Unit 4 Traveller's tales 过去分词作状语（单元核心语法精练）英语沪教版必修第三册

Unit 4 Traveller's tales 核心语法精练（过去分词作状语） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 3 一、单句语法填空 3 二、完成句子 7 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 14 过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、让步、条件、原因、方式和结果，相当于一个状语从句。其逻辑主语为主句主语，且与主句主语构成被动关系。 1. 作时间状语 相当于时间状语从句；可在过去分词前加上连词“when, while, until” 等，使其时间意义更明确。 Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 从山上看，这个公园非常美丽。 (=When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.) 2. 作原因状语 相当于原因状语从句或并列结构从句。 Touched by his teacher’s words, the boy cried. 这个男孩被老师的话打动了，所以他哭了。 (=The boy was touched by his teacher’s words, so he cried.) 3. 作条件状语 相当于条件状语从句；可加连词if, unless等转换成条件状语从句。 Given more time, we could do it much better. 多给我们点时间，我们会做得更好。 (=If we were given more time, we could do it much better.) 4. 作让步状语 相当于让步状语从句；有时可加although, though, even if, even though, whether…or…等连词转换成让步状语从句。 Warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields. 尽管农民们已被告知将有暴风雨，但他们仍然在地里干活。 (= Though they had been warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.) 5. 作方式伴随状语 加and 可转换成并列结构从句。 The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of his students.老师走进教室, 后面跟着一群学生。 (=The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of his students.) 一、单句语法填空 1． (inspire) by the beautiful scenery, she wrote a wonderful poem in an hour. 2．When (view) from the air, the Great Wall looks like a big dragon winding over mountains. 3．Although largely (ignore), materials thrown away provide plenty of resources for us artists to give them a second life. 4． (accuse) of a crime in terrorist acts, the suspect will be put into prison. 5．The children, (lead) by their parents, went into the cinema happily. 6． (occupy) with our study, we have no time to enjoy various activities in the club. 7．She stood (root) to the spot with fear. 8． (amaze) at how quickly she mastered the difficult grammar, the teacher praised her in class. 9．Truly (convince) that the government can lead them out of the financial crisis, people are optimistic about the future of the country. 10． (drive) by curiosity, she opened the mysterious box belonging to her grandma. 11．The film star appeared, (accompany) by a team of strong bodyguards. 12．In Japan, Sushi is popular as a kind of cooked rice with sweet vinegar, often (serve) with raw fish. 13．Farmers of the future are more likely to be technicians working in control rooms, (surround) by computers and monitors. 14．The Internet, (use) correctly, can help people get more information. 15．Once almost not of, scenes like this one in Cape Town are now common all over the world.(hear) 16． (appoint) as a chemist, he started working for this international organization two years ago. 17． (locate) just a few minutes from the lake, the restaurant has a wonderful view. 18． (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, John was in low spirits. 19． (press) from his parents, and realizing that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games. 20． (suspect) of carrying drugs, the traveler was stopped by the customs officer. 21． (judge) as a responsible person, Tom was elected as monitor of the class. 22．During the visiting, we were told not to touch the equipment in the laboratory unless (allow) to. 23． (overcome) by great interest, the boy looked out of the window. 24．People using mobile phones outdoors during storms are more likely to suffer internal injuries if (strike) by lightning. 25． (face) with the coming danger, the couple remained buried in their work. 26．Bitterly (oppose) by the residents, the proposal to build a new airport was eventually cancelled. 27．The research is so designed that once (begin) nothing can be done to change it. 28． (motivate) by the desire to succeed, every student in our class works hard. 29． (dress) in an elegant red coat, she put others present at the meeting in the shade. 30． (resign) to her fate, she accepted the challenges that lay ahead, knowing that her decisions would shape her future. 二、完成句子 31． his words, she burst into tears. 被他鼓舞人心的话语所感动，她潸然泪下。 32．和我们的小公寓相比，比尔的房子就像是宫殿。 our small flat, Bill’s house seemed like a palace. 33．和其他学生相比，迈克更加勤勉一些。 other students, Mike is more diligent. 34． , we are sure to do it well. 如果给予(我们)足够的时间，我们一定能做好。 35．We spent hours reading, . 我们会坐在店里陈旧而舒适的家具上，读上好几个钟头的书。 36． , Andy has got a chance to become famous. 因为安迪在一部新电影中被分到一个重要角色，他得到了一个成名的机会。 37．   the hill, the park looks more beautiful. 从山顶上看，公园看起来更漂亮。 38．Discuss weekend plans with a partner, . 根据下面的天气预报，与同伴讨论周末计划。 39．我们被他那有趣的故事逗乐了，都大笑起来。 , all of us burst into laughter. 40．我对他的行为感到失望，就把这些都告诉了我最好的朋友。 , I said all this to my best friend. 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高一上·上海·月考）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A Thank-You Note to My Spanish Host Parents Dear Paloma and Juan,   I cannot thank you enough for your kindness and the impact you had (and still have) on my life. There is not a day that goes by when I do not think about you and the effect you had 1 me.   Thank you for introducing me to wonderful Spanish food. I still dream about paella, croquetas, empanadas, and all the other goodies you 2 (offer) while I lived in your house. Every morning before my roommate and I left for class, you made us freshly squeezed orange juice, 3 was a perfect way to start the day. Anytime we went on a trip, you packed us lunch. All of these kindnesses made us feel at home.   Thank you for being patient with me in the early days when my Spanish was not so good. I know I probably asked several times 4 type of meat was on our salads. And it took me several weeks to remember 5 cangrejo meant “crab meat”. Answering that question over and over again must have been frustrating, but you did so anyway. You took me to the market, and I appreciated your effort 6 (involve) me in real Spanish activities.   I will never forget the time 7 you saw a peacock in Retro Park and showed me the video at dinner as you thought it would make me smile. 8 my roommate and I were still a little uneasy about using public transportation in Madrid, you took the time to show us how to take the bus and the Metro.   Lastly, thank you for still caring about me and keeping in touch. I love the inspirational memes you send me on WhatsApp; they brighten my day more than you know. Thank you for 9 (welcome) me back into your home when I returned to Madrid this March and for having me once more at your dinner table, just like old times. You went above and beyond to make my experience 10 (good) possible, and for that, I am forever grateful.   Yours, Kayla （24-25高一上·上海·期末）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Pushing past her limits At 11:31 am on July 18, I reached the summit of Mount Muztagh Ata in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Standing at 7,546 meters at the age of 18, I earned the title of National Mountaineering Athlete. As I stood there, tears unexpectedly streamed down my face. Our team consisted of 17 people, including seven coaches. We started the climb at 3 am, making our way up in freezing temperatures. With the shortage of oxygen, every step was a struggle-my head throbbed (阵痛) with pain and my stomach churned (翻腾). I felt 1 I was on the verge of fainting. 2 a lack of appetite, I forced myself to eat something. My feet were swollen, and I could hardly feel 3 . After nearly three hours of struggle, the sun began to rise from behind the mountain, casting a warm glow on the snow. For a moment, I felt 4 (renew). I tried to take out my snow goggles, but I was too weak, and my coach had to help me. Feeling exhausted, I told my coach I wanted to slow down, but he noticed my nose was freezing and my lips were stiff. He warned me that if I didn’t keep moving, the cold 5 cause me to get sick, making it impossible to reach the summit. I immediately regained my focus and pushed myself to move 6 (fast). I was the last team member 7 (reach) the top, and though my teammates cheered me on, I was too tired to respond. The view was beautiful, but I was so exhausted that I couldn’t even appreciate it. My mind went numb, and every step during the final stretch seemed like a battle. But finally, I reached the peak. I sat down on a rock, dizzy and crying. Crying at that moment wasn’t just about the physical pain. It was a release of all the emotions I 8 (bottle up). It was a mix of exhaustion, awe for nature, and a sense of connection with the mountain. I was also proud of myself for making it to the top. When I returned to the busy city, surrounded by the noise of cars and crowds, I found myself missing the quiet world of the mountains. I missed the cold, damp sleeping bags, the faint nausea from the lack of food, and the stars and moon 9 (hang) over us in the early hours. It was only in that stillness 10 I truly appreciated the beauty of the mountains. 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高一上·上海浦东新·期末）Looking to spot a shooting star? These top stargazing destinations offer the perfect backdrop. Bring your family along and introduce them to the spectacular night sky. Here are four places to experience a star-filled landscape. Sossusvlei, Namibia Stay at Little Kulala, an eco-friendly hotel in the desert. It uses solar power and is located in the large Kulala Wilderness Reserve. You can ride in a Land Rover to look for animals such as springbok, ostrich and oryx. You can also take a hot-air balloon to see the Namib Desert, which is the oldest desert in the world. After a day of exploring, relax in your small private pool. At night, you can even sleep on the rooftop and watch shooting stars and the Milky Way above you. Death Valley National Park, California Death Valley National Park covers 3.4 million acres. Its clean air and large open spaces make it a wonderful place to watch shooting stars, meteor showers, and many constellations. People in the area work hard to reduce light pollution so the night sky stays dark. In winter, park rangers offer programs that teach visitors about stars and space. Rome, Italy For a fun family activity, visit Sofitel Roma Villa Borghese for an evening picnic and stargazing. You can learn about constellations and planets that were named by ancient Roman astronomers. The hotel is in a former 19th-century palace and is close to famous cultural sites and parks in the city. Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah This park has some of the darkest skies in the United States. It was the first place to receive the International Dark Sky Park certification. Huge natural stone bridges create beautiful “windows” where you can look through to see the stars, just like the Pueblo people did 800 years ago. One of the most amazing views is the Milky Way rising above Owachomo Bridge. 1．Which of the following statements is TRUE about Sossusvlei, Namibia? A．It boasts the largest desert in the world. B．The hotel there offers bedrooms for stargazing. C．Tourists can catch sight of all kinds of wild animals there. D．Tourists have the chance to view the desert from various angles. 2．What can be inferred about Natural Bridges National Monument as a stargazing site? A．Educational programs about stars and space are available. B．The natural rock formations enhance the viewing experience. C．The locals have made huge efforts to preserve the dark nights. D．It is the only place to hold the International Dark Sky Park certification. 3．A family who wants both cultural sightseeing during the day and stargazing at night would most likely choose ________. A．Sossusvlei, Namibia B．Death Valley National Park, California C．Rome, Italy D．Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah 4．Where would you most likely find the passage? A．A travel magazine. B．An academic journal. C．A popular science magazine. D．A daily newspaper. （25-26高一上·上海·月考）Journey to the Center of the Earth In this interview, Jesper Stechmann, one of the world’s best freedivers and a highly experienced cave diver, shares his personal experience about freediving in caves.   Lena Kemna: Most people, me included, hear about cave freediving and wonder — Isn’t that incredibly dangerous?   Jesper Stechmann: It is indeed. Freediving in itself is dangerous. Once you dive inside something, it’s easy to get disoriented. A friend of mine put it well: “If something goes wrong underwater, it’s a very hostile (不利的) environment to be in,” because you don’t have much time. That’s why you should avoid uncalculated risks. A mistake here isn’t like tripping and hurting your leg; it could be deadly. So, every time I dive into a cave, I explore step by step, slowly and carefully. When I’m exploring the unknown, I always turn back with at least 60% of my breath-hold time still in reserve.   Lena Kemna: So, why do it?   Jesper Stechmann: I just love cave diving, or any diving in open water. As a kid, I read Jules Verne’s A Journey to the Center of the Earth. Now when I dive into caves, it feels like I’m exploring the inner world of our planet. It is not just about discovering underwater beauty; it is also about diving deep into the mind. In a way, freediving in caves reminds and requires me to be there, with the inner core strength of my mind’s ability to stay focused and relaxed. Why do we let so many things trouble us? No matter what happens, we have the right to stay calm at our core and to deeply enjoy our lives. Whether it’s an unexpected email or an obstacle in the dark, we don’t have to let it stress or scare us.   Lena Kemna: What is your favorite cave you’ve explored through freediving?   Jesper Stechmann: There is a special one; I call it Anja’s Cave after my girlfriend. At certain times of the year, at a certain time of the day, the sun shines through at just the right angle, and the sun’s rays create a wall of light. It’s the most beautiful sight.   Lena Kemna: Would you ever create a map of the caves you’ve discovered?   Jesper Stechmann: I don’t share the location of caves on Instagram or anywhere else. I don’t want to bear the responsibility if someone tries to go in alone. Cave diving can be tricky and dangerous. Done correctly with an extremely experienced guide, it’s beautiful and majestic — and truly what freediving is all about. 1．According to the interview, Jesper Stechmann does cave freediving despite the incredible danger ______. A．to explore the hidden beauty of our planet B．because he enjoys the thrill of taking uncalculated risks C．for the love of exploration and the mental focus it requires D．to gain social media fame and recognition as an adventurer 2．What can be inferred about Jesper’s philosophy toward life from his remarks? A．He feels personal enjoyment matters more than social responsibility. B．He believes people should avoid all dangerous activities to ensure safety. C．He considers challenging physical limits as the only way to achieve self-discovery. D．He thinks maintaining inner calm and focus helps people handle life’s challenges better. 3．Based on the interview, Jesper refuses to share cave locations publicly because he ______. A．plans to make money from sharing these locations B．wants to keep these beautiful places for himself only C．worries inexperienced divers might attempt dangerous dives alone D．believes that underwater caves should remain mysteries for future generations 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Traveller's tales 核心语法精练（过去分词作状语） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 3 一、单句语法填空 3 二、完成句子 7 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 14 过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、让步、条件、原因、方式和结果，相当于一个状语从句。其逻辑主语为主句主语，且与主句主语构成被动关系。 1. 作时间状语 相当于时间状语从句；可在过去分词前加上连词“when, while, until” 等，使其时间意义更明确。 Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 从山上看，这个公园非常美丽。 (=When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.) 2. 作原因状语 相当于原因状语从句或并列结构从句。 Touched by his teacher’s words, the boy cried. 这个男孩被老师的话打动了，所以他哭了。 (=The boy was touched by his teacher’s words, so he cried.) 3. 作条件状语 相当于条件状语从句；可加连词if, unless等转换成条件状语从句。 Given more time, we could do it much better. 多给我们点时间，我们会做得更好。 (=If we were given more time, we could do it much better.) 4. 作让步状语 相当于让步状语从句；有时可加although, though, even if, even though, whether…or…等连词转换成让步状语从句。 Warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields. 尽管农民们已被告知将有暴风雨，但他们仍然在地里干活。 (= Though they had been warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.) 5. 作方式伴随状语 加and 可转换成并列结构从句。 The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of his students.老师走进教室, 后面跟着一群学生。 (=The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of his students.) 一、单句语法填空 1． (inspire) by the beautiful scenery, she wrote a wonderful poem in an hour. 【答案】Inspired 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：被美丽的风景所鼓舞，她在一小时内写了一首绝妙的诗。“(inspire) by the beautiful scenery”作原因状语，inspire(激励，鼓舞)用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语she之间是被动关系，用过去分词，表被动，位于句首，首字母大写。故填Inspired。 2．When (view) from the air, the Great Wall looks like a big dragon winding over mountains. 【答案】viewed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：从空中俯瞰，长城就像一条蜿蜒于山间的巨龙。此处view与the Great Wall构成被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。故填viewed。 3．Although largely (ignore), materials thrown away provide plenty of resources for us artists to give them a second life. 【答案】ignored 【详解】考查状语从句的省略。句意：虽然在很大程度上被忽视，但被丢弃的材料为我们艺术家提供了大量的资源，让它们重获新生。Although引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而主语又跟主句主语相同时，可以省略从句中主语和be动词，此处省略了materials are，保留过去分词。故填ignored。 4． (accuse) of a crime in terrorist acts, the suspect will be put into prison. 【答案】Accused 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：被指控犯有恐怖主义罪行，这名嫌疑人将被收监。本句谓语为will be put into，此处为非谓语动词，且the suspect与accuse“指控”为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Accused。 5．The children, (lead) by their parents, went into the cinema happily. 【答案】led 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：孩子们在父母的带领下兴高采烈地走进了电影院。went为动词作谓语，空处与主句无连词，为非谓语动词，the children与lead构成被动关系，用过去分词作状语。故填led。 6． (occupy) with our study, we have no time to enjoy various activities in the club. 【答案】Occupied 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于忙于学习，我们没有时间享受俱乐部的各种活动。此处为非谓语动词作状语，动词短语be occupied with意为“忙于……”，去掉be动词，使用过去分词形式occupied作状语，句首单词首字母大写。故填Occupied。 7．She stood (root) to the spot with fear. 【答案】rooted 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：她吓得站在原地动弹不得。be rooted to the spot是固定短语，表示“因震惊、恐惧、惊讶等原因站在原地动弹不得”，此句中已有谓语动词stood，设空处应用非谓语形式，此处为过去分词作伴随状语。故填rooted。 8． (amaze) at how quickly she mastered the difficult grammar, the teacher praised her in class. 【答案】Amazed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：对她如此迅速地掌握难懂的语法感到惊讶，老师在课上表扬了她。本句谓语为praised，此处为非谓语动词，作状语，主语the teacher与amaze“使惊讶”为被动关系，用过去分词，句首单词首字母大写。故填Amazed。 9．Truly (convince) that the government can lead them out of the financial crisis, people are optimistic about the future of the country. 【答案】convinced 【详解】考查过去分词。句意：人们确信政府能够带领他们走出金融危机，对国家的未来持乐观态度。分析句子可知，此处为“be convinced that...”结构的省略形式，“convinced”是过去分词作状语，与句子主语“people”构成逻辑上的被动关系（“人们被说服 / 确信”），符合语境。故填 convinced。 10． (drive) by curiosity, she opened the mysterious box belonging to her grandma. 【答案】Driven 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在好奇心的驱使下，她打开了属于她奶奶的神秘盒子。句中已有谓语动词opened，空处应用非谓语动词，drive“驱使”和主语she为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语，位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Driven。 11．The film star appeared, (accompany) by a team of strong bodyguards. 【答案】accompanied 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这位电影明星在一队强壮的保镖陪同下出现了。句中已有谓语动词appeared，故空处需填非谓语动词，作状语，The film star和accompany“陪同”为被动关系，应用过去分词，表被动。故填accompanied。 12．In Japan, Sushi is popular as a kind of cooked rice with sweet vinegar, often (serve) with raw fish. 【答案】served 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在日本，寿司是一种以甜醋烹制的米饭，通常搭配生鱼一起食用。此处serve与Sushi构成被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。故填served。 13．Farmers of the future are more likely to be technicians working in control rooms, (surround) by computers and monitors. 【答案】surrounded 【详解】考查非谓语。句意：未来的农民更有可能成为在控制室工作的技术人员，被电脑和显示器包围着。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，Farmers与surround为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词作伴随状语。故填surrounded。 14．The Internet, (use) correctly, can help people get more information. 【答案】used 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：如果正确使用，互联网可以帮助人们获取更多信息。此处为非谓语动词作状语，use与逻辑主语The Internet之间为被动关系，所以此处用过去分词used作条件状语。故填used。 15．Once almost not of, scenes like this one in Cape Town are now common all over the world.(hear) 【答案】heard 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：曾经几乎无人听闻的开普敦此类场景，如今在全球随处可见。空处需填非谓语动词作状语，scenes和hear of为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词作状语。故填heard。 16． (appoint) as a chemist, he started working for this international organization two years ago. 【答案】Appointed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：被任命为化学家后，他两年前开始为这个国际组织工作。本句谓语为started，此处为非谓语动词，且he与appoint“任命”为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语，位于句首，首字母大写。故填Appointed。 17． (locate) just a few minutes from the lake, the restaurant has a wonderful view. 【答案】Located 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这家餐厅距离湖只有几分钟的路程，景色优美。句中谓语是has，空格处用非谓语动词，the restaurant和locate之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此空格处用过去分词表被动，作状语，位于句首的单词首字母大写。故填Located。 18． (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, John was in low spirits. 【答案】Blamed 【详解】考查过去分词。句意：约翰因学校计算机网络的瘫痪而受到指责，他情绪低落。本句已有谓语was，设空处为非谓语，和逻辑主语John之间被动关系，应用过去分词表被动，句首单词首字母大写，故填Blamed。 19． (press) from his parents, and realizing that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games. 【答案】Pressed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：迫于父母的压力，又意识到自己浪费了太多时间，这个男孩决心不再玩电子游戏。分析句子可知，空处动词用非谓语形式，动词press和逻辑主语the boy之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填Pressed。 20． (suspect) of carrying drugs, the traveler was stopped by the customs officer. 【答案】Suspected 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这位旅行者因涉嫌携带毒品而被海关官员拦下。suspect和逻辑主语the traveler之间是被动关系，使用过去分词作状语，首字母应大写，故填Suspected。 21． (judge) as a responsible person, Tom was elected as monitor of the class. 【答案】Judged 【详解】考查过去分词。句意：汤姆被认为是一个负责任的人，因此被选为班长。此处为非谓语动词作状语，judge与逻辑主语Tom之间为被动关系，所以此处使用过去分词形式，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Judged。 22．During the visiting, we were told not to touch the equipment in the laboratory unless (allow) to. 【答案】allowed 【详解】考查省略和过去分词。句意：在参观期间，我们被告知除非得到允许，否则不要碰实验室里的设备。此处是unless引导的条件状语从句的省略，且句子主语we和allow之间是被动关系，省略相同的主语和be动词，是过去分词作条件状语，故填allowed。 23． (overcome) by great interest, the boy looked out of the window. 【答案】Overcome 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：被极大的兴趣驱使，男孩向窗外望去。本句已有谓语looked out of且无连词，动词overcome用非谓语形式，逻辑主语the boy与动词overcome是被动关系，overcome用过去分词作状语，首字母大写。故填Overcome。 24．People using mobile phones outdoors during storms are more likely to suffer internal injuries if (strike) by lightning. 【答案】struck 【详解】考查过去分词。句意：在暴风雨中在户外使用手机的人更有可能在被闪电击中时遭受内伤。People与strike之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作状语，故填struck。 25． (face) with the coming danger, the couple remained buried in their work. 【答案】Faced 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：面对即将到来的危险，这对夫妇仍然埋头工作。be faced with… “面对……”，此处是动词-ed形式作状语。故填Faced。 26．Bitterly (oppose) by the residents, the proposal to build a new airport was eventually cancelled. 【答案】opposed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：由于居民的强烈反对，修建新机场的提议最终被取消了。句子主干成分完整，空处是非谓语，作句子的原因状语，oppose“反对”和the proposal逻辑上是动宾关系，因此应用oppose的过去分词形式。故填opposed。 27．The research is so designed that once (begin) nothing can be done to change it. 【答案】begun 【详解】考查过去分词。句意：这项研究是这样设计的，一旦开始就没有办法改变它。分析句子结构可知，本句中为连词+分词结构，句子的主语The research与begin之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词，本句中为过去分词作状语。故填begun。 28． (motivate) by the desire to succeed, every student in our class works hard. 【答案】Motivated 【详解】考查过去分词。句意：我们班的每一个学生都被成功的愿望所激励，努力学习。空处为非谓语动词，motivate与every student 为被动关系，用过去分词作状语。首字母大写。故填Motivated。 29． (dress) in an elegant red coat, she put others present at the meeting in the shade. 【答案】Dressed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：她穿着一件雅致的红色大衣，使在场的人都相形见绌。空处需填非谓语动词作状语，she和dress为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Dressed。 30． (resign) to her fate, she accepted the challenges that lay ahead, knowing that her decisions would shape her future. 【答案】Resigned/Having been resigned 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：她接受了命运的安排，勇敢面对未来的挑战，深知自己的决定将塑造她的未来。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，所以空处需要非谓语动词做状语。该动词和其逻辑主语之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词做状语。也可以理解为该动词和其逻辑主语之间为被动关系，且该动作发生在主句动作之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式“have been done”的结构。故填Resigned/Having been resigned。 二、完成句子 31． his words, she burst into tears. 被他鼓舞人心的话语所感动，她潸然泪下。 【答案】 Moved/Touched by encouraging/inspiring 【详解】考查非谓语动词和形容词。表示“被……所感动”应用be moved/touched by，此处作状语，需用过去分词短语;表示“鼓舞人心的”应用形容词encouraging/inspiring，修饰名词words。故填①Moved/Touched；②by；③encouraging/inspiring。 32．和我们的小公寓相比，比尔的房子就像是宫殿。 our small flat, Bill’s house seemed like a palace. 【答案】Compared with/to 【详解】考查固定短语。表示“和……相比”，用be compared with/to，为固定短语，本句谓语为seemed，此处为非谓语动词，用过去分词短语作状语，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Compared with。 33．和其他学生相比，迈克更加勤勉一些。 other students, Mike is more diligent. 【答案】In comparison with/Compared with 【详解】考查介词短语和非谓语动词。表示“和……相比”短语为in comparison with或be compared with，此处用过去分词作状语。首字母大写。故填In comparison with/Compared with。 34． , we are sure to do it well. 如果给予(我们)足够的时间，我们一定能做好。 【答案】Given enough time 【详解】考查非谓语动词和名词。“给予”是动词give；“足够的时间”翻译为enough time；空格处可以用非谓语动词作条件状语，动词give与句子的主语we之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词given作状语。故填Given enough time。 35．We spent hours reading, . 我们会坐在店里陈旧而舒适的家具上，读上好几个钟头的书。 【答案】seated on the store’s old but comfortable furniture 【详解】考查非谓语动词。表示“使就坐于……”应用动词短语seat on，与we构成被动关系，用过去分词作状语；表示“陈旧而舒适的家具”短语为old but comfortable furniture，表示“店里”应用名词所有格the store’s；故填seated on the store’s old but comfortable furniture。 36． , Andy has got a chance to become famous. 因为安迪在一部新电影中被分到一个重要角色，他得到了一个成名的机会。 【答案】Offered/Given an important role in a new movie 【详解】考查非谓语动词。表示“分到”应用offer/give，此处需用非谓语动词作状语，Andy和offer/give为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式；表示“一个重要角色”应用an important role；表示“在一部新电影中”应用in a new movie。故填Offered/Given an important role in a new movie。 37．   the hill, the park looks more beautiful. 从山顶上看，公园看起来更漂亮。 【答案】Seen from the top of 【详解】考查非谓语动词。“从……顶上”可表示为from the top of...；“看”可表示为see。句子主语the park和see之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词，作状语。故填Seen from the top of。 38．Discuss weekend plans with a partner, . 根据下面的天气预报，与同伴讨论周末计划。 【答案】based on the weather report below 【详解】考查固定短语和非谓语动词。对比中英文句子可知，空格处意为“根据下面的天气预报”，“根据”是be based on，句中谓语是Discuss，空格处用过去分词based表被动，“下面的天气预报”是the weather report below。故填based on the weather report below。 39．我们被他那有趣的故事逗乐了，都大笑起来。 , all of us burst into laughter. 【答案】Amused by his amusing story 【详解】考查形容词和过去分词。分析句子结构可知，此处应为非谓语动词短语作状语，根据句意，表示“被逗乐了”应为be amused by，由此可知，amuse与句子主语all of us之间为被动关系，所以此处使用过去分词形式amused by，位于句首，amused的首字母需大写；表示“他那有趣的故事”应为his amusing story作介词by的宾语。故填Amused by his amusing story。 40．我对他的行为感到失望，就把这些都告诉了我最好的朋友。 , I said all this to my best friend. 【答案】Disappointed by his behaviour 【详解】考查过去分词。表示“对……感到失望”应用be disappointed by，空格处和谓语之间没有连词，所以应用过去分词形式作状语。表示“他的”应用his，表示“行为”应用名词behaviour。句首首字母应大写。故填Disappointed by his behaviour。 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高一上·上海·月考）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A Thank-You Note to My Spanish Host Parents Dear Paloma and Juan,   I cannot thank you enough for your kindness and the impact you had (and still have) on my life. There is not a day that goes by when I do not think about you and the effect you had 1 me.   Thank you for introducing me to wonderful Spanish food. I still dream about paella, croquetas, empanadas, and all the other goodies you 2 (offer) while I lived in your house. Every morning before my roommate and I left for class, you made us freshly squeezed orange juice, 3 was a perfect way to start the day. Anytime we went on a trip, you packed us lunch. All of these kindnesses made us feel at home.   Thank you for being patient with me in the early days when my Spanish was not so good. I know I probably asked several times 4 type of meat was on our salads. And it took me several weeks to remember 5 cangrejo meant “crab meat”. Answering that question over and over again must have been frustrating, but you did so anyway. You took me to the market, and I appreciated your effort 6 (involve) me in real Spanish activities.   I will never forget the time 7 you saw a peacock in Retro Park and showed me the video at dinner as you thought it would make me smile. 8 my roommate and I were still a little uneasy about using public transportation in Madrid, you took the time to show us how to take the bus and the Metro.   Lastly, thank you for still caring about me and keeping in touch. I love the inspirational memes you send me on WhatsApp; they brighten my day more than you know. Thank you for 9 (welcome) me back into your home when I returned to Madrid this March and for having me once more at your dinner table, just like old times. You went above and beyond to make my experience 10 (good) possible, and for that, I am forever grateful.   Yours, Kayla 【答案】 1．on 2．offered 3．which 4．what 5．that 6．to involve 7．when 8．Although/Though/While 9．welcoming 10．the best 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要讲述了Kayla写给西班牙寄宿家庭的感谢信，表达了对他们帮助和关爱的感激之情。 1．考查介词。句意：没有一天我不想起你们，想起你们对我的影响。根据句意可知，此处表示“对……的影响”，需用固定短语have an effect on。故填on。 2．考查动词时态。句意：我仍然梦想着西班牙海鲜饭、炸丸子、肉馅卷饼，以及我住在你们家时你们提供的所有其他美食。while引导的时间状语从句使用了一般过去时，表示过去发生的事情，主句谓语动词offer也应使用一般过去时。故填offered。 3．考查定语从句。句意：每天早上，我和室友出门上课前，你都会给我们榨新鲜的橙汁，这是开始新一天的完美方式。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。 4．考查宾语从句。句意：我知道我可能问过好几次我们的沙拉上是什么肉。asked后面是宾语从句，从句中 type前缺少定语修饰，表示“什么种类的”，应用what type of。故填what。 5．考查宾语从句。句意：我花了好几个星期才记住cangrejo的意思是“蟹肉”。remember后面是宾语从句，从句结构完整，句意明确，只起连接作用，应用that引导。故填that。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：你带我去市场，我很感激你努力让我参与真正的西班牙活动。空处需用非谓语动词作后置定语修饰名词effort，effort后常接动词不定式作后置定语，表示“做某事的努力”，即effort to do sth.。故填to involve。 7．考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记你在Retro公园看到一只孔雀，并在晚餐时给我看视频，因为你觉得这会让我笑。空处引导定语从句，先行词是time，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，需用关系副词when引导该从句。故填when。 8．考查状语从句。句意：句意： 虽然我和室友在马德里使用公共交通时仍然感到有些不安，但你们还是花时间向我们展示了如何乘坐公交车和地铁。前半句提到作者和室友“对使用公共交通感到不安”，后半句提到房东“花时间教我们”。前后两句存在明显的转折或让步关系，即“尽管我们害怕/不安，你们还是帮助了我们”。although/though/while意为 “虽然，尽管”，符合语境。故填Although/Though/While 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：感谢你们今年3月我回到马德里时欢迎我回到你们家，并像以前一样再次邀请我共进晚餐。空处需用动名词作介词for的宾语。故填welcoming。 10．考查形容词最高级。句意：你们竭尽全力让我的经历尽可能美好，为此，我永远心存感激。根据句意可知，此处表示“尽可能美好的经历”，需用形容词good的最高级best作宾语补足语，形容词的最高级前面加定冠词the。故填the best。 （24-25高一上·上海·期末）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Pushing past her limits At 11:31 am on July 18, I reached the summit of Mount Muztagh Ata in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. Standing at 7,546 meters at the age of 18, I earned the title of National Mountaineering Athlete. As I stood there, tears unexpectedly streamed down my face. Our team consisted of 17 people, including seven coaches. We started the climb at 3 am, making our way up in freezing temperatures. With the shortage of oxygen, every step was a struggle-my head throbbed (阵痛) with pain and my stomach churned (翻腾). I felt 1 I was on the verge of fainting. 2 a lack of appetite, I forced myself to eat something. My feet were swollen, and I could hardly feel 3 . After nearly three hours of struggle, the sun began to rise from behind the mountain, casting a warm glow on the snow. For a moment, I felt 4 (renew). I tried to take out my snow goggles, but I was too weak, and my coach had to help me. Feeling exhausted, I told my coach I wanted to slow down, but he noticed my nose was freezing and my lips were stiff. He warned me that if I didn’t keep moving, the cold 5 cause me to get sick, making it impossible to reach the summit. I immediately regained my focus and pushed myself to move 6 (fast). I was the last team member 7 (reach) the top, and though my teammates cheered me on, I was too tired to respond. The view was beautiful, but I was so exhausted that I couldn’t even appreciate it. My mind went numb, and every step during the final stretch seemed like a battle. But finally, I reached the peak. I sat down on a rock, dizzy and crying. Crying at that moment wasn’t just about the physical pain. It was a release of all the emotions I 8 (bottle up). It was a mix of exhaustion, awe for nature, and a sense of connection with the mountain. I was also proud of myself for making it to the top. When I returned to the busy city, surrounded by the noise of cars and crowds, I found myself missing the quiet world of the mountains. I missed the cold, damp sleeping bags, the faint nausea from the lack of food, and the stars and moon 9 (hang) over us in the early hours. It was only in that stillness 10 I truly appreciated the beauty of the mountains. 【答案】 1．as if /as though 2．Despite 3．them 4．renewed 5．would 6．faster 7．to reach 8．had bottled up 9．hanging 10．that 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者18岁时成功登顶慕士塔格峰的经历及感悟。 1．考查从属连词。句意：我感到好像快要晕倒了。根据空前“I felt”和空后“I was on the verge of fainting.”可知，此处需用从属连词as if/as though“好像”，引导表语从句。故填as if/as though。 2．考查介词。句意：尽管没有食欲，我还是强迫自己吃了点东西。根据空后“a lack of appetite, I forced myself to eat something.”可知，此处表示尽管没有食欲，还是强迫自己吃了点东西，所以空处需用介词despite“尽管”，句首单词首字母需大写。故填Despite。 3．考查代词。句意：我的脚肿了，几乎感觉不到它们了。根据空前“My feet were swollen, and I could hardly feel”可知，此处指感觉不到脚了，所以空处需用代词them指代前文的feet。故填them。 4．考查形容词。句意：有那么一刻，我感到精神焕发。根据空前“I felt”可知，空处需用形容词作表语，renew的形容词为renewed“精神焕发的”。故填renewed。 5．考查时态。句意：他警告我，如果我不继续前进，寒冷会使我虚弱，使我无法到达山顶。根据空前“He warned me that if I didn’t keep moving,”可知，空处需用过去将来时，表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，其结构为would+do。故填would。 6．考查比较级。句意：我立刻重新集中注意力，催促自己走得更快。根据空前“I immediately regained my focus and pushed myself to move”可知，此处表示催促自己走得更快，所以空处需用副词fast的比较级faster。故填faster。 7．考查动词不定式。句意：我是最后一个到达山顶的队员，虽然队友们为我欢呼，但我太累了，无法回应。根据空前“I was the last team member”可知，空处需用动词不定式作后置定语修饰名词member，表示最后一个到达山顶的队员。故填to reach。 8．考查时态。句意：那一刻的哭泣不仅仅是因为身体上的疼痛。这是我释放所有压抑情绪的一种方式。空处需用谓语动词，bottle up“抑制，压抑”，动作发生在主句谓语动词was之前，所以空处谓语动词需用过去完成时态：had done。故填had bottled up。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：我想念寒冷的、潮湿的睡袋，想念因为没有食物而感到的轻微恶心，想念凌晨时分挂在我们头顶的星星和月亮。空处需用非谓语动词作后置定语修饰名词stars and moon，动词hang“悬挂”和名词stars and moon之间是主动关系，所以空处需用现在分词hanging作后置定语。故填hanging。 10．考查强调句型。句意：只有在那种寂静中，我才真正欣赏到山的美。此处去掉“It was”和空处，句子结构完整，所以空处需用that，构成强调句型：It was+被强调部分+that+句子剩余部分。此处强调状语 only in that stillness，故填that。 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高一上·上海浦东新·期末）Looking to spot a shooting star? These top stargazing destinations offer the perfect backdrop. Bring your family along and introduce them to the spectacular night sky. Here are four places to experience a star-filled landscape. Sossusvlei, Namibia Stay at Little Kulala, an eco-friendly hotel in the desert. It uses solar power and is located in the large Kulala Wilderness Reserve. You can ride in a Land Rover to look for animals such as springbok, ostrich and oryx. You can also take a hot-air balloon to see the Namib Desert, which is the oldest desert in the world. After a day of exploring, relax in your small private pool. At night, you can even sleep on the rooftop and watch shooting stars and the Milky Way above you. Death Valley National Park, California Death Valley National Park covers 3.4 million acres. Its clean air and large open spaces make it a wonderful place to watch shooting stars, meteor showers, and many constellations. People in the area work hard to reduce light pollution so the night sky stays dark. In winter, park rangers offer programs that teach visitors about stars and space. Rome, Italy For a fun family activity, visit Sofitel Roma Villa Borghese for an evening picnic and stargazing. You can learn about constellations and planets that were named by ancient Roman astronomers. The hotel is in a former 19th-century palace and is close to famous cultural sites and parks in the city. Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah This park has some of the darkest skies in the United States. It was the first place to receive the International Dark Sky Park certification. Huge natural stone bridges create beautiful “windows” where you can look through to see the stars, just like the Pueblo people did 800 years ago. One of the most amazing views is the Milky Way rising above Owachomo Bridge. 1．Which of the following statements is TRUE about Sossusvlei, Namibia? A．It boasts the largest desert in the world. B．The hotel there offers bedrooms for stargazing. C．Tourists can catch sight of all kinds of wild animals there. D．Tourists have the chance to view the desert from various angles. 2．What can be inferred about Natural Bridges National Monument as a stargazing site? A．Educational programs about stars and space are available. B．The natural rock formations enhance the viewing experience. C．The locals have made huge efforts to preserve the dark nights. D．It is the only place to hold the International Dark Sky Park certification. 3．A family who wants both cultural sightseeing during the day and stargazing at night would most likely choose ________. A．Sossusvlei, Namibia B．Death Valley National Park, California C．Rome, Italy D．Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah 4．Where would you most likely find the passage? A．A travel magazine. B．An academic journal. C．A popular science magazine. D．A daily newspaper. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇应用文。介绍了四个适合观星的旅行目的地。 1．细节理解题。根据Sossusvlei, Namibia部分“You can ride in a Land Rover to look for animals such as springbok, ostrich and oryx. You can also take a hot-air balloon to see the Namib Desert, which is the oldest desert in the world. After a day of exploring, relax in your small private pool. (你可以乘坐路虎寻找跳羚、鸵鸟和剑羚等动物，也可以乘坐热气球观赏这片世界最古老的纳米布沙漠。经过一天的探索后，你可以在自己的小型私人泳池里放松身心)”可知，游客可以通过开车、乘坐热气球等方式从不同角度观赏沙漠。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah部分“Huge natural stone bridges create beautiful “windows” where you can look through to see the stars, just like the Pueblo people did 800 years ago. (巨大的天然石桥形成了美丽的“窗口”，你可以透过这些“窗口”仰望星空，就像800年前的普韦布洛人一样)”可知，天然石桥形成的独特景观为观星增添了独特体验，由此可推断天然岩石构造提升了观星体验。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据Rome, Italy部分“for an evening picnic and stargazing (来一场夜间野餐和观星活动)”及“The hotel is in a former 19th-century palace and is close to famous cultural sites and parks in the city. (这家酒店位于一座19世纪的宫殿旧址，毗邻罗马市内著名的文化景点和公园)”可知，罗马既有白天可以游览的文化景点，又有晚上的观星活动，符合题目中白天文化观光和夜晚观星的需求。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。本文介绍了四个适合观星的旅行目的地，内容涉及景点特色、体验活动等旅游相关信息，最有可能出现在旅游杂志中。故选A项。 （25-26高一上·上海·月考）Journey to the Center of the Earth In this interview, Jesper Stechmann, one of the world’s best freedivers and a highly experienced cave diver, shares his personal experience about freediving in caves.   Lena Kemna: Most people, me included, hear about cave freediving and wonder — Isn’t that incredibly dangerous?   Jesper Stechmann: It is indeed. Freediving in itself is dangerous. Once you dive inside something, it’s easy to get disoriented. A friend of mine put it well: “If something goes wrong underwater, it’s a very hostile (不利的) environment to be in,” because you don’t have much time. That’s why you should avoid uncalculated risks. A mistake here isn’t like tripping and hurting your leg; it could be deadly. So, every time I dive into a cave, I explore step by step, slowly and carefully. When I’m exploring the unknown, I always turn back with at least 60% of my breath-hold time still in reserve.   Lena Kemna: So, why do it?   Jesper Stechmann: I just love cave diving, or any diving in open water. As a kid, I read Jules Verne’s A Journey to the Center of the Earth. Now when I dive into caves, it feels like I’m exploring the inner world of our planet. It is not just about discovering underwater beauty; it is also about diving deep into the mind. In a way, freediving in caves reminds and requires me to be there, with the inner core strength of my mind’s ability to stay focused and relaxed. Why do we let so many things trouble us? No matter what happens, we have the right to stay calm at our core and to deeply enjoy our lives. Whether it’s an unexpected email or an obstacle in the dark, we don’t have to let it stress or scare us.   Lena Kemna: What is your favorite cave you’ve explored through freediving?   Jesper Stechmann: There is a special one; I call it Anja’s Cave after my girlfriend. At certain times of the year, at a certain time of the day, the sun shines through at just the right angle, and the sun’s rays create a wall of light. It’s the most beautiful sight.   Lena Kemna: Would you ever create a map of the caves you’ve discovered?   Jesper Stechmann: I don’t share the location of caves on Instagram or anywhere else. I don’t want to bear the responsibility if someone tries to go in alone. Cave diving can be tricky and dangerous. Done correctly with an extremely experienced guide, it’s beautiful and majestic — and truly what freediving is all about. 1．According to the interview, Jesper Stechmann does cave freediving despite the incredible danger ______. A．to explore the hidden beauty of our planet B．because he enjoys the thrill of taking uncalculated risks C．for the love of exploration and the mental focus it requires D．to gain social media fame and recognition as an adventurer 2．What can be inferred about Jesper’s philosophy toward life from his remarks? A．He feels personal enjoyment matters more than social responsibility. B．He believes people should avoid all dangerous activities to ensure safety. C．He considers challenging physical limits as the only way to achieve self-discovery. D．He thinks maintaining inner calm and focus helps people handle life’s challenges better. 3．Based on the interview, Jesper refuses to share cave locations publicly because he ______. A．plans to make money from sharing these locations B．wants to keep these beautiful places for himself only C．worries inexperienced divers might attempt dangerous dives alone D．believes that underwater caves should remain mysteries for future generations 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 【导语】这是一篇访谈录。讲述了世界顶尖自由潜水员兼洞穴潜水员Jesper Stechmann分享他洞穴自由潜水的经历、动机、人生哲学，以及他拒绝公开洞穴位置的原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第五段“I just love cave diving, or any diving in open water. (我就是热爱洞穴潜水，或者说任何形式的开放水域潜水)”及“It is not just about discovering underwater beauty; it is also about diving deep into the mind. In a way, freediving in caves reminds and requires me to be there, with the inner core strength of my mind’s ability to stay focused and relaxed. (这不仅仅是为了探索水下的美景，更是为了深入探索内心世界。某种程度上，洞穴自由潜水提醒并要求我保持专注与放松，依靠内心最深处的力量)”可知，他进行洞穴自由潜水，既是出于对探索的热爱，也因为这项活动需要内心的专注与平静。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段“In a way, freediving in caves reminds and requires me to be there, with the inner core strength of my mind’s ability to stay focused and relaxed. Why do we let so many things trouble us? No matter what happens, we have the right to stay calm at our core and to deeply enjoy our lives. Whether it’s an unexpected email or an obstacle in the dark, we don’t have to let it stress or scare us. (某种程度上，洞穴自由潜水提醒并要求我保持专注与放松，依靠内心最深处的力量。我们为什么要让那么多事情困扰自己？无论发生什么，我们都有权保持内心的平静，并尽情享受生活。无论是一封意外的邮件，还是黑暗中的障碍，我们都不必因此感到压力或恐惧)”可知，他认为保持内心的平静与专注，能帮助人们更好地应对生活中的挑战。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“I don’t share the location of caves on Instagram or anywhere else. I don’t want to bear the responsibility if someone tries to go in alone. Cave diving can be tricky and dangerous. (我不会在Instagram或任何地方分享洞穴的位置。如果有人试图独自进入，我不想为此承担责任。洞穴潜水既复杂又危险)”可知，他拒绝公开洞穴位置，是担心没有经验的潜水员会尝试独自前往，从而面临危险。故选C项。 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $