Unit 5教材原文助读9-（配套教参）【学霸笔记·同步精讲 教材助读 语基默写】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版）

本讲义围绕玛雅文明的核心知识点展开，涵盖玛雅建筑（阶梯金字塔）、历法（精确到年误差30秒内的玛雅历）、文字系统（800多字符的复杂体系）及文明衰落原因探讨。通过词汇注释（如astronomy、pyramid）、语法解析（定语从句、非谓语动词）和文化背景（玛雅金字塔365阶对应一年天数）构建学习支架，帮助学生理解文章内容与语言结构。 该资料特色在于融合语言能力、文化意识与思维品质的培养。文化采风部分介绍玛雅金字塔和玛雅历，增强学生对古代文明的认知，提升文化意识；词汇与语法解析（如correspond to用法、过去分词作定语）助力语言知识掌握，提升语言能力；探讨玛雅衰落的自然与人为因素，引导学生分析推断，培养思维品质。课中辅助教师讲解文化与语言点，课后学生可通过词汇表和语法注释复习，查漏补缺。

Unit 5教材原文助读9 ①intrigue [In'triːɡ] v．(因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心 ②make an incredible discovery 有惊人的发现 ③star charts星图 ④through comparison通过比较 ⑤correspond to... 符合，与……相一致 correspond [ˌkɒrə'spɒnd] vi.相一致，符合 ⑥bury ['beri] v．将……埋在下面 ⑦extend [Ik'stend] vi.延伸 (距离)，延续(时间) ⑧representative [ˌreprI'zentətIv] adj.典型的，有代表性的 n．[C]代表 ⑨step pyramids阶梯金字塔 pyramid ['pIrəmId] n．[C] 金字塔 ⑩astronomy [ə'strɒnəmi] n．[U]天文学 astronomer [ə'strɒnəmə(r)] n．[C]天文学家 ⑪apply...to...把……运用到…… ⑫calendar ['kælIndə(r)] n．[C]历法；日历 solar calendar阳历 lunar calendar阴历，农历 ⑬be accurate to within...精确到……以内 accurate ['ækjərət] adj.精确的 ⑭on top of...在……之上；除……之外 ⑮a writing system一套文字系统 ⑯complicated ['kɒmplIkeItId] adj.难懂的，复杂的 [同义词]complex adj.复杂的 [反义词] simple adj.简单的 ⑰interpret [In'tɜːprət] vt. 诠释，说明 ⑱primitive ['prImətIv] adj. 原始的，远古的；发展水平低的，落后的 ⑲incredible adj.难以置信的 ⑳at one's peak＝at the peak of sb./sth.在某人/物的巅峰，在某人/物的高峰期 decline [dI'klaIn] vi.衰退，下降；谢绝n.[C，U]下降，衰落 claim riches索取财富 claim v．[熟词生义]索取 riches n．[pl.]财富 remaining [rI'meInIŋ] adj.剩下的，剩余的 a natural disaster一场自然灾害 deadly adj.致命的 wetland ['wetlənd] n．[C] 湿地，沼泽地 canal [kə'næl] n．[C]运河 landscape ['lændskeIp] n．[C]地貌；风景，景色 unknowingly adv.不知不觉地 far fewer更少的(far修饰比较级) tropical cyclones热带气旋 tropical ['trɒpIk(ə)l] adj.来自热带的；产于热带的 cyclone ['saIkləʊn] n．[C]气旋；旋风 drought [draʊt] n．[U，C]干旱 downfall ['daʊnfɔːl] n. [C，sing.] 衰败，衰落 fall into ruin(因无人照料而)衰落，败落；沦为废墟 ruin ['ruːIn] n．[C]残垣断壁，废墟；[U]毁坏；破灭 vt.毁坏，破坏；毁灭，(使)破产 【文化采风】 玛雅金字塔 玛雅金字塔是仅次于埃及金字塔的著名建筑。玛雅金字塔稍矮，由巨石堆成，整个金字塔是灰白色的，不完全是锥形，顶端有一个祭神的神殿。玛雅金字塔四周各有四座楼梯，每座楼梯有91阶，4座楼梯加上最上面1阶共365阶，正好是一年的天数。 玛雅历 玛雅历是最古老的历法之一，可与现代公历相互换算。其记日系统由以260天为周期的卓尔金历和以365天为周期的哈布历相互结合同步循环，同时以52个哈布年为周期，称为一个历法循环。, The Mysteries of THE MAYA [1]Intrigued① by Maya civilisation from a very young age, 15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery② from his study of ancient star charts③. Through comparison④， he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to⑤ the positions of the stars. Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city [2]buried⑥ deep in the jungle. Although__his__theory__has__been__dismissed__by__scholars,__it__shows__how__powerful__the__secrets__of__Ancient__Maya__civilisation__are__among__people. [1]本句中“Intrigued by...age”为过去分词短语作原因状语；“he had made...charts”为省略了that的宾语从句。 [2]此处为过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于定语从句“which was buried deep in the jungle”。 It isn't difficult to see why. Extending⑦ south from parts of [3]what we now know as Mexico into Central America, Maya__civilisation__has__been__surrounded__by__mystery__since__its__rediscovery__in__the__19th__century. The Maya built impressive palaces and temples, including their representative⑧ step pyramids⑨. [4]What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power. The Maya's understanding of mathematics and astronomy⑩ was also quite amazing. They applied this understanding to⑪ the Maya calendar⑫， [5]which was accurate to within⑬ 30 seconds per year. On top of⑭ all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system⑮. It contained more than 800 characters, [6]with some signs representing animals, people and objects and others representing syllables. [7]It was a writing system so complicated⑯ that, so far, no one has been able to interpret⑰ it completely. [3]此处为what引导的宾语从句，what在从句中作know的宾语。 [4]本句中“What is most...structures”为what引导的主语从句；“how they were...power”为how引导的表语从句。 [5]此处为which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Maya calendar，在从句中作主语。 [6]此处为with复合结构，第一个represent与some signs以及第二个represent与others之间均为主谓关系，因此用动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。 [7]本句中“so...that...”引导结果状语从句。 The fact [8]that Maya society was technologically primitive⑱ makes its achievements all the more incredible⑲ and mysterious. But__the__greatest__mystery__of__all__is__what__caused__the__Maya__to__abandon__most__of__their__great__cities. By 700 AD, Maya civilisation was at its peak⑳. Yet, within just a couple of generations, it began to mysteriously decline. The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle. When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches, the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements. [8]此处为that引导的同位语从句，对主句的主语The fact进行解释说明。 Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. Was it a natural disaster? A deadly disease? Conflicts between cities? Or was it a combination of several different factors? Some__research__seems__to__indicate__that__the__Maya__people__themselves__may__have__played__a__part__in__their__downfall. They had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains, and had dug huge canal systems. As their population expanded, yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction. By changing the landscape in this way, [9]it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters． [9]“it is possible that...”意为“很可能……”，其中it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语；to deal with natural disasters作后置定语修饰ability。 Research__also__suggests__that__those__natural__disasters__may__have__led__to__the__decline__of__the__Maya. Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD. This is likely to have led to a series of droughts, [10]each lasting for a couple of years, including a “megadrought” around 900 AD. [11]Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places. These droughts would have led to food shortages, conflicts and, ultimately, the downfall of the cities. [10]此处为独立主格结构，each指的是each drought，与last之间是主谓关系。 [11]本句中“that these droughts...places”为that引导的宾语从句，在该从句中why引导定语从句。 [12]Whatever the reasons, Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle. Its once-great cities fell into ruin, [13]leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. Meanwhile,__the__rise__and__fall__of__this__civilisation__must__also__leave__us__thinking__about__our__own__past,__present__and__future. [12]此处为Whatever引导的让步状语从句，reasons后省略了were。 [13]此处为现在分词短语作结果状语。 玛雅之谜 十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·甘德瑞自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星图有了惊人的发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知的玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了掩藏于丛林深处的一座未知的玛雅城市的位置。尽管他的理论已经被学者否定，但这显示了古代玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中的影响力有多大。 这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范围从现今我们所知道的墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲，自19世纪被再次发现以来，它就充满了神秘色彩。玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇，其中包括他们具有代表性的阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑的最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，它们是如何建成的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将此认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确到每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时在美洲独一无二的成就：一套真正的文字系统。这套文字系统包含800多个字符，有些符号代表动物、人和物，还有些代表音节。这套文字系统如此复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。 玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得其种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。但其中最大的谜团是为何玛雅人遗弃了他们绝大部分的大城市。到公元700年时，玛雅文明进入鼎盛时期。然而，在短短几代人的时间里，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小村落里。 玛雅文明衰落的原因一直是一个谜。是(因为)自然灾害？致死疾病？城市间的冲突？抑或是几个不同因素的叠加？一些研究似乎表明玛雅人本身也对他们的衰落起到了作用。他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口增长，人们需要更多的土地以发展农业，需要更多的树木以修建建筑物。通过这样改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。 研究还显示，那些自然灾害可能导致了玛雅的衰落。最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年左右的那场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度开始衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突发生，最终导致城市的衰败。 无论原因是什么，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。与此同时，这一文明的兴衰也必须让我们思考我们自己的过去、现在和未来。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $