭配，情态动词may后需接动词原形，在该语境中，父母面对孩子叛逆，常把原因归结到孩子不良态度上，blame on符合语境。故填G。 【22题详解】 考查副词。句意：从生物学角度来看，青少年的大脑仍在发育。biologically意为“从生物学角度”，此句在从生物学层面解释青少年叛逆行为，该副词在句中作状语，表明阐述的角度，符合语境。故填E。 【23题详解】 考查动词。句意：他们抵触家庭规则并非为了与众不同，而是为了寻求独立，这是走向成年的关键一步。push意思是“推；反抗”，push against表示“抵触；反抗”，句子缺少谓语动词，结合语境，青少年通过抵触家庭规则追求独立，push against符合语境。句子陈述客观事实，为一般现在时。故填A。 【24题详解】 考查副词。句意：在社交方面，同伴的认可对他们来说非常重要。socially意思是“在社交方面；从社会角度”，此句从社交层面阐述青少年叛逆原因，该副词在句中作状语，表明论述角度，符合语境。故填H。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：他们可能会尝试冒险的事情或违反规则来给朋友留下深刻印象并融入其中。impress意为“给……留下深刻印象”，“to +动词原形”构成目的状语，这里表达青少年通过叛逆行为达到给朋友留下印象进而融入群体的目的，impress符合语境。故填C。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：例如，一些青少年可能会跳过学习时间去参加团体活动，只是为了获得归属感。skip意思是“跳过；略过”，句子缺少谓语动词，根据语境，青少年为参加团体活动而略过学习时间，skip符合语境。might后接动词原形。故填B。 【27题详解】 考查名词。句意：另一个秘密是他们对自我身份的探寻。identity表示“身份；特性”，search for后接名词，结合上下文，青少年通过各种独特方式探寻自我身份，identity符合语境。故填J。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：对父母来说，关键是要避免严厉的批评。criticism意为“批评”，形容词harsh修饰名词，根据语境，家长应对青少年叛逆应避免严厉批评，criticism符合语境。故填K。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：叛逆帮助青少年学会经受住挑战并培养解决问题的能力。survive意思是“经受；挺过”，“learn to +动词原形”结构，这里表示青少年借叛逆学会应对挑战，survive符合语境。故填F。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：带着同理心，父母可以将冲突转化为增进亲密关系的机会。conflicts意思是“冲突”，turn... into...“把……转变为……”，结合opportunities for closer bonds可知，父母把与孩子的冲突转化为增进关系契机，conflicts符合语境。故填D。 Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. climate B. session C. headed D stir E. application F. credited G. abnormal H. struggle I. feverish J. assume K. ignored To Be a Genius, Think Like a 94-Year-Old In 1964, a 23-year-old Army veteran named John Goodenough____31____to the University of Chicago with a dream of studying physics. When he arrived, a professor warned him that he was already too old to succeed in the field. Recently, Dr. Goodenough recounted that story for me and then laughed. He ____32____the professor’s advice and today, at 94, has just set the tech industry abuzz (议论纷纷) with his amazing creativity. He and his team filed a patent (专利) ____33____on a new kind of battery that, if it works as promised, would be so cheap, lightweight and safe that it would revolutionize electric cars and kill off petroleum-fueled vehicles. His announcement has caused a ____34____in part, because Dr. Goodenough has done it before. In 1980, at age 57, he co-invented the lithium-ion (锂离子电池) that shrank power into a tiny package. We tend to ____35____that creativity becomes weak with age. But Dr. Goodenough’s story suggests that some people actually become more creative as they grow older. Unfortunately, those late-blooming geniuses have to ____36____with powerful biases against them. “Young people are just smart,” Mark Zuckerberg pronounced at an event at Stanford in 2007, when he was the 22-year-old chief executive of Facebook. Since that speech, Silicon Valley’s youth admiration seems to have grown even more ____37____. In such a ____38____ it’s easy for us middle-aged folk to believe that the great imaginative periods are behind us, and the innovation belongs to the kids. On the contrary, there’s plenty of evidence to suggest that late blooming is not ____39____. Dr. Goodenough said, “Some of us are turtles; we crawl and struggle along, and we haven’t maybe figured it out by the time we’re 30. But turtles have to keep on walking.” He ____40____old age with bringing him a new kind of intellectual freedom. He said, “You no longer worry about keeping your job.” 【答案】31. C 32. K 33. E 34. D 35. J 36. H 37. I 38. A 39. G 40. F 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了古迪纳夫博士大器晚成的故事。通过这个故事告诉我们，有些人实际上会随着年龄的增长而变得更有创造力。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：1964 年，一位名叫约翰·古迪纳夫的23岁退伍军人带着研究物理学的梦想前往芝加哥大学。根据“to the University of Chicago with a dream of studying physics”以及句意“前往”可知应填动词head，发生在过去用一般过去时。故选C。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：他无视了教授的建议，而如今，已94岁高龄的他却凭借惊人的创造力在科技界引起了轰动。根据“When he arrived, a professor warned him that he was already too old to succeed in the field.”以及句意“无视”可知应填动词ignore，发生在过去用一般过去时。故选K。 【33题详解】 考查名词。句意：他和他的团队提交了一份专利申请，申请内容是关于一种新型电池。如果这种电池能如预期那样正常运行，那么它将会非常便宜、轻便且安全，从而彻底改变电动汽车的现状，并淘汰以石油为燃料的车辆。根据“on a new kind of battery that, if it works as promised, would be so cheap, lightweight and safe that it would revolutionize electric cars and kill off petroleum-fueled vehicles”以及句意“申请”可知应填名词application，作宾语，故选E。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：他的这一宣布引起了轩然大波——部分原因在于古登格博士此前曾有过类似举动。根据“because Dr. Goodenough has done it before”以及句意“轩然大波”可知应填名词stir，作宾语，故选D。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：我们往往认为，随着年龄的增长，创造力会逐渐减弱。根据“creativity becomes weak with age”以及句意“认为”可知应填动词assume，此处为不定式作宾语。故选J。 【36题详解】 考查动词。句意：不幸的是，那些后来才崭露头角的天才们却不得不与针对他们的强大偏见作斗争。根据“with powerful biases against them”以及句意“斗争”可知应填动词struggle，且上文为短语have to do sth.。故选H。 【37题详解】 考查形容词。句意：自那次演讲之后，硅谷对年轻人的崇拜似乎变得更加狂热。根据“Silicon Valley’s youth admiration”以及句意“狂热的”可知应填形容词feverish，作表语。故选I。 【38题详解】 考查名词。句意：在这种环境下，我们这些中年人很容易产生这样的想法：伟大的创想时刻已经一去不复返了，而创新的重任则落在了年轻人的身上。根据“it’s easy for us middle-aged folk to believe that the great imaginative periods are behind us, and the innovation belongs to the kids”以及句意“环境”可知应填名词climate，作宾语。故选A。 【39题详解】 考查形容词。句意：相反，有大量的证据表明，晚开花的现象并非不正常。根据“On the contrary, there’s plenty of evidence to suggest that late blooming is not”以及句意“不正常”可知应填形容词abnormal，作表语。故选G。 【40题详解】 考查动词。句意：他将自己获得的全新思维自由归功于高龄。根据“old age with bringing him a new kind of intellectual freedom”以及句意“归功于”可知应填credit，发生在过去用一般过去时。故选F。 Ⅳ. Reading Comprehension （15+32+8，共55分） Section A cloze Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Best Success Stories Often Begin With Failure Long before the iPhone made him the god of gadgets, Steve Jobs launched his technology career by hacking home phones to make free long-distance calls. J.K. Rowling spent countless nights in a café ____41____ to make her idea for a novel about wizards come to life before she became a best-selling author. Behind every success story is a tough first effort or a great change of ____42____. It’s these first clumsy steps on the road to fame and fortune that ____43____ writer Seth Fiegerman. He edited the blog OpeningLines.org. a collection of case studies on the ____44____ of famous careers. Fiegerman found a dream job as a research editor at Playboy magazine after graduating from New York University. But he had worked there for just half a year when the manager announced that most of the staff would soon be ____45____. As unemployment ____46____, Fiegerman felt at sea. He began to explore the Playboy archives (档案) ____47____a series of interviews with celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando to Malcolm X. Many of these successful people shared tales of their less ____48____ early days, and Fiegerman quickly became crazy about these origin stories. “When you see someone who’s very successful, you almost imagine that it was a(n) ____49____ conclusion, that they’re geniuses, that they were destined for great things,” says Fiegennan. “But actually few successful people were child prodigies (神童) like Mozart.” Reading about the difficulties that famous figures had to ____50____, Fiegerman began to learn that success was less a matter of innate talent and more the ____51____ of persistence, a ____52____ to fall down and stand up again and again. A star’s early struggles might disillusion (使幻想破灭) some fans, but Fiegerman found comfort in ____53____ beginnings and knew that his own early stumbling stone wasn’t ____54____. Today, he covers start-up businesses at the tech news website Mashable. While he spends less time on the blog, he hopes other young people will constantly ____55____ from his work. 41. A. attempting B. longing C. rushing D. planning 42. A. attitude B. direction C. method D. style 43. A. captured B. encouraged C. inspired D. promoted 44. A. causes B. origins C. results D. stories 45. A. laid down B. laid off C. laid on D. laid out 46. A. approached B. continued C. increased D. remained 47. A. locating B. discovering C. searching D. tracing 48. A. attractive B. competitive C. disgusting D. hopeful 49. A. logical B. impossible C. inevitable D. surprising 50. A. encounter B. face C. handle D. overcome 51. A. ending B. experience C. product D. reason 52. A. reluctance B. tendency C. willingness D. wish 53. A. lucky B. rough C. smooth D. successful 54. A. encouraging B. everlasting C. growing D. fascinating 55. A. benefit B. profit C. escape D. start 【答案】41. A 42. B 43. C 44. B 45. B 46. A 47. B 48. D 49. C 50. D 51. C 52. C 53. B 54. B 55. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文以名人为例，点明成功多始于失败。Fiegerman失业后研究名人早年困境，明白成功源于坚持，希望年轻人从中受益。 【41题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：J.K.罗琳在成为畅销书作家之前，曾无数个夜晚泡在咖啡馆里，努力将自己创作一部巫师题材小说的构想变为现实。A. attempting尝试；B. longing渴望；C. rushing匆忙；D. planning计划。根据后文“to make her idea for a novel about wizards come to life”可知，J.K.罗琳努力将自己创作一部巫师题材小说的构想变为现实。故选A。 【42题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：每一个成功的故事背后，都有一段艰难的初始尝试或者一次重大的方向转变。A. attitude态度；B. direction方向；C. method方法；D. style风格。根据上文“Behind every success story is a tough first effort or a great change of”可知，成功的背后伴随艰难的尝试以及一次重大的方向转变。故选B。 【43题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：正是这些通往名利之路上的最初那些笨拙的尝试，给了作家塞思·菲格曼创作的灵感。A. captured俘获；B. encouraged鼓励；C. inspired启发；D. promoted提升。根据后文“writer Seth Fiegerman”可知，这些起步的脚步启发了他创立博客，故选C。 【44题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他负责编辑了名为“OpeningLines.org”的博客，该博客汇集了有关著名职业起源的案例研究。A. causes起因；B. origins开端；C. results结果；D. stories故事。根据后文“Fiegerman quickly became crazy about these origin stories.”可知，博客内容是名人职业生涯的开端、起源案例，与后文origin stories呼应。故选B。 【45题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：但他在那里工作才仅仅半年时间，这时经理就宣布，大部分员工很快就会被解雇。A. laid down放下；B. laid off解雇；C. laid on提供；D. laid out布置。根据后文“As unemployment”可知，经理宣布大部分员工很快就会被解雇。故选B。 【46题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着失业临近，菲格曼感到不知所措。A. approached临近；B. continued继续；C. increased增加；D. remained保持。根据上文“As unemployment”以及后文“Fiegerman felt at sea”可知，失业临近了，菲格曼感到不知所措。故选A。 【47题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他开始查阅《花花公子》的档案资料，发现了与众多名人（从马龙·白兰度到马尔科姆·X）的一系列访谈内容。A. locating定位；B. discovering发现；C. searching搜寻；D. tracing追踪。根据后文“a series of interviews with celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando to Malcolm X.”可知，他在档案中发现名人访谈系列，故选B。 【48题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些成功人士中有很多人都讲述了自己早期不太乐观的那段经历，而菲格曼很快就被这些起源故事深深吸引住了。A. attractive吸引人的；B. competitive有竞争力的；C. disgusting令人厌恶的；D. hopeful有希望的。根据上文“Many of these successful people shared tales of their less”可知，名人分享早年不那么有希望、顺遂的日子，故选D。 【49题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：菲根南说：“当你看到某人取得了巨大成功时，你往往会认为这是必然的结果，认为他们是天才，认为他们注定会成就一番伟业。”A. logical合乎逻辑的；B. impossible不可能的；C. inevitable必然的；D. surprising令人惊讶的。根据后文“they’re geniuses, that they were destined for great things”可知，人们误以为成功是必然的，他们天生注定成功，故选C。 【50题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：阅读名人曾必须克服的重重困境，菲格曼渐渐明白：成功与其说是天赋使然，不如说是坚持的产物 —— 是那种一次次跌倒、又一次次重新站起的意志。A. encounter遭遇；B. face面对；C. handle处理；D. overcome克服。根据上文“But actually few successful people were child prodigies (神童) like Mozart.(但实际上，很少有成功人士是像莫扎特那样天生的神童)”以及“Reading about the difficulties that famous figures had to”可知，很少有人是神童，所以著名人物也要克服种种困难。故选D。 【51题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：阅读名人曾必须克服的重重困境，菲格曼渐渐明白：成功与其说是天赋使然，不如说是坚持的产物 —— 是那种一次次跌倒、又一次次重新站起的意志。A. ending结局；B. experience经历；C. product产物；D. reason原因。根据上文“Fiegerman began to learn that success was less a matter of innate talent and more the”可知，成功更多是坚持的产物，而非天赋，故选C。 【52题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. reluctance不情愿；B. tendency倾向；C. willingness意愿；D. wish愿望。根据后文“to fall down and stand up again and again”可知，著名人物愿意一次次跌倒再站起来，故选C。 【53题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一颗明星在早期遭遇的挫折可能会让一些粉丝感到失望，但菲格曼却从这些艰难的开端中找到了慰藉，并坚信自己早期的挫折并非是永远持续的。A. lucky幸运的；B. rough艰难的；C. smooth顺利的；D. successful成功的。根据上文“Reading about the difficulties that famous figures had to”可知，此处指艰难的开端，与前文失败起步、早年困境一致。故选B。 【54题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一颗明星在早期遭遇的挫折可能会让一些粉丝感到失望，但菲格曼却从这些艰难的开端中找到了慰藉，并坚信自己早期的挫折并非是永远持续的。A. encouraging鼓舞人的；B. everlasting永恒的；C. growing增长的；D. fascinating迷人的。根据上文“knew that his own early stumbling stone wasn’t”以及著名人物后来因为坚持而成功，可知他明白自己早期的挫折并非永恒的、过不去的。故选B。 【55题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然他花在博客上的时间减少了，但他仍希望其他年轻人能持续从他的作品中受益。A. benefit受益；B. profit获利；C. escape逃避；D. start开始。根据上文“he hopes other young people will constantly”可知，希望年轻人从他的作品中得到启发。benefit from表示“从……中受益”，故选A。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. Every questions are provided with four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Laban and Miriam greeted me at their front gate and started telling me their story. Two years before, they had been smallholder farmers. Like most of their neighbors, they had been desperately poor. Laban would work odd jobs (打零工) to make ends meet. By the time I met them, their life had improved dramatically. They now had four cows, which were producing 26 liters of milk every day. Their cows earned them nearly $4 per day, which in that part of Kenya was enough to allow them to rebuild their home, grow pineapples for export, and send their children to school. Worldwide, there are over 500 million smallholder farms, and about two-thirds of people in poverty work in agriculture. Yet despite their large numbers, smallholder farmers are responsible for remarkably few greenhouse gas emissions, because they can’t afford to use nearly as many products and services that involve fossil fuels. A typical Kenyan produces 55 times less carbon dioxide than an American, and rural farmers like Laban and Miriam produce even less. The cruel injustice is that even though the world’s poor are doing essentially nothing to cause climate change, they’re the ones that are going to be suffering the most from it. As the climate gets warmer, droughts and floods will become more frequent, wiping out harvests more often. Livestock eat less and produce less meat and milk. The air and soil lose moisture, leaving less water available for plants. In South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, tens of millions of acres of farmland will become substantially drier. An increasing number of crop-eating pests are already invading more lands as they find more favorable environments to live in. The growing season will also get shorter. At four degrees Celsius of warming, most of sub-Saharan Africa could see it shrink by 20 percent or more. All of these problems will make food far more expensive for those who can least afford it. As food becomes less available, an already enormous inequity between rich and poor will get even worse. Today, a child born in Chad is 50 times more likely to die before his fifth birthday than a child born in Finland. More kids won’t get all the nutrients they need, weakening their bodies’ natural defenses and making them much more likely to die of infectious diseases. In the end, the worst impact of climate change in poor countries is that the rates of malnutrition and death will increase. 56. According to the article, Laban and Miriam managed to improve the quality of their life by ________. A. raising a few dairy cows B. selling pineapples abroad C. spending more time doing odd jobs D. involving their children in farm work 57. The underlined pronoun “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to ________. A. the growing season B. the size of farmland C. the duration of winter D. the number of crop-eating pests 58. According to the article, the world is likely to see an increase in ________. (1) less productive animals (2) harmful insects (3) natural disasters (4) infectious diseases A. (2)(3) B. (1)(2)(3) C. (1)(3) D. (1)(3)(4) 59. The writer thinks that the poor are going to be the hardest-hit victims of climate change because ________. A. the geographical location of their homeland is far from ideal B. nobody will be ready to help them fight against climate change C. climate change will considerably widen the gap between rich and poor D. they don’t know how to reduce the effects of greenhouse gas emissions 【答案】56. A 57. A 58. B 59. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以肯尼亚农户生活改善为例，说明贫困小农碳排放极少，却因气候变暖面临灾害、减产、虫害等问题，将承受最严重影响，贫富差距与饥饿、死亡风险进一步加剧。 【56题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“They now had four cows, which were producing 26 liters of milk every day. Their cows earned them nearly $4 per day, which in that part of Kenya was enough to allow them to rebuild their home, grow pineapples for export, and send their children to school.(他们现在养了四头奶牛，每天产奶26升。这些奶牛每天能为他们带来近4美元的收入，在肯尼亚那个地区，这样的收入足以让他们重建家园、种植出口用的菠萝以及送孩子上学)”可知，拉班和米里亚姆通过饲养几头奶牛，成功地改善了他们的生活质量。故选A。 【57题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第六段“The growing season will also get shorter. At four degrees Celsius of warming, most of sub-Saharan Africa could see it shrink by 20 percent or more. (生长期也会缩短。如果气温升高4摄氏度，撒哈拉以南非洲地区的大部分地区可能会出现生长季缩短20%甚至更多的情况)”可知，前一句主语为the growing season（生长期），后文it指代同一对象，即生长期缩短20%及以上。故“它”指的是“生长期”这一概念。故选A。 【58题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“As the climate gets warmer, droughts and floods will become more frequent, wiping out harvests more often.(随着气候变暖，干旱和洪水将会变得更加频繁，从而导致农作物收成更频繁地遭受损失)”；“Livestock eat less and produce less meat and milk.(家畜吃得更少，产出的肉和奶也更少了)”以及倒数第二段“An increasing number of crop-eating pests are already invading more lands as they find more favorable environments to live in.(越来越多以农作物为食的害虫正在侵入更多的土地，因为它们找到了更适合生存的环境)”可知，未来世界可能会出现以下情况：（1）动物的生产力下降；（2）、有害昆虫增多；（3）、自然灾害频发。故选B。 【59题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The cruel injustice is that even though the world’s poor are doing essentially nothing to cause climate change, they’re the ones that are going to be suffering the most from it.(残酷的不公在于，尽管世界上的穷人基本上没有做任何导致气候变化的事情，但他们将是受影响最严重的人)”以及第七段中的“All of these problems will make food far more expensive for those who can least afford it. As food becomes less available, an already enormous inequity between rich and poor will get even worse.(所有这些问题都将使那些最买不起食物的人面临更昂贵的食品价格。随着食物越来越匮乏，本已巨大的贫富差距将进一步恶化)”可知，作者认为穷人受气候变化冲击最严重，核心原因是气候变化会大幅扩大贫富差距，让本就贫困的人雪上加霜。故选C。 (B) ADOPTADOLPHIN NOW And you will receive: ●WDC adoption pack ●A certificate of adoption ●Free magazine subscription ●Dolphin updates throughout the year She’s beautiful. She’s intelligent. Don’t let her die. Every two minutes another dolphin suffers a slow, painful death, accidentally trapped in fishing nets. Help end the suffering. More than 300000 dolphins die in fishing nets every year. You can help save dolphins around the world by adopting a UK dolphin for just £4 a month. Adopt now. WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, is the leading global charity dedicated to the conservation and protection of whales and dolphins. We defend these remarkable creatures against the many threats that they face through campaigns, lobbying, advising governments, conservation projects, field research and rescue. Our vision is a world where every whale and dolphin is safe and free- including the dolphin you adopt. Meet the dolphins The dolphins each have their own personalities- on the dolphin you would like to adopt. The dolphins of Scotland’s Moray Firth are amazing but they face many threats. When you adopt a dolphin you will build a special link with an individual and help us to protect the whole population and give them a safer future. Kesslet Kesslet is a young mum who likes to hunt and play with her calf. Charlie. Kesslet is easy to spot because of her curved dorsal fin. She is friends with lots of the local dolphins and can be often seen travelling in groups of mums and youngsters. Mischief Mischief is a very friendly male dolphin who is always in party mood! He is often seen in big groups leaping around with friends such as Sundance. Mischief is also a powerful hunter who can outrun even the biggest salmon. He is easily recognized by the big nick(缺口) in his dorsal fin. Sundance Sundance was first spotted in 1990 when he was a tiny calf and now he’s a big adult male bottlenose dolphin. Sundance is really sociable and he just loves to leap around with friends. Why adopt a dolphin? “I can thoroughly recommend adopting a dolphin with WDC. It’s a fantastic way to support their amazing work. Plus, you get to know an individual dolphin!" says Miranda Krestovinikoff, BBC TV Presenter. Oil and gas exploration and production, large marina (码头) development, pollution, fisheries and more are increasingly putting pressure on the dolphins and their home. By adopting a dolphin, you will build a special link with an individual and help us to protect the whole population. Extinction is forever—the Moray Firth dolphins cannot be replaced. When you adopt a dolphin you will be helping to fund our work protecting dolphins around the world including: ●Essential research—the more we understand about the dolphins, the better we can protect them. ●Political campaigns to ensure effective laws are in place to protect the dolphins and give them a safer future. ●Equipment such as binoculars, cameras and acoustic recorders to help with our research. Adapted from WDC (Whale and Dolphin Conservation) 60. What can be inferred about the dolphins referred to at the beginning of the advertisement? A. They are not killed on purpose. B. Many have been saved by adopters. C. Dolphins in UK are at the greatest risk. D. They are caught for commercial purposes. 61. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Adoption of dolphins is welcomed for its low cost. B. Kesslet is an easy target of hunters due to its curved dorsal fin. C. Some field researchers can in fact disturb dolphins’ lives. D. Once adopted, the dolphin’s latest news will be sent to adopters. 62. The money donated will be used by WDC in following ways except ________. A. more essential research into dolphins. B. building a special link with individual dolphins. C. purchasing equipment needed in dolphin research. D. funding political campaigns to pass laws protecting dolphins. 63. What is not mentioned in the passage? A. The introduction of WDC. B. The reason why adoption of a dolphin is encouraged. C. How WDC uses the fund to save dolphins. D. Some successful examples of adopted dolphins. 【答案】60. A 61. D 62. B 63. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。这是一则 WDC，鲸鱼和海豚保护组织的海豚领养公益广告，介绍了领养福利（领养包、证书、杂志订阅、全年动态）、待领养海豚的个性特点，说明了海豚面临的生存威胁（渔网误捕、污染、开发等），并明确了领养资金的用途，呼吁人们通过领养助力海豚保护。 【60题详解】 推理判断题。根据ADOPTADOLPHIN NOW中“Every two minutes another dolphin suffers a slow, painful death, accidentally trapped in fishing nets. Help end the suffering.( 每两分钟就有一头海豚因意外被困在渔网中而遭受缓慢而痛苦的死亡。请帮助终止这种痛苦。)”可知，根据广告开头所提及的海豚，可以推断出它们并非被故意捕杀。故选A项。 【61题详解】 细节理解题。根据ADOPTADOLPHIN NOW中“Dolphin updates throughout the year(每年有关海豚的最新资讯)”可知，一旦海豚被领养，海豚的最新消息就会发送给领养者。故选D项。 【62题详解】 细节理解题。根据Why adopt a dolphin?中“ Essential research — the more we understand about the dolphins, the better we can protect them.(开展关键研究至关重要 —— 我们对海豚的了解越深入，就越能更好地保护它们。)”、“Political campaigns to ensure effective laws are in place to protect the dolphins and give them a safer future.(开展相关政治行动，确保出台有效的法律保护海豚，为它们缔造更安全的未来。)”和“Equipment such as binoculars, cameras and acoustic recorders to help with our research.(双筒望远镜、照相机和声学记录仪这类设备，为我们的研究提供助力。)”可知，捐赠的资金被用于必要的研究、推动保护法律的政治活动以及 购买研究设备，由此可知，选项B“与个体海豚建立特殊联系”是领养人获得的情感体验，并非资金的使用方向。故选B项。 【63题详解】 细节理解题。根据Why adopt a dolphin?中“WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, is the leading global charity dedicated to the conservation and protection of whales and dolphins.( 世界自然基金会（WDC，鲸鱼和海豚保护组织）是全球领先的致力于鲸鱼和海豚保护与拯救的慈善机构。)”介绍了其职能；“Every two minutes another dolphin suffers a slow, painful death, accidentally trapped in fishing nets. Help end the suffering.( 每两分钟就有一头海豚因意外被困在渔网中而遭受缓慢而痛苦的死亡。请帮助终止这种痛苦。)”、“You can help save dolphins around the world by adopting a UK dolphin for just £4 a month. Adopt now.( 您可以通过每月仅 4 英镑的价格领养一只英国海豚，来帮助拯救世界各地的海豚。现在就领养吧。)”说明了鼓励领养的原因；Why adopt a dolphin?中“Essential research(必要的研究)”、“Political campaigns to ensure effective laws(推动出台有效法律的政治行动)”以及“Equipment such as binoculars...( 诸如双筒望远镜之类的设备……)”详细列出了资金用于研究、法律推动和设备购买的具体方式。D选项 Some successful examples of adopted dolphins“一些已收养海豚的成功案例”，全文未提及任何领养海豚的成功案例，属于文中未提到的内容。故选D项。 (C) A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need to “speed up breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF mindset is similar to the Silicon Valley dictate — to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? The WEF meeting took place just two weeks after Harvard University President Claudine Gay stepped down after complaints were made about her political science scholarship. In response, Gay requested corrections to several of her papers. Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the scene of high-profile scholars correcting and retracting papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by outstanding scientists and published in celebrated journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods, hence a question: Are scholars at supercompetitive places such as Harvard and Stanford rushing to publish rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing.” But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under tremendous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly. The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.” Good science takes time. More than 50 years elapsed between the 1543 publication of Copernicus’s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift. There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Consider the sheer volume of academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 64. WEF meeting in Switzerland advocated that ________. A. researchers need to achieve breakthroughs more rapidly B. public trust in science is not supposed to be easily broken C. WEF and Silicon Valley reach an agreement to move fast D. climate emergency and AI push scientific research hard 65. Which of the following examples fails to prove that good science takes time? A. Gay’s correction and retraction of papers. B. Publication of Copernicus’s theory. C. High-profile scholars’ tremendous output. D. Acceptance of the idea of continental drift. 66. The underlined word “counterincentives” in para. 5 probably means ________. A. measures to increase quantities of output B. discouragements of high quality papers C. rewards for leading universities’ research D. contradictory motives for future funding 67. Which of the following is best title of the passage? A. WEF Coincides with Silicon Valley B. Collapse of Public Trust C. Dilemma between Quantity and Quality D. Trouble in the Fast Lane 【答案】64. A 65. C 66. B 67. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学研究被期望快速进展的困境，并指出这种快节奏的研究可能会带来的问题。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need to “speed up breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster.”（今年在瑞士举行的世界经济论坛(WEF)会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要“加快研究和技术的突破”。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐。）可知，在瑞士召开的世界经济论坛会议主张，研究人员需要更快地取得突破。故选A项。 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing. ”But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under tremendous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly.”（科学地回答这个问题是不可能的，因为对于什么是“匆忙”并没有科学的定义。但毫无疑问的是，我们生活在这样一种文化中：一流大学的学者们承受着巨大的压力，必须迅速做出成果——而且是大量成果）可知，C选项“知名学者的巨大成果。”只能解释成果巨大，并不能解释良好的科学需要时间。故选C项。 【66题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第五段“The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.””（这个问题并不是美国独有的。在欧洲，正式的研究评估——用于分配未来的资金——多年来主要是根据学术部门的产出数量来评判他们。最近的一项改革敦促强调质量而不是数量，承认现有系统产生了“counterincentives”。）可知，“counterincentives”指的现有强调数量的系统会对强调高质量的论文产生抑制作用，因此划线词指的是“对高质量论文的抑制”的意思。故选B项。 【67题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Consider the sheer volume of academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust.”（有大量的间接证据表明，科学家和其他学者推出结果的速度比过去快得多。想想最近发表的学术论文的数量吧。最近的一项研究显示，这一数字每年超过700万，而就在1980年，这一数字还不到100万。这一增长部分是由更多的科学家和更多的论文合著者推动的，但这些数字也表明，研究界更看重数量而不是质量。如果我们要产生值得信任的知识，研究人员可能需要放慢速度。）可知，文章主要介绍了科学研究被期望快速进展的困境，并指出这种快节奏的研究可能会带来的问题。所以短文的标题为“快车道上的问题”。故选D项。 (D) I’m a consumer psychologist who has studied social decision-making for over a decade. A common yet puzzling aspect of social life is how people respond to invitations, particularly when they reply with a vague “maybe”. Recently, my co-authors and I published a series of studies that directly examine what goes on in people’s heads when they are unsure whether to accept an invitation. Social invitations can be a delicate dance, and people often misread what someone extending an invite wants to hear. We consistently found that people overestimate an inviter’s likelihood of preferring a “maybe” over a “no”. Moreover, they fail to realize how much more disrespected people feel when they receive a “maybe” in response to their invitation. Another pattern emerged: The more someone incorrectly assumed that a host preferred a tentative response, the more likely they were to respond with a “maybe” themselves. Naturally, we wanted to figure out why this awkward dynamic plays out. We found that it’s largely due to something called “motivated reasoning”. Motivated reasoning occurs when a person interprets information in a biased way to arrive at a conclusion that is in line with their own wishes. Saying “no” right immediately eliminates one’s options and opens the door for FOMO, or fear of missing out, to emerge. That said, there were certain situations that made people more comfortable saying “no” to an invite. In one study, we had recipients of an invitation put themselves in the shoes of the person extending the invite. This made them more likely to realize that they’d probably prefer a definitive answer. That is, it seemed to prevent motivated reasoning from emerging. In another study, we had participants get invited to do something they didn’t want to do. We found that motivated reasoning then became irrelevant: They had no desire to keep their options open, so they were more likely to assume that a “no” was preferable to a “maybe”. Furthermore, other research has explored the subtle art of the decline, testing which reasons soften the bitterness of a rejected invitation. The findings are clear: saying you’re too busy comes across as a half-hearted excuse; saying you have a prior commitment lands with slightly more weight; but saying you simply don’t have the financial means to make it work is received with the greatest understanding. Beyond the choice of words, however, lies a more fundamental principle of communication. It might reduce your options. But it’ll keep those who invited you from being left in uncertainty. 68. What does the author intend to illustrate with the “delicate dance” metaphor in paragraph 2? A. To argue that inviters often have self-serving motivations when extending offers. B. To stress how easily people can misread others’ intentions in social exchanges. C. To suggest a tentative “maybe” is the most polite response in these situations. D. To prove the false assumption made by invitees who fear the consequences of refusal. 69. Based on the reasons for the “maybe” response, what can we conclude? A. Even when people dislike the activity, FOMO makes them hesitate over it. B. Receiving an unattractive invitation is the most effective way to eliminate FOMO. C. Taking the inviter’s perspective helps to overcome the bias and give a direct answer. D. People say “maybe” to avoid the duty of making an immediate decision for the inviter. 70. Based on the findings, what fundamental principle of communication does the author advocate? A. Prioritize straightforward and clear communication. B. Ensure refusals are credible with well-justified reasons. C. Favor accepting invitations when facing uncertainty. D. Maintain flexibility in one’s schedule when declining. 71. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? A. New Principles into Framing Invitations B. How to politely Refuse an Invitation C. Why “Maybe” Hurts and “No” Helps D. Psychology Behind Successful Invitations 【答案】68. B 69. C 70. A 71. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章基于心理学研究，分析了人们回应邀请时倾向用“maybe”的原因（动机性推理、害怕错过），并指出换位思考和明确回应（如真诚说“no”）更利于沟通，同时分享了让拒绝更易被接受的方式。 【68题详解】 推理判断题。根据划线词所在句“Social invitations can be a delicate dance(社交邀请可能是一场微妙的舞蹈)”以及下文“people often misread what someone extending an invite wants to hear. We consistently found that people overestimate an inviter’s likelihood of preferring a “maybe” over a “no”. Moreover, they fail to realize how much more disrespected people feel when they receive a “maybe” in response to their invitation.(人们经常会误解别人发出邀请时想听到的内容。我们一直发现，人们高估了邀请者喜欢“可能”而不是“不”的可能性。此外，他们没有意识到，当人们收到一个“可能”的回复时，他们会感到多么不受尊重。)”可知，人们经常误解邀请者的真实意图，错误解读邀请者的想法（如高估对方偏好“可能”而非“不”，以及收到“可能”时感到不受尊重），导致沟通问题；因此，作者用“delicate dance(微妙的舞蹈)”这个暗喻来强调人们在社会交往中很容易误解他人的意图。故选B。 【69题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Motivated reasoning occurs when a person interprets information in a biased way to arrive at a conclusion that is in line with their own wishes. Saying “no” right immediately eliminates one’s options and opens the door for FOMO, or fear of missing out, to emerge.(动机性推理指的是一个人以带有偏见的方式解读信息，从而得出与自身意愿一致的结论。立刻说“不”会直接断绝自身的选择，进而引发错失恐惧症（即害怕错过机会的心理，英文缩写为 FOMO）。)”以及第四段中“In one study, we had recipients of an invitation put themselves in the shoes of the person extending the invite. This made them more likely to realize that they’d probably prefer a definitive answer. That is, it seemed to prevent motivated reasoning from emerging. (在一项研究中，我们让收到邀请的人设身处地地站在发出邀请的人的角度去思考。这使得他们更有可能意识到自己可能更希望得到一个明确的答复。也就是说，这似乎能够避免动机性推理的出现。)”可知，“可能”回应源于“动机推理”，即人们为避免FOMO（害怕错过）而保持选项开放。当受邀者站在邀请者角度思考时，他们更可能意识到对方想要一个明确的答复，从而更倾向于直接说“不”；这直接说明了换位思考是克服“动机性推理”偏见、给出明确答案的有效方法。故选C。 【70题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The findings are clear: saying you’re too busy comes across as a half-hearted excuse; saying you have a prior commitment lands with slightly more weight; but saying you simply don’t have the financial means to make it work is received with the greatest understanding. Beyond the choice of words, however, lies a more fundamental principle of communication. It might reduce your options. But it’ll keep those who invited you from being left in uncertainty.(研究结果明确表明：声称自己太忙听起来像是一个敷衍的借口；声称有其他事务安排则更具说服力；但声称自己根本没有足够的经济能力来赴约则会得到最大的理解。然而，除了措辞的选择之外，还存在着一个更根本的沟通原则。这可能会减少你的选择余地。但这样一来，邀请你的人就不会被置于不确定的境地了。)”可知，尽管拒绝时选词重要（如给出经济原因更易理解），一个明确的“不”会限制你的选择，但能避免让对方陷入不确定，因此，作者倡导的是避免对方陷入不确定的清晰、直接的沟通，明确回应（无论接受或拒绝）比模糊的“maybe”更重要。故选A。 【71题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段中“Moreover, they fail to realize how much more disrespected people feel when they receive a “maybe” in response to their invitation. Another pattern emerged: The more someone incorrectly assumed that a host preferred a tentative response, the more likely they were to respond with a “maybe” themselves.(此外，他们没有意识到，当人们收到一个“可能”的回复时，他们会感到多么不受尊重。另一种模式出现了：人们越是错误地认为主人更喜欢试探性的回答，他们自己就越有可能回答“也许”。)”、第四段中“In one study, we had recipients of an invitation put themselves in the shoes of the person extending the invite. This made them more likely to realize that they’d probably prefer a definitive answer. (在一项研究中，我们让收到邀请的人设身处地地站在发出邀请的人的角度去思考。这使得他们更有可能意识到自己可能更希望得到一个明确的答复。也就是说，这似乎能够避免动机性推理的出现。在另一项研究中，我们让参与者接到邀请去做他们不想做的事情。)”以及最后一段中“Beyond the choice of words, however, lies a more fundamental principle of communication. It might reduce your options. But it’ll keep those who invited you from being left in uncertainty.(然而，除了措辞的选择之外，还存在着一个更根本的沟通原则。这可能会减少你的选择余地。但这样一来，邀请你的人就不会被置于不确定的境地了。)”可知，心理学角度分析“也许”回应背后的动机及其负面影响（如让邀请者感觉不受尊重），并最终论证“不”的积极作用（如减少不确定性），C选项“Why “Maybe” Hurts and “No” Helps”精准概括主题，适合作为最佳标题；故选C。 Section C Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Football and data A numbers game At most football clubs, the equation is simple: you put in vast amounts of money, and you get out star players and win victories. Take Manchester City, the Premier League’s reigning champions. Before its takeover in 2008 by a Middle East plutocrats (财阀) , the club often struggled in the bottom half of the table; it has won English football’s championship seven times since 2011. ____72____ The club was promoted into the Premier League in 2021 after striving for decades in the lower reaches of football. What makes its success surprising is not how much money its owner, Matthew Benham, has put into the team, but how little. In a new book “Smart Money”. Alex Duff, a lifelong Brentford fan, explains how a money-saving plan made profits. Mr Benham studied physics at Oxford University and then went to work in banking. In his early 30s, sensing correctly that bookmakers (赌注登记人) were inaccurate when setting odds for football matches, Mr Benham left banking to become a full-time gambler. He set up his own company, Smartodds, and competed with financial institutions to hire the best mathematicians. ____73____ Instead, their focus should be the “goal-scoring opportunities” it was creating. In time, he reckoned, the goals would come. The approach was so efficient that when Brentford, going through one of its periodic financial crises, put out a general appeal for help in 2005, Mr Benham offered his services. Within a decade he owned the club and was applying his ideas to how the team was constructed. ____74____ There were plenty of doubters within football about Brentford’s philosophy. But in time it worked. In their first season in the Premier League, Mr Benham’s investment of around £100m in the club — a tiny sum compared with competitors — realised its first profit of £25m. ____75____ Mr Benham identified set pieces (定位球) as an important part of creating scoring opportunities, and hired Gianni Vio, an Italian coach with 4,000 such plays in his career. Players are instructed to press the opposition and tackle players within ten seconds of them receiving the ball. Though Brentford is not competing for the title, in recent years the team has beaten several of football’s plutocrats — including Manchester City. What were the odds? A. Brentford FC has taken a different approach. B. Statistics have helped the team win on the court, too. C. He applied his talent to identifying the underlying strength of football teams. D. Analytics underlay and supported a remarkably profitable buy-low-sell-high transfer strategy. E. They were told to focus not on how many goals a team was scoring, which was subject to too much randomness. F. Like “Moneyball”, a hit book about the use of statistics in baseball, “Smart Money” is both informative and entertaining. 【答案】72. A 73. E 74. D 75. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，围绕“足球与数据”这一主题展开，以曼城高投入换成绩的传统足球运营模式为对照，介绍布伦特福德俱乐部老板马修·本汉姆将数据分析理念运用到球队运营和赛场战术中，以低投入实现球队升入英超并盈利、击败豪门的成功案例，体现了数据分析在现代足球发展中的重要价值。 【72题详解】 根据上文“At most football clubs, the equation is simple: you put in vast amounts of money, and you get out star players and win victories. Take Manchester City...(大多数足球俱乐部的运营逻辑很简单：投入巨额资金，就能签下球星、赢得比赛。以曼城为例……)”介绍的足球俱乐部高投入的传统模式，以及下文“The club was promoted into the Premier League in 2021 after striving for decades in the lower reaches of football. What makes its success surprising is not how much money its owner, Matthew Benham, has put into the team, but how little.(这支球队在低级别联赛打拼数十年后，终于在 2021 年升入英格兰超级联赛。其成功之所以令人称奇，并非老板马修・本汉姆为球队投入了多少资金，而在于他的投入少得惊人)”对布伦特福德低投入获成功的描述可知，空格处需要承接上下文，体现布伦特福德的运营方式与传统模式的不同。A选项“Brentford FC has taken a different approach.(布伦特福德足球俱乐部则采取了一种截然不同的方式)”精准衔接前后文的对比逻辑，引出后文对布伦特福德独特运营策略的介绍，符合语境。故选A项。 【73题详解】 根据下文“Instead, their focus should be the “goal-scoring opportunities” it was creating.(相反，他们的关注点应该是球队创造的“进球机会”)”中的“Instead”可知，空格处需要说明与之相反的、不被建议关注的内容，形成反义并列。E选项“They were told to focus not on how many goals a team was scoring, which was subject to too much randomness.(他们被告知不要把注意力放在球队的进球数上，因为这受太多随机因素影响)”以“not on how many goals a team was scoring”与后文“focus should be the ‘goal-scoring opportunities’”形成鲜明转折，契合“Instead”的逻辑关系，符合语境。故选E项。 【74题详解】 根据上文“Within a decade he owned the club and was applying his ideas to how the team was constructed.(十年内他收购了这家俱乐部，并将自己的理念运用到球队建设中）”可知，空格处需要说明数据分析理念在球队建设中的具体应用，且该应用能为盈利奠定基础。D选项“Analytics underlay and supported a remarkably profitable buy-low-sell-high transfer strategy.(数据分析为一套利润丰厚的“低买高卖”转会策略奠定了基础并提供了支撑)”紧扣“数据分析理念”，点明其在球队转会运营中的具体落地方式，而“低买高卖”的转会策略正是球队低投入高盈利的关键，符合语境。故选D项。 【75题详解】 根据下文“Mr Benham identified set pieces (定位球) as an important part of creating scoring opportunities, and hired Gianni Vio, an Italian coach with 4,000 such plays in his career. Players are instructed to press the opposition and tackle players within ten seconds of them receiving the ball. Though Brentford is not competing for the title, in recent years the team has beaten several of football’s plutocrats—including Manchester City. What were the odds?(本汉姆先生发现定位球是创造进球机会的重要环节，于是聘请了詹尼・维奥 —— 这位意大利教练职业生涯中钻研过四千套定位球战术。球队球员被要求在对手触球后的十秒内展开逼抢并完成抢断。尽管布伦特福德目前并未参与联赛冠军的争夺，但近些年这支球队先后击败了包括曼城在内的多家足坛豪门。这简直是难以想象的逆袭！)”可知，本段核心是数据分析在球队赛场战术布置中的应用，并助力球队在比赛中取胜。空格处需要作为本段主旨句，统领全段内容。B选项“Statistics have helped the team win on the court, too.(数据分析也帮助球队在赛场上取得了胜利)”精准概括本段主旨，“Statistics”对应前文的数据分析理念，“on the court”贴合后文的赛场战术和比赛结果，“too”体现数据分析从球队运营到赛场战术的延伸应用，符合语境。故选B项。 V. Translation（5+5+5+5，共20分） Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 76. 那本杂志旨在给主修时尚设计的女孩看的。因此，唤起他们的时尚意识是重中之重。（mean）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The magazine is meant for girls majoring in fashion design. Therefore, arousing their fashion awareness is the top priority. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语，非谓语动词和时态。句子陈述事实用一般现在时；第一句主语为“那本杂志”the magazine；表示“旨在”短语为be meant for，主语为单数，be动词用is；表示“主修时尚设计的女孩”翻译为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰girls；为girls majoring in fashion design；表示“因此”用副词therefore；表示“唤起他们的时尚意识”用动名词短语arousing their fashion awareness，作第二个句子的主语；表示“重中之重”为be the top priority，动名词作主语，be动词用is。故翻译为The magazine is meant for girls majoring in fashion design. Therefore, arousing their fashion awareness is the top priority. 77. 有抱负，有决心，他一直在突破现在可能性的极限，无论做运动还是探索新地方。(push) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Ambitious and determined, he is always pushing the limits of what is possible now, whether doing sports or exploring new places. 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词作状语、动词时态、宾语从句和让步状语。根据句意，该句描述的是主语持续的状态和动作，谓语使用现在进行时表反复的动作，带有赞赏的语气；表示“有抱负，有决心”用形容词ambitious and determined作状语，位于句首单词首字母需大写；表示“他”为he作主语；表示“一直在突破”为is always pushing，主语he为第三人称单数，现在进行时的结构为“be+doing”，故be动词用is，频度副词always置于be动词和现在分词之间，“突破”为push，用现在分词pushing；表示“现在可能性的极限”为the limits of what is possible now，of后接宾语从句，从句中“可能的事”用what is possible作宾语，“现在”为now作时间状语；表示“无论做运动还是探索新地方”用whether... or...引导让步状语，与主句主语一致，故用现在分词形式，可以省略了“主语和be动词”，表示“做运动”为doing sports，“探索新地方”为exploring new places，所以“无论做运动还是探索新地方”为whether doing sports or exploring new places。故翻译为Ambitious and determined, he is always pushing the limits of what is possible now, whether doing sports or exploring new places. 78. 为了给他的朋友留下印象，他冒了个险，导致一场严重的交通事故，为此，他应该负责。（blame）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】He took a risk to impress his friend, which led to a serious traffic accident, and for this, he is to blame. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词短语、动词不定式、定语从句和时态。根据句意以及提示词可知，表示“冒了个险”应为动词短语take a risk；后接动词不定式to do作目的状语，表示“给他的朋友留下印象”应为动词短语impress his friend；后接which引导的非限制性定语从句，对先行词（前面整句话）的修饰，在该从句中，表示“导致一场严重的交通事故”应为动词短语lead to a serious traffic accident；表示“为此”可译为for this；表示“他应该负责”可译为he is to blame；结合句意可知，该句应为陈述过去发生的事情，为一般过去时。故翻译为：He took a risk to impress his friend, which led to a serious traffic accident, and for this, he is to blame. 79. 究竟是什么激发他学习电子工程的积极性无从得知。我们不妨等着瞧。（There is ...; may as well）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】There is no knowing what exactly motivates him to take up electronic engineering. We may as well wait and see. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定句型、宾语从句、非谓语动词。表示“无从得知”用固定句型There is no knowing...。表示“究竟是什么激发他学习电子工程的积极性”用what引导宾语从句，作knowing的宾语，what在从句中作主语。表示“究竟”用副词exactly。表示 “激发某人做某事”用motivate sb. to do sth.；表示“开始学习、从事”用take up；“激发他学习电子工程的积极性”用motivates him to take up electronic engineering，本句描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，主语为what，谓语用第三人称单数motivates，不定式to take up作宾语补足语。表示“我们”用we，作主语；表示“不妨”may as well do sth.。表示“等着瞧”用wait and see。故翻译为There is no knowing what exactly motivates him to take up electronic engineering. We may as well wait and see. 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $